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Coral Fish Population Changes in the …. of the Lebah Coastal Water, Karangasem Bali (Syam, A.R., et al.)

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CORAL FISH POPULATION CHANGES IN THE SURROUNDING ARTIFICIALREEFS OF THE LEBAH COASTAL WATERS, KARANGASEM, BALI

Amran Ronny Syam1), Isa Nagib Edrus2), and Sri Turni Hartati2)

1) Research Institute for Fisheries Stock Enhancement, Jatiluhur-Purwakarta2) Research Institute for Marine Fisheries, Muara Baru-Jakarta

Received November 11-2006; Received in revised form June 7-2007; Accepted July 12-2007

ABSTRACT

The Directorate General of Fisheries deployed some artificial reefs in 1991 for habitat enhancement inLebah coastal waters that have already degraded. This study was the 4th time monitoring of fifteen years ofrestoration period that aimed to identify changes of coral fish population in the vicinity of the artificial reefs.The study used dual approaches of old and new data gathering. The changes occurred in terms of restorationprocesses of the artificial reefs addressed to some progresses of coral fish taxonomy and ecologicalindices. These included increases in the number of species from 41 to 192, density from 0.20 to 23.32,diversity indices from 1.69 to 2.99, diversity number (N1) from 5.44 to 19.85, and diversity number (N2) from4.23 to 12.31. Fish communities were in the relatively steady condition throughout the period of restorationwith in which there was no extremely population dominance. A small number of target fishes were unseenfrom the study sites on the other hand a large number of major fishes were existed.

KEYWORDS: artificial reefs, evaluation, rehabilitation, coral fishes, Bali

INTRODUCTION

During 1991 and 1994, the collaboration betweenCentral Research Institute for Fisheries and Bali ProvincialFisheries Services was established to develop a technicalassistance project for the Lebah coastal watersrehabilitation (Ilyas et al., 1993). The project aimed todeploy some artificial reefs and enhance aquatic habitatsthat might recover aquatic resource degradation andresolve fisheries management conflicts. The project wasimplemented for three fiscal years of 1990/1991, 1991/1992, and 1992/1993 respectively and this activity wasterminated in 1994 (Anonymous, 1993).

Monitoring and evaluation to identify impacts of theproject to the habitat rehabilitation have been carried outduring the period of restoration in the vicinity of the artificialreefs. The project monitoring carried out for the first timeof artificial module deployment in 1991. A small numberof coral fishes aggregated around the artificial reefs wereidentified successfully (Wasilun et al., 1991). The affinityof the coral fish to the artificial reefs was graduallyincreased in number, especially in 1994, the second yearmonitoring activity was conducted (Edrus et al., 1996).Ten years after the project terminated, a thoroughevaluation was carried out by an external evaluator tostudy on the impacts of the project to the social andinstitutional aspect of community participation as wellas to the ecological aspect of the artificial reefsrestorations. In 1994, a shift in the dominance of benthiclifeforms was detected, from the pioneer organisms to

hard corals (acropore and non acropore) and otherorganisms with the average of percent cover of 19.25. In2001, additional nine new life forms were noted amongthe artificial reefs. The data show that the percent coverof the benthic lifeforms was sharply increased from 21.5%in 1991 to 88.3% in 2001. This implied that the diversityof organisms around the artificial reefs couldapproximately reach the diversity in the natural reefs withina decade (Appendix 1). The study also shows that atremendous growth of fish population was identified inthe vicinity of the artificial reefs in 2001 (Edrus, 2002).

The last project impact evaluation was carried out in2006 with the aim to identify the artificial reef capabilitiesin the preservation of coral fish biodiversity closer to thenatural process in a coral reefs community. Theirbiological impacts depend relatively on the migration ofthe surrounding resources to the artificial reefs or FADsto which many fish and non fish species have a strongaffinity (Chou, 1991; FAO, 1991). For this reason, a studyof fish population growth is essential to assess periodicallythe nature process of artificial reefs rehabilitation. Theresults provide basic knowledge to increase the positiveimpacts and decrease the negative impacts of introducingtechnology, especially for the future artificial reefsdevelopment.

The objective of this study is to identify changes ofcoral fish population in the vicinity of the artificial reefsby using the indices of ecology, such as diversity,richness and evenness.

Corresponding author:Komplek Pelabuhan Perikanan Samudera Jl. Muara Baru Ujung-Jakarta 14440, E-mail: [email protected]

Ind.Fish Res.J. Vol.13 No.2 December-2007: 101-116

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

Field data collections were conducted in July 2006.Study sites located at the coastal waters of LebahHamlet, Purwakerti Village, Karangasem, Bali (Figure 1).Two ways of data collection was implemented, fieldmeasurement and collection of secondary data. The laterwas employed to compile and analyse the initial datarelated to similar indicators at the similar sites. Table 1shows geographic positions of the transect sites in which

data of coral fish were obtained by using visual censuson a line transects with the 250 square meter censusarea (English et al., 1994). Four units of artificial reefsper sites have been observed. An observer swam usingSCUBA diving equipment along 5 m length of the linetransects. All fish species found and their individualnumbers were counted and recorded on a waterproofsheet. Fish photograph guide books were used to identifythe fish species (Kuiter, 1992; Lieske & Myers, 1997).

Table 1. Geographic positions of the transect locations and materials of artificial reefs

Coral fishes were grouped into three categoriesshowing their status, the major fish species group, thetarget species and the indicator species (English et al.,1994). The major species group consisted of the coralfishes that are usually found in coral reefs areas as aresident species and are known as ornamental fish. Thetarget species are the coral fishes that are caught forconsumption purposes. Most of the target species arehaving a great affinity to the coral reefs as intruders.

Indicator species are coral fishes include in the family ofChaetodontidae that are usually used to determine thehealth of the coral reef community.

Data Analysis

The computed values of the coral fish on the artificialreefs derived from the calculation of Margalef Richness

115°39'39.2" EL115°39'08.4" EL115°39'12.6" EL08°20'15.6" SL08°20'01.1" SL08°20'0.40" SLTire modulesConcrete modulesConcrete modules

321Transect sites

115°39'39.2" EL115°39'08.4" EL115°39'12.6" EL08°20'15.6" SL08°20'01.1" SL08°20'0.40" SLTire modulesConcrete modulesConcrete modules

321Transect sites

Figure 1. Map showing the study sites in Lebah Hamlet, Purwakerti, Bali.


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index (R), Simpson (dominance) index (D), Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H), Hill’s diversity number (N1 &N2), and square meter density following Ludwig & Reynold(1988).

The formulas for calculating the indices are:

Margalef index: [R=(S-1)/ln(n)]

where:S = total number of speciesn = total number of individual of all species

Shannon-Weaver diversity index: [H=Σ{(ni/N) ln(ni/N)]

Simpson index: [λ=∑{(ni(ni–1)/(N(N–1)]

Dominance Index: [D=∑(ni/N)2]

where:ni = number of individual of species iN = total number of individual of entire speciesH = Shannon index

Hill-diversity number: [N1=eH]

[N2=1/λ]

where:N1 = number of abundant speciesN2 = number of very abundant speciesH = Shannon indexe = natural number (e=2.7182818)λ = Simpson index

Pielou (Evenness) index: [E={H/ln(S)]

where:S = total number of speciesH = Shannon index

The significant changes of selected indicators in termsof different years of measurement of 1991, 1994, 2001,and 2006 were analyzed by using the graphical trend.Some indicators to be compared in different timesconsisted of number of family, genera, species, diversityindices, dominance indices, evenness indices, diversitynumbers, and fish density.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

It was likely that changes of quality and quantity ofcoastal resources, particularly coral fish as a result ofthe restoration process of the artificial reef ecosystembetween 1991 and 2006 were occurred. Comparison ofcoral fish population changes in the vicinity of the artificialreefs based on the analysis of primary data and compiledsecondary data have also been detected (Table 2).

For fifteen years of the period of restoration there wereat least 267 species of coral fishes attracted to the threelocations of artificial reefs in the study areas (Appendix2). A study in 2001 at the same region for five locationsfound a number of 314 species of coral fishes (Edrus &Suprapto, 2005). It was likely that the natural reeffunctions have well replaced by the artificial reefs sincein the certain areas there has no longer natural reefs forlong time.

The restoration project has succeded to enhance thecoral fishes poor areas into the high population densityareas for around one decade.

Table 2. Ecological indices showing improvement of coral fish population in the vicinity of the artificial reefsin Lebah coastal waters

11.6810.3711.611.3312.3110.584.236.73Diversitry Number (N2)19.8519.8322.9217.4419.0319.455.449.98Diversitry Number (N1)0.680.720.720.640.650.620.490.77Evenness Indices (E): 2.992.993.132.862.952.972.712.491.901.692.30Diversity Indices (H)0.090.10.090.090.080.090.240.15Dominance Indices (D)9.437.48.839.959.8212.914.274.12Richness Indices (R)17.417.4019.6019.9123.3218.687.2119.258.232.260.20Square Density2929292831312421181415Family Numbers5445505357593735302218Genus Numbers80647689931196154373120Species Numbers32132132131

Locations2006****2001***1994**1991*

Measurement Years

Indicators

11.6810.3711.611.3312.3110.584.236.73Diversitry Number (N2)19.8519.8322.9217.4419.0319.455.449.98Diversitry Number (N1)0.680.720.720.640.650.620.490.77Evenness Indices (E): 2.992.993.132.862.952.972.712.491.901.692.30Diversity Indices (H)0.090.10.090.090.080.090.240.15Dominance Indices (D)9.437.48.839.959.8212.914.274.12Richness Indices (R)17.417.4019.6019.9123.3218.687.2119.258.232.260.20Square Density2929292831312421181415Family Numbers5445505357593735302218Genus Numbers80647689931196154373120Species Numbers32132132131

Locations2006****2001***1994**1991*

Measurement Years

Indicators

Sources : * Wasilun et al. (1991); ** Edrus et al. (1996); *** Edrus (2002); **** Primary data


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From taxonomic data in term of the total number ofspecies, genus, and family it is appear that the identifiedfishes from 1991 to 2001 has increased and a moderatelydecrease occurred from 2001 to 2006 (Table 2 and 3,Figure 2). These phenomena were also happened to therichness indices and density (Table 2 and Figure 3).

Possible reasons of the last five declining numbers ofthose were due to the lost some species in visual censusactivities; vulnerable artificial reefs fish during fishing

seasons and temporal migration of fish. Some speciesof the target fishes group like grouper (Serranidae),soldierfishes (Holocentridae), sweetlips (Haemulidae),emperors (Lethrinidae), fusiliers (Caesionidae),parrotfishes (Scaridae), surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae),and trevallies (Carangidae), were likely temporary missingfrom the census area and no longer found in the 2006.Figure 4 shows that the percentage composition of thetarget fishes group tend to decrease after an increasingnumber during 1991 to 2001.

Table 3. Total number of species, genus, and family found in the artificial reefs in the Lebah coastal waters,Bali

39383018Family numbers71775329Genus numbers

12419210341Species numbers1, 2, and 31,2, and 31, 2, and 31 and 3LocationLocationLocationLocation2006****2001***1994**1991*

Measurement years

Description

39383018Family numbers71775329Genus numbers

12419210341Species numbers1, 2, and 31,2, and 31, 2, and 31 and 3LocationLocationLocationLocation2006****2001***1994**1991*

Measurement years

Description

Sources: * Wasilun et al. (1991); ** Edrus et al. (1996); *** Edrus (2002); **** Primary data

Figure 2. Percentage composition of species, genus, and family of the target fish group during 1991 and2006.

Unlike major fishes group that always settle insideand on surface of the modules, most of the target fishesgroup were moving across the areas with high mobilityand migrated far away from the modules. It was knownthat behaviour of a small number of target fishes group,and certain major fishes provide a cryptic and or nocturnal(Kakimoto, 1979; 1984), such as rock cods, grouper(Serranidae), and soldierfishes (Holocentridae). Groupersor rock cods migrate from reef areas to deeper waters.Some of those have strong affinity to natural reefs andartificial reefs protecting them, especially for juveniles,and other several fishes. Most groupers or rock cods

were possibly avoided census taker and others hidingfrom crowded or went out to seek favorable areas atdeeper waters.

In addition, one unit volume of the artificial reefs isprobably too narrow for accomodating a great number ofcoral fish species. Unlike natural reefs that have moreecological niches and capable to support the higherbiodiversity of fishes, artificial reefs quite depend onbuilding volumes and surfaces area occupied by hardcorals and other fauna to provide spaces, niches, andservices.


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Figure 4. Average composition of coral fish groups in the vicinity of the artificial reefs during 1991-2006.

Table 2 also indicates that the dominance indiceswere low for the whole sites and time. However therelatively higher indices occurred for the first time themodules deployed compare with the following period.When the modules were deployed first time in 1991,spaces of the modules were dominated by colonies ofAnthias spp., Apogon spp., and Dascyllus trimaculatus.Afterward, there were new arrivals of a large number offish populations to make evenness of communityoccupied in the artificial reefs.

The diversity number (N1 and N2) indicated morepresent of colony species within the artificial reefcommunity, especially for major species that linearlyimproved their composition during 1991 and 2006 (Table2, Figure 3 and 4). The major species colony that provideabundance species (N1) include Plotosus lineatus,Pholidichthys leucotaenia, Anthias spp., Apogon spp.,Cheilodipterus quinqueleneatus, Abudefduf vaigiensis,Dascyllus spp., Pomacentrus auriventris, andNeopomacentrus cyanomus. The very abundance (N2)of major species group include Anthias spp., Apogonspp., Cheilodipterus lineatus, Lutjanus spp., Chaetodonkleiini, Chaetodon vagabundus, Chromis spp. ,Halichoeres spp., Labroides dimidiatus, Psedocorisheteroptera, Thallosomma lunare, Zebrasoma scopas,Odonus niger, Sufflamen chrysopterus, and Canthigastercompressa.

For this reason the evenness indices of fish communityseem to be steady in the whole sites during the lastperiod restoration. As a result, diversity index was

significantly improved during 1991 and 2006 (Figure 3).The increase of the diversity index also show that therewas no extreme population dominance in the last fiveperiod of restoration compare with those in the first time.The lower dominance was likely due to the limited spacesand niches for growing major fish populations inside themodules. Some major fishes group had the sameopportunity to grow and to occupy some favorableconditions of the inside part of artificial reefs. It likelythat there was no extreme conditions of waters in thevicinity of the artificial reefs leading to a blooming individualof a certain major fishes that will force the others.

The major fishes have a ceratin territory and have moreaccess to ecological niches inside the modules than thatof the target fishes. Mostl of the major fishes spatiallyaggregated in the inside part of the modules and guardedthe areas enclosing one or more resources of food, shelter,or potential mates or nesting sites. Major fishes that roamin the inside areas of artificial reefs are known as homeranging species. They may carry with them a portableterritory with in which competitors are not allowed. Manyhome ranging species may be relatively sociable duringtimes of abundant resources, but become aggressiveduring lean times. Hence, both major fishes and targetfishes might share territories while some species mayneed quite large territories. However, a growing populationof major fishes might have limited living spaces in theinside part of the modules. Certain target fishes mightbe attracted outwardly and distribute in a wider scale ofterritories (Lieske & Myers, 1997).


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Target fishes and indicator fishes group (butterfly fish),may have territories for certain purposes or search somefavourable proper areas. Certain target fish may becomea daily intruder or a daily moving around in artificial reefareas as well as indicator fishes. Like indicator fishes,certain target fishes may also be unseen during thecensus activities especially in times of unfavourableconditions.

Low present of indicator fishes (Figure 4) in the artificialreef areas might indicate low diversity and kind numbersof hard corals (Nash, 1989). There were five butterfly fishspecies still existed in the areas while the other twelvespecies were missed. This possibly due to recruitmentprogresses of benthic lifeform of the artificial reefs havenot yet fully attracted for butterfly fishes or major fishthat have already blooming, and these become a nonfavored site for them. Mostl of the indicator fishes are theprimary omnivores. Many indicator fishes feed on a varietyof small invertebrates and coral polyps, taking a little ofeach over a large home range (Lieske & Myers, 1997).

CONCLUSION

The typical changes of coral fish population engagedduring fifteen year period of restoration in the artificialreefs are as follows:

1. The number of species, genus and family of coral fishincreased during 1991 until 2001 and moderatelydecreased during 2001 until 2006. The similarfluctuations were also occurred in richness indicesand density.

2. Diversity index of coral fish was improved significantlyduring 1991 until 2006.

3. Several species of major fishes had continued tooccupy the artificial reefs for fifteen years withgradually increases in percent compositions. However,a small number of target fishes and indicator fisheswere no longer found in the artificial reefs in 2006.

4. From evenness indices of coral fish communityindicated a steady condition for all sites during thelast period of restoration and it was due to a lowdominance of fish populations.

Some implications are as follows:

1. The artificial reef volume capacity is likely too narrowfor growing coral fish communities.

2. The typical niches or habitats are continuouslystructuring the artificial reefs to support bio diversity.

3. The artificial reefs are vulnerable toward disturbancessuch as over-exploitation or any physical destruction.

4. Small scale areas of artificial reef development mayoffer low expected impacts for coral fish populationgrowth and fishing productivity. The number of artificialreef units was insufficient to support high productionof target fishes. Furthermore, the artificial reefs havenot fully performed yet to reach the optimum level ofrestoration. These were indicated by the absences oflarge numbers of major fish and indicator fish species,such as Chaetodontidae, Pomacanthidae,Pomacentridae, Labridae that provide the main familiesgenerally inhabit the natural reefs. However, artificialreefs have a specific capability to preserve marinebiodiversity on their substrate coverage as well asprogressive recruitment of benthic lifeforms.

5. It is important to develop artificial reefs in a largerscale of areas and purposes, such as fishing ground,conservation, and marine tourism. A higher fishproductivity in artificial reef areas quite depends on alarge number of artificial reef units tol be deployed ondegraded areas.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This paper was part of the results of activities oncoral reefs resources development and habitatrehabilitation in Saleh Bay, West Nusa Tenggara andJemeluk, Bali. F. Y. 2006. Research Institute for FisheriesStock Enhancement, Jatiluhur-Purwakarta.

REFERENCES

Chou, L. M. 1991. Some guidelines in establishment ofartificial reefs. Tropical Coastal Area Management.ICLARM Manila. April or August. 6: 2–3.

Edrus, I. N., A. R. Syam, & Suprapto. 1996. Penelitiankomunitas ikan pada terumbu buatan di perairandusun Jemeluk, Kabupaten Amlapura, Bali. JurnalPenelitian Perikanan Indonesia. Vol.II (1): 1–14.

Edrus, I. N. 2002. Assessment of community participationin the coastal resource rehabilitation project in Bali,Indonesia. Thesis. University of the Phillippines LosBanos.


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Edrus, I. N. & Suprapto. 2005. The current state ofartificial reefs in Lebah coastal waters, Karangasem,Bali: An evaluation on the coastal resourcerehabilitation project. Indonesian Fisheries ResearchJournal. Vol.11 (1): 19–40.

English, S., C. Wilkinson, & V. Baker. 1994. Surveimanual for tropical marine resources. AustralianInstitute of Marine Science, Townsville. Australia.

FAO. 1991. Report of the symposium on artificial reefsand fish aggregating devices as tools for themanagement and enhancement of marine fisheryresources. Colombo. Sri Lanka. 14–17 May 1990.RAPA Report No.10. 1991.

Ilyas, S., Wasilun, K. Wagiyo, Sarjana, Murniyati, & F.Cholick. 1993. Pengelolaan terpadu sumber dayaterumbu karang and terumbu buatan di kawasan pantaiKabupaten Karangasem, Bali. Work Paper Presentedfor the Yield Dissemination of Fishery Research andDevelopment, in Bali. November 27. 1993. CRIFI–Agency for Agricultural R & D. Jakarta. Indonesia.

Kakimoto, H. 1979. Artificial reefs in Japan Sea Coastalregions. Procciding 7th Japan-Soviet Joint SymposiumAquaculture. September 1978. Tokyo.

Kakimoto, H. 1984. Studies on the behavior of fishes inthe vicinity of artificial reefs in the coastal waters ofNiigata. Prefecture. Niigata Prefecture Fisheries Exp.Sta. Niigata. Japan.

Kuiter, R. H. 1992. Tropical reef fishes of the westernPacific Indonesia and adjacent waters. Gramedia.Jakarta.

Lieske, E. & R. Myers. 1997. Reef fishes of the world.Periplus Edition. Jakarta. Indonesia.

Ludwig, J. A. & J. F. Reynolds. 1988. Statistical ecology.A Primer on Methods and Computing. Jhon Wiley &Son. New York. 337 p.

Nash, S. V. 1989. Reef diversity index survey method fornon spacialist. Tropical Coastal Area Management. 4(3): 14–17.

Anonymous., 1993. Proyek pelestarian lingkungan hidupperikanan. Project Scientific Report. 1992–1993.Central Research Institute for Fisheries. Jakarta.(Unpublished).

Wasilun, Karsono, & Suprapto. 1991. Study on coralrehabilitation techniques. The project report. CentralResearch Institute for Indonesian Fishery. Jakarta.

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Appendix 1. The 2006 progressive recruitment of benthic lifeforms on artificial reefs in Lebah Coastal waters,Karangasem, Bali

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Appendix 2. Fish species identified in the vicinity of the artificial reefs in Lebah Costal waters, Karangasem,Bali.

T2--1204++---Cephalopholis miniataT1--11-+----Cephalopholis microprionT-----1-----Cephalopholis boenakT-1-1-2+----Cephalopholis argusT-----2--+--Aethaloperca rogaa

Serranidae (Gropers)M--1--------Scorpaenopsis cirrhosaM-------++--Scorpaenopsis sp.M3---41-++1-Pterois volitansM----------1Pterois radiateM222-4------Pterois antennataM-1---------Dendrochirus brachypterusM---3-------Dendrochirus zebra

Scorphaenidae(Scorpionfishes)

M--------+--Fistularia petimbaFistulariidae (Cornetfishes)

M----1------Corythoichthys intestinalisSyngnathidae (Pipefishes)

M11120166--+22Aulostomus chinensisAulostomidae (Trumppetfishes)

T-6--------2Sargocentron sp.T----2020-----Sargocentron rubrumT---12206-----Sargocentron spiniferumT-----15-----Sargocentron cornutumT3--4-------Myripristis vittataT--48100100-+--8Myripristis murjanT---306050-----Myripristis melanostictaT---20-------Myripristis adusta

Holocentridae (Soldierfishes)M--2------12Synodus sp.M---20-------Synodus ulaeM-3--5------Synodus jaculumM------+----Saurida sp.M------+----Saurida gracilis

Sinodontidae (Lizardfishes)M---1.000-------Pholidichthys leucotaenia

Pholidichthydae (Blennies)M300--1.000---++---Plotosus lineatus

Plotosidae (Eel catfishes)M-56135--------Gorgasia maculata

Congridae (Garden eels)M----46-----Gymnothorax javanicus

Muraenidae (Moray eels)T----68-----Dasyatis kuhlii

Dasyatidae (Stingrays)32132132121

SitesSitesSitesSites2006****2001***1994**1991* Group

Measurement years

Families and species

T2--1204++---Cephalopholis miniataT1--11-+----Cephalopholis microprionT-----1-----Cephalopholis boenakT-1-1-2+----Cephalopholis argusT-----2--+--Aethaloperca rogaa

Serranidae (Gropers)M--1--------Scorpaenopsis cirrhosaM-------++--Scorpaenopsis sp.M3---41-++1-Pterois volitansM----------1Pterois radiateM222-4------Pterois antennataM-1---------Dendrochirus brachypterusM---3-------Dendrochirus zebra

Scorphaenidae(Scorpionfishes)

M--------+--Fistularia petimbaFistulariidae (Cornetfishes)

M----1------Corythoichthys intestinalisSyngnathidae (Pipefishes)

M11120166--+22Aulostomus chinensisAulostomidae (Trumppetfishes)

T-6--------2Sargocentron sp.T----2020-----Sargocentron rubrumT---12206-----Sargocentron spiniferumT-----15-----Sargocentron cornutumT3--4-------Myripristis vittataT--48100100-+--8Myripristis murjanT---306050-----Myripristis melanostictaT---20-------Myripristis adusta

Holocentridae (Soldierfishes)M--2------12Synodus sp.M---20-------Synodus ulaeM-3--5------Synodus jaculumM------+----Saurida sp.M------+----Saurida gracilis

Sinodontidae (Lizardfishes)M---1.000-------Pholidichthys leucotaenia

Pholidichthydae (Blennies)M300--1.000---++---Plotosus lineatus

Plotosidae (Eel catfishes)M-56135--------Gorgasia maculata

Congridae (Garden eels)M----46-----Gymnothorax javanicus

Muraenidae (Moray eels)T----68-----Dasyatis kuhlii

Dasyatidae (Stingrays)32132132121


Measurement years


110


-

20

-

M5002001501.000200100++---Apogon chrysotaeniaM6001.0001.0004002.0002.000++++++200Apogon aureus

800800600-------Apogon apogonides

Apogonidae (Cardinafishes)T---6-2-----Plectorhyncus vittatusT224224-----Plectorhyncus polytaeniaT-----1+--11Plectorhyncus picusT----6------Plectorhyncus obscurusT264-158-----Diagramma pictum

Haemulidae (Sweetlips)T-----2-+---Priacanthus cruentatus

Priacanthidae (Fin bulls eye)T2--6-------Terapon jarbua

Theraponidae (Whiptails)T---12-------Scolopsis margaritiferT30--30-15+----Scolopsis ciliataT3--4-6---1-Scolopsis bilineatusT263010-----Scolopsis affinisT----2------Pentapodus emeryii

Nemipteridae (Spinecheeks)M---50-------Pseudanthis pleurotaeniaM-3060-800500++++++--Psedanthias luzonensis

M----750500-----Pseudanthis hypselosomaM800300500--------Pseudanthias hutchtiiM----750500-----Pseudanthis cooperiM1.200150300-500500-++++2-Anthias squamipinnisM------++--20030Anthias sp.M-1.0001.0003001.5001.500-++---Anthias dispar

Anthiidae (Anthiases)T1--11------Variola loutiT-------+--Plectropomus sp.

T-----1-----Plectropomus leopardus

T-------+-11Ephinephelus sp.

T----2------Ephinephelus merra

T----1------Ephinephelus malabaricus

T---1---++--Ephinephelus maculatus

T------+---Ephinephelus fasciatusT-------++--Ephinephelus chlorostigma

T----1-++---Ephinephelus areolatusT--1--5-----Cephalopholis urodeta

T----1---+--Cephalopholis sp.

T----21+++--Cephalopholis sonnerati32132132121


Measurement years


-

20

-

M5002001501.000200100++---Apogon chrysotaeniaM6001.0001.0004002.0002.000++++++200Apogon aureus

800800600-------Apogon apogonides

Apogonidae (Cardinafishes)T---6-2-----Plectorhyncus vittatusT224224-----Plectorhyncus polytaeniaT-----1+--11Plectorhyncus picusT----6------Plectorhyncus obscurusT264-158-----Diagramma pictum

Haemulidae (Sweetlips)T-----2-+---Priacanthus cruentatus

Priacanthidae (Fin bulls eye)T2--6-------Terapon jarbua

Theraponidae (Whiptails)T---12-------Scolopsis margaritiferT30--30-15+----Scolopsis ciliataT3--4-6---1-Scolopsis bilineatusT263010-----Scolopsis affinisT----2------Pentapodus emeryii

Nemipteridae (Spinecheeks)M---50-------Pseudanthis pleurotaeniaM-3060-800500++++++--Psedanthias luzonensis

M----750500-----Pseudanthis hypselosomaM800300500--------Pseudanthias hutchtiiM----750500-----Pseudanthis cooperiM1.200150300-500500-++++2-Anthias squamipinnisM------++--20030Anthias sp.M-1.0001.0003001.5001.500-++---Anthias dispar

Anthiidae (Anthiases)T1--11------Variola loutiT-------+--Plectropomus sp.

T-----1-----Plectropomus leopardus

T-------+-11Ephinephelus sp.

T----2------Ephinephelus merra

T----1------Ephinephelus malabaricus

T---1---++--Ephinephelus maculatus

T------+---Ephinephelus fasciatusT-------++--Ephinephelus chlorostigma

T----1-++---Ephinephelus areolatusT--1--5-----Cephalopholis urodeta

T----1---+--Cephalopholis sp.

T----21+++--Cephalopholis sonnerati32132132121


Measurement years


Appendix 2. Continue

111



-

-

-

T---50------Pterocaesio tessellataT-------++++--Pterocaesio trilineataT-----300-++---Pterocaesio tileT-4832100200200-++++--Pterocaesio pisangT-2525Pterocaesio marriT---10-------Caesio xanthonataT-4036100100150-----Caesio caerulaureaT6065----++---Caesio teresT-----200++++++-Caesio cuning

Caesionidae (Fusiliers)T--2282-----Macolor nigerT4---122-----Macolor macularisT-----30-++---Lutjanus vulfiflammaT-------+---Lutjanus sebaeT-----1-++-1Lutjanus sp.T386-50-++---Lutjanus rivulatusT----16-----Lutjanus monostigmaT2438---------Lutjanus lutjanusT-6250-1.000--++++--Lutjanus kasmira

T-----4+----Lutjanus johnniT--11-1-----Lutjanus gibbusT---655+----Lutjanus fulvusT--11-1-----Lutjanus decussatusT--60--------Lutjanus bouttonT-3846--2-----Lutjanus boharT-----1-----Lutjanus argentimaculatus

Lutjanidae (Snappers)M---10-------Malacanthus latovittatus

Malacanthidae (Sand tilefishes)

T-----10-----Lates calcarifer

Centropomidae (Barramundi)M--80-500500-++---Apogon fragilis

M100----------Cheilodipterusquinqueleneatus

M-6550-500500-----Cheilodipterus lineatusM----200500-----Apogon ventrifasciatus

M----------4Apogon quadrifasciatusM10060100---++++---Apogon frenatus

M---500-----250-Apogon compressus

Apogonidae (Cardinafishes)32132132121


Measurement years


-

-

-

T---50------Pterocaesio tessellataT-------++++--Pterocaesio trilineataT-----300-++---Pterocaesio tileT-4832100200200-++++--Pterocaesio pisangT-2525Pterocaesio marriT---10-------Caesio xanthonataT-4036100100150-----Caesio caerulaureaT6065----++---Caesio teresT-----200++++++-Caesio cuning

Caesionidae (Fusiliers)T--2282-----Macolor nigerT4---122-----Macolor macularisT-----30-++---Lutjanus vulfiflammaT-------+---Lutjanus sebaeT-----1-++-1Lutjanus sp.T386-50-++---Lutjanus rivulatusT----16-----Lutjanus monostigmaT2438---------Lutjanus lutjanusT-6250-1.000--++++--Lutjanus kasmira

T-----4+----Lutjanus johnniT--11-1-----Lutjanus gibbusT---655+----Lutjanus fulvusT--11-1-----Lutjanus decussatusT--60--------Lutjanus bouttonT-3846--2-----Lutjanus boharT-----1-----Lutjanus argentimaculatus

Lutjanidae (Snappers)M---10-------Malacanthus latovittatus

Malacanthidae (Sand tilefishes)

T-----10-----Lates calcarifer

Centropomidae (Barramundi)M--80-500500-++---Apogon fragilis

M100----------Cheilodipterusquinqueleneatus

M-6550-500500-----Cheilodipterus lineatusM----200500-----Apogon ventrifasciatus

M----------4Apogon quadrifasciatusM10060100---++++---Apogon frenatus

M---500-----250-Apogon compressus

Apogonidae (Cardinafishes)32132132121


Measurement years



112


IF4----4-----Heniochus variusIF----2------Heniochus singularisIF5116-3020-+-2-Heniochus diphreutesIF81630224-+---Chaetodon vagabundusIF---------2-Chaetodon trifasciatus

-

-

-

-

-

IF2---------Chaetodon speculumIF---1-------Chaetodon semeionIF-----6-----Chaetodon refflesiiIF-----8-----Chaetodon ornatissimusIF---2-------Chaetodon ocellicaudusIF---122-----Chaetodon meyeriIF------+----Chaetodon lunulaIF16243260--++++++22Chaetodon kleiiniIF-----2----Chaetodon citrinellusIF-----6-----Chaetodon baronessaIF----6----2Chaetodon aurigaIF---2412-----Chaetodon adiergastos

Chaetodontidae (Butterflyfishes)M------++---Platax pinnatusM-3------+--Platax orbicularis

Ephippidae (Spadefishes)

M11---------Phempheris oualensisPhempherididae (Sweeperfishes)

M--6-25-----Kyphosus vagiensis

Kyphosidae (Rudderfishes)T---4-------Upeneus luzoniusT---1-------Parupeneus rubescensT21212122+----Parupeneus multifasciatusT-----+-----Parupeneus macronemaT----64--+--Parupeneus indicusT3------+---Parupeneus heptacanthusT2--10-------Parupeneus bifasciatusT2----4+----Parupeneus barbarinus

T32--308-++--Mulloides flavolineatus

Mullidae (Goatfishes)T-----2--+-Monotaxix grandoculus

T-------++--Lethrinus sp.

T------+----Lethrinus ornatus

T-32414-+----Lethrinus olivaceus

T---1-------Lethtrinus obsoletus

T-----1+----Lethrinus harak

T2--4-2-----Lethrinus erythracanthus

T---2-------Lethrinus conchyliatus

Lethrinidae (Emperors)32132132121


Measurement years


IF4----4-----Heniochus variusIF----2------Heniochus singularisIF5116-3020-+-2-Heniochus diphreutesIF81630224-+---Chaetodon vagabundusIF---------2-Chaetodon trifasciatus

-

-

-

-

-

IF2---------Chaetodon speculumIF---1-------Chaetodon semeionIF-----6-----Chaetodon refflesiiIF-----8-----Chaetodon ornatissimusIF---2-------Chaetodon ocellicaudusIF---122-----Chaetodon meyeriIF------+----Chaetodon lunulaIF16243260--++++++22Chaetodon kleiiniIF-----2----Chaetodon citrinellusIF-----6-----Chaetodon baronessaIF----6----2Chaetodon aurigaIF---2412-----Chaetodon adiergastos

Chaetodontidae (Butterflyfishes)M------++---Platax pinnatusM-3------+--Platax orbicularis

Ephippidae (Spadefishes)

M11---------Phempheris oualensisPhempherididae (Sweeperfishes)

M--6-25-----Kyphosus vagiensis

Kyphosidae (Rudderfishes)T---4-------Upeneus luzoniusT---1-------Parupeneus rubescensT21212122+----Parupeneus multifasciatusT-----+-----Parupeneus macronemaT----64--+--Parupeneus indicusT3------+---Parupeneus heptacanthusT2--10-------Parupeneus bifasciatusT2----4+----Parupeneus barbarinus

T32--308-++--Mulloides flavolineatus

Mullidae (Goatfishes)T-----2--+-Monotaxix grandoculus

T-------++--Lethrinus sp.

T------+----Lethrinus ornatus

T-32414-+----Lethrinus olivaceus

T---1-------Lethtrinus obsoletus

T-----1+----Lethrinus harak

T2--4-2-----Lethrinus erythracanthus

T---2-------Lethrinus conchyliatus

Lethrinidae (Emperors)32132132121


Measurement years


-

3

-

M15----------Pomacentrus simsiangM5812---+--+

-Pomacentrusnagasakiensis

M-----20-----Pomacentrus moluccensis

-

-

13

-

M-----++---Pomacentrus coelestisM-----20-----Pomacentrus bankanensisM8020010030300100-----Pomacentrus auriventrisM20----------Pomacentrus amboinensisM12----20++----

Plectroglyphidodonlacrymatus

M5512085---+++++--Neopomacentrus violaceusM-10090100--+----

Neopomacentruscyanomus

M---3030------Dischistoduspseudochrysoppoecilus

M2001001005001.000-++++++400Dascyllus trimaculatusM220320150600100-++----Dascyllus reticulatusM-----20-----Chrysiptera parasemaM-----25-----Chrysiptera leucopomaM60-35-------Chromis weberiM36----------Chromis ternatensisM42--20050100+++++2-Chromis lepidolepisM--20250------Chromis scotochilopterus

M----160--++--Chromis margaritiferM---------3Chromis leucurusM----80------Chromis fumea

M---50------Chromis cinerascensM-----100--++--Chromis caudalisM----10------Chromis analisM---------2-Chromis alleniM----------2Amphiprion perideraionM---100-50-----Amblyglyphidodon curacaoM10080120--50-----Abudefduf vaigiensisM----2060-----Abudefduf sexfasciatusM---------4-Abudefduf septemfasciatus

Pomacentridae (Damselfishes)

M-----1-----Pygoplites diacanthus

M---1------Pomacanthusxanthometopon

M84268-+++--Pomacanthus imperator

M-----2-----Centropyge vrolikii

M13-32-------Centropyge tibecenM-----30-----Centropyge heraldi

M-----------Centropyge flavicaudaM---163-----Centropyge eibli

M-----16-----Centropyge bicolor

Pomacanthidae (Anglefishes)32132132121


Measurement years


-

3

-

M15----------Pomacentrus simsiangM5812---+--+

-Pomacentrusnagasakiensis

M-----20-----Pomacentrus moluccensis

-

-

13

-

M-----++---Pomacentrus coelestisM-----20-----Pomacentrus bankanensisM8020010030300100-----Pomacentrus auriventrisM20----------Pomacentrus amboinensisM12----20++----

Plectroglyphidodonlacrymatus

M5512085---+++++--Neopomacentrus violaceusM-10090100--+----

Neopomacentruscyanomus

M---3030------Dischistoduspseudochrysoppoecilus

M2001001005001.000-++++++400Dascyllus trimaculatusM220320150600100-++----Dascyllus reticulatusM-----20-----Chrysiptera parasemaM-----25-----Chrysiptera leucopomaM60-35-------Chromis weberiM36----------Chromis ternatensisM42--20050100+++++2-Chromis lepidolepisM--20250------Chromis scotochilopterus

M----160--++--Chromis margaritiferM---------3Chromis leucurusM----80------Chromis fumea

M---50------Chromis cinerascensM-----100--++--Chromis caudalisM----10------Chromis analisM---------2-Chromis alleniM----------2Amphiprion perideraionM---100-50-----Amblyglyphidodon curacaoM10080120--50-----Abudefduf vaigiensisM----2060-----Abudefduf sexfasciatusM---------4-Abudefduf septemfasciatus

Pomacentridae (Damselfishes)

M-----1-----Pygoplites diacanthus

M---1------Pomacanthusxanthometopon

M84268-+++--Pomacanthus imperator

M-----2-----Centropyge vrolikii

M13-32-------Centropyge tibecenM-----30-----Centropyge heraldi

M-----------Centropyge flavicaudaM---163-----Centropyge eibli

M-----16-----Centropyge bicolor

Pomacanthidae (Anglefishes)32132132121


Measurement years




113

-

-

-

M1----------Salarias fasciatus

BlenniidaeM-126--------Parapercis millepunctata

-

-

-

PinguipedidaeT----32+----Scarus tricolorT-----2-----Scarus sordidusT---214-----Scarus schlegeliT2----12-----Scarus rubroviolaceusT-----2-----Scarus ovicepsT6--1015+----Scarus ghobanT------+----Scarus dimidiatusT3-----+---Scarus bleekeriT-----1-----Cetoscarus bicolorT---4-------Bolbometopon muricatum

Scaridae (Parrotfishes)-2--------Thallosomma purpureum

M12--------3-Thallosomma lutescensM306060603012+++21Thallosomma lunareM-----------Thallosomma janseni

M-----4---3Thallosomma hardwickeM---------30Stethojulis sp.M-2132--------Psedocheilinus yamashiroi

Labridae (Wrasses)M-120150--------Psedocoris heteropteraM323015203060+++22Labroides dimidiatusM------+----Labroides bicolorM------+----Halichoeres sp.M121821--20-----Halichoeres hortulanusM-915----+---Halichoeres hartzffeldiM---2-------Halichoeres dussimieriM929584-30-++++++--Halichoeres chrysus

M---22-----Choerodon anchorago

T-----1-----Cheilinus undulatus

M6----6-+--Cheilinus trilobatus

M------+----Cheilinus sp.

M8-2-----+2-Bodianus mesothorax

M206045-605+++--Bodianus dianaM---------1-Anampses meleagrides

Labridae (Wrasses)M-3660----+---Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus

M----610---2-Cirrhitichthys falco

Cirrhitidae (Hawkfishes)32132132121


Measurement years


-

-

-

M1----------Salarias fasciatus

BlenniidaeM-126--------Parapercis millepunctata

-

-

-

PinguipedidaeT----32+----Scarus tricolorT-----2-----Scarus sordidusT---214-----Scarus schlegeliT2----12-----Scarus rubroviolaceusT-----2-----Scarus ovicepsT6--1015+----Scarus ghobanT------+----Scarus dimidiatusT3-----+---Scarus bleekeriT-----1-----Cetoscarus bicolorT---4-------Bolbometopon muricatum

Scaridae (Parrotfishes)-2--------Thallosomma purpureum

M12--------3-Thallosomma lutescensM306060603012+++21Thallosomma lunareM-----------Thallosomma janseni

M-----4---3Thallosomma hardwickeM---------30Stethojulis sp.M-2132--------Psedocheilinus yamashiroi

Labridae (Wrasses)M-120150--------Psedocoris heteropteraM323015203060+++22Labroides dimidiatusM------+----Labroides bicolorM------+----Halichoeres sp.M121821--20-----Halichoeres hortulanusM-915----+---Halichoeres hartzffeldiM---2-------Halichoeres dussimieriM929584-30-++++++--Halichoeres chrysus

M---22-----Choerodon anchorago

T-----1-----Cheilinus undulatus

M6----6-+--Cheilinus trilobatus

M------+----Cheilinus sp.

M8-2-----+2-Bodianus mesothorax

M206045-605+++--Bodianus dianaM---------1-Anampses meleagrides

Labridae (Wrasses)M-3660----+---Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus

M----610---2-Cirrhitichthys falco

Cirrhitidae (Hawkfishes)32132132121


Measurement years



114


M211216--------Sufflamen chrysopterus

-

-

-

-

M2----15-----Rhinecanthus verrucosus

M1----1-----Pseudobalistesflavimarginatus

M403552--25--+--Odonus niger

-

-

-

M--4----+-Melichthys vidua

M-----25-----Melichthys indicus

M---142+----Balistoides viridescens

M----1------Balistoides conspicullum

M5--812-----1Balistapus undulatus

Balistidae (Triggerfishes)

M---2040------Zanclus carnescens

M4661212+----Zanclus cornutus

Zanclidae (Moorish idols)

M-----2-----Zebrasoma veliferum

M6--425----2-Zebrasoma scopas

T3544102-----Naso vlamingiiT---61-++---Naso unicornisT446-66-++---Naso lituratusT123220-307-----Naso hexacanthusT--42-------Ctenochaetus striatus

T-------++-+Acanthurus xanthopterus

T-----2----Acanthurus triostegusT---2--+-+--Acanthurus sp.

T8--25-+---Acanthurus pyroferusT----1------Acanthurus olivaceusT-----10---3-Acanthurus nigricansT----------1Acanthurus mataT----10--++++--Acanthurus maculicepsT----3050-----Acanthurus lineatusT40183040-20++++---Acanthurus leucocheilusT---1--++----Acanthurus bariene

Acanthuridae (Surgeonfishes)T-----4----Siganus vulpinus

T-----2-----Siganus virgatus

T-----8----Siganus stellatus

T-95---+----Siganus punctatus

--4--------Siganus puellus

T------++---Siganus corallinusSiganidae (Rabbitfishes)

T12----------Crenimugil crenilabisMugilidae (Mullets)

T2----------Sphyraena barracuda

Sphyraenidae (Barracudas)32132132121


Measurement years


M211216--------Sufflamen chrysopterus

-

-

-

-

M2----15-----Rhinecanthus verrucosus

M1----1-----Pseudobalistesflavimarginatus

M403552--25--+--Odonus niger

-

-

-

M--4----+-Melichthys vidua

M-----25-----Melichthys indicus

M---142+----Balistoides viridescens

M----1------Balistoides conspicullum

M5--812-----1Balistapus undulatus

Balistidae (Triggerfishes)

M---2040------Zanclus carnescens

M4661212+----Zanclus cornutus

Zanclidae (Moorish idols)

M-----2-----Zebrasoma veliferum

M6--425----2-Zebrasoma scopas

T3544102-----Naso vlamingiiT---61-++---Naso unicornisT446-66-++---Naso lituratusT123220-307-----Naso hexacanthusT--42-------Ctenochaetus striatus

T-------++-+Acanthurus xanthopterus

T-----2----Acanthurus triostegusT---2--+-+--Acanthurus sp.

T8--25-+---Acanthurus pyroferusT----1------Acanthurus olivaceusT-----10---3-Acanthurus nigricansT----------1Acanthurus mataT----10--++++--Acanthurus maculicepsT----3050-----Acanthurus lineatusT40183040-20++++---Acanthurus leucocheilusT---1--++----Acanthurus bariene

Acanthuridae (Surgeonfishes)T-----4----Siganus vulpinus

T-----2-----Siganus virgatus

T-----8----Siganus stellatus

T-95---+----Siganus punctatus

--4--------Siganus puellus

T------++---Siganus corallinusSiganidae (Rabbitfishes)

T12----------Crenimugil crenilabisMugilidae (Mullets)

T2----------Sphyraena barracuda

Sphyraenidae (Barracudas)32132132121


Measurement years




115

--

T15----------Chanos chanos

ChanidaeT------++----Caranx sp.T2116-------Caranx semT--1--12-----Caranx melampygusT-------++++--Carangoides sp.T---26------Carangoides ferdau

Carangidae (Trevallys)M---451++--3Canthigaster valentiniM1-2-6-----Canthigaster solandri

M-15202-1----Canthigaster compressa

M1--2101-----Arothron nigropunctatus

Tetraodontidae (Puffers)M----1------Diodon histrix

Diodontidae (Porcupinefishes)M-11---+--2-Ostracion solorensis

M----102-----Ostracion meleagris

Ostraciidae (Boxfishes)M915123040------Paraluteres prionurus

M---1-------Aluterus scriptus

Monacanthidae (Filefishes)32132132121


Measurement years


--

T15----------Chanos chanos

ChanidaeT------++----Caranx sp.T2116-------Caranx semT--1--12-----Caranx melampygusT-------++++--Carangoides sp.T---26------Carangoides ferdau

Carangidae (Trevallys)M---451++--3Canthigaster valentiniM1-2-6-----Canthigaster solandri

M-15202-1----Canthigaster compressa

M1--2101-----Arothron nigropunctatus

Tetraodontidae (Puffers)M----1------Diodon histrix

Diodontidae (Porcupinefishes)M-11---+--2-Ostracion solorensis

M----102-----Ostracion meleagris

Ostraciidae (Boxfishes)M915123040------Paraluteres prionurus

M---1-------Aluterus scriptus

Monacanthidae (Filefishes)32132132121


Measurement years



Sources: * Wasilun et al. (1991); ** Edrus et al. (1996); *** Edrus (2002); **** Primary dataRemarks: - = absence; ‘+ = present; M = major fishes; T = target fishes; IF = indicator fishes


116

GROWTH AND CONDITION FACTOR OF RAINBOW SELEBENSIS(Telmatherina celebensis Boulenger) IN LAKE TOWUTI, SOUTH CELEBES

Syahroma Husni NasutionResearch Center for Limnology Indonesian Insitute of Sciences

Received April 24-2006; Received in revised form July 11-2006; Accepted September 10-2007

ABSTRACT

Rainbow selebensis (Telmatherina celebensis) is Telmatherinidae family and endemic species in LakeTowuti. This species has beautiful color, potential to be ornamental fishes. The aim of this research is tostudy growth and condition factor of the fish, as a basic information for fish conservation. Samples werecollected from March 2002 to April 2003 using experimental gill net with mesh sized 3/4, 1, 1¼, and 1½inches. Growth pattern of male and female were isometric characteristic. Maximum total length of male andfemale were 119.7 mm and growth pattern were described as Von Bertalanffy formula were Lt=119.7 [1–e–3,40

(t+0.03)] and Lt=119.7 [1–e–1.60 (t+0.07)], respectively. Monthly condition factor of the fish varied between male andfemale ranging from 0.93–1.21 and 1.09–1.26, respectively. The highest peaks of 1.21 and 1.26, for maleand female respectively occurred in November.

KEYWORDS: growth, condition factor, Telmatherina celebensis and Lake Towuti

Growth and Condition Factor of Rainbow Selebensis ….. in Lake Towuti, South Celebes (Nasution, H.S.)

INTRODUCTION

Rainbow selebensis (Telmatherina celebensisBoulenger) is one of the endemics fish type found in LakeTowuti. This lake, Lake Matano, and Lake Mahalonaprovide the three stream connected lake consecutivelylocated in the downstream, upstream and midlle streamof the Holahola river of the Malili-Soroako region. Thethree lakes have been specified as recreational parksdue to their panoramic beauty and virgin forest aroundthem (pursuant to the Minister of Agriculture DecreeNo.274/Kpts/Um/1979).

Sixteen fish species of Telmatherina have beenrecorded and all are including endemic fish (Kottelat etal., 1993). T. celebensis has beautiful body color,especially male. Its body is rust colored chocolate onthe top and there are three or more vertical ribbon whichappear more contrast compared to the female. Thereforethe fish has potentially economic value as ornamentalfreshwater fish.

T. celebensis is also taken for consumption purposesby people around the lake (Nasution, 2006). This fishhas been included in a vulnerable species group orpotentially endangered species (IUCN, 2003). Therefore,protection against the destruction and threat to the fishpopulation decreases due to the effect of environmentalchanges will be needed. Degradation of environmentalquality is indirectly related to the deforestation andanthropogenic activities.

To prevent population decrease better informations isneeded to support sustainability of fish resourcesmanagement. Two aspects of the biological informationsneeded are growth and condition factor. Condition factoris one of the important growth element to show fishphysical capacities and the relationship with survival andreproduction. The aim of this research is to study growthand condition factor of the fish, that can be used as abasic information for fish conservation and fisheryresources management of T. celebensis in Lake Towuti,South Celebes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Site

The study was carried out in Lake Towuti, SouthCelebes (Figure 1) from March 2002 to April 2003.Sampling of fish was carried out every two months.Research stations are grouped into four sites as follow:1. Station I: located in the area where there are aquatic

plant with depth of water of 1 to 3 m (Cape of Bakaranearby sawmill).

2. Station II: located in the area where there are noaquatic plant within the depth of 1 to 5 m (inlet ofLake Towuti that come from Tominanga River).

3. Station III: located in the area where there are noaquatic plant within the depth of more than 10 m (closeto Loeha Island).

4. Station IV: located in the aquatic plant area withinthe depth of 1 to 3 m (close to the outlet of LakeTowuti into the Hola-Hola River).

Corresponding author:Kompleks LIPI Cibinong Jl. Raya Jakarta Bogor Km.46-Cibinong 16911, E-mail: [email protected] 117

Figure 1. Research station in Lake Towuti.

Fish Sampling

Sample of fishes (Figure 2) was obtained usingexperimental gill net with four mesh size: ¾ inch (19mm), 1 inch (25 mm), 1¼ inch (32 mm), and 1½ inch (38mm). The total length of the net was 200 m (each of

4x50 mesh size). Net equipped with the float at the topand sinker at the bottom. Net was positionedperpendicular to the coastline in each station and startoperated in the late afternoon at 16.00 until 07.00 in thenext morning. Operation time of net was more or less 15hours.

Figure 2. Rainbow selebensis (Telmatherina celebensis).


118

The catches obtained from each station were sortedand separated sexually. Length of fish sampled weremeasured by using calliper with the accuracy of 1 mmand were weighted by digital balance with accuracy of0.01 g. All the fish were grouped into some length classto obtain normal population size structure.

Data Analysis

Length Weight Relationship

The length weight relationship of fish is calculatedfollowing the Ricker (1975) formula, that is:

W=a Lb ……………………………………………… (1

where:W = weight of fish (g)L = total length of fish (mm)a and b = constants of the regression equation

This formula can be linearized by converting both sidesinto logarithmic form:

Log W=Log a+b Log L ................................... (2

According to Carlander (1969) in Effendie (1979), mostof b value laid between 2.4 to 3.5. When b value is equalto three (b=3), fish growth in length is equal to the growthin weight and is referred as isometric growth. If b is biggeror smaller than three then the growth is allometric. If bvalue less than three (b<3), indicating a thin or slenderfish, where length growth is faster than weight growth. Ifb value is bigger than three (b>3) indicating that the fishis fat or plump, where weight growth is faster then lengthgrowth.

Growth

Growth pattern of T.celebensis can be predicted byVon Bertalanffy equation as follows:

Lt=L∞ [1–e-K (t– to)] ………………………………...… (3

where:Lt = length of fish in t year (mm)L∞ = average maximum lengthto = theoretical fish age at length=0 mmK = Von Bertalanffy growth coefficient

Parameter of K and L∞ were estimated with ELEFANI from software FiSAT II (Sparre & Venema, 1998) and towas estimated from Paully emphirical formula, as follows:

Log (-to)=-0.3922-0.2752 log L∞-1.038 log K …... (4

Condition Factor

Condition factor that reflecting the plumpness of fishwere calculated following Effendie (1979):

Kt=105 W/L3 ……………………………………...… (5

where:Kt = condition factorW = the average weight of fish (g)L = the average length of fish (mm)105 = the specified value as Kt approaching one

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Length frequency distribution

The size of T. celebensis caught using experimentalgill net with four mesh size (¾, 1, 1¼, and 1½ inch),ranging from 55.9 to 103.2 mm for male and 51.1 to 98.4mm for female (Figure 3). The highest frequency occurredwithin the length class of 74.8 to 79.5 mm in male andfemale, respectively.

All fish samples were caught by the net with the meshsize of ¾ and 1 inch. Whereas at mesh size of 1¼ and1½ inch net no fish were caught. This data indicate thatthe fish caught by the net provide the biggest fish sizegroup within the fish population and has reached thematured gonad.


119

Figure 3. Length frequency of male and female T. celebensis in Lake Towuti.

Length Weight Relationship

Analysis of length weight relationship will lead to theidentification of the growth pattern of the fish. From growthpattern, it is possible to determine the fish body formwether the fish is fat or thin. According to Brown (1957),the factors influencing growth pattern consisted of internaland external factors. Example of internal factors arediameter of egg size and genetic factor whereas externalfactors include temperature, light, chemical factors, watercurrent, and niche.

Length weight relationship of male and female T.celebensis follow the equations W=0.00078 L3.0729;r2=0.81, and W=0.00005 L3.04756; r2=0,90 (Figure 4).According to Carlander (1969) in Effendie (1979), mostof b values ranging from 2.4 to 3.5. Base on t test indicatethat the male with b=3.1 and female b=3.1 orapproximately equal to 3.0. For b value equal to 3.0indicates that the growth follow isometric pattern, whilefor b¹3 follow allometric pattern.

Figure 4. Length weight relationship of male (♂) and female (♀) T. celebensis.


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From the isometric growth pattern of both male andfemale it can be concluded that growth in length is equalto growth in weight. Morphologically the fish body isfusiform and slender. Due to its physical it is anticipatedthat this fish provide a fast swimmer and migratory type.The body form influence movement of fish in water. T.celebensis body form is also like tuna (thunniform)according to Jobling (1995) that provide a fast swimmertype. T. celebensis fish found spread over the lake ofTowuti ranging from littoral zone to the middle of lakeclose to the island of Loeha (Wirjoatmodjo et al., 2003;Nasution et al., 2004).

Growth

Growth is one of the important biological parametersto understand the population dynamics of T. celebensismore thoroughly. Based on length data measurements,the average maximum length of fish (L¥) and the growthcoefficient (K), the Von Bertalanffy growth equation ofmale and female of T. celebensis are Lt=119.7 [1–e-3.40

(t+0.03)]; L¥=119.7 mm and K=3.40 and Lt=119.7 [1–e–1.60

(t+0.07)]; L¥=119.7 mm and K=1.60, respectively (Figure 5).

Figure 5. The Von Bertalanffy growth curves of male and female T. celebensis.

From growth coefficient of male of 3.40 year-1 andfemale 1.60 year-1, it is likely that growth rate of male ishigher than female or the male growth is faster thanfemale. Base on the growth curves, the male T.celebensis reach maximum total length at 0.8 years andthe female at 1.6 years old. So far, no data that havebeen published to comparing growth coefficient of thesame species or family in Lake Towuti.

Condition Factor

Condition factor provide an indirect indicator of theenvironmental influence to the fish physical condition,formulated in body weight function that compare to fishbody length. Condition factor of T. celebensis show inFigure 6.

Monthly condition factors of T. celebensis variedbetween male and female. Male between 0.93 to 1.21and female between 1.09 to 1.26. There are somefluctuation in the curve of condition factor, but the highest

value occured in November which were equal to 1.21 formale and 1.26 for female. Peak curve is interpreted asthe accuracy of environmental conditional change towardbetter condition in November. The changing ofenvironmental condition was mainly due to the frequentrainfall occurring after September. Some allochtonousmaterials from land enter the lake and enrich food-stuffin the lake. Fish abundance was also increased inNovember in line with the increasing height of water level(Nasution et al., 2004).

Figure 6 also shows the change of environmentalquality that happened in November, where condition factorof male and female reach its highest. Beside asenvironmental quality indicator, increasing condition factorreflecting an increasing activity of T. celebensisreproduction resulted from the improvement of gonaddevelopment. In November improvement of gonad maturityof T. celebensis were occurred as reflected by the largenumber of matured fish composition found both male andfemale (Nasution, 2005).

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CONCLUSION

The result of K value for male T.celebensis is higherthan the female, and since K value represent how fastthe fish grow to its the maximum length, than the time ofmale to reach its the maximum length at the samecondition is faster than female.

The b value for male and female is equal to three,(isometric growth), or the growth in length is equal to thegrowth in weight. Maximum length of male and female ofT.celebensis of 119.7 mm, so that the Von Bertalanffygrowth formula for the fish were Lt=119.7 [1–e-3.40 ( t+0.03) ]and Lt=119.7 [1–e–1.60 ( t+0.07)], respectively.

The highest peaks of condition factors of 1.21 and1.26, for the respective male and female occurred inNovember.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research was part and funded by Asian regionalcentre for biodiversity conservation project, F.Y. 2002-2004.

REFERENCES

Brown, M. E. 1957. Experimental studies on growth. InM. E. Brown. The physiology of fishes. Vol.1Academic Press. New York and London. 447 p.

Effendie, M. I. 1979. Metode biologi perikanan. YayasanDewi Sri. Bogor. 112 hal.

IUCN. 2003. 2003 IUCN Redlist of threatened specieswww.redlist.org. Download on July 16. 2004.

Jobling, M. 1995. Enironmental biology of fishes.Chapman and Hall. London. 455 p.

Kottelat, M., A. J. Whitten, S. N. Kartikasari, & S.Wirjoatmodjo. 1993. Ikan air tawar Indonesia bagianbarat dan Celebes. Periplus Edition (HK) Ltd.Bekerjasama dengan Proyek EMDI. Kantor MenteriNegara Kependudukan dan Lingkungan HidupRepublik Indonesia. Jakarta. 293 hal.

Nasution, S. H., Sulistiono, D. S. Sjafei, & G. S. Haryani.2004. Distribusi spasial dan temporal ikan endemikrainbow selebensis (Telmatherina celebensisBoulenger) di Danau Towuti, Sulawesi Selatan.Makalah Seminar Nasional Ikan ke-3 di Bogor. 7September 2004. 14 hal (inpublished paper).

Nasution, S. H. 2005. Karakteristik reproduksi ikanendemik rainbow selebensis (Telmatherina celebensisBoulenger) di Danau Towuti. Jurnal PenelitianPerikanan Indonesia. Edisi Sumber Daya danPenangkapan. 11 (2): 29-37.

Nasution, S. H. 2006. Pangkilang (Telmatherinidae)ornamental fish: An economic alternative for peoplearound Lake Towuti. Proceedings InternationalSymposium. The Ecology and Limnology of the MaliliLakes on March 20-22. 2006 in Bogor–Indonesia.Supported by: PT. INCO Tbk. and Research Centerfor Limnology. Indonesian Institute of Sciences. p 39-46.

Ricker, W. E. 1975. Computation and interpretation ofbiological statistic of fish population. Bulletin FisheriesResources. Board Can. 191. 382 p.

Figure 6. Condition factors of male and female T. celebensis in Lake Towuti (M2: March, M2: May, J2: July,S2: September, O2: October, N2: November, D2: December 2002, F3: February, and A3: April2003.)

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Sparre, P. & S. C. Venema. 1998. Introduksi pengkajianstok ikan tropis. Badan Penelitian dan pengembanganPerikanan. Terjemahan dari Introduction to Tropicalfish stock assessment FAO Fish Tech. Paper 306(1): 376 p.

Wirjoatmodjo, S., Sulistiono, M. F. Rahardjo, I. S. Suwelo,& R. K. Hadiyati. 2003. Ecological distribution ofendemic fish species in Lakes Poso and MaliliComplex, Sulawesi Island Danau Funded by AseanRegional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and theEuropean Comission. 30 p.


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