Copyright: SIPC Reference Data Architecture and Standards An Introduction to ISO15926 Matthew West.
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IPC
Reference Data Architecture and Standards
An Introduction to ISO15926
Matthew West
Reference Data Architecture and Standards
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Programme
• Introduction to 4 Dimensionalism
• ISO 15926-2 – Lifecycle Integration Schema
– Introduction to the data model
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3D and 4D approaches to ontology
• In principle, there are infinitely many ways in which we can model the world, so it is perhaps surprising that there are two main approaches, with on the whole minor variations, that dominate the literature.We will call these the 3D paradigm and the 4D paradigm, though they are also known as endurantism, and perdurantism.
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4D Ontology
• A 4D ontology treats all individuals – things that exist in space-time - as spatio-temporal extents, i.e. as 4D objects.
The principles of the 4D paradigm are:
1. Individuals exist in a manifold of 4 dimensions, three space and one time. So things in the past and future exist as well as things in the present.
2. The four dimensional extent is viewed from outside time rather than in the present.
3. Individuals (including physical objects) extend in time as well as space and have both temporal parts and spatial parts.
4. When two individuals have the same spatio-temporal extent they are the same thing. (However not all version of 4D insist on this principle).
• Thus a 4D object is not (usually) wholly present at a point in time, but its whole is extended in space as well as time. The object at a point in time is a temporal part of the whole. Change is naturally expressed through a 4 dimensional classical mereology, which Simons: “Parts: A Study in Ontology” in his seminal work, describes in one page. A good description of, and argument for, the 4D paradigm can be found in Sider: “4 Dimensionalism”.
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3D Ontology
• A 3D ontology treats physical objects (roughly things you can kick) as 3D objects (sometimes called continuants) that pass through time. The principles of the 3D paradigm are:
1. Physical objects are 3-dimensional objects that pass through time and are wholly present at each point in time.
2. Physical objects are viewed from the present. The default is that statements are true now.
3. Physical objects do not have temporal parts.
4. Different physical objects may coincide.
5. The object-at-a-point-in-time is the object of primary interest.
• To talk about an object at different times it is necessary to time index statements in some way, e.g. X at t. A 3D ontology also has 4D objects in it. These cover activities, such as:
– a football match - which clearly has temporal parts such as the first half and the second half,
– a living process - a persons life, rather than the physical person passing through time.
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Which paradigm?
• The 3D approach corresponds well with the way that language works. Language has a focus around here, now, you and me as a context, and on the current state of affairs. This leads to efficient communication under the most common circumstances. On the other hand dealing with change is relatively problematic. Simons requires several chapters to explain how objects change over time in a 3D ontology.
• What is clear is that the 3D and 4D paradigms cannot be merged into a single canonical approach, since they are contradictory, with one requiring physical objects to have temporal parts, and the other forbidding them.
• On the other hand, it appears that what can usefully be said using one paradigm can generally be said using the other.
• We chose the 4D paradigm because we found it to be rigorous, and gave a good account of some difficult cases, like replaceable parts.
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ISO15926-2: Integration Model
• Background
– Originally the EPISTLE Core Model
– Started around 1993
– Now at Version 4.5.1
– As ISO 15926-2 became an International Standard in 2003.
– http://www.tc184-sc4.org/wg3ndocs/wg3n1328/lifecycle_integration_schema.html
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Basic Elements
• Thing
– anything, real or abstract
– Note: the supreme supertype
• Possible Individual (Spatio-temporal extent)
– some part(s) of space-time
• Class
– collection of things, possibly infinite, where the order is not significant
• Relationship
– Something one thing has to do with another.
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TIME
3DSPACE
Space time mapA particular spatio temporal extent
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Thing
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Possible Worlds
Past Future
Actual
Possible
Possible
Desired
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TIME
3DSPACE
T > 0
S > 0
Possible Individual
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Plastic blank
Cup Crushed plastic
TIME
Whole Individual
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TIME
3DSPACE
T = 0 T > 0
period of timepoint in time
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TIME
3DSPACE State
Time period
Individual
Possible Individual/State – Temporal whole-part
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3D space
Time
A
B
C
D
event 1 event 2
Materialised Physical Object
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installed
TIME
3DSPACE
removed removedinstalled
pump 1
pump 2
Tag 101
Functional Physical Object/Replaceable Part
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Objects that Overlap
SpaceChairman of Shell
John Jennings
Mark Moody-Stuart
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3Dspace
Time
valveopen
valveclose
tank A
tank B
connected disconnected
hose
start filling end filling
Stream
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Individual
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Activity
3Dspace
Time
Activity
Performer
Input
Output
Input
Output
Performer
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TIME
3DSPACE
T = 0
event
Point in time
Event and Point in Time
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TIME
3DSPACE Sub state
event
point in time
Temporal Boundary
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Activity and Temporal Boundary
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Some approaches to Set Theory
A B C
1 2 3 4 5 6Instances may only be a member of only one set
Only one level
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Some approaches to Set Theory
A B C
1 2 3 4 5 6
M O PN
X Y Z
Instances may only be a member of only one set
Sets hierarchical (model/meta-model etc)
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Some approaches to Set Theory
A B C
1 2 3 4 5 6
M O PN
X Y Z
Instances may only be a member of one or more sets
Sets hierarchical (model/meta-model etc)
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Some approaches to Set Theory
A B C
1 2 3 4 5 6
M O PN
X Y Z
Instances may only be a member of one or more sets
Sets not hierarchical (model/meta-model etc)
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Some approaches to Set Theory
A B C
1 2 3 4 5 6
M O PN
X Y Z
Instances may only be a member of one or more sets
Sets not hierarchical (model/meta-model etc). Loops allowed
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Class
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Class of Individual
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“fundamental” particle
assembly
simple artefact
molecular
atomic
sub-atomic
organisation
organism
time
Organisational Levels
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Cup
Plastic
Hydrocarbonmolecules
atoms
arrangement of
arrangement of
arrangement of
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Organisational Levels
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Information
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Information
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Information
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Summary
• A 4D ontology sees physical objects as extended in time as well as space
• ISO 15926 is a data model that is also a 4D ontology
• It uses a possible worlds approach rather than modal logic
• Sets are defined by extension
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Questions?