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4 」AN 1994

VERB IN uooM

MAYUREE PUAMsuDDEE〃

A THESIs suBIIrl■■〕IN PARTIAL FULFILLIEW oF

THE REQUIREMENrS FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASrER OF螂

(LINGUISTIcs)

IN

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STuDIES

MAHIDOL UNIVERSIw

1993

24J53

Bfit*t?jtnn1,

Copyright by Mahidol University

Tlles■ s

entitled

VERIB IN Uoom

Mavuree puapunsuddee

Candidate

Christian Bauer, Ph.D.

MbjOr Adv■ sor

\ ^ ,,// - \!)^,.*,4 u{4,/ '

""/"':"'.:...Phaiboon Ouairgchan, M.A., D. E.A.co-advisor

″∴件

`竹

午移 …Monthree chuLasanqya, M.D., ph.D.

Dean

Facu lty of Graduate SLud.ies

Sophana Sricha.opa,

Co-advisor

Sophana Srichanpa, U.A.

Chairman

Master of ArLs progran

1n LinEu ist ics

hstitute of Language a:rd

Culture for Frral Developnent

ヽ


Thes■ s

entitled

VERB IN U00M

Sll｀mitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies, MahidOl university

for the degree of Master of Arts (Linguistics,

On

October 14, 1993

…″.ん7黎物処往̈I'lqYuree Puapunsuddee

Candidate

Christ ian Bauer, Ph. D.

chairnan

。た.均Phaiboon Duangchan, M,A.,D.E.A.

Menber

れ ″Sophana Srichanpa, H. A.

l.{enber

I.lontlu:ee Chulasamaya, l.f . D. , ph. D.

Dean

Faculty of craduaLe SLudies

μ .級を粋～ン

`1

の、.

Suwilai Premsrirat, ph. D.

I'lember

Prasert Thongcharoen, M.D.,

Dr.Ued. , D. T. !I.

Actitrg Director

Institute of Lalguage and

Orltr:re for Rural Developaent

J::


ACf,IHI.DCIETENT

r wou rd r. ike to express oy grat itude to Dr. cbrist ian Bauer,oy prilciple advisor, for his encourageioent, supervision 8rd helpfuladvice for this thesis.

Ass istant Professor phaiboon Duangchnn and Ass istant professorSophana Sricheqpar neobers of the coonittee, for their generousa.ssitence and constn:ct ive contri.hut ions.

I vou Id also like to thank Dr. David Thoas, Dr. SoosongeBurusphat for naking nany valuable suggest ioDs at the first tine.FurLhermore I wou Id like to than]( !,Ir. GreE L{yons to check Dy Elgit ishin sooe parLs. I also aclmovledge to all Ugong people at BaDIaE a NinEAnphoe Huay-Khot Uthaithen i province.

Special thanls are also due to Dr. Stlwilai preosrirat for hergood advice and great ki-ndness in correcting this draft and givingmany valuable coonents 8nd suEgestioDs. I{ithout her help, this thes iscannot be succd.d..

Not only those nentioned above, there are Dore nanes than Icar nention uho deserved speciel {,han}5s. A\y!ray, thnnks andappreciation eo to a1t uho hetped in the conpletion of this thesis.

I{ayuree Puapr r n su611s,s

´


BIOCRAPHY

I'IAI,IE lliss llayuree puapunsuddee

DATE OF BIRTH Z Dece ber B.E. 2506 (1963)

PLACE OF BIETH Bangkok, Thailand

INSTITUTI ONS ATTE{DD

Srinaliharintbarawirot llniversity, I.Iahasarakha.n Cannus

1981_1985 :

Bachelor of Arts tErglish)

l.lahidol University, 1988_1993 :

I'laster of Arts tlinguistics )


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111

いヽ

Thes is Title

NaDe

Degree

verb in t Eong

I{rvuree Puapunsuddee

l{aster of ArLs (LiDguistics )

Thesis Superv isory Coonittee

Date of Graduat ion

Christian Bauer, Ph. D.

Phaiboon Duangchan, l{.A.,D.E.A.

Sophane SrichaDpa, M. A.

Suwi lai Premsrirat, Ph.D.

14 October B.E. 2536 (1993)

ABSTRACT

The purpme of this thesis was to study the synto< and

semant ic of the verb in UEonE spoken at Ban Laua, Tarobon Thonglang,

King AEphoe Hua-i-Khot, Lrthaithani Province. froo phrase to clause level

and to study the other e lenents occuring uith the verb.

Froo this study, it uas fotmd that tbe verb funct ions as oain

eleoent of the phrase and clause. The other dependent verbal eleoents

can @cur uith the verb in pre or post position.

At clause level, the verb normal Iy occurs in the final

position of it tS-o-vl. The bas ic clause types can be classif ied

according to the combination of noun and verb, such as V, NV, l.[W,

NNv, NNNV, and W-quot. ndditional eleoents can occur before or affer

the nucleus and can be typed as tine setting, locat ion sett ing or

f ilal particle.

At phrsse level, the description of verb and verb dependent

element are presented. The verb phrases can be divided i-nto ni-ne types


LV

such a-s transitive, bit rans it ive, intrans it ive, locative, anbient,

existence, eguot.t ive, propulsive, and quotative verb. apart fron thatthey are also discussed in teros of sinple verb, compound verb and

serial verb constmct ion. The verb dependent eleoents occurring before

or after the nain verb classified as suffixes, aspectual particles,reciprocal particles, and cooperat ive parLicles, pass ive parLicles,

and negat ive parLicJ.es.

When nulti oain verbs occur in the sane verb phrase, aI1 hut

one of then changes to a secondary funct ion nodifying the initialverb. These main verbs which assune a secondary function usuallyshange uith respect to causativity, direction and/or aspect.

ヘ


TTBLE G' @I([ENTS

AASTMCT

LIST OF FIfi]RES

LIST OF MAPS

CHAPTER,

I INTRODUCTION

1.1 ceneral In ForTat ion sbout Ugong

1. 1. 1 Historical Background

1.1.2 Geoeraph i ca I Locat ion

1.1.3 population

1.1.4 @cupat ion

1. 1.8 Religion and Culture

1.1.6 Education

1. 1.7 I€nguage NaDe

1. 1.8 l^anguage Classification1. 1.9 T.anguage Contact

1.2 Object ive 8nd Scope of this The6 is1.3 |Iethodo logy

1.4 Sources of Data

1.5 Phonological OutI iae

1.6 crannarL ical Out I ine

II t,cDT,JG \IERBS AT CLAUSE LEVE.

2.1 GeDeraI Clause SLructure

2.2 Bas ic Clause lypes

2.2.t q\e verb c lause

2.2.2 oD.e noun - one verb

2.2.3 Tvo nouD-s - oue verb

2.2.4 Three nouns - crre verb

2.2.5 ODe DoLID - one verb + euot

■

V■ ■■

X

1

1

1

1

5

7

7

7

8

9

10

12

12

13

13

17

22

22

23

23

24

27

34

37

,


2.3 eddit ional EleoeDts

2.3.1 Tfuoe Setting

2.3.2 Locat ive Setti_ng

2.3.3 Final ParLicles

III VERB PHRASES

3.1 Basic SLructure of Verb phrase

3.2 Uain Verb

3.2.1 Si-nple Verb

V■

38

38

39

39

45

45

46

46

46

46

47

47

47

48

48

48

48

49

49

49

49

50

50

51

52

53

3.2.1.l Trancitive Verb

3.2.1.2 Bitrnnsitive Verb

3.2.1.3 1ntransitive Verb

a)Active lntransitive Verb

b)Descriptive lntransitive Verb

3.2.1.4 Anbient Verb

3.2.1.5 MOtion Verb

3.2.1.6 Existence Verb

3.2.1.7 Equative Verb

3.2.1.3 Locative Verb

3.2.1.9 Propulsive Verb

3.2.1.10 QuotatiVe verb

3.2.1.1l HOdal Verb

3.2.2 Ccxllpound Verbs

3.2.2.l Noull腋ミed Compound

3.2.2.2 Verb Based Compound

3.2.3 Serial Verb cOnstruction

3.2.3.l Verb with sequence of

」Caposed R● ots

3.2.3.2 SVC vs CompOund Verls

3.2.3.3 SVC vs Multiclal・ Qes

９

　

０

５

　

６

ハ


V■ ■

」ヽ3.3 Verb Dependent Elelllents

3.3.l Suffixes

3.3.2 Aspectual Particles

3.3.3 Reciporal and Cooperative Particles

3.3.4 Passive Particle

3.3.5 Nagative Particles

3.3.6 Directiclnal Particles

3.4 Adverb

3.4.l Adverb of T■ De

3.4.2 Adverb of Place

3.4.3 AdVerb of Manner

IV CONCLUS10N AND SUGGEST10N

BIBLI…

APPENDIX

74

74

78

82

83

84

90

99

99

100

100

102

104

107


V■ ■■

ミLIST G' FICII'RE

Total nuober of Ugong in Thailand

The Danes, linguistics aff il iations, and locat ion

of tbe Ti-beto-Burman oilority Eroups in Thailand

CharL of LaDEuage Classification

Conparison between Ugong and Thai phonenes

Ch8.rb of Ubhaithani Ugong single consonants,

and consonant clusters.

6. Chart of tlthaithani Ugong single vovels

7. Chart of Suphanburi Ugong coDsonants

8. Chart of Suphanburi Ugong vordels

9. Correlat ion betureen verbsuf f ix and tone of

verb root

The reobers of the aspectual parLicle class

Co-@currence betseen verbsuffix and negat ive parLicle

The difference betueen naz a.ud tat...ne?'

Figure 1.

３

　

４

　

５

０

　

２

　

・４

１

　

１

　

１

５

　

６

　

７

１

　

１

　

１

９

　

４

　

８

７

　

８

　

８

０

　

１

　

２

１

　

１

　

１

５

　

９


■X

ベHSr OF HAPS

r.tap of the Locat ion of UEonE in Thai land

l.tap of Uthaithsni Province

uap of King-Anphoe }tuay Khot

l,l8p 1

I,Iap 2

I.lap 3

Page

4

6


,4. LIST OF ABBREVI ATIONS

Active

Adiective

Adverb

Ambient

Aspect

bitransitiveclause (s)

classf ierDescriptive

Dest ination

Direction

Direct object

eguat ive

exclus ive

existence

final particle

Head

i:rtrans it ive

Indirect Object

Locat ion

Locat ion Phrsse

l.ranner

arker

l{ain Verb

Hot ion

noun

Ti-oe settlng

Ttans it ive

Act

AdJ-

Adv

tub

Asp

bi trCI, c]

cIf.Des

Dest

Dir

DO

equa

excl

exis

Fp, fp

H

in trIO

Loc, loc

Loc. P

llan

lrk

I.ry

I'Iot, not

n

Time set

tr

ヽ

x


Xl

Ｖ　Ｗ　＋

Verb

Verb Pbrase

Obl igstory

optional

pause

\"


い． …

1

1NmODICHON

■.l General lnfor口 atiolll about ugong

1. 1.1 Historical nackgrold

The "Ugong" are one of the ninority groups living in the

lrestern part of Thailand. They cannot renerober their nigration and

historical ancestors. Bradley (1975:176) regards the reasons for thepresence of speakers of Loloish language so fax to the south of the

northern parL of Thai }and a.s obscure, h.rt coutd be related to the Thai

pract ice of relocating conquered populat ions to places where they

could easily be taxed. He also says that Ugong have tived inUthaithali, Suphaa.buri, and Kancanaluri ProviDces for nore than two

hundred years. Suriya Ratanalrul, hor,rever, (1988:302) disagrees vithBradley saying that this area is too far auqy to be taxed and

comnun icat ion lrith the area is difficult, so it uould not have been asuitable locat ion for resetting prisoners of war. elternatively it ispossible that the Ugong nay have cooe uith Burnese invasions which

destroyed Sian during the dyud.bya period or the first reign of the

Ratta.nakos in period. They did not return hooe but settled dourr where

Iand uas avai lable,

1. 1.2 ceoEraphical Locatim

According to Bradley (1981:4), Ugong is spoken in threeprovi-nces: Kancbanaluri, Suphanluri, aDd ULhaithsDi.


U60N6 APEA

PROVINCE "OoN,ARy

―二員ハ

▲

　

＾

Map of the Location of Ugong in Thailaad

PHITSANULOK

?II E T ε口A9υ N

KA 14 PHハ EN6PHET

NAK■ ONSAWAN

υTllAI THANl

▲ ・

KANCHA NA3URI

εHAINAT

RA'こ HA00RI

Mり'SO N6KHRAM

Map l

SuPRAN―

3● RI


ir

ln Kaachana-bur i province, they are found in a.bout 10 villagesin Tanbon Nong Pru. They are also found in severaf villages in Amphoe

sisawat and in one village in nmphoe sangirirlabur i, relocated there d.ue

to the construction of the Srinakharin Dar.

In Suphan-buri province, they are found in Ban Kok Chiaae,

village 10 of Tanbon Huqv Khamin and Ban l.Jarg Khlray in Ta.obon Ong phra

of Amphoe Dan chang.

In Uthaithani province, they are also in Bar Laua and Khok

Khvay village ar of Tanbon Thong Larg, King-Anphoe HuaJ, Khot lJhich isthe place of this study. This village is about 76 kiloneters frooAnphoe Muarg of Uthaithani province. It is situated along the Ban Rai

- Uthaithani Road, and turning to the right side to tdane Bang - Khok

I(hway road.

Uthaithani Province is cons idered as belonging to the centralpart of Thailand. ( For" ^rlnistrative purposes Uthaithari ) It isdivided into 7 Anphoes and 1 King-Anphoe:

1. Amphoe Huang

2. Anphoe Nong khaa Yang

3. Anphoe Nong Chang

4. Anphoe Thap Thar

5. Anphoe Sa-Warg A-roo

6. Amphoe I-ansa-k

7. King-Anphoe Huqy i(hot

King-Amphoe Huay Khot consists of 3 Tanbons:

1. Tanbon Huay Xhot

2. Tanlon Suk-Ru-Thai

3. Talbon Thong Laag


”１

NAKHON

SUPHAN30RI

1 sAwANG a R'oH

a. -....,,

、=´

_l´/～

:、/'″蔦五11ごF{

●

　

　

Ｏ

AMPHOE

KIヽ13-lMPHOE

PROVINC[ 30υ N DA Ry

スM PHoE ,oON'ARy

Map 2 Map Of uthaithan■ ProvIIIce.


Talnbon Thong Lang oonsists of 5 villages

l. Ban Khlollg Haeng

2. Ban Samo Thong

3. Ban Lawa

4. Ban pong Khoy

5. Ban Nong Phak Phaew

l.1.3 Population

According to Bradley (1981)and the records at the Hilltribes

Welfare and DevelopDent Center, Uthaithani Province (1986), the total

number of Ugong people in Thailand is as follows:

Uthaith力 ni Kanchana.buri Stphalburi

No. of Villages 3 10-15 2

No. of Housebolds 22 27

No. of Persons 101 135

Figure 1. Total l,tuober of Ugong iu Thai land

In Kanchana.b,rri ve cannot be cerLain about the total nunber of

Ugong people because nost of them live in remote areas r.rhere it isdifficult to conduct a survey.

い


LANSAK No NC CHANG

Ｎ☆

ARNA3

TA M 3oN

VlLLA6こ

~ AM?いo巨 ,00N,ハ Ry

TA H ooN DOuNpA Ry

0い WA`3r k舗‥…っ =ミ″

／

′イ

ヽ、、

　

´／

／

、

‐

O SUK RU -THAI

ltap 3 : I'lap of King-Anphoe Huay Khotハ


1. 1.4 occrpatim

Ugong people earn their liviug bv cultivation, and sooe of

then nou vork as day labourers for the Thais. D<Lra cash cooes from

selling their surplus of produce such as rice, corn, sugar cane and

punpkin etc,

1. 1.5 Religim and Crrlture

Although nost Ugongs still believe i.n and respect their

arcestor spirits, quite a nunber of then have becone Buddhists.

lloreover, their customs are gradual Iy disappearing and cerenonies are

dying out. They have assinilated to Thai culture like other ninority

Eroups in Thailand.

1. 1.6 Education

Ban La!,a in Ilthaitbani, where the UEonE live, does not have

its ovn school, but in Ban sarG-Thong, the village nexL to it, has aquite Iarge arrd ueII equ ipped Thai primary school uhich teaches up toPraton 6. When Lhe Ugong chi ldren go to school, they wear Thai

unifonos. They bave sufficient Thai texL books. They are taught by

Thai teachers. All of them walk to school. The school is situated

outside their village, but since the area is rather hilly, it takes

about one hour for the chi ldren to reach school. The distance is a.bout

2.5 kilooeters. Soe p8rents do not send their chil.dren to school.

The toLal nuuber of UgoDg people uho have studied in the school from

the past to the present is a.bout 65. There are a.bout 1O3 people in the

village ( data of 1987).


I

These days Ugong adults have the opportunity to Iearn reading

and writing Thai tlrough the Non-foroal Educat ion Prograns. They

Iearn fron Thai textbooks uhich are taught by a Thai teacher in theirvillage betueen 19.00-21.00 pm. During the drv they cannot learn

because they vork to earn their living.

1. 1.7 lrnguage llaDe

The UEong, Iike nany other ninority groups in TMiland have

been called Laua or Lua. They uere first described by Kerr (1922).He

called the language "Kanchanatrrri Laua".

Kerr (1927), according to Bradley (1981:) "gives two shorL

vocalularies of languages spoken by ninority Eroups in the nountains of

vhat is nou called "I-a!ra Kanchanaburi Province" in sestern Thailand.

The first of thme languages, Iike nost "Larda" is a llon-Khner or

Austro-Asiatic language, but the second, for uhich tr,ro dialects are

considered, is a Loloish language".

The first person who used the term Ugong /.zu,"g"po,/' rdas

Bradley, an Anerican lioguist who surveyed this language and studied

it at Ban Kok Chiang, Suphanburi Province. He found that thisIanguage belongs to the Burnese-Lolo" sub-branch, Tibeto-Burna.n branch

of the Sino-Tibetan fanily. It hi< a tonal systen. lttost inporLant

thing is that the people, call themselves "Ugong" ard it h^s nothing

in coonon with the lrlon-Khner Laua.

ToDe 2 is a low tone, and tone 4 is falling-rising tone.

Now linguists prefer the nane "Yipho" to "Lolo".

■

　

　

　

２


I

In 1984 Bradley giave a brief sumaxy of na.nes, Iireuisticaffiliations, and location of the Tibeto-Buroan ninority Eroups in

Tbai land as shoun in Figure 2.

OL'n nane

TI〕コ【"BUmAN

Phlong

SEaI,I

Iahu

Akha

Lisu

ltpi

UgonE

nBisu

Jiaghpalr

Kari^ng

YanE

Mus

Ikau

Lis&v

I(aU

Laua

Lua

Thai naoe Other na.mes locat ion Lingiuistics

subgroup

Puo Eaxen hI

Sgau Karen NhI

NW, N

N

I'tw, N, I{

Phrae P.

Kanburi Laua W

Bisu, l{isu Chiengrai P.

xachin NI1I

Karenic

Karenic

Burnic

Burnic

Buroic

Burm ic

BurI[ic

Buroic

Kachinic

Figure 2. The nanes, Iinguistics affiliations, and Locat ion

of the Tibeto-Buroan minority groups in Thailand

1. 1.8 IrDgusge Classificatim

According to Bradley (1975:4), Ugong belongs to the Burnese-

I-o1o sub-branch, Ti-beto--Burran branch of the Si-no-Tibeta:r fanily. The

follouing tree-dlagran illustrates Ugong lrlthin the classification of

the SiDo-Tibetan farnily.


10

ｎ■　　　　　　　　　

。

―

Ｉ

Ｓ

　

　

　

　

　

　

・ｂ↑ｅｓ

ｌ

¨

―――――，

ｎｅ譴Ｋ

ヽ

tic

Burmish Ugong Loloish

Buroese

Figure 3. LanEuage Class if icat ion

1. 1. 9 Language C@tact

The Ugong use their language uithin their fa.nily but sooe

parents speak Thai with their chi ldren, especially the parents of the

niddle Eeneration (betveen 20-40 years). The older generation ( over

40 years ) spea}s Ugong to their chi ldren and to others in their village.

When the Ugong people coonuDicate vith outs iders they speal<

Thai because they feel s\y if they speak Ugong, and try to nake

theoselves equal to the Thais. Children leara Thai at school and have

na.qy Thai friends so they can speak Thai veII. But adults, having Do

opportun ity to go to scbool, practice Thai try listeniyig to tbe radio,

Iry uatchiag novies or talkine to Thai people who visit the village.

由Lahu Lisu ■Su


ミ

11

Froo Ey observat ion, I found that Ugong speal<ers over 30 years

cannot pronounce /s/ in Thai but they replace it lJith /ch/ such as 3

2424/saz 65:9 / ---> /chaz nc:6

Bradley' (1988) presents Ugong aDd Thai by sompari ng the

consonants, vouels and tones in the f ig,ure below :

U00NG INITIAL α〕軽XNANTS TIIAI INITIAL ONMNANrS

ヘ

p t c k,

ph th kb

b d g

II n p B

S h

, l j

p t c k,

ph th ch kh

b d

lll n ll

f s h

● l j

r

UGONG VOWEL N」 CLEI THAI VOWEL NUCLEI

(Al』し SFK)Frr)

■a ua uo

■ u u

e e o

e a o

■a ma ma

■ u u

e o

a o

' B""dI",y, David. 'Lsrguage Shift and LanEuage ChaDEe Convergence of

UEonE. " Paper presented at the T 'hguaEe and Culture Foru[ on NoveDber

25, 1984. !.lahidol Liniversity, Salaya.Copyright by Mahidol University

つ‘

え

U00NI FINAL ttS〕 WいπS THAI FIXAL …

k ? p t k ,

η lll n t

W 」

ミ

II3oNG SURTACE TOrurS

high level tone

nid level tone

]ow level tone

high-fall ing tone

fa1l-risihg tone

THAI ST]RFASE TONES

high level tone

nid level tone

low level tone

high-falling tone

fall-rising tone

Iov-nidding tone

Figure 4. CompnrisOn Between Ugong and Thai Phclllellles

■.2 mective and Scope of this Thesis

After studying the course GRLG 681 1lSeninar on Tibeto― Bunllan

Linguistics'' with Kbunying Suriya Ratanakul l was very ■nterested in

the grallullatical systelll, especially the verb. So l chose to study

Ugong, AS spoken by the people living at Ban Lawa, Village 3, Tanbon

Tong― Lang, King― Amphoe Huay― Khot of Uthaithani Province.

The purpose of this investigation was to study the syntaxand

selllantics of ugong Verb occurring at the phrase and clause level. The

utterances used in this study are taken froln nornlal conversations,

song, and traditional narratives.

■_3 Metbodolclg

On 9th 」,nuary 1987, a first visit was lllade to Ban ■awa to

get some inforlnation about the village and the Ugong people there. 1Copyright by Mahidol University

ハstarted to collect data at the end of January 198? at Ban Laua, by

interviewing the villagers, uho are nostly bilinguals. In this study

tuo methods vere used. A nunber of prelininary Lexts were collected,

and this inforoation was analyzed sith reference to verb structure.

The second method rras to elicit informat ion. This nethod is connon tocurrent linguistic research. I tried to keep it essentially theory

neutral. [y analysis is a kind of structural ErarruDar. That is to stu{ythe position of the verb and other elements when occur in the phrase

or c lause,

1-4 Sources of Data

I colLected data in narqr foros, such as dialogue, tales, and

songs. l{r. Long Wonglongdan, ny nain inforoant, was 58 years o1d (in1987). He belongs to the oldest generat ion of UEonE people in Ban

Lawa. He lras born in Ban Khok (hway, Village 3 of Tanbon Khok Khway,

King-Anphoe xhuay Iftot, Uthaithani Province, and he can speak Thai and

sooe Lao.

1.5 PboDological outli-ne

UEonE phonology is besically identical vith Pusit's Uthaithan i,Ban l^aua dialect (1986) description,


ヽ　・

74

C!.rrso.rant-s : There axe Z0 single c.onsonant phoneGes &nd z

consonant clusters il Ugong 8s in fig. 5 belos:

Bilabial Alveo1ar Palatal Velar Glottal

Plmives

v I. unas.

v I. as. ｈ

ｐ

　

ｐ

　

ｂ

ｔ

　

ｔｈ

　

ｄ

ｋ　ｎ

　

ｇ

?

Afficates

v I. unas.

v 1. 8s. ｈ

Ｃ

　

　

Ｃ

Fricative ll

NasaIs ll n「

ll

I^ateral l

Continuants ● j

Figure 5. Charb of Uthaithani Ugong Single Consonarta

Consonants clusters : pI, phl, bI, nI, k1, khl, eI

A11 single consonants and consonant c hrsters can furct ion insyllable initial position. oLly /k, \, 2/ can funct ion i-n thesillable final pcitiou.


15

ヽ

・

Vorels : There are 11 vouels and 3 diphthongs, as in fig. 6.

Front Central Back

Close (high) ■ ｕ　　ω

r.rid e 0 o

Open ( Io!r) e a c

Figure 6. CbarL of Uthaithani Ugong Single Vovels

Diphthongs : ia, ie, ei

Vouel length is non phonemic.

Tone : There are 5 tones in this language

I Torr. 1 : a high level tone

,- Tone 2 : a lotr level tone

I Tone 3 : a nid level tone

I Tone 4 : a lo!,-rising tone

l^ Tone 5: a high-fa]ling tone

AII tones car occur in open syltsbles and closed snooth

syllables. on\ tone 1, 2 can occur in close checked syllables.Ugong pboDolqgy ha-s been studied not ooly Iy pusit irr

tlLhaithani but also try Bradley, who did research in Supbanhri

Province. Bradley found 21 single consonants, 9 si-ngle vouels, 3

diphthong vouels and 6 tones.Copyright by Mahidol University

16

Bilabial AIveoIar Palatal YeIar Glottal

Plosives

vI. unas.

vI.as.

v.

p

ph

b

tthd

ｋ　ｎ

　ｇ

,

Affricates

vl. unas.

vI. as.

c

ch

Fricat ive S h

NasaIs lll n Jl η

Laterel

Cont inuants W J

-"

Figure 7. Chart of Suphanluri UgonE Consonsrts

Only /k, 0, "/ can occur in final position.


17

Front Central n,nk

Close (high) ■ ｕ　　①

Mid e 0 0

opeD ( lou) ε a 0

Fieure 8. CharL of Suphanburi Ugong Vouels

Diphthongs : ia, ua, uc

Vouel length is non Phonemic '

Tone : There axe 6 tones in S\rphanburi Ugong

high level tone

nid level tone

lou level tone

high-falling tone

Iov-nid-rising tone

Iou-rising tone

l-G Gramt ical Outlhe

In this sect ion I lrill nention the granmart ical outline of

Ugong to give a bas is for the rest of this paper.

1.6.1. Ugong is l ike nost Tibeto-Buroan languaEes in having

the bas ic nord order Sov as shown belov :

a) Pa" hcz' ie'z'zc'

I bird shoot

'I shoot a bird.' 'Copyright by Mahidol University

18

b) pat n8!t chuo?co

I rice eet

"I eat rice. "

2. l'lost parL icles occur in post-pos it ion rather than pre-

pos iti-on (see verb parLicle 3'3)' A fer'r noun particles wiII be

illustrated.

1.6.2.1 Possessive B,arker /2e /

na 2e nY'

o"qt ,"t "your"

1.6.2.2 Reflexive narker /ke!"23-5..Da' ke!' "nYself "

hcotphc' ke!- "hinserf"

o"n" k"[= "yourself"

1.6.2. 3 Locat ive narkers

dcz" "on"

"e,ko d,al" "on the tree"

naztthcq" "beside"

zako naztthc!" "b""ide the tree"

puk'.. z ,I

J 1[ pu.

"under"

"under the house"

thco

loplien thcc "at school"


19

k!' "in front of"

iinz kr' "in front of the house"

^"8.n'tu" "niddle"

percqt zu"gcg'trrt "^iddl" of the forest"

chc?tchet "near"

rrazt chcz'chet "na* the tenple"

1.6.2.4 classifiers allmys occur after nunerals, which

in turn folloss the head noun

khczt used for birds

hc?' n"qo kh.?t "tuo birds "

bird two clf.

juk' used for huroans

3 - -3 . - 120 chi- iuk- "one Person "

person one clf.

,"t used for fish, Prawn

ja"za" pi" ,"t "four fish"

fish four clf.

Iupo used for ani-nals

ktrit pi" rrBo "four dogs "

dog four clf.

Iihlezt used for crockery, frogs ' cra.bs

bat chit khlezt "one frog"

frog one clf.Copyright by Mahidol University

´ t

20

1.6.3. Sentence types. Sentenc'es can be divided into 3 typ'es '

1-6.3. 1 Sinple Sentence

1.6.3.2 CooPound Sentence

1.6.3.3 C,onplex Sentence

1.6.3.1 A sinple sentence is nanifested by a silgle clause

uhich shows one action.

-With an intransitive action-verb' there is only one

nominals.

hc?1 ch r"zc"

bird fIY

"A bird f lies. "

-with trans itive action-verb, tvo core nominals (9-O) nay

occur.3113oa hcz- iet zc

I bird shoot

"1 shoot a bird. "

-with bitransitive action-verb, three core nominals

( S-IO-DO ) may occur.

,"" nat chet chitzc=

he r rice giive

"He Eives ne sooe rice."

-hrith copula verb /nr"'tc" / "have, Iive," uhich nust have

two nooiDals.

ea" su"phaa" rrit2c"

I SuPhanbrri live'I live il suphanlxrri Provilce. "Copyright by Mahidol University

21

3 3 .Z Z

Da DSo n1 ?C

I noneY have

"I have sooe noney' "

7.6.3.2 Compound sentences are nanifested Lry at lea'st tvo

independent cfauses vhich noroalty have t!'o act ions or tuo su'bjects '

They are ioined Lry the cornpoundilg narker /khe3/ "and"' or /ncl/ "or"

as exa.nples belou:

rre2z chlz ba" khet bek'chakt kht'

nother son hit and Pinch aad

"The nother both hit and pinched the son' "

kap' ,"" nilt Pe!3 b"?c"

I(eP or Ning brother hit

"KeP or Ning hits the brother' "

1.6.3.3 Cooplex sentences cons ist of at least tuo clauses'

one is naior clause shich is independent ' The other is a ninor clause

uhich is dependent.

qa" thikor"= h"ntphc' ke"lc'

I think he do

"I think that he does it'"

nin" klrcp'na"zc" ,rulo ,"t te" o,u'

Nins sad novie not able see

"Ning is sad because he cannot see the novie'"


OIAPIER II

IINI] YERBS AT CIAI}SE LEVEL

The verb nor:nally functions aas the Ducleus of the clause (or

si-nple sentence). The clause normally functions as basic eleoents in

a sentence nav be eobedded in a noun phrase - According to David Thomas

(1993:63) A semaDtic clause describes parL ic ipants interrel at ing in an

act ion or state. A clause is usually marked off bry a pause before and

after it. The varying length of the pauses sigaals the status of the

clause in the sentence, i.e., signals the difference betueen sentence

- nediat breaks and sentence f ilal brea}s. The clause in Ugong is also

narked off by suffix and sone verb depend'ent elenents'

The structure clause consists of a noun pbrase functioning as

subiect, obiect dest i-uat ion, instrunent, elc. and a verb phrase

functioning as predicate.

2.1 ceneral Clause SLructure

clauses are described in terns of nucfous and peripheral

positions. Clause nuclei in Ugong generally fo1lou an Sov order ' It

nay be preceded or follosed bv clause periphery uhich are tine

setting, Iocat ion sett ing aad final parLicle.

The general structure of the Ugong clause is described as follows:

CI= +a&l eI t+ S+O+Vl + addel

Tbat is, a clause consists of optional additional eleoents

( sec 2.3) either precde or follou the clause nucleus lrhich cons istsCopyright by Mahidol University

ム　ヽ

of an opt ional Subiect, an optional obiect, and an obl igiatory verb or

verb phrase.

2.2 Bssic clauae lypes

The bas ic clause types in Ugong car be classified according to

the coobination of nouns and verbs into six patterns as follous:

2.2.L one verb clarse (V)

2-2.2 orle noun - one verb (}w)

2.2.3 Tso Douns - one verb (NIw)

2.2.4 Three Douns - one verb ( NNlw)

2.2.5 Three nouns - one verbt'direct ion (NNNtv+dirl )

2.2.6 one noun - one verb - Quotat ive ( NV-Quot )

2.2.1 o^e Yerb Clause (V)

A ugong clause Eay sometines ta.ke the form of a single verb.

It is ahmys elliptical forn of a Ionger clause. For e><ample

35UU IDE?

Iook fp

.3.1EC JO

go fp

31fco dD?

correct already

"Look"

'That is correct. "


24

jogtzct "Tried' "

tried

2.2.2 Ooe nqrn - oue verb (lW)

The nost comnon fort of Ugong clause consists of a noun

preceding a verb. of these the great naiority represent

Subject-Predicate. This clause pattern (NV) can be classified iltto

three clause types. Tbey are intransitive clause' an'bient clause' and

reciprocal/ cooperat ion clause'

2.2.2.l lntransitiVe Clause (Intr Cl)

There are two su'btypes lrhich could describe UgoDE

intransitive clauses: act ive intransitive clause and descriptive

iltrans it ive clause-

a) Activtsi-utraDsitive C1ause (Act-intr CI)

The eleuents of the descriptive intrans itive clause are:

Intr cI = + S:n + P:VP intr

That is, an opt ional subiect posit ion consists

or nouns and ob} igatory Predicate posit ion consists of

intrans it ive verb pbrase (Sec' 3'2'1'3)'

ご　ｍ

a noun

Active

z- -11. pa tl

aunt

'Aunt

45r.ri zc

faugfr-suff .

Iaughs. "


25

?. bot'chet duktkutzc'

spoon fall-suff."The spoon fal Is. "

3 3 -1 63. pu ti jik zc

uncle J."p-"rrr."llncle is sleeping. "

b) Descriptive IntraDsitive Clause (Des-intr cI)

The descriptive intransitive clauses consist of Sr.rbject and

Predicate. They have tbe sane order as act ive intransitive clauses but

they are different in their verb classes and their transforration.

descriptive intralsitive clause cannot be tralsformed into inperative

forn, but Active iltrans it ive clauses can.

The elements of the Descriptive lntransitive Clauses are:

Des-iDtr CI = + S:n + P:vP des-intr

That is, an optional Srlbiect posit ion consists of a noun

or nouDs and an oblieatory Predicate position cons ists of a

Descript ive Intransitive Verb Phrase (Sec. 3.2.1.3).

1. jini co?・ ,o・

shirt wet― suff.

・lThe shirt is pet."

2. pia,・ jok・ ,o3 .,The flo口er is withered."

flo口er be withered―suff.

‐ミ

ユ


26

3. pattit 4g!.or"t "The wqv is snooth"'

uqy smooth-suff.

2.2-z.z lrbieot clause ( Arb cI)

The anbient clause cons ists of Subiect and Predicate ' They

havethesaltrepstternastheactiveintransitiveclausebtrtt}reydifferfron them by havilg different sulgroup of nouns ' and having an

obl ieatory Subiect position- The anbient c lause e>@resses natural

phenooena. The nouns which occur in the Subi ect pos it ion refer to

rain, sb, wind etc.

The elelllents Of the ・ m｀ient clause are:

Aib Cl = + S=n + P:VP intr

That is, the Obligatory Subject pos■ tiOn cOnsists of a noun

and obligatory prediCate positiOlll COnsists of an intransitiVe Verb

phrase. Additional e1011ents Which are temporal. locatiOn, and lnanner

have been observed.

1. ju?・ ni2 vei thuk2?o3 "Today, it rains."

today rain fa11-Suff.

2. ti4 chin・ ?。3

,ater floOd―suff.

3. li4 th.22,。

wind bloW Suff.

"The vater is f looding. "

"The wind blows.'1


27

4454. nia thorn zc

fog fall-suff.'It is fo8Ey. "

?..2-2.3 Reciprocal clause ( Rec cl)

The elenents of reciprocal clause are:

Rec CI = + s:n + Rec l,tx : chcq t

+ P:vP tr

That is, an obligatory Subject position consists of a noun, or

nouns, aa obligatory Reciprocal Marker position consists of /chc03/

"each other" and an obligatory Predicate position consists of d

trans it ive verb pbrase.

1. bcn"phct chc6t theq "zc"

they rec nk kick-suff.

'They kicked each other. "

2. nlop" khet g,tio chcn " dok'zc"

husband and rlife rec nk love-suff.

"The husland and uife love each other. "

3. Idon " khe' nip" chcg " b"zc"Won and Ning rec nk hit-suff."Won and Ning hit each other. "

2.2.3 "No nouns - one verb (NlW)

This clause pattern (NW) consists of tllo nouns and a verb.

There are six clause types that can be classified out this pattern.

i


28

They 8re TrsDs itive Clause, Ircat ive Clause, Eguot ive Clause,

Bistence Clause, and Pass ive Clanse.

2.2-3.7 Transitive clause (Tr cI)

The elenents of the transitive clause are:

Tr Cl = + S:n + O:n + P:VP tr

That is, an optional Subject pos it ion coneists of a noun, an

optional Obiect pos it ion c'ons ists of a noun and obligatory Predicate

position consists of a transitive verb phrase (sec. 3.2.1.1)

1. Dat nae" g4ot"u

I rice eat-suff.

"I eat rice. "

z. hcgtphc' pi[t glgg'r." "He carries taro."

he taro carry-suf f .

3. iipt uo[3 pgUt"t "Father hides noney. "

father noney hide

4. hcz' kut b"r"t "A bird lays eggs. "

bird eee lay-suff.

E. Da" pia'zl !-a{o?ct "r snell a flouer."I f l-ouer snell-suff.・■

I


29

ユ　ヽ

2-2.3.2 E(i6t€Dce Clause (D<is CI)

Ihe eleoents of the existence clause are:

Cl exis = + S:n + p coop:n + p:ni

That is, aD optional Su.biect position consists of a noun, an

ob} igatory Predicate cooplenent position consist of a noun, aad

obligatory predicate position consists of /niz / "to have"

1, chio nir' tio d.ez'chet nitzc"year this water little have-suff.

"There is a little water this year. "

.. 3 ._ 2 3 4 -Z 22. jio thc ?o Ia ni 7c

house at person Dany have-suff.

'"fher are nany people at hooe. "

3. ,6?' ldra{ " thct ni" ,a"

hen cage at have suff.

"There is a hen in the cage."

3 - 3 - -3 . - 1 -Z Z4. Da k6 IaJ Juk nr 2c

I friend nar\y class. have suff.

'I have naqy friends. "

2-2.3-? Equative elalr8e (Eq Cl)

The eleoeDts of the eguative c lanrse ore:

Eq CI = + Itenl:n + Ite 2:n + P:YP eq

-)


30

That is, an obligatory Iteol position consists of a noun, an

obligatory Itenz consists of another noun, and an obl igatory Predicate

position consists of an Equat ive verb Phrsse (Sec. 3.2-1.7).

1. na" zugcpo brez"zc'

I UEong be-suff.

"I a0 Ugong. "

z. ncnt ch:.= tut tu'ncgo blez"zc'

Dan that Policenan be-suff.

"That rnan is a Policenan"'

3. or"n" ,"" iio t ?c"chet bleztzc"

Won poss. father he"&nan be-suff '

"won's father is a headnan. "

4. hcptphct ,"o blez"tc"

he doctor be-suff.

"He is a doctor. "

2.2.3.4 L@tive clause (Loa CI)

The elenents of the locat ive clamse are:

Loc Cl = + S:n + Loc + P:VP loc

That is, an opt ional sIbiect positlon consists of a nount an

obl igatory locatiou, and an obligratory Predicate position cons iets of

a locative verb pbrase (sec. 3.2.1.8)-

■


.1 The locative c Iause differs froo an intraasitive c lause and an

existence clause in the verb classes vhich they take aad in an

art,t it ional Iocative positiou uhich is obligatory. edditional elenents

such as tenporal is fairlY coonon.

l. khi' iip'dc?t puldt ni"?c"

doc house under stay-suff.

"A doe is r:nder the house, "

2. ne?l ii!'dc"" thct ni"lc'nother house at stay-suff.

"uy mother stays at hone. "

3. oat ku["thept thc" rri" 2c'

I Bangkok at stay-suff.

"I staY a1 Sangkok. "

L Z 3 - Z -2 24. ?cp su phan thc nl ?c

Op Suphanburi at staY-suff.

"op stay at Supharhrri province. "

2.2.3.5 l,Iot ion Clause (l{ot cI)

The nucleus of the notion clause consists of Su.bject, Source

and Predicate.

The eleoents of the not ion clause are:

of Cl = + S:n + Sou:Loc p + P:YP mot


人ヽ

32

That is, an optional Subject position c.onsists of a noun, an

opt ional Source posit ion consists of an locative phrase, an obligatory

Predicate posit ion consists of a Eotion verb phrase (S€c. 2.2.1.5)

1. xoc3 su"phan" kc"zc'

he Srphanburi go-suff.

"He Eoes to Supha::.buri Province. "

z. prtti" talatt le" Iet?c'

uncle narket fron cone-suff.

"The uncle cane fron the narket"

3. nilt lop"lian" ncet kco

Ning school to Eo-suff.

"Ning goes to school. "

4. Jpkt zal<'chi63 lihc?tzc'

nonkey tree clinb

"A nonkey clinbs a tree."

2.2.3-6 Pass ive Clause (Pass Cl)

Accordi-ng to NNV clause pattern, the passive clause can be

classified into this pattern.

The elenents of the Passive Clause are:

Pass CI = + S:n + O:n + tne"l + P:VP tr


勿評ヽざ33

That is, an optional Suhject position consists of a noun, an

obL igatory obiectr position consists of a nor:n, an obligatory pess ive

psrLic1e /rre",/, and an obligatory Predicate position cousisls of a

transitive verb phrase (Sec. 3.2.1.1).

2.

3.

1.3

ηa

I

・'I waq

●,a

deer pass.

"The deer is

ne ba2?。

pass. hit― suff.

hit.''

thon 3,。0

trap― suff.

traped.・ '

--.1 3 3l{hl Qa ?e

doc I poss.

"The doe bit ny

ne ki・?o5

pass. bite― suff.

chl・

SOn

son."

ヽ^ 4. kep ho? ne jε , ?o

Kep bird pass. shoot― suff.

"Kep shot a bird。 '(

5... 1 3Jrn ne

father pass.

"The house vas

13IDE? NE

Dother pass.

'The paddy uas

Jro Dek che? ?c

house tear-suff.

teared by the nother. "

kukt thcpozc=

paddy pound

pounded by nother. "

6.

24ヨ b3 1 1oぃ lj θレ4

ヽ


Passivization is narked hry passive parLicle ,/ne" / preceding

the verb in the topical ized-predicate clause.

ln the clause, tbe subiect is normally deleted. But in the

sentence with subiect, the pass ive particle uill occur precedi-ng the

obiect, as in the exanples no. 5 and no. 6 a.bove. Hovever aI1 of the

topicalization still have the sane neaning.

2.2.4 Three nouns - one verb ( NNIW)

This clause pattern (NNNV) consists three nowrs and one verb.

They cons ist of bitransitive clause and proplus ion clause.

2.2.4.l Bitransitive clause (Bitr Cl)

The bitransitive c lause nucleus consists of Subject,

Indirect obiect, Direct obi ect and Predicate.

The elements of the bitransitive clause are:

Bitr Cl = + Sen + DO:n + ku2 + IO=n + P3VP bitr

That is, an opt ional Subject posit ion consists of a noun, an

obl ieatory Direct Obiect position consists of a noun, an optional

/ku'/ "for, to", an obl igatory Indirect Object consists of a noun, an

obl igatory Predicate position consists of the bitralsitive verb pbrase

/cihi3 / "to Eive". Addit ional eleoents cons ist of Tine setting and

Locat ioD.

1. ?cp' ga" kut che" chi" zc-

Op I for paddy rice give -suff."op gave ne paddy rice."Copyright by Mahidol University

35

3. phu 1 Daa tit d.[t chio ,.'

uncle I uater driuk give suff.

"The uncle gave ne to drink trater. "

The optional lirt" / which fr:nctions like "to" or "for" in

Erglish is normally present. Houever, it can be deleted, according to

the speal<er, But the detetion of tkt" t is infrequent.

Cons ider the follouing NNNV cleuse pattern, the transitive

clause with an instn:nent (addition element) can be classified into

this pattern. The first noun is subiect, the second noun is

instrurnent, the third nound is object ' and the verb is transitive verb.

1. Dat ti" rcz'phct chlozc'

I uater ha.nd wash-suff.

"I va.sh ny hand with uater. "

z. nilt lcz'phc' chuo chlozc'

Ning hand cloth ua.sh-suff.

"Ning uashed the cloth r.rith tny ) hand. "

3. ,"ro" ch,rtjitleit jio" ti"?c"IJon rag house rubsuf f .

"Uon nr.bs the house by us ing f,he ras."

4. jiet bou 'che" oan3 chuo?c'

father spoon rice eat-suff.

"Father eats rice by us ing a spoon. "


36

-

4. iiot boz'che" na!" chuo?co

father spoon rice eat-suff,

"Father eats rice Iry using a spoon. "

2.2.4.2 Propulsion Clause (Prop CI)

The propuJ.sion clause consists of Str-bject, Object,

Source or Dest ination and Predicate indicating d.i,rection.

The eleoents of the propulsion cfause are:

Prop C1 = + S:n + O:n + Sour/Dest: Loc + p:Vp f,oe

Tbat is, an optional Sr:bject position consists of a norm, aD

optional Object position cons ists of a noun, an optional Source or

Dest inat ion pos it ion consists of locat ion phrase, ar obligatoryPredicate position consists of a Propulsive Verb pbrase.

This clause type differs from the transitive and notion

clausesin hav ing an object position and in their verb class uhich

consists of propulsive verb plus notion verb tl*rlezzc3, dcz" ?c' etc.)indicat ing direction relation,

1, ne?1 chet ta"latt ziqo ]<h]e"zc"

nother child narket lead bri-ug-suf f .

"The nother learls her chitd to the narket. "

z. ?co" phu"rcqt "a.l{

t ?eD" dot"zc"

elephaot forest Ioe pull ]eave-suff.

"An elephant pulls the log out off the forest. "

t


37

ヽ 3. hcq"phc' 2e" che' ,u"tbai" pha' liilret?c"

he/she poss. child Utbaithsni tead toward-suff.

"He tmk his chi Id Lo lJ[haithani.

2.2.6 ODe DouD - me verb + euot (tw+euot )

This clause pattern ( Nv+euot ) consists a noun and a verb. The

quotative c lause can be classified into this clause pattern.

The elements of the quotative clause t;pe are:

Quot CI = + S:n + P:Yp quot + euot

That is, aa obligatory subject position consists of a noun, an

obligatory Predicate position cons ists of a quotat ive verb phrase ald.

an obl igatory quotat ive position.

1. zin3 arat uat nan" chit kitzc"lnn I rice eat call-suff."Inn calls ne to eat rice. "

z. hcntphct ne p]u6"zc" hcqtphct pat d.okt zc"

be teII he I love-suff."He says that he loves ne. "

z-224-3323. kep De p-tu! tu ncu dou le zc-

kep tell pol icenan return cone-suff.

"Kep tells that the pol icenal cooes back.',

-\-


38

ミ 2.3 lditimal EIe.eDts

The Addtional eleoents are additional non-nuc lear positioos

r.rhich supply a.rditional details to the basic clause nucleus. Addt ional

elenents position are cons idered in terns of their stmcture and theirfunctions. They include Tine Sett ing, Location Setting, ard finalParLicles.

2. 3. 1 Ti.oe Setting

Ti-ue setting position nay occur as pre-clause or post clause

nucleus. It is used to indicate the tine that action takes places. A

Tine Sett ing position consists of a tine phrase.

Tine Setting Clause

1, ,u.r'thu4 t

"o?' thuatzc'

norning hen cron-suff.*The hen crovs in the norning. "

z. no6tna?' nat hczt iez' iia'tomorrolr I bird sboot go to

"Tomorror,r I will go to shoot the bird."

Clause Ti-ne Setting

3. ,"' thuktzct Jr"'nar'

rai-n fall yesterdsy

"It raiDed yesterday. "

■ヽ

-


39

ヽ

2.3.2 Lmtim Setting

The Iocat ion Sett ing position usually occurs after the clause

nucleus. It nay also be placed before the c }ause nucleus fortopicalization. A Location Settiag position consists of a locationpbrase. If there is also a tine setting position, the Locat ion Sett ing

usually occurs after the tine setting.

t. oat lficotpiD'

I a nooent ago

dolt 1et dcz'

return come out

z2La latnarket

●

"I cane from the market a nooent ago. "

1 - Z 3 3 .. 1- Z _- 7 .Z ZIa nr" 0a ?e .iio dr" thc ni "c

yesterday I ;rcss. house at stay-suff.

"Yesterday I stayed at qy hooe. "

hc?t iezt i ia'bird shoot go to

"Tomorrow I Eoes to shoot the bird in the forest. "

2.3.3 Final ParLic1es

Richard Noss (1964) says "A senLence parLicle is any bound

lexene vhich is alvays the last constituent, or part of the lastconstituent, apart from intonation, in any clause in vhich it occurs

( reg'ardless of the order in uhich iL actually occurs). The

cG-constituents of sentence parL icles are entire predications,

enunerat ions, e>press ions, and phrases, and also such constructionsplus their postpos it ional nodifiers. The tero 'sentence parLicle'( chosen i-nstead of 'clause parLicle'l indicates a further

3 1 3 - 3_ 33. non na? na phu lcu

tooorrow I forest


為

ヽ

ハl

40

relationship: nost types of sentence part icles occur only oDce per

sentence, rather than once per clause. In addition, Dany sentence

parLicles have variant forms conditioned in tlro uays: 1) by clause

intonation, and 2) try the presence of other sentence particles. "

rest of the vocabulary of the language. Final particles discussed here

cannot function in any other capacity. "

ln Ugong final particles n8J be su.bdivided into 3

distributional senant ic classes: as interrogative particles,

persuasive parLicles, and polite parbicles.

Z. 3. 3. 1 InterroEative Parbicles

The interrogative parLicle in UEoDg can be classifiedinto polar guestion and content question.

A. Polar qrestioDs

Polar guestions are iadicated by nct, narking guest ions

requ ir iDg a yes/no aDsuer. The quest ion has only tuo possible ansuers,

i.e. an affir:native ansuer or a negat ive a[s!rer. When nct is preceded

by the particle nit, it j.s a question uhich is translated to "or not".

The vouel of nit can be changed into -c, or -e but the change is not

systeoatic. D€loples are given belos :

1. euest ion n"" ku"lcgo nit gg'

you hat have qp.

"Do you have a hatz"

have

nla2 ne・ ''No, I don't.''

not haveCopyright by Mahidol University

ベ

4t

rest of the vocalulary of the language. FiDaI parLicles discussed here

cannot function in any other capacity. "

Sentence parLicles nay be srrhdivided into 3 distributionelseoantic classes: as interrogat ive particles, persuasive parLicles,

and polite parL icles.

2. 3. 3. 1 Interrogative ParLicles

The ilterro,gat ive particle i-n Ugong can be classifiedinto polar quest ion and content guestion.

A. Polar QuesLios

Polar questions are hdicated by nct, narking questions

requiring a yes/no a[swer. The quest ion has only two possible aDslrers,

i.e. an affiroative ansuer or a negat ive snsuer. Irlhen nc' is preceded

by the parLicle ni", it is a question which is transtated to "or not".

The vowel of ni3 can be changed into -c, or -e brut the change is not

systenatic. D<anples are given below :

1. Question nc3 kutlcg" ni'you hat have

"Do you have a hatz"

D<pected Ans. r-iz ?cz "yes, I do."

haveZLna ne

not have3-5nc ken

"No, I don't. "

k"t phc" ,"'

1ItrC

qp.

or

2. Question

you yourself do able qr.

"Can you do it ty yourself""

■


42

D<pected Ans. phc'zct "Yes, I can. "

able

or nat phct "No, I can't."

not able

3. euestion o"" Bae" chuo kip" lgt ,j'

':;"1:: ,;,:,- "".:1" ".T"*,or not "

De,ected Ans. chuo kiq" doz' "Yes, r bave."

eat finish alreadv

o.,u" chuo n1o' "No, r haven't. "

not eat stillThe a.bove e><anples shou the occurreDce of nct which is the

polar quest ion parLicle.

B. htent Questirms

Content quest ion in Ugong are indicated by ue". It is

always introduced ly an interrogative e>press ions like zo=....ue'

iu?t....wet "trhen", khatia0t....r"" "rhut". The verb occurs

before we". I,loreover, if the quest ion narks an unqualified deEree, itnust be coobined vith the particle zak1.

For exa.mples :

" .l , - o l"1. nc Ju? Ie Ue

you tine cdne qp.

"tlhen did you cme""

´

`


43

2.3.3.2 Affirulative particles

Affirmative parLicles indicate the speaker's attitude.

The affirnative particle" ".. ,"t, zo', and. je'. Each of them is

descri-bed belou.

1a. ne? ta phonologtic-al variarrt is nez'). A speaker uho

generally ha.s nore authority or uho is older than the addressee uses

this parLicle nezl to reguest or coonand the addressee to do sonething.

For e>emples :

" l. . l"2. NC ?O IE IJE

you person cooe qp.

"I{hon did you come uith?"

" L |, l.3. nc 7a nu "ali ue

you old qp.

"Hor.r old are you?i'

1. pit tik' ne?1

wood cut fp.

2. poot plcqo nez'

door open fp.

"Cut the 口ood."

"open the door. "

b. !g' The speaker uses this particle to convey a note

of polite to persuade the addressee. For e)<aople:


44

z. dak' Ie" 20' "cooe together. "

together come fp.

1. k' 39'

Eo fp.

3313. "cn Ie ?o

enter "o." *.

"Let's go. "

"Cone in. "

c. i.' ta phonological variant is ia') This is polite

parLicle using for allowance fron the address.

1. kct ie' "Go, prease"

Eo fp.

2. iik' jg' "sleep, please. "

s leep fp.

3. chuo iet "Eat, please."

eat fp.

:


CAAPITR III

\IEIts PERASES

This chapter is an attenpt to analyze the verb phrase inUEonE. The verb phrase nornally functions as predicate in a clause or

higher rank. According to David Thooas (1993:32)... "Verb phrases as

senantic units, describe act ion or states. A senantic verb phrase

consists of a nain action plus other element that tell us nore a.bout

the uature of the action. At the s8.Be tine the structure of a verb

phrase consists of main verb plus the other eleuents that are

stmcturally bound to it." There are e lements that indicate tense,

aspect, phase, modality, negat ion and the 1ike. In general the

presence of a verb, is reguired as the head of the verb phrase though

in some contexL the verb may be left understood.

3.1 ne<ic SLtacture of Yerb Phrase

The bes ic structure of verb pbrases nay consist of oe or nore

verbs and nay be preceded or folloued by verbal part icles (Sec. 3.3).

The general structure of the Ugong verb phrase is described as follous:

VP = 1 Pre-V3:Neg + Flre-Vz: Asp + Pre-Vt: Rec/Coop + I{V:V

+ Post-V1:purpose + post-V: Asp

That is a verb phrase cons ists of an opt ional pre-verb position3 uhich consists of negative pa.rLicle, an optional pre-verb posltion Z

!,hich consists of aspect parbicle, an opt ioD pre-verbpos it ion 1 vhichcoDsists of reciprocal or cooperation particle, an obigatory nain verbpos it ion uhich cons ists of a verb, an opt ional post-verb position 1Copyright by Mahidol University

ニ

46

which consists of purpose and an opt ional post-verb pos ition ? uhich

consists of aspectual particle.

3.2 llain verb (}'Iv)

The nain verb is the eleoent uhich occurs in the head position

of the verb phrase. The nain verb n4v be nan ifested by the sinple

verb, conpound verb or verb serialization. Each type of the verb isdiscr:ssed Iater.

3.2.7 Sirple verb: There are eleven nain verb subclasses

uhich correspond to the verb phrase type in shich they nqv occur. lntern each of verb sulclass corresponds to the clause type in u'hich the

verb pbrase rnqy occur.

3.2.L.L Transitive Verb (Tr v)

OnIy transitive verbs function in the head position of

the verb pbrase in a transitive clause (Sec. 2.2.3.1). The follouing

are exarnples of transitive verbe in Ugong.

chu

chuo1pu"

tik'"hide"

"cut "

dok'

d"D "

thek

khn,! 3

" Iove"

"drink"

''pulI.'

"dip up (urater) "

3.2.!-z Bitransitive verb (Bitr v)

OnLy bitransitive verbs function i-n the head posit ion of

the verb phrase ia the bitraas it ive clause (Sec. 2.2.4). IL needs tuoCopyright by Mahidol University

47

objects, direct obiect and i-ndirect obiect. The bitransitive verb inugong is /chi3/ "give".

3.2.1.3 1ntransit■ ve Verb (Intr V)

Intransitive verbs function in the head position of the

verb phrase ■n tbe intransitive clause (Sec.2.2.2.1). The intransitiVe

verbs in Ugong lllay be div■ ded into two subtypes.

a) Active Intransitive Verb (Act-intr v)

The active intransitive verbs funct ion il the head

position of the verb phrase in the active intransitive clause (sec.

2.2.2.L), Active verbs shou the action of the actors. They need no

object.

^

b) Descriptive Intransitive Verbs (Des-intr V)

Descript ive- intransit ive verb functions in the head

pos it ion of tbe verb phrase in the descript ive intransitive clause

(Sec.2.2.2.1)

Descriptive verbs only describe the subject.

4■■

duk・ku2

j ik・

"laugh"

1'fall"

''sleep''

lu。2

2

～

ko?エ

3p■D

lu。2

2110'

5知 g鈍

"be.rk"

"boi1"

"ashaned"

''dry''

''hot''

'ldeep''

"tall"

78r_1cok

bIeu"

ri3

。'beautiful"

''vet''

"light'・

"heavy"


3 .2. L.4 Aobiat verb ( Anb v I

The arobient verb funct ions as

predicate position in an anbient clause (Sec.

to describe the natural phenooena.

48

the nucleus of the

2.2.2.2). They nre used

3.2.1.5 Motion Verls (llot V)

The lllotion verb flinctions

verb phrase in the nlotion clause (Sec.

lllember of this subcl,qs of verb.

in tbe head position of the

2.2.3.5). There is only one

''COll e''

"walk'1

theo'

klin"

kco "go"

che6" "fly"fe. ,,f aII,,

"shine"

"thunder・ '

le9

tun3

´`

3.2.1.6 Existence Verb (Exis V)

The existence verls funct ion in the head position of the

verb pbrase in the existence clause. (Sec. 2.2.3.2) Tbere is only one

nenber of this subc lass of verb.2

n■ "have"

3.2.1.7 F― tive verb 〈D■ua V)

Only equative verbs occur in the equative verb phrЯ ミe.

The equative clЯ llミe (Sec. 2.2.3.3)is the olllly clause type ■n ,hich the

equative verb phrase occurs. There is only olle lllember of this

subcl,qs of verls, ble?・ ''to be".

‐


49

-\'

3.2.1.8 locative verbs ( I,oc V)

The locative verb functions in the head position of the

verb pbrase in the Iocative clause (Sec. 2.2.3.4). The locat ion verb

uhich freguent Iy occurs is:

nit "to be, to located, to staJ, to live"

3-2.1.9 hopulsive verb (Prop V)

The propulsive verb functions as the nuc leus of the

Predicate position in a propulsion clause (Sec. 2.2.5). It cons ists of

the zin" "to lead" and pha' "to lead, bring" plus the notion verb likekhle" "brinE", dczz "Ieave" etc.

3.2-1.10 Quotative Yerb ( Quot v)

The quotative verb functions as the nucleus of the

Predicate position in a quotat ive clause (Sec. 2.2.6)zplun- "tel I "

"e! "speak"

ki" "caII"

3.2.7.17 Hodal verb ( Hod v)

In Ugong, the nodal verb is content uord functioning as

the nuclues of the Predicate position in the clause. They are Liaz'zcz.phc 7c , aDd IO "c .

The verbs Liaz'?c^ aod phc"zc" e)@ress the sbilityaction. For e>onple: Copyright by Mahidol University

50

´゙

L. 0a" nlogt phc* zct "I get narried. "

I husband get-suff.

2. opt tr,i' phct dozt "op got narried. "

op wife get alreedy

3, p.t .r"gt tia?t?c3 "r get noney. "

I noney get-suff.

The verb 16'29t e:<presses the volition action. For example:

1. 0a" ns03 )dE" "r uant sone noney. "

I noney want-suff.

2 . Dc! " t i ' f n" "He sants sone uater. "

he/sherdater want-suff.

3. eat na{" rjtr." "r !,ant sone rice. "

I rice vant

3.2.2 Oopoucd Verb

In Ugong the Eain verb can be compounded. There are two ttrpes

of compound verbs : noun based coopound and verb l'a<ed compounds.

They are juxtaposed and function as sinple verbs. If they are

separated, they represent isolate lexical items.

3.2.2.1 Ithln bas€d ccrpo.Dd6. Nouns can be coobined r.rith

verbs to convey a silgle verlal idea. Tbe comonest nooinal c'ompounds

are f omed uith ldrcp3 Copyright by Mahidol University

【Ｄ

khcn - 7a-0 "c

"to be kind"

nind good

khcn - na ?c "s8d"

nind ache

khapt - cha-k"zct "nerci less,'

mind black

1. phut lt cptza6"zc'

grandfather to be kind

" Grandf ather is kind. "

z. chi'chi' lidrc4tnat?c"

woman to be sad

"The uooan is sad"

3.2.2.2 Verb hed c-opouDds. t{hen the verbs are

coopounded Logether to convey a single verbal idea, tbe verb-suffix ofthe first word is lost. The tone is changed. The rule can be uritten as:

(v - "cT) - (v - "cT) ---> (v - v)

"cT

D<snples of conpound verbs are presented below.

, 4" ?a" - n "ra" = rlaoonaz?ct "to listen,,loud to acbe

Lokt?c= - da-"2c" = Ioktdatrcz .'to avaken',

Lo curse to wake upCopyright by Mahidol University

つ乙

一●

ko" 2c" - n^"r"t = kotua=?ct ',to stir,,to spend to turn over

D<a.oples are:

1. naa uiztthatjuz' ,"gtoutra'I radio listen"I listen to the radio. "

z. iiot chl' ]ok'datzc"

father child awaken

"Father alra]<ens the chi ld. "

z_ -1 _3 - 3 Z Z3. pa tr tr ko ua "c

aunt water stir"Aunt stirs the uater. "

3.2.3 Serial verb Cdstructi@

This section is an attenpt to analyze serial verb

constructions (SVC), uhich are co{tnon in nany languages, especially

those of Southeast Asia and Fa<t Asia. The Tibeto-Burnan languages ingeneral and Ugong in parLicular are renarkable for the apparent

frequency. The serial verb construct ion here is cons idered as a string

of verbs in a close-lqrit sequences, with no narkers betyeen the verbs,

and e)eressing assoc iated ideas.


The Ugong verb nqy be nanifested by a single root or a

sequence of juxLaposed roots. Hhen the verbs occur in the string, they

nqy look sinilar to other nulti-verbal constructions, such as coopound

verbs and conjoined c Iauses.

3.2.3,1 Verb uitb Sequence of JuxLaposed Roots

In aralyzing SVC, include tenporal, logical, attributive,aspecLual and directional relations. E<amples are given below.

B{anples:

1. ne?r kut mokz chutzct looical

nother egg boil eat

"Mother boils the egg to eat."

z. kap" hczt j"ut '?a" ?c" causs-effect

Kep bird shoot die

"Kep shot a bird to die."

3. zin" za: g t l,r}rc?t?ct attriLut ive

lnn good rise

"Inn is better (thar before). "

4. Da" cip"ce" chu' tiaz'zct aspect

I chille eat Eet

"I can eat the chil}e."

s. hczt cheot kc' directionbird fly so

"The bird fty auqy. "


ヽ

54

The verb roots in e><anp1e 1 related as boiling logicallyprecedes eat ing sequent ial events,

In exsnple 2, the verb roots are here i-nterpreted as hav ing a

logical or a cause-effect relationship.

In exanple 3, The roots are in attr i.but ive relationship, uiththe second one exhi-biting a state, action, or process nodifying the

main verb root in a post nuclear position.

In exa.urple 4, the second verb root nay function as a.spectual

narker associated with the basic verb root.

The last example, the second verb root na.y indicaLe a

direct jonal relationship.

In analyzing, the verb vith sequence of iuxLaposed roots can

be classified into five subtypes.

a) Action Verb and Act ion verb

b) Act ion Verb ald Hodal verb

c) Act ion Verb and otion verb

d) Act ion Verb and Direction Verb

e) Descriptive- intrans it ive verb and Direction verb

a). Action Verb and Actim verb

In Ugong, Lhere is a sequence of two juxLaposed active

verbs.3L2221. Ua pra" Oo0 I^ru ?c

I flouer sit look-suff.

"I sit to look a floser."

2. pu・ ho,・ ll101 2 jε ,1?。2

uncle bird wait shoot

''Uncle wait to shoot the bird.''


55

2.

4.

3.1 - 1 -1 - 4 5Ee? ku eok chu ?c

nother egg boil eat

"l{other boil an egg to eat."

_2.1 113l(ep hc? )e2 ?a ?c

Kep bird shoot die

"Kep shoot a bird to die. "

b)Action Verb and Hodal Verb

nle,・ kha2nCHn4 ke3 1。2,。 2

nother sweet make sant

"tlothey rnnts to nake sueet. "

3 3noO ■■

you buy

30■

go to

phco ncl

abl.e to q.p.

''Are yOu able to go to buy,''

3. nin 2 khi■ thei3 1。2

Ning dOg kick want

“Ning want to kick the dog."

4. hcp"phct dek' k。3 tia? ?0

they together go able to-suff."They rrant to stay toEether"

5. hon Oho ch。13 chok,

they each other box

"They want to box each otber"

ｔ

ポ一ｍ

ミ


56

ミ

´

c)Acti― Verb and Hotion Verb

l. ho?・ chι 0 3 k。■

bird f ly go

"A bird flies away.・ '

2. nin 2 tun3 1e2?。5

Ning walk cclll e

・・Ning walks towoN (to the speaker)."

3. ule?i ta2111en4 ju・ khal,o3

mother big knife take away

''Mother take the knife away."

4. Da3 nel1 3 jut khle2,。2

1 111oney take toward

'll bring the nlolley."

d)Actiorl Verb and Directi― Verb

l. Ille,・ kalo・ doD・ kho?2,。3

mother shallow lift rise

''Mother lifts the shallow up.''

2. nill1 0a ?a na, kho? ?o

Ning fish pull the string rise

"N■ng pulls the string of fish up.・ '


57

\

3. hcg"phc' jiot }ihc:o do?'?c"

he shirt take off out

"He tales off a shirL. "

4. hcQ"phct iin' tunt logzzcs

he house walk enter

"He ualks into the house. "

e) Descriptive.i-ntransitive Yert qnd Direction Verb

1. hcptphc' ,"\" lrJtct"zc"

she good rise

"She is nore beautiful"

z. IrD t Irn" liihc?'?c"

body hot rise

"The body is hotter than before. "

A single verb nornally occurs as prinary funct ion in the

verb pbrase or the clause. When tuo verbs are iuxtaposed in a string,

the second verb nqy change their function forn primary function to

secondarSr function.

The seoartic relationship that obtaius between the

verb-roots include teroperal, Iogical, attrib,rtive, aspectual and

directional relations. The e><anples are illustrated below.

- I - 3 .Z . 31- dez' phc- ni- le- Teoporal

little eet live coe

"live for a short ti-ne"


58

,\

2, Dokl chuozcu

boil eat

"boil to eat "

3. jezt 2aL ?r3

shoot die

"shoot dead"

4. zaot khcz"zc"

good rise"more beeutiful "

s. chuo tiaz'?c"eat get

"can eat "

6. ch i kc'

fly go

"f Iy arlay"

Sequential events

Cause aad effect

Descript ive plus direct ion

Aspect

Directional relation

In e)<an 1, these three verb roots iadicate associated neanings

uhich is temporal. If these verbs are separated, each verb has an

isolated oeaaing.

Tbe verb roots irl exarople Z related as either s imu ltaneous orseguent ial events.

ln e)<anple 3, the verb roots here interpreted logical or a

eause-€f f ect relat ionship.

In e:<anple 4, rmt sequences in attrilutive relationshiporhibit a stative, act iou, or process verb root nodifyi-ue the nainverb root in a post nuclear position.Copyright by Mahidol University

59

In exanple 5, the verb roots Dqy function as aspectual narker

as well as bas ic verb roots

The last exanple, the verb root nay indicate the directional

relat ionship.

Having briefly described serial verb root constructions (SVC),

they look sinilar to the coopound verbs. I riII proceed to compsre

then.

3.2.3.2 svc vs cclpound Verb6

In this section I uill consider the difference between

serial verbs and conpound verbs. The serial forms are i llustrated and

they will be contemplated first.E<anples: Serial verbs

1. rDe? kut nok" chutzc"

Dother egg boil eat

"Mother boils the egg to eat."

1 - 1- 3 .3 -Z - -Z 32. ma? phu kuD ti nok lusk 7c

mother banbu shoot uater boil"The nother "

3 - Z_ L - 1 - Z 33. Ea ka Ic cleD klrc? ?c

I shallou bosket lift rise"r lift a stral IoL, basket up."

The serial for:ns in 1-3 8re nore senantically analyzable

than the conpound foros in (4-5). Their tuo serial roots are equal Iy

ヽヽ・・


;t

60

contrituting to the Eeanitrg of the uhole. They are also highlyproduct ivec either root in 1-3 can be replaced by nurerous verb

roots, such as ;utzct"to taire'', khlazzct "to d.eclease", kct?ct "togo", fe"?c" "to cooe" etc. The eleoents of serial constmction &re

juxtaposed and they can be reversed in the string. Then ue

uill cons ider the e:<anples of cmpound verbs that are given belor,r.

Banples: Compound verbs

4. Iok'zct - da"zc" ---) Ioktda"zc"

curse wake up "to awaken "

2222322

spend turn over "to stir"

It is quite easy to distinguish coopound verbs froo the serialverb roots. D<snples (4-5) illustrate cmpound verbs that are conposed

of tr,co verb roots. A coupoundhas the status of a unitary lexicaliteoc that is, the two eleoents in the construct ion do not stand inany functional relation of dependence : neither of the tuo eleoents is

secondary to tbe other. A conpound verb behaves as a single,

indivisible unit. The tuo verbs tend to have nore correlated neaning

of their conponents than in a serial string. The norpho log icalconpounds are not as productive as the serial string. So the compou[d

verbs lack the propert ies of a serial verb constn:ction.

3.2.3.3 SvC vs Hult iclauses

As has been nent ioned before, SVC are siniLar tocon-ioi-ned c fauses which bave reduc-ed subjects. I{hich is the SvC or

nulti-clausal? This question is not easy to ansuer. Houever, FoleyCopyright by Mahidol University

;\.

61

and Olson say that, "There is nuch ev idence that they in fact consist

of a single clause and are not derivabte frm mult i-clasal "Cons ider

nou sequence of UgonE predicated ( separated clauses ) that 8xe given in

the exaroples belou. They illustrate the varieties of comection found

betueen tuo independent clauses (5), betlreen one independenL and one

or Dore dependent clause (1-4), and betueen co-ordinate verbs lrithconjunct ion (6).

Ba.nples:

1.de,lcheS pho2 ni2 1e3〃 b品劇 ?多♂

little get live come he die

"not long aftersord, he dies."

z. hcq "phc' khi tkzct // ke" chug4zc=

he think-suff. nake correct-suff.

"He thinks, (he) na.ke correctly. "

3. hcpzphct jiuo thc" kuk' vit dozt le"zc"

he house fron pad{y hry already cooe-suff.

'He bouth the paddy rice and then go home. "

4. hcg'phc' ki"kez' chu" lfiet thckl }ihe3

he grass chop and pu1I

"He both chops and pulls the grass. "

s. qat nszt plu!" ar"z t

chuo chi9 zc'

1 mother tell again eat give

"I told ny mother to eat more. "

.A


2 3 2 ■

na ,o // 知 go,

pain folloロ

62

1e3 chi3?。

colle g■ ve

ハ、

ヽ

G. phu' pa3 nco bc4tphc'

uncle I doctor stooach

"The uncle hn< stooach ache,

to see the doctor.

and the uncle nake ne cooe

IJov ue will cons ider each exanple in detail.

l:D exanple 1, it can be divided into tvo segnents. The f irstsegoent ils narked by x and the other is narked by y.

''not long afterward, be dies.。 '

llhen rre cons id.er x and y, ue can see that they are not

equivalent. y can stand if x is given up. rn contrast x cannot stand

if y diszrppears. In x there are three verbs and one adverb. If they

have been separated, they have i-ndividual lexical neaning, Now a1I of

then oeress serialization and they have single neaning that indicate

temporal seguence.

-tn exarnple 2, there is a coroplete phonoLogical breal< betreen

the clauses, and the suf f ixes i-ndicate the end of clauses. In serial

verb construct ions there is only single phonological words, r.rithout

a4y such potential brea.k betueen the verb roots.

In exanple 3, there is cooplete pause after the aspectuaL

part icle /dD"/ to shou the end of clause.

dez'chet phct nit Le' hco phc "r "c


63

:[n e)€nple 4, /1<he3 / is a couiunction ioining separate clauses.

lln exanple 5, alLhough there is no narker there is a littlepause aliter the first verb. We can separate this sentence into tno

clausesc I telI ny nother, qv nother cont inues eating. on the other

hand a restriction of all verbs in serialization uould requ ire the

sane sub.iect.

.tn exanple 6, we can separate the sentence i-nto two clausesc

the unc.ie has a stooach ache, and the uncle nake ne cone to see the

doctor. There is a conplete brea} after the first verb /nat/. There is

a serial verb coDstruction vhich require that the obiect of one verb

and the subi ect of another be coreferential (as in clause 2 of exanple

D. These occurrence nay be referred to a-s causat ive serial verb

construc t, ions .

'trle can see that all the a.bove multiclausal exarnples have at

Ieast a potential breal< and pause betueen tbe predicates. Nos the

uniclausal serial e><arnples belov nay be conpared sith then '

7. hcgtphc' tu6t ua2' zu'kc?t ?co" Ie" dol'

he r,ralk agaia follou enter coe Yet

"He r.ralks reverse folloving to enter again. "

1 rl 4338. iio nu! Jra cc! 7c

fatber stop build

"The father stops building tbe house. "

9. hc"1 chept kc tzco

bird fly eo

"A bird flies auay. "

:\


64

).

-":.

10. Ifii1 iik'doe sleep

"A dos is still

nr ?c

l ive

s leep ing "

hcn phc kuk rdi le ?c

he pad4v fu cooe

"He cooes to hry paddy. "

12. qat nez' kctpu' chitzc'

I mother uork for

"I uork for &y nother. "

In exanples 7-12 tbe non-final verbs are si-mple phonological

uords wj,thout ar\y such potential break between the verbs.

In exsnple 8, if we analyzed it as being derived frmmulti-cl.ausal sources it uould obscure rather tban en I ighten the

relatiorrship between structure and neaning in SVC. If lre separate

these .;iuxLaposed predicates, one would be al ungrannaticality as "he

stopped a bird. "

ID exanples 7,9,10 tbe serial verb roots form a single

grannati.cal u:rit. Although there are marry verbs in a string, only one

tense or aspect occurs to e>press the action. It is i-opossible to

bave aspects or tenses for each individual verb i-n the string.

However there is a stri-ng of serial verbs reguire that the

object of one verb and the subject of another be coreferential, as

nent ioned in the discussion of e)Gnple 2.

Froo exa[ple 7-72 ve can su.nrnarize the character ist ics of

serial verb constnrct ioyrs. There is only one verbal parLicle in each

11.


65

exanplec it is shared by all the verbs in a string, as for a single

gra.onatical unit. all of the verbs are simp]e phonological ldords

without a.qy such potential break betseen tbe verb roots. The

restrict:lon of all verbs (in each exanple ) require the sane subiect.

Houever the serial verb n4y require that the obiect of one verb and

the su.bject of another be coreferential.

Stmcture of svc

Froo the data studied in this thesis, the t'a<ic stnrcture

of SvC can be displayed as :

SVC ――〉 Vl (V2 (V3 (V4 (...)))))

Tbet is, serial verb construction nqy consist of prinary

verb a:rd nqy be folloved non-prinary verbs. Fach of them perforns a

specific function. In sooe cases non-prinary verbs nay si-nply be a

compleoent of primaxy verb to yield a nore generic or nore specific

semantic range. Here non-primary verbs, nay indicate reason,

causativr:, benefactive. In other case non-primary verbs nqy be a

modifier of prinary verb and nay indicate the direction or aspect of

the prinary verb. For exa.nple:

3ZL41. ua hc0 phc Die

I he release3 - 3 - -3 3?cO Ie chr ?c

enter cooe give

"I let hin ualk f oI loui-ug.

31tuu ua2

ualk aeain

2t?r kc?

follow

J-


66

1 3 1 1t2:,. rDe? tutr d.2 kc

nother walk out Eo

"l.lother ualks away. "

-. 1 3 -- Z A - 3 . -3 6::. rDe? na kha norD ke chi "c

nother I kanoo nake give-suff.

"Mother camses De to nale kanoo. "

z-1.3234.. Xep hc" l{e 2a 2c

Kep bird nake die-suff.

"Kep killed the bird. "

Fxnctim of Serial Verb

In this section ue will discuss to the function of the serial

verbs that relate to the prinary verb of the clause. A single verb

noroally occurs as prinary functiorr of the verb phrase or the clause.

When tuo verbs are iuxtaposed in a string, the second verb nay change

their function fron prinary function to secondary function. The na.jor

functions are to act as a coopleoeDt and to nodify the prioary verb.

Cop lerentary Costrtct ioWe car classify the conplenentary construct ions as

resultat ive, causative, and benefact ive.

F

/kc'/ an occur sithout the verb-suffix and tone uiII be

cha.nge from tone 3 to be tone 1.Copyright by Mahidol University

67

- Result"at ive Oc.plcts

This sect ion deals uith the resultative verb coopleoent.

It stat,es the result of the act ion of the prec-eding verb. A

resultative construct ion consists of a prinary verb folloved by a

seconda.Iy verb which indicates the successful or unsuccessful

coopletion of the former action. If it is unsuccessfuf se can see the

negative narker /na2 / bf ore the resultative verb. The resultative

verbs ca:o be t ransitive or intransitive verbs, see the exanples belov.

1.hon2phO・ bo,・wu3

he look

che ?o

see

Intr.

Intr.

Int.

‐`

"He looks and sees."

2. ke■5 duk・

ku3 chi3?。3

glass fall break

''A glass falls and breale''

3. Nin2 th。■kthi3 1ε

2?。 3

Ning trip Fall dom

"Ning trips and fall"

In ex. 1-3, the nain verbs are intraDsitive verbs. The verbs in

the resu.ttative construct ion of each exaople require the sane subject

and convey associated ideas.べ

ユ

へ́


68

Causative Ctrplaents

The causative verbs in Ugong, Iike a large nunber of

other }anguages in the Tibeto-Burnan fanily, can use a norphological

dev ice of vor.rel alternat ion to express causat ion. There is orly one

such vouel alternation in oy data: /"i3/ "Lo die", tza"/ "to kiII,cause to die". The syntactic device of verb serialization c€n also be

used to carry a causat ive neani-ng. It involves several verb types

availabl,e for causat iviz ing or traasitivizing, such as the verbs /ke3/

"to do, to nake", and /chi"/ "to give". Nou ue consider the verbs

/ket/ an,C /chit/ in deLail.

/ke/ cmstnrctiotr

In subsection ue will describe the properL ies of the verb

/ke3/. vlhen /ket / occurs as the nain verb verb of a clause, it is a

transitive verb. See the eronples below.

LZ33ne? kha non4 ke ?c

nother lihanom nake

j io' i!d.". ke3zc"

father field nake

"Ilolher [akes ]rhanoo "

''Father lllake a field'.

hrben the verb /ke/ occurs uith other verbs il a clause, there

are naqy effects which can relate to then. Those effects depend on

the veibs that /kel occurs before. If /ke3 t occurs before a stative

verb, it serves as transitivizer. For e><arnple:

バ


ユ

う｀

69

,int p€?' ke" o.'rrt "Ning hurLs his brother. "

Nirg brother nal<e feel pain

In the above e:<anple, /ke'/ occurs before /\a/ Lo o(press a

semantic iten neani-ng "hurt sooeone".

If the verb /ke",z occurs before an adjective, it is a productive

causitivjlzer. For exanple

llla3 ji.■ ke3 ka10?o "I dries the shirt."

I shirt lllake dry

13-32pll na Ee pu

uncle I nai(e sguirn

"The uncle sguirus ne. "

Wllen /ke3/ 。ccurs before an intransitive verb. It is also a

productive causativizer. It does not specify the kind of action that

happens to the direct object.

For example.

-z-1-323l(ep hc? ke 7a 2c

Kep bird nake die

"Itep killed the bird. "

hoptphct kelrt ke" chizc

he glass nake break

"I{e roade to break the Elass. "


70

ム

ln these q<8nples, the agents did some unspecif ied action tothe undergoers uhich sere treated as a result. Holrever ve could have

specified the act ions carried out by the agents, as in the e)<8r0p1e

be1ou,

.z- 1 1Z 3I(ep hc? Je? "a 2c

Kep bird shoot kiII"Kep shot the bird. "

usd.

/ke"/ can also occur before a transitive verb, hut it is rarely

kapt pe?t khi' ke" thcz"zc"

Kep brother dog nale kick

"Kep nade his brother kick the dog."

In the nexb subsection we r,rill Bention the /chi/ construct ion

which is also an inporLant causat ive verb.

zchil coustmct ion

The verb /chi3/ "to give" can occur as an autonomous

bitransitive verb.

For e)<aople :

kep" qat oaut chitzc"

Nep I ooDey give

"Kep gave me tbe noney"

lfhen it occurs vith other verbs in a stri-ng, it er@r€sses a

causatiue neani-ng. Its neani-ug can be "to let", "to allov"

For e><a.nple: Copyright by Mahidol University

71

-2 1-3kep- pe" Ie- chitzcs

Kep brother cone let

"kep lets his brother cooe."

t1336r!e? ch! Io chi "c

mother child play give

"The nother al lor,rs her child play"

chuo chi"rc'

eat give

"to allou to eat "

\

,"' *t ii" chi"zct "not allou to go to see"

not look go to give

"not allou to go to see"

Benefactive

The benefactive (as uith some causatives ) is conveyed hy a

serial l'erb construct ion. This complex benefactive constmct ion

comprises tuo verb roots: the first of which is the prinary verb and

the second. is the benefact ive narker is /chi3/ "give". The reader

viII noti.ce that the sarne verb root /chi3/ can be used for benefact ive

or f or celusat ive.

chi3- v

Orraa. \\a

Y - chi'

Ben.


.i

72

As have been nentioned, a preceding /chi3u function as the

causativer, or inplies a camse for a follouing result. The following

/ chi3 / {'unctions as a coDsequeut or inplies an effect of a preced.ing

calse.

For e;<an;r1e:

1.. Dat De?1 jin' wi" chi"zc'

I nother shirt imy give

"I buy a shirt for my nother. "

2i. 6at me?t tit ,ogo Ldr".g t ho" chi"zc-

I nother water jar dip put for

"I dip the ruater into a jar for qy nother. "

In exarple 1, there are two objectsc the first object /roez'/ is

indirect object and the second. zjinlz is a direct object.

ln e)G.nple 2, there are tbree objects. The first object is /nez1l

uhich is indirect object. The second object is "ti'" Hhich is direct

object. The last object zar\oz is location which relates to the verb

/ho- / .

l{odif yi ng CrnsLract ion

Tbe directional verb is an inporLalt serial verb. When itocc\rrs in verb sequeDce, it nodifies the nai-u verb. Hore than one

verb ca-n be serialed and the uhole construction oeress one idea. In

Ugong directional verb nay be classified into tL,o types: Eeooetric

shape of path and direct ion sith respect to the outside sorld.


73

ヘ

1. ceonetric shape of pa.th

Tb,e verbs in this type indicate the characteristic of the path,

such as go straight, circle.

For er<amp les

1. oat toDt kolt kct

I ualk strai-nght Eo

"I salk straightly"

z- khi' jiot' tupt wont?c'

dog house r.ralk around

"The dog ualks around the house. "

2. Direction in relation to a center

Tbe verb6 in this type indicate notion touard or alrqy from

center of path.

1. ucn3 tuq" r,la" doe t dr.zt let?c'

IJon walk reverse return out coue

"Irlon ualks to come back. "

z. hcp"phct trp" ,u" g"r' ?c\" Ietzc'

he walk fo1lo!, enter cme

'He walks fol loving

The pri.nary verb that can be oodif ied try serial directionalverb are noroally notion verbs. The serial direct ional verb nayCopyright by Mahidol University

74

ヽ

nodify the stative, destruct ive or disappearing verb like the

fol louing er<anples :

3 .1 - 7nen pr kc

ooney Iost go

"The noney is lost. "

-2323kep ?a:n khc? ?c

Kep good ascend

"Kep is better (than before)."

3.3 verb DepeDdetrt Eleoents

There axe various kinds of verb dependent eleoents, They

only occur lrith verb6 in verb pbrase or in a clause. They are

uords uhich carmot constitute an utterance by itself snd which

occurs always after 8nd/or before oenbers of a class of verbs.

Seoantically, it serves to elucidate the neaning of the verb in avariety of uays, such as aspect, directionality, etc. The verb

dependenL eleoents in Ugong can be divided into six subclasses.

3.3.l Suffixes

.l verb-suffix is added to the end of a verb to foro a neu

derivati,ye. The verb-suff ixes in Ugong are "cT,

?eT and za'.


75

3.3.1.1. ?oT

"Ct is a verb-suff ix which nay be alalyzed as a

verbalizer. It indicates that the preceding vord functions as a

verb. Exanples are presented belolr.

ANECTIYE \IERts

bIeD' "snooth" ---) b1en"zc" 'be snooth"

to{rN _> \aERB

Tbe above er<anplee shorl that "cT

can attach to e.ljectives and

change then into verls. It functions as a predicate in the sentence.

If it follows I noun, it changes that noun into a verb.

'Ihe tone of this suffix can only be lou level (Z), nid level(3) or .high-falliDg(5), according to the tone of the verb root. The

correlation betueen the tone of the suffix and the tone of the verb

root will be i I Iusf,rated ire the f igure below.


76

Suffix

Verb

つ‘ J 5

1 0 + +

2 + 0 +

3 0 + +

4 0 0 +

5 0 0 0

FiEure 8. Correlation betueen verFsuffix and Tone of verb root

+ = occurrence 0 = non-occurrlence

In the alove figure, the co-occurrence tone of particle and

tone of verb root may be presented as follows.

L, Tone 2 occurs vith tone 2 of the verb root

2. Tone 2 rarely occurs with tones 1. 4 of the verb root

3. Tone 3 occurs uith tones 1, 3 of verb root

4. Tone 5 occur uith aII tones except 5

For e><anple

chiptzct "to persuado"

c}rc2L2cz "nell"

tuSozct 'to pace"

chaptzc" "to choose"

t


77

pektzct "to shut"

prr'?"" "to hide"

3-3-L-Z 2eT

"eT is a verb-suffix narkhg a perceptive verb.

Tone sandhi is the sane as vhat ue have fouad for the suffix

/"cT/. It only occurs uith a verbal adject ive uhich is preceded

by the verb /?e3l "to feel". D<anples are given belou.

?E ma4 na "e "feel hungry"3r!6?x nao "e "perceive snell"

,"" khletzet "fee1 lazy"

13.3.1.3 7a

1- is arr inperfective a.spectual particle which indicates

future action. It only occurs uith the directional parLicle tii"/ "go

to ( purpose ) "

1. peD" ti. khu{" ji"za'

sister uater dip go to

"Sister goes to dip the water. "

z. ne?1 kuk' thclo ji"za'

mother paddy pound go to

"Motber Eoes to pound the paddv. "


78

ミ

3.3.2 Aspectual ParLiclea

In this section, the notion of &spect vill be discussed

first r;o that the reader uiII get a general idea of sspect as a

not iona.I structure. Aspect is def ined try linguists as follows :

Pei (1966:21) sqys that it is "a verbal cateEorJ'

indicat:lng uhether an act ion or state is vieued as completed or inprogress, instantaneous or enduriDg, nooentary or habitual, etc, "

Kingkarn (1986:157) divides aspect into perfective and

inperfective and says that "perfective aspect indicates the viev

of act ion or event as a single uhole, uithout distinction of the

various separate phases that nake it up. Perfective is nornally

but not necessarily associated uith situations of shorL durat ion.

Inperfective can be sub-classified into categories such as

habitua.L arrd progressive. "

In this study, tbe aspectual parLicle is taken as a uord

having no conplete neaning in itself and used in combination sith

or reference to another uord uhich has its own neaning. The

aspectual parLicle can be classified into tlro tlpes: perfect ive

and inperfect ive. The nembers of each type are illustrated in

the next, figure.


79

IMPERFECrIVE PERFECTIVE

bez'5s' "arnost"

nlo"'stirI"ka.D" Ian" "befug"

dozt "alrea{v

I,ihai t

"used to"

kin' "finished"

Figure 9. The lreobers of the Aspectual Parbicle classes

3. 3. 2. 1 Ilperfective Aapestual parLicles

The inperfective aspectual parL icles indicate that

the act, ion is not fiaished. They are nanifested by nlo' "still",and Lr:ztje' "alnost", and kam"Ian" "being". Fach neober is

discusered belou.

a. mlo t

nlot is an iuperfect ive aspectual particle which

indicat,es an inconpletive action. It occurs before the head verb of

the cleruse, If a clause is negated, it uilI occur after the head verb.

1. t.u rDc[ n-to nl ?c

police still stay

"The pol iceosn is still staying"l3 -1 fr 62. pu t[a0 nlo chu ?c

uncle rice still eat

"Uncle is still eating rice"Copyright by Mahidol University

80

ヘ́

3. jiu" nlo' j iktzc'

fether still sleep

"Father is still sleepi_ng"

4. dok'kcpozet ,ut De!' nfot

banana not ripe still"The banana is not ripe yet"

b. karntlast "being"

kar"la43 is an inperfective aspectual parLicle which

indicat,es cont inuous action. It is a Thai loaa word. It @curs

before the nain verb. If arr object occurs in the sentence or inthe cleruse, it siII precede object.

For exemp Ie :

1. jin 3 kan31a■3 ?ε

i3,。3

father beitt speak

'lFather is speaking.1'

2. llle?・ kaln31aη3 kuki tho彎 4?。6

mother being paddy pound

"Mother is pounditt the pd～ ."

c. bε ?・ jo・

bc?・ jo・ is an imperfective nqpectual particle. It

■lldicates that the action hnC nearly happened. It occurs before the

head verb. For e―ple:

ミ


81

ニ

1.lη6 墜21主

i tik・le■

4,。5

basin aLost fall

''The hnOin alDost fell.''

2.puSti3 b望 ■上

■ ?12,。

2

uncle allnost die

''Uncle alnlost died.''

3.3.2.2 Ferfective Particles

The perfect ive parLicles indicate a conpleted action.

They are dor' "already" and kheit "used to". They are presented belou.

a. kbei"

liihait is a perfective particle. The funct ion of

which c'an be glossed as "have ever had occas ion/opporLr.rnity to.'.

It is a. Thai loan vord. It precedes the nain verb. D{8roples are

illustrated below.

1. oat khei" ket?c-

I used to go

"I used to go. "

- 3 - Z 3 .3 .2 Z2. he thc" Da khei Di "c

here f u""a to stqy

'I used to stay here. "

ミ

八


82

.{

33333. Da khei le-"c-

I used to cooe

"I used to cooe. "

3.3.3 Recipmcal and Coopp,erative Particles

The Reciprocal parL icle expresses the neaning of nutual

relationship. It occurs before the head verb. It is /chcpt/

" each other". It can be written as diagran: /-sr-------/

1. hc6tphc' chclt chok'zc'

they each other box

"They box each other. "

31 3 132. hcD phc chc! dok "c

they each other Iove

"They love each other. "

The Cooperative partic Ie e)presses a joint action, It is

/dak'/ "together". It can be written as a diaErao: A + B ---->

- 3- I L Z 2L. hcn pbc dak ni "c

they together stay

"They stay together. "

z. kep" khet nip " qt kc"zco

trep and Nilg togetber go

"xep and Ning Elo together.'Copyright by Mahidol University

83

3.3.4 P8ssive Particles ( adversat ive )

The passive particle in UEonE i" !g'. It indicates that

the subject of the clause is the undergoer. In sentences uith a

subject, it precedes the undergoer. In su-bj ect less sentence, n""

precedes the nain verb.. Banples are shown belou.

In sentences uith a subject.

1 3 - 3- 1 . Z Z1. rDe? Ee hcn phc h€' "c

nother pass he beat

"He is beaten by his nother- "

０乙

-zkep

Kep

3-1.13ne hc? Je? ?c

; bird shoot

'The bird is shot by Kep"

In subject less sentences

1. ne 2t 2c

pass die

"be kitled. "

322ne ba ?O

pass beat

"be beaten"

2.

.t


84

メ

3. Ille chu ?o

pass eat

"be eaterl"

3.3.5 Nerative Particl・ e

The negative particle is analytically the most important

verb pてrticle. Many linguists in the field of Tibeto― Bunllan use

it to define a verb. If a 口ord can be preceded by the nentive

partic]e, that word is a verb. The most illlportant negative

particle in ugong is llla2 ,,nOt''.

Nonllally, the verb― suffix ,o Occurs with the verb. If the

Verb r)hrase is ntated, the verb suffix will be 10st. Ex3mples are

presented beloフ.

AFFIRMATIVE NMATIVE

ble4,。6

slap

llla2 bl.4

not slap

13tcn 7c

correct

Da te!

not corTect

chaO° ?。

choose

nla chan3

11ot choose

式

FiEure 10. Co-occurrence betueen verb-suff ix and negative part icleCopyright by Mahidol University

85

The f ieure a.bove shor.ls the non

verFsul'f ix zc and the negat ive particle na

co-occurrence ofthe

Tmal tti

When the verb is negated, the tone of the nain verb ischanged. If the verb has an open syllsble or has at final

consonant, such as-k, or -", the low level tone 2 of the nai-rr

verb allmys change to high level 1 :

ヽ - --z 3phrl( "c

creoate

ba "c

beatz3

khc? ?c

rise

niqzzc3

releasez3

ceo ?c

ueigh

phcn "c

open

z ---Lna phll(

not cremate

rDa ba

Dot beat

,"t k},cz t

not rise

IDA

uot

ma

notz

oa

not

mlD

release

ce0

ueigh

phco

opeD

----)

AIso the lou tone of the main verb that has as final consona.Dt

-n chanEles to falli-ng-rising tone 4, if the verb is preceded bgr na" as

in the erxaoples below.


86

」ヽvouel Barmy

Sooe vouels of nain verbs change, uhen the nail verbs are

precedcd Ly ,"t. But the chaDge is not systematic. B<anples axe

shovn belou.

go

kc"?c= ----) naz ka'

not go

ni2,o2 -― ――〉 ma2 ne・

stay not stay

tia?・ ,o3 ____〉 llla2 te3

be able to not be able to

tu4?。5 ____〉

nla2 ti・

itch

Distrilrrtim of raz

not itch

When a Doun combi-ues rlith a verb and funct ions as a conplex

predicarte, nat precedes the verb.

lihcq ma na "not sad"

nind ,.t. pai-n

322khcp- oa "a{- "not glad"

nind r"a good

,ミ


87

ヽIn serial verb construct ion

verbs. It can be written as diagran

1. Illa2 te3 !IA21 doot le'

not able aEain returD cooe

"don't return again"

can occur before tbe string of

Neg-Vr-Vz-V3.... For e>(8.nple:

le3

CCIIIle

"dontt go

"don't cook "

22. llla

not

tet chcqo ceot

a.b]e together neet

"don't cooe to meet. "

t{hen the head verb has a post-head serial construction, the

posit ion of nat depends on the particulax verb involved and on the

precise shade of neanirrg to be conveyed.

,i{hen the post-head (teltia or phc) nay be taken in the sense

of "ability", there is a perceptible neaning difference according to

,r whether naz precedes the head or follous it. If na" precedes tbe

entire rserial c-onstruct ion, it narks the "prohibitive", to be

translat,gd into Erglish as "don't V ". If it follous the head and

precedes a post-head nodifier, it narks "negative ability", to be

trnnミ lated into English as ''to be unable to V''. The exalllple is

illustraしed below.

Group I "'Prohibitive"

.1. ,"t tet ka t

not able to go

iz . r"" phc' chiq "

not able to cook

人


\

88

croup II "Negat ive ability"1. kc" oaz tiazt "can't go'

go not able to

z. chiB3 ,"t phc' ',cal't cook,,

cook not a.ble to

A negat ive meaning nay also be indicated by tat...n.?t, uhich

is used in the inperative construction to streDgthen the prohibition

or comnand.. If taz occurs, it nust be conbined with the parLicle

!g:', lfhe nain verb occurs betueen them. OnIy a si-ogle verb can occur

rlith ta't. . . . . nez', h.rt nat can occur with many verb. This d.if f erence

can be seen as in follouing figure.

+ V + v

ta'+v+ne?t

Figure ll. The difference between ula2 and

ztna can @cur in serialized construction, but tat...nez' can

negate only a single verb. For exanple:

ta" jik' ne?1 "Don't sreep

don't sleep fp.

メ

型ｔａ

一

:(


89

ミ

I.2.1t.a Je?

don't shoot

"Don't shoot."|

ne,

fp.

I

La" chuqo

don't catch

I

De?' "Don't catch. "

fp.

occasionally a longer for:m ta" boet...ne?' is used, bept occurs

before l;he verb and afi.er taz and functions to soften the prohibition.

For e:<a.nple:

|

ta2 beD5

don't p.

"Don't talk,

I_4 1p1u0 De?

talk fp.

plea.se. "

I 25ta bon

don't p.

"Dontt cooe,

|

le3 ne'・

COllle p.

plenqe.1'

I 2_6ta bsD

don't p.

"Don't cry,

I31no ne?

cry fp.

plea.se.'一メ


90

に́ 3.3.6 Direct icnal parLicle

The directional parLicle in Ugong is ji3 "go vith a

purpose". It is preceded directly bry the nain verb and narks

purposr) of lhe nain verb. b<anples are shorm belou.

ヘ

1. wi3

buy

2. plЩ4

tell

3. ■i4

ask

..3JI

go to

3JI

go to

3Jl.

go to

"Eo to tuy"

''go to tell''

"go to ask"

‐

3.L.2.7 Co-ecurreoce of Verb Dep€ndent EI€ienLs

a. Coobinat ion of Aspectual Particles

b. Aspectual Particles aad Suff ixes

c. Aspectual and Negat ive ParLicles

e. Aspectual and Directional Part icles

f. Aspectual aDd Passive PaxLic Ies

e. Aspectual arrd Reciprocal ParLicles

h. Rec iprocal Part icles and Suf f ixes

i. Reciprocal and Negative Part icles

i. Reciprocal and Directional particles

k. Passive Part icles and Suffixes

1. Psssive and Negat ive Particles

n. Directionsl 8nd Negative ParticlesCopyright by Mahidol University

ミ

91

a. Cobination of AspecLual particles

S<ne kinds of aspectual parb icles Eqy co-occur together in a

verb phras;e or a clanrse.

do,・ ''already'' which lnArks the ccllnpleted action may co―

occur

with khej3 ''11ミ ed to'( khei° precedes the main verb and do?・ calles in

the final position of the phrase or clause.

1. !a' Egl' ket dor'

I used to na.l<e already

"I used to nake. " thut not arynorel

z. hcptphc' g}rgi" boogLei" kin' doz'

he used to narry finish already

"He was narried. "

3. kheit dozt

used to already

"(he) h^s used to (Y) a1ready. "

d.c,z t

"alreaAr" mqy also co-@cur uith bezt je' "a1oost,.. bez'

precedes the nai-n verb and do"1 cooes in the final pos ition of the

verb phrase or clause.

4. nin2 ho?・ be?・ jo・ jε ?・ ji° dO,・

Ning bird alDOSt Shoot go to already

''N■ng h^ミ allnost gone to shoot the bird."

ス


92

´ ´^

ヽ

:t, Bao ba?'io' ?eie ph"' doz'

I alnost speak able to already

"I an aloost able to speak alreaAy. "

6. bez'je' ju" d.et do?'

alnost take keep already

"alnost take up already. "

I*anple 8 shous that three aspectual psxL icles can co-occur.

b. Aspectual Particles 8nd Suffixes

/tll aspectual parbicles except doz' can co-occur uith the

suff ix "cT (see e:<anples 1-7). They do not occur rdth the suffix

direct Iy.

1:t. kantla.et chu'39t "is eating"

beine eat

25L',1. bez-5e- "i-zc- "alnost die"

;; die

13. Iihei3 kc"?ct "used to go"

used to go

121. lllloi ni2?。2 ,,still stay"

still stay^


●・・

ヽ

93

c. As"ectusl arvt lrlegative particles

The negative parLicle can co-occur with various aspects

except l<ant 1an3. Ihe negative particle norral Iy precedes the aspect

and the nain verb. But it can also follov sooe aspect parLicles :

16. ma2 nlen4 1111。■

not ripe still

''isn't still ripe''

17. ma2 khei° chu4

not used to eat

"don't use to eat"

lB. be?1ja, oaz tet jik'

;r; ,"t a.bre to sleep

"alnost is not able to sleep"

19. trr'i.t Egt te" jik'

alnost not a.ble to sleep

"alnost is not able to sleep"

20. zeit p!"' doz'

speak able to already

"can speak"

zL. ket tiaz' doz'

do able to already

''can do'' Copyright by Mahidol University

94

1\

e. Aspectual aDd Directi6al Particles

AII aspectual particles IDqy co-occur with the directional

parLicJe. The inperfective parLicles follou the directional particle,

except nlo', but the perfective parLicles prec-ede it.

zz. tit ,r" l,Irao t iit nro'

uater D.ot dip go to still

"has not gone to dip the water. "

zg. vi" iit kint doz'

buy go to finish already

"has gone to buy already"

24. kantra[t vi" iit ,^'

beiug hry go inperf.

"is going to truy"

25. khei3 wi3 ji3 kil1 3 d。 ?■

used to h1y go to fi-nish already

"has used to Eo to buy already"

f. lspectual a'xl Passive ParLicles

Sone aspect particls can also co-occur uith the passive

parLic Ie. E"i" "w"d to" and dozl "alrea4y", the p,erf ect ive perticles

caD co-occur with the pa-ssive pa.rticle n"'. Tb" perfect ive follows the

verb.


95

zG. hcgtphc' !g" iezt theqo doz'

be poss. shoot thror.' alreadY

"He ha.s been shot. "

27. khi' o"' hcptphc' khei" Eiz'zc"

dog pass. he used to bite

"He has been bitLen bY f,he dog."

g. Aspectual and Reciprocal/cooperstive Particles

AII aspectual parLicles can cG-occur with the reciprocal

and cooperative parLicles. Sone aspectual parLicles precede the

recipr<rcal parLicle hut sone follov it.

35128. chcn- ce0 doz

each other neet already

"net to each other "

r3129 . atok

- ka d.a?

ioe.tn.. eo "o"*"went together"

1 .3 ..3 130. d6k wI Jr ?a

togetU". tuv * "" ,.*

"uent to hly toeether"ヽ


96

31. b*"tja' d.kt ku" doz'

aLoost together go already

"alomt uent together"

32. kan" Ia.o " dsk t

ni" zc"

being together stay

"are staying together"

h. Reciprocal Particles and Suffixes

The reciprocal parL icles can also co-occur uith the

suffix /"cTl. The reciprocal par.Licles precede the suffix which

is attrched to the verb.

1. chc0 nok ?c

each other enbrace

"eobrace each other"

z- dpk' 1.':g'together corne

"c.ome together"

i. Reciprocal 8l1d Negat ive Psrbicles

The reciprocal and negative parLicles can co-occur iDsequeDce. The negation prec-edes the reciprocal particle. In thiscase, t,he imperative negat ive carr cG-occur with reciprocity.

1:


97

^

3. naz d€kt re"

noL together cme

"don't come together"

4. ,u" chcot chok'

not each other box

"don't box each other"

E. la" dekt ka' g'don't together go p.

"Don't go together ."

i. Reciprocal. and Directional ParL icles

Reciprocity can also cG-occur with the directional particle.

"Recipr,rcity" occurs in the first pos ition of the verb phra-se.

6. chcn " wi" iit ?^'

each other hly go to asp.p.

"go to hry (sth. ) together"

7. chclt kJ,unt jit ?u'

to each other dip go to &sp.p.

"go to dip (the uater ) together"

k. Passive ParLicle and Suff ixes

The pass ive parb icles Day co-occur with the s\ffix /"cT/-

1. !g' b" 32" "be hit'pass. bit

3

一Λ


98

ヽ

2. ne3 1。kュ ?o5 ,,be Cursed''

pass. curse

I. Passive a'xr Negative Particles

The passive particle can also co-occur with the neg:ative

parLicle maz. It follorls the negat ive in sequence.

3. ,"" lgt ba" lo"

not pass. hit uant

"don't uant to be hit"

4. Bq' !g' rok'

Dot pass. curse

"be not cursed"

nl. Directiolnl and NutiVe Particles

The directional and negat ive parLic.le can also co-occur. The

inperat:ive negative also occurs rdth the directional parLicle. Tbe

pos itiorr of the negation is the first position of the verb phrase or

clause.

1- gg' vi" jit "d.on't go to bw"

not h\y go to

2. gg" ir" iit 'don't go to take"

not ta}e go to


99

. 3 - 3 -.3 13. ta Io J1 De?

don't plqv Eo to p.

"Don't Eo to plqy. "

3.4 Adverb

An adverb is a norphene or norpheoe seguence vhich nay occur

not only directly before the verb but also in other posit ions in the

phrase or clause. The adverbs can be divided into three classes. They

are adverb of tine, place, and nanner.

3.4.1 Adverb of Tile

These adverls indicate the tine relative to the speech

act. They usually occur in the first position of a c lause or phrase.

Sonetines they occurs after the actor. They include :

jur'nit "todav"

,<nonur' "tonorrow"4 .2

na ni "yesterday"

tat?c?' "for a nonent"

}]rc6 tpugt "just a oooent ago"

L. juz'nit ket?ct "do (it) today'

todsy do,ma}e

z. a<oon"rt Da" hczt jezt ji"zat

tomorrov I bird shoot go to

"Tooorrow I viIl go to shoot a bird. "

ム́


4

100

3, nat Jntnit suz"phan" kct?c'

I yesterday Suphan Eo

"I went to Suphaa Province yesterday. "

3.4.2 Adverb of Place

The following adverbs functions as d.enonstrative in a

phrase or a clause. They occur in the first position of a verb phrase

or a c.[ause. They include :

hetthc'

tu"thct "there"

_ 3- Z 3 Z Z1. he thc oa ni "c

;* r stay

"I stqy here. "_ 3-- 2 3 .3 1 32. Lu thc na ui p62

"a-;"* r hry pork

"I hry pork there. "

3.4.3 Adverb of Uanner

In Ugong, these adverbs are often reduplicaLed. An adverb

nqy be changed from an adject ive in its redup l i cated form. The tone

of redtLpl icated words is different frorn its root except the uid level

tone. If the root ha< lor,r level tone, the redupl icated uord has high

level. ft occurs irnrnediately before the head verb. They are shown in

the e><amples belou:

^


101

Root Reduphcative

ther' "soft" thez' thez" "softly"t.{t quick" trnt t.et "quickly',

ciqt "real" ciqt ciqt "reallyly',?r2" "difficurt" icz' ia2" "difficultry"cik" "quiet" cik' cc2" "quietly',

1. thaztthezt ?ei"?c" "speak softly',

softly to speak

2. tuog!"tt kc"?ct "go quickly"

guickly to go

3. cio"ciot dokt?c" "Iove really"

really to love

4. jcrtjcz" ke"?ct "do uith difficulty"difficultly to do

5. ciktccrt ni" ?c" "stay quiet"

guiet to stay

The a.bove exanples shour the adverb of oa::ner in Ugong.

一́


GIA― IV

C【■ま】LUE■ON 劇肛D St10CSrI郎

Frorn this study, sone of the important characteristics of

those verbs vhich nornally function as nain eleoeDt at clause and

phrase level have been described. Additional elements which cal occur

sith verb have been described as weII.

Tbe verbs in Ugong occur in the final position of the clause

or sentence ts-o-vl. The verb at clause Ievel are dealt with, by

describing the clanse structure. The bas ic clause types car be

catergorized into six patterns, such a.s V, Nv, NNv, NNNV,

8nd NV+Quot. The clause types classifying irr the NV pattern axe

intransitive, anbient, notion, and reciprocal clauses' In NNV pattern

they are transitive, existence, equat ive, locative, and passive

clauses. In NNlw pattern, it is populsive. In W+Qout pattern, the

clause typ,e is quatative.

Additional elements can occur before or after tbe basic clause

and can b€, typed as Tine Sett ing, Lcative Sett ing, or Final Particle.

TLLe structure of verb phrases are discussed in terms of types,

structure and functions. The verbs in UEonE are also discussed from

phrase to clause level. Ugong verb phrases can be divided hto the

folloving nine types: transitive verb phrase, bitraasitive verb

phrase, i.ntransitive verb pbrase, Iocative verb phrase, ao.bient verb

phrase, lxisteDc'e verb pbrase, equot ive verb phrase, propulsive verb

phrase, arrd guatative verb phrase.

ヘ

ベ


103

t{hen nultiple nain verbs occur in the sane verb phrase, aII

but one of then still a has primary frurction. The others change to a

secondary function nodifying the initial verb. The verbs vhich assune

a secondary function usually change uith respect to direction, result,

or aspecL.

verbal particles occurri-ng before or after the nain verb

indicate tetrse, aspect, modality, or negation.

$1gge6tioos

Sooe sugEestion for furLher studies:

First, this study of Ugong verb constmctions vas linited to

tbe pbra.se and clause levels. Higher level construct ions should be

studied.

Secondly, this language appeaxs to be undergoing the process

' at "lanEiuage Death". Therefore sociolinguistic study would be

parb icu1ary ald night well yield sienificant results relating to this

phenonenon.

′ヽ


104

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