Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 · 5 Sleep Disorders Sleep Apnea Sleep apnea – breathing stops...
Transcript of Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 · 5 Sleep Disorders Sleep Apnea Sleep apnea – breathing stops...
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Chapter 5:Chapter 5:ConsciousnessConsciousness
Expanding the Boundaries ofExpanding the Boundaries ofPsychological InquiryPsychological Inquiry
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C. Brown Unit 5C. Brown Unit 5
Lecture PreviewLecture Preview
Understand different types of sleep and sleep disordersDiscuss theories regarding dreaming and
d l i
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dream analysisExplore scientific explanations for
alterations of consciousnessDistinguish different types of drugs which
alter consciousness
Waking Consciousness
____________ An _________
of the tisensations,
thoughts, and feelings that one is attending to at a given moment.
Biology of SleepBiology of Sleep
Consciousness - our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, and our mental perspectives
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_________ rhythm - cyclical changes that occur on a roughly __ basis in many biological processes (e.g., hormone release, body temperature)
Biology of SleepBiology of Sleep
Biological _____ - the SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) of the hypothalamus, triggers our sense of
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fatigue (via increasing melatonin)
Disruptions:Jet lagNight shifts
EEG Waves During Different Sleep StagesEEG Waves During Different Sleep Stages
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Sleep and Dreams Measuring sleep activity
Measuring Sleep Activity Electrodes measure eye movements
EMG measures tension ________ tension
EEG measures brain ________
A camera may also record body movements.
EEG
Measures gross activity of large numbers of neurons. High-amplitude waves (stage 4) indicateHigh amplitude waves (stage 4) indicate
that more neurons are firing in a ___________ rhythm. Sleep cycle lasts about ___ minutes.
Typical Night’s Sleep Typically ____
episodes of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep per night occur. Later episodes are
longer and farther apart.
Most “deep sleep” (stages 3 & 4) occurs early in the night.
Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep
Minutesof Stage 4 and REM 20
25
Decreasing Stage 4
Hours of sleep
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
10
15
5
Increasing REM
Sleeping Like a Baby
Good sleep quality requires adequate amounts of ____ sleep stages. In older adults - sleep tends to beIn older adults sleep tends to be
shallower and more fragmented and the ___________ effect of sleep is ______. This is associated with reduced levels of stage 4 sleep.
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Stage 4 Sleep
Quick transition from stage 1 to stage 4. A stage 4 bout typically lasts for 40 minutes. Characterized by ______ breathing, _____
h t t bl dheart rate, _______ blood pressure. If awakened in stage 4 the subject feels
_____________. Pulse of growth hormone is released in the
first two bouts of stage 4 sleep. May play a role in memory consolidation.
REM Sleep
Also called paradoxical sleep – breathing is more shallow, heart rate and blood pressure are variable, eeg pattern is similar to the
k t t th l t l lawake state, the large postural muscles are __________, increased genital blood flow.
Duration of REM bout increases over successive sleep cycles.
If awakened during REM the subject is NOT disoriented.
PRS
If you want to feel rested following a nap, it is best to time the nap duration so that you awaken in stage ____ sleep.A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4
Sleep Deprivation
Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired
concentration depressed
________ system greater
vulnerability to accidents
One third of our life…We spend one third of
our life sleeping.
If an individual remains awake for several days they
deteriorate, in terms of immune function, ___________ and
accidents.
Sleep Deprivation
2 700
2,800
4 200
Less sleep,more accidents
More sleep,fewer accidentsAccident
frequency
2,400
2,700
2,600
2,500
Spring time change(hour sleep loss)
3,600
4,200
4000
3,800
Fall time change(hour sleep gained)
Monday before time change Monday after time change
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PRS
The risk of accidents increases when subjects ignore their circadian rhythms.True/False
Disorders of SleepDisorders of Sleep
_______ - difficulty falling and staying asleep
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asleepHigher rates in those with depression, pain,
medical conditions
Sleep DisordersInsomnia
Overcoming insomniaDo not nap during the day.Avoid alcohol, caffeine, and cigarettes within five hours of bedtime. Avoid exercise within two hours of bedtime, but get adequate exercise. ____________ your sleep schedule. If awake and anxious, leave bed and return when sleepy.
Sleeping Pills
Sleeping pills are one of the major causes of insomnia. Pills may bePills may be ________. Pills may prevent ________ REM sleep
bouts. Establishing adequate exercise levels
reduces the need for sleeping pills.
Disorders of SleepDisorders of Sleep
Narcolepsy
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Cataplexy
Sleep apnea
Sleep DisordersNarcolepsy
_________ Characterized by irresistible and
sudden attacks of sleep during the day. Rates increase with heightened y gstress. Inherited trait.
________ Begin REM too soon. Subject may fall
down before they are ready to sleep. Vivid hallucinations just before falling asleep.
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Sleep DisordersSleep Apnea
Sleep apnea – breathing stops while sleeping (sage 4). Affects 10% of men over 40 years of age and 5% of theover 40 years of age, and 5% of the overall population. Subjects partially reawakens to breathe.
Disorders of SleepDisorders of Sleep
__________ - during Stages 3 and 4, sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming, perspiring, and confusion followed by a return to a deep sleep
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Most common in children
__________ - usually occurs during non-REM sleep (not dreaming)May include complex behaviors (e.g., climbing out
windows, driving)Most common in children
Other Sleep Disorders Sleep walking – a potentially fatal disorder.
Occurs in stage 3 or 4. It ____ in families, and children ______________.
Sleep talking – may occur in REM, stage 1 p g y , gor slow wave sleep.
Night terrors – Calm the subject and put them back to sleep. Usually occurs within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep.
REM Rebound
If deprived of REM - subjects show increased fantasy bouts while awake, increased anxiety, irritability, and have difficulty concentrating.
If permitted to sleep subjects into REM If permitted to sleep subjects _____ into REM sleep and experience longer REM bouts.
Subjects report vivid dreams when REM deprived.
Schizophrenics show fewer REM episodes than normals, and no REM rebound effect.
Establish and Defend Your Sleep Cycle
Learning disorders are associated with _________ sleep patterns.
Behavioral disorders are associated with irregular sleep patterns.
Memory disorders may be associated with irregular sleep patterns (high rates of protein synthesis during REM sleep, and pulses of growth hormone are associated with slow wave sleep).
Sleep and Dreams
Psychologists used to believe that dreaming occurred ___________.
Now they believe that REM sleep and dreaming are biologically adaptive.
In fact, there is evidence that they are important for brain maturation.
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Theory and Psychology of Theory and Psychology of DreamsDreams
Freud’s wish fulfillment and dream protection theory - dreams transform our sexual and aggressive instincts into symbols that represent wish fulfillment and require interpretation
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Evidence against this:most dreams have negative content (not wish
fulfillment)sexual dreams are raremany are straightforward details of everyday
activities (not disguised)
Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
Freud believed that dreams expressed wishes, often disguised.
___________ Content___________ Conscious dream content that is
remembered after awakening
___________ Content Unconscious, censored meaning of a
dream.
Theory and Psychology of Theory and Psychology of DreamsDreams
Activation-synthesis theory - dreams reflect brain activation originating in the pons, followed by efforts of the
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followed by efforts of the forebrain to weave these inputs into a story
However, damage to the forebrain can eliminate dreaming, even when the pons is intact
Dreams are fairly consistent over time (not random)
What do we dream about?1. Negative Emotional Content: Eight out of 10
dreams have negative emotional content.
2. Failure Dreams: People commonly dream about failure, being attacked, pursued, rejected or struck with misfortunerejected or struck with misfortune.
3. Sexual Dreams: Contrary to our thinking sexual dreams are sparse. Sexual dreams in men are 1 in 10; and in women 1 in 30.
4. Dreams of Gender: Women dream of men and women equally, men dream men more than women.
Cultural Influences on Dream Content
Dreams reflect a culture’s beliefs, values, and concerns.
Cross-cultural similarities are:
Aggression is more common than is Aggression is more common than is kindness
Gender differences in content
Cross-cultural differences reflect different cultural emphases (e.g., Japanese dreams versus U.S. American dreams).
So, what can we really say So, what can we really say about dreaming?about dreaming?
1. Dreams are often concerned with everyday preoccupations, and they recur
2. Acetylcholine turns on REM sleep
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3. The forebrain plays an important role in dreaming
• And why do we dream? Although we still don’t know, there are many theories concerning the establishment of memories
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PRS
Most dreams occur during REM sleep. True/False
Sleep Across the Lifespan
Sleep & Aging
Infants sleep ___ hours a day, about _______ of this is in REM sleep. 5 year olds sleep about 11 hours a day5 year olds sleep about 11 hours a day,
and the total hours of REM sleep matched that of adults. 60 year olds sleep about 6 hours a day.
Other Alterations of Other Alterations of Consciousness Consciousness
Out-of-body experience (OBE) - sense of consciousness leaving one’s bodyNo scientific evidence to supportMay be related to ability to fantasize and to become
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y yextraordinarily absorbed in experiences
Near-death experience (NDE) - OBE reported by people who have nearly died or thought they were going to dieNDE-like experiences can be triggered by stimulating
the temporal lobes, lack of oxygen to the brain, and psychedelic and anesthetic drugs
Other Alterations of Other Alterations of Consciousness Consciousness
Déjà vu - feeling of reliving an experience that is newTheories:Small seizures in right temporal lobeDual processing theory – slightly out-of-sync arrival of
sensory info from separate pathways
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sensory info from separate pathwaysPrior unconscious processing of the informationThe present experience resembles an earlier experience
Meditation - variety of practices that train attention and awarenessWide range of positive effects (increased empathy, alertness,
blood flow, immune function, etc)Correlation vs. causation? Does meditation change brain activity
or do people with certain brain signaling patterns seek out meditation?
Hypnosis
Hypnosis a social interaction
in which one person (the hypnotist)(the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
Hypnos: Greek god of sleep
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MesmerismCredit for hypnosis
popularity goes to Franz Anton Mesmer, a physician, who k l h h h dmistakenly thought had
discovered “animal magnetism.” Some of his patients experienced
trancelike state, and felt better on waking up.
http://ww
w.general-anaesthesia.com
Franz Mesmer (1734 ‐ 1815)
Hypnosis
Practiced by many well known scientists: Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Alfred Binet, Ivan Pavlov. The art of hypnotic application is
understood much better than its ________________.
provides people with suggestions for changing their perceptions, feelings, and behaviors
Misconceptions:
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p1) Produces a trance state in which “amazing” things happen2) Hypnotic phenomena are unique3) Hypnosis is a sleeplike state4) Hypnotized people are unaware of their surroundings5) Hypnotized people forget what happened during hypnosis6) Hypnosis improves memory7) Hypnosis can induce past life and age regression
HypnosisStrength, stamina,
perceptual and memory abilities are similarly affected in h ti d dhypnotized and unhypnotized
people. Unhypnotized
persons can also do this
Myths & Realities
Those who practice hypnosis agree that its power resides in the subject’s openness to suggestion.
Can anyone experience hypnosis? Yes, to some extent.
Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events?
No.
Myths & Realities
Can hypnosis be therapeutic?Yes. Self-suggestion
can heal too.
Can hypnosis force people to act against their will?
No, subjects are aware of what they are doing
Can hypnosis alleviate pain? Yes. Lamaze can do that too.
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Hypnosis in Clinical Practice: Hypnosis in Clinical Practice: Smoking CessationSmoking Cessation
Some advertisements for the effectiveness of hypnosis in treating smoking are misleading and exaggerated. Still,
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gg ,hypnosis can sometimes be combined with well-established treatments as a cost-effective means of helping some people quit smoking.
Theories of HypnosisTheories of Hypnosis
Sociocognitive Theory - approach to explaining hypnosis based on people’s beliefs and expectations
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________________ model - approach to explaining hypnosis based on separation of the parts of the personality responsible for planning from the part that controls memories (dissociation from consciousness)Hidden observer vs. flexible observer
Hypnosis and the Suggestible Eyewitness
Participants saw a videotape of a staged bank robbery.
Half were then hypnotized.
Interviewer mentioned robber wore a mask.
There was ___ mask.
In highly hypnotizable subjects, 63% reported a false memory that the robber wore a mask.
Is Hypnosis an “Altered” State?The Hidden Observer
Subjects held a hand in ice water and reported pain.
Hypnotized Hypnotized subjects reported lower pain.
Some hypnotized subjects reported a “hidden observer”that was aware of the pain.
PRS
The art of inducing hypnosis is understood better than its scientific explanation. True/ False
Hypnotic Induction
Progressive relaxation - Please close you eyes Allow your self to relax to the best ofAllow your self to relax to the best of
your ability Allow your mind to relax as you allow
your body to relax Soon you will learn that all extraneous
noises will not distract you
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Hypnotic Induction
Do not actively assist or resist any suggestion I may give you
You will respond to my suggestions only if they are appropriate for youthey are appropriate for you
Allow yourself to focus on your fingers and forearms
By your ability to concentrate you will soon become aware of a very pleasant and relaxing sensation – allow this sensation to spread
Hypnotic Induction
You will soon feel a tingle, a feeling of lightness, numbness, or heaviness This is perfectly normalp y Allow this sensation to spread over your
fingers, your hands and your forearms By practicing your powers of
concentration you may permit this feeling to spread
Hypnotic Induction
Think of how your arm would feel if you were to raise it ever so slightly – study the muscles that you would use to raise your arm – now l t th t t ilet that tension go
Note how much more relaxed you are now You are developing mastery over a powerful
new skill - neuromuscular relaxation You are becoming exceptionally relaxed
Hypnosis
Not so much an altered state of consciousness as an alteration in control systems Requires the formation of the ‘hypnotic
contract’… an agreement to cooperate, to let happen what will happen A cooperative subject is able to learn
hypnotic behavior
Hypnosis
Neuromuscular relaxation helps promote the shift of executive functions to the therapist
Disruption of memorial processes – “think only of my voice”
The subject’s initiative and planning are suppressed
The hypnotized subject does not independently undertake new lines of thought or action
PRS
Most highly skilled hypnotists can trick subjects into doing things against their will. True/False
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Consciousness-Altering Drugs
Psychoactive Drug A chemical substance that alters perceptions,
thoughts, behavior and mood.
Physical Dependence An addiction in which a drug is needed to
prevent withdrawal.
Psychological Dependence An addiction is which a drug is needed to
maintain a sense of ____________.
Dependence and Addiction
Tolerance diminishing effect
with regular use
Bigeffect
Drugeffect
Response tofirst exposure
with regular use
Withdrawal discomfort and
distress that follow discontinued use
Small Large
Drug dose
Littleeffect
After repeatedexposure, moredrug is neededto produce same effect
Drugs and Drugs and ConsciousnessConsciousness
Depressants - decrease nervous system activityAlcohol - most widely
used and abused drug
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used and abused drugEffects vary from
stimulation (low doses) to sedation (high doses)
User expectancies influence mood and social behaviors
Depressants: AlcoholDepressants: Alcohol
Tolerance - reduction in the effect of a drug as a result of repeated use, requires greater quantities to achieve the same effect
Delirium tremens (DTs) - disorientation
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Delirium tremens (DTs) disorientation, confusion, visual hallucinations, memory problems resulting from alcohol withdrawal, may be fatal without proper medical care
Alcohol hallucinosis - auditory hallucinations, sometimes with paranoid beliefs, resulting from alcohol withdrawal
Alcohol
Affects motor skills, judgment, and memory… increases aggressiveness reduces self awareness by ___________ brain areas that
such behaviors_____________
Facilitates the release of _______ Abuse may lead to ________ impairments Withdrawal – sweating, nausea,
sleeplessness, and sometimes hallucinations and seizures
Depressants: Depressants: SedativeSedative--HypnoticsHypnotics
Prescribed for insomnia, anxiety
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Facilitate the release of GABA.
Tend to be very addictive, and withdrawal is similar to that for alcohol
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Opiate Narcotic DrugsOpiate Narcotic Drugs
Opiates: (morphine and heroin) depress neural activity,
il l i i d i
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temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. Are highly addictive.
Sedatives (Depressants) Mimic ____________
Withdrawal –heightened anxiety and sensitivity to painand sensitivity to pain, appetite loss, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating and gagging
Drugs and Drugs and ConsciousnessConsciousness
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Stimulants - Increase heart rate, respiration, blood pressure
Stimulants
1. Caffeine
2. Nicotine
3. Cocaine
4. Ecstasy
5. Amphetamines
6. Methamphetamines
Stimulants: Caffeine
Caffeine –mild stimulant affecting _________ pathways.
Mixed Stimulant-Depressant Nicotine
Nicotine – stimulates the CNS, but subjects report a feeling of
l tirelaxation. Increases heat rate,
blood pressure, and acetlycholine pathways. Very addictive
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Cocaine
Cocaine induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash. Crack a form of cocaine can be smoked. Other forms of cocaine can be sniffed or injected.
Types of Psychoactive Drugs Amphetamines drugs that stimulate neural
activity, causing ___________ body functions and associated energy and mood changesenergy and mood changes Acts on the _________ pathway
MethamphetamineLeads to obvious physical
changes. Photo on left at age 36, photo on right at age ___.
Cooperative LearningMeet with your group and discuss the following
question:
Crystal meth is a highly addictive stimulant but
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Crystal meth is a highly addictive stimulant, but a similar drug is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Why don’t ADHD patients become addicted?
60 seconds!
Psychedelic Drugs:Psychedelic Drugs:HallucinogenicsHallucinogenics
Produce alterations in __________, ______, and thought
Marijuana - activates cannabinoid receptors
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j pAmotivational syndrome - correlation or causation?Gateway drug? Rival hypothesis?
LSD - changes in sensation and perception, paranoia, panicMystical experiences - sense of unity with worldPanic, paranoia, confusion, flashbacks
Marijuana –Distortion of Experience
Marijuana – (THC) mild effects, gives the illusion that time is slowing down, and may intensify some sensory experiences. THC binds with receptor sites in the forebrain and
hippocampus. Medically it has been used to suppress tremors, reduce _______, treat glaucoma and reduce pain. It dissolves in body fat, and is released again when the fat is metabolized. Abuse may produce learning and memory impairments.
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Hallucinogens Different hallucinogens (LSD, PCP, mescaline, etc.) probably effect different neurotransmitter pathways.
LSD – irregular pattern of effect on the serotonin pathway – the unpredictable effect may produce the hallucination.hallucination.
MDMA “Ecstasy” – both a stimulant and a hallucinogen. It also has an irregular effect on _________ pathways, but is a neurotoxin that eventually ________ serotonin pathways. Subjects loose an interest in the drug. Causes brain damage.
Anabolic Steroids
More than a half million 8th and 10th grade students are now using steroids, and increasing numbers of high school seniors don’t believe steroids are risky. Some people are taking dietary
supplements that act as steroid precursors without any knowledge of the dangers associated with their abuse.
Side Effects
High blood cholesterol levels - cardiovascular disease Severe acne Thinning of hair and baldness Fluid retention Hi h bl d High blood pressure Liver disorders (liver damage and jaundice) Steroids can affect fetal development during pregnancy Risk of contracting HIV and other blood-borne diseases
from sharing infected needles Sexual & reproductive disorders Psychological ___________
PRS
Only drugs that are stimulants are addictive. True/False
Trends in Drug Use
80%
70
60
High schoolseniors
reporting Al h l
1975 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99Year
50
40
30
20
10
0
reportingdrug use
Alcohol
Marijuana/hashish
Cocaine
Cooperative Group Challenge
1. lucid dreaming2. insomnia3. circadian rhythm4. consciousness5. LSD6. cocaine7. dissociation 8. narcolepsy
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Q1
1. People who have _____ fall asleep suddenly.
Q2
2. The most powerful natural stimulant is _____.
Q3
3. Hilgard’s _____ theory explained hypnosis based on the separation of memorial processes from planning processes.
Q4
4. Changes in our biological processes that occur in a 24-hour period are called _____.
Q5
5. The most common sleep disorder is _____.
Q6
6. If you realize that you are having a dream while it is happening you are experiencing a ______.
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Q7
7. Hoffman created the hallucinogenic drug _____ from chemicals found in a fungus.
Q8
8. Our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, and our mental perspectives is called _____.