Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the...
-
Upload
patricia-lynch -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
0
Transcript of Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the...
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Out of ManyOut of ManyA History of the American PeopleA History of the American People
Seventh EditionSeventh Edition
Chapter
A Continent of Villages to 1500
1
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
A Continent of Villages to 1500
• The First American Settlers• The Development of Farming• Farming in Early North America• Cultural Regions of North America on the Eve of
Colonization• Conclusion
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Painting of Cahokia Mounds, Collinsville, Illinois by Michael Hampshire.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
A Continent of Villages
• What does the chapter title suggest about North American Indian societies before 1500?
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Bust from the skull of “Kennewick Man”
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Chapter Focus Questions
• How were the Americas first settled?
• In what ways did native communities adapt to the distinct regions of North America?
• What were the consequences of the development of farming for native communities?
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Chapter Focus Questions (cont'd)
• What was the nature of the Indian cultures in the three regions where Europeans first invaded and settled?
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
North America and Cahokia
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
American Communities: Cahokia
• Tenth through fourteenth-century urban complex on Mississippi
• 20,000-30,000 people by mid-1200 Highly productive cultivation techniques Goods for continent-wide trade
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
American Communities: Cahokia
• Center of long-distance trading
• City-state—tribute and taxation Monument mounds Priests and governors Huge temple — wealth and power Mystery well into the 19th century
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
The First American Settlers
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Clovis points
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Who Are the Indian People?
• “Indian”—Columbus’ believed he reached the Indies.
• Diverse group of people 2,000 separate cultures Several hundred languages Many varying physical characteristics
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Who Are the Indian People? (cont'd)
• Theories of origin Degenerate offspring from a superior Old
World culture. Land bridge
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
MAP 1.1 Migration Routes from Asia to America
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Migration from Asia
• New genetic research links.
• Beringia land bridge. Glaciers lower sea levels, creating grasslands
750 miles wide from north to south.
• Three migrations from Asia beginning about 30,000 years ago Traveled by land (ice-free corridor) and along
coast
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Clovis: The First American Environmental Adaptation
• New and powerful technology. More sophisticated style of making fluted
blades and lance points. Named for site of first discovery: Clovis, New
Mexico
• Mobile, foraging communities of interrelated families.
• Clovis bands migrated seasonally to the same hunting camps.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
New Ways of Living on the Land
• As the last Ice Age ended 15,000 years ago, new climate patterns developed in North America.
• Between 10,000 and 2,500 years ago, the modern regions of the continent took shape and, with it, the distinct cultural regions of the Archaic Native American period.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Hunting Traditions
• Massive climate shift stressed big game animals
• Hunted bison (buffalo) with fast accurate weapons
• Folsom tradition
• Spear-throwers
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Hunting Traditions (cont'd)
• Hunting technique of stampeding bison over cliffs. Sophisticated division of labor and knowledge
of food preservation techniques
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Example of a projectile point embedded in the ribs of a long extinct
species of bison
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
MAP 1.2 Native North American Culture Areas and Trade Networks, ca. 1400 CE
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Desert Culture
• Small-game hunting and intensified foraging
• seasonal routes of foraging
• Skills fiber baskets for collecting; pitch-lined baskets for cooking; nets and traps; and stone tools.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Desert Culture (cont'd)
• Spread to Great Plains and Southwest West coast developed first permanently
settled communities in North America
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Forest Efficiency
• Eastern North America a vast forest • Archaic developments:
small-game hunting; gathering seeds, nuts, roots, and other plants; burning woodlands, prairies to stimulate growth
of berries, fruits, and roots; burning created meadows to provide food that
attracted grazing animals for hunting; and fishing.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Forest Efficiency (cont'd)
• Populations grew, permanent settlements
• Men and women in different roles
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
The Development of Farming
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Mesoamerican maize cultivation, as illustrated by an Aztec artist for the Florentine Codex
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Mexico
• First cultivated maize about 5,000 years ago
• Crops: potatoes, beans, squash, tomatoes, peppers, avocados, chocolate, and vanilla.
• Sedentary lifestyle and rise of large, urban complexes
• Teotihuacán—200,000 inhabitants.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Mexico (cont'd)
• Elite class of rulers and priests, monumental public works, and systems of mathematics and hieroglyphic writing
• Toltecs and Aztecs succeeded Teotihuacán culture
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Mexico (continued)
• Early 1500s, Tenochtitlán — a city of 200,000, larger than any in Europe
• Yucatan Maya flourished from 300 BCE to 900 CE,
developing advanced writing and calendar systems and sophisticated mathematics.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Increasing Social Complexity
• Farming stimulated complexity
• Clans bound people into tribe
• Led by clan leaders of chiefs and advised by councils of elders Chiefs were responsible for collection,
storage, and distribution of food.
• Gender-divided labor
• Marriage ties generally weak
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Increasing Social Complexity (cont'd)
• Growing populations required larger food surpluses, leading to war
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
The creation of man and woman depicted on a pot (dated about 1000 CE)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
The Resisted Revolution
• Change a gradual process
• Costs and benefits—farmers worked harder than foragers, less flexible, and more vulnerable
• Rejection of farming: climate, abundant food sources, cultural values
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
The Resisted Revolution (cont'd)
• Foraging: provided varied diet, less influenced by climate, required less work Farmers: more disease and famine than
foragers Favorable climate needed for farming.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Farming in Early North America
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Cliff Palace, at Mesa Verde National Park in southwest Colorado
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Farmers of the Southwest
• Farming emerged in southwest in first millennium B.C.E
• The Mogollon First in settled farming life: maize, beans,
squash Pit houses in permanent villages near
streams
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Farmers of the Southwest (cont'd)
• The Hohokam Maize, beans, squash, tobacco, cotton Villages: floodplain of the Salt and Gila rivers
(C.E. 300 to 1500) First irrigation system Shared traits with Mesoamerican civilization
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
The Anasazis
• Farming culture Plateau of Colorado River—Four Corners
(Arizona, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico) Densely populated, multistoried apartment
complexes (pueblos) High-yield maize in irrigated terraced fields Hunting with bow and arrow 25,000+ known communities
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
The Anasazis (cont'd)
• Farming culture Declined due to extended drought and arrival
of Athapascan migrants
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Farmers of the Eastern Woodlands
• Farming culture in eastern North America was dated from the first appearance of pottery about 3,000 years ago.
• Woodland culture combined hunting and gathering with farming Sunflowers, small grains, tobacco Developed a complex social structure
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Farmers of the Eastern Woodlands (cont'd)
• Adena culture occupied Ohio Valley Established custom of large burial mounds for
leaders
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Mississippian Society
• Introduction of bow and arrow, development of Northern Flint maize, and switch from digging sticks to hoes were basis of Mississippian culture. Developed sophisticated maize farming Centered around permanent villages on
Mississippi River floodplain, with Cahokia as urban center
Sites from Oklahoma to Arkansas to Alabama to Georgia have been excavated.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
The Great Serpent Mound in southern Ohio
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
The Politics of Warfare and Violence
• River systems—trading partners and rivals
• Warfare predated the colonial era Hunters led small raids on farming
communities. Farming communities fought to gain land for
cultivation. Highly organized tribal armies
- Bow and arrow—deadly weapon - Scalping—warring tribes.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
The Politics of Warfare and Violence (cont'd)
• Warfare predated the colonial era Eventually, many cities collapsed and people
scattered, forming small decentralized communities.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Bottle in the shape of a nursing mother (dated about 1300 BCE)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Cultural Regions of North America on the Eve of Colonization
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
An Early European Image of Native Americans
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
MAP 1.3 Population Density of Indian Societies in the Fifteenth
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
The Population of Indian America
• 1600s—Western Hemisphere population 50 million or more
• Cultural regions Largest populations were centered in
Southwest, South, and Northeast—culture areas where first encounters with Europeans occurred.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
”The New Queen Being Taken to the King,” an engraving copied from a drawing by Jacques
LeMoyne
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
MAP 1.4 Indian Groups in the Areas of First Contact
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
The Southwest
• Aridity—though a number of rivers flow out of mountain plateaus
• Dry farming or irrigated agriculture, living in villages. Separate dispersed settlements Pueblos and communal village life
• Yuman, Pimas, Pueblos, and, Athapascans who developed into Navajo and Apaches.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
The Southwest (cont'd)
• Pueblos inhabit the oldest continuously occupied sites in the United States, persisting through Spanish occupation in the seventeenth century.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
The South
• Mild climate with short winters and long summers proved ideal for farming.
• Large populations lived in villages and towns, often ruled by chiefs.
• Region home to Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creeks, and Cherokees.
• Many groups decimated by disease following the arrival of Europeans resulted in poor documentation of history.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
The South (cont'd)
• Mild moist climate for farming
• Natchez in floodplains of the lower Mississippi Delta
• Ranked society—powerful elites
• Unstable chiefdoms—smaller decentralized communities
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
The South (cont'd)
• Post-Mississippians (Choctaws, Chickasaws and Creeks): centralized and stratified societies
• Shared traditions (agricultural festivals, stick and ball game)
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Hiawatha wampum belt of the Haudenosaunee or Iroquois Five Nation Confederacy
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
The Northeast
• Colder with coastal plains, mountains, rivers, lakes, valleys
• The Iroquois: Present-day Ontario, upstate New York Corn, beans, squash, sunflowers Matrilineal (longhouses) Formed confederacy to eliminate warfare
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
The Northeast (cont'd)
• The Algonquians: 50 distinct, patrilineal cultures Bands with loose ethnic affiliation in north Farmed and lived in villages in south
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Conclusion
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Deerskin cape, embroidered with shells by an Indian
craftsman
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Worlds Old and New
• Columbus did not discover a New World; he brought together two old worlds.
• Europeans too often misunderstood or ignored the complexities of Native American cultures they encountered.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh EditionJohn Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage
Chronology