Copyright © 2012 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. BLOOD, BLOOD-FORMING ORGANS, AND THE IMMUNE...

Copyright © 2012 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

BLOOD, BLOOD-FORMING ORGANS, AND THE IMMUNE MECHANISM

Chapter Eight

2Copyright © 2012 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Functions of the Blood and Immune Systems

Homeostasis Functions of the blood

Transportation Regulation Protection from infection Protection from blood loss


Functions of the Lymphatic System

CleansingReturningProviding a pathwayDefending


Function of the Immune System

Defending


Relationship of Lymphatic Vessels to the Circulatory System


Word Parts

hemat/o = blood

-poiesis = formation

hem/o = blood

cyt/o = cell

-blast = embryonic, immature

Hematic SystemBlood and vessels

Hematopoiesis Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

Hemocytoblast


Hematic System


Word Parts

erythr/o = red

-cyte = cell

leuk/o = white

thromb/o = clotting, clot

Blood CompositionBlood cells (formed elements)

Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes (platelets)

Plasma


Word Parts

hem/o, hemat/o = blood

erythr/o = red

-cyte = cell

-globin = protein

myel/o = bone marrow

-siderin = iron substance

-poietin = forming substance

-lysis = breaking down

morph/o = shape, form

-logy = study of

Components of Blood/Red Blood Cells Erythrocytes

Hemoglobin RBC life cycle

Erythropoietin Hemosiderin Hemolysis

Morphology

Erythrocytes From Thibodeau and Patton: Anatomy and physiology, ed 6, Mosby


Be Careful!

Hgb, HB, Hb, and HG are all abbreviations for hemoglobin. Hg is the abbreviation for

mercury.


Word Parts

leuk/o = white

-cyte = cell

granul/o = little grain

a- = no, not, without

poly- = many

morph/o = shape, form

nucle/o = nucleus

eosin/o = rosy-colored

-phil = attraction

neutr/o = neutral

phag/o = eat, wallow

bas/o = base

Components of Blood/White Blood CellsLeukocytes (granulocytes and agranulocytes)

Granulocytes/polymorphonucleocytes PMN) Eosinophils Neutrophils Basophils


Special Note!

Granulocytes are also known as polymorphonucleocytes, abbreviated PMNs or

polys. However, one type of granulocyte, the

neutrophil, is also commonly referred to as polymorph (PMN, poly) because it has the

greatest degree of nuclear polymorphism, in addition to being the most common type of

leukocyte.


Word Parts


granul/o = little grain

-cyte = cell

mono- = one

nucle/o = nucleus

-ar = pertaining to

macro- = large

leuk/o = white

lymph/o = lymph

Components of Blood/White Blood Cells

Agranulocytes/mononuclear leukocytes

Monocytes Macrophages

Lymphocytes Antigen Antibody


Be Careful!

Don’t confuse cyt/o, meaning cell, with cyst/o, meaning a bladder or sac.


Word Parts

thromb/o = clot, clotting

-cyte = cell

pro- = before

-thrombin = clotting

substance

fibr/o = fiber

-gen = producing

hem/o = blood

-stasis = stopping, controlling

Components of Blood/Thrombocytes (platelets)

Coagulation Agglutination Factor X/thrombokinase Prothrombin thrombin Fibrinogen fibrin Hemostasis

Clotting process


Be Careful!

Don’t confuse hemostasis, meaning control of blood flow, with homeostasis, meaning a

steady state.


Review Question

Thrombocytes:A. are clotting cellsB. are white blood cellsC. protect the body against diseaseD. carry hemoglobin


Word Parts

plasm/o = plasma

ser/o = serum

Components of Blood /Plasma

CompositionSerum = plasma – clotting

proteins Serology


Word Parts

anti - = against

-gen = producing

agglutin/o = clumping

-in = substance

hem/o = blood

-lytic = pertaing to breaking down

Blood GroupsA, B, AB, OAntigens – agglutinogensAntibodies – agglutininsUniversal donorUniversal recipientRh factor

ABO blood groups


Review Question

The universal donor of blood groups is:A. type AB. type BC. type ABD. type O


Word Parts

immune = immun/o

cyt/o = cell

-kine = movement

lymph/o = lymph

mono- = one

inter- = between

-leukin = white substance

Immune SystemRole of cytokines

Cytokines Lymphokines Monkines Interleukins

Levels of defense First line/

nonspecific Second line/

nonspecific Third line/

specific immunityLevels of defense


Nonspecific Immunity Mechanical Physical Chemical

First Line of Defense


Word Parts

phag/o = eat, swallow

cyt/o = cell

-osis = abnormal condition

pyr/o = fever, fire

-exia = condition

Second Line of Defense

Nonspecific Immunity Phagocytosis

Inflammation

Pyrexia

Protective proteins Interferons

Complement proteins

Natural killer (NK) cells


Third Line of Defense

Specific immunity Body’s identification of pathogen/antigen

Antibodies/immunoglobulins formed

Process may be: Genetic

Acquired

Active: natural or artificial

Passive: natural or artificial


Review Question

Sneezing, coughing, and vomiting are examples of which level of immune defense?A. first levelB. second levelC. third levelD. fourth level


Word Parts

an- = no, not, without

-emia = blood condition

sider/o = iron

-penia = deficiency

Terms Related to Nutritional Anemias (D50-D53)B12 deficiency anemiaFolate deficiency anemiaPernicious anemiaSideropenia


Word Parts

hem/o = blood

-lytic = pertaining to breaking

down

auto- = self

immune = safety, protection

globin/o = protein

-pathy = diseae process

sphre/o = sphere

-cytosis = condition of abnormal increase in cells

thalass/o = sea


Terms Related to Hemolytic Anemias (D55-D59)Hemolytic anemiaAutoimmune acquired hemolytic anemiaNonautoimmune acquired hemolytic anemiaGlucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PD)HemoglobinopathyHereditary spherocytosisThalassemia


Terms Related to Hemolytic Anemias (D55-D59)

Sickle-cell disorders Sickle cell trait Sickle cell anemia

Sickle cell crisis


Word Partspost- = after

hem/o = blood

-rrhagic = pertaining to bursting forth


plast/o – formation

-ic = pertaining to

erythr/o = red

blast/o = embryonic, immature

-penia condition of deficiency


-phthisis = wasting

pan- = all

cyt/o = cell

Terms Related to Aplastic and Other Anemias and Other Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes (D60-D64)Acute posthemorrhagic anemiaAplastic anemiaErythroblastopeniaMyelophthisisPancytopenia

Normal cellularity

Hypocellularity in pancytopenia


Word Partsintra- = within

vascul/o = vessel

-ar = pertaining to

coagul/o = clotting

-pathy = disease process

hem/o = blood

-philia = condition of attraction

purpur/o = purple

-a = noun ending


cyt/o = cell

-penia = deficiency

Terms Related to Coagulation Defects, Purpura, and Other Hemorrhagic Conditions (D65-D69)Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC)HemophiliaPurpuraThrombocytopeniaThrombophilia

Purpura


Word Partserythr/o = red

-cytosis = condition of abnormal increase of cells

met(a)- = change

hem/o = blood

globin/o = protein



fibr/o = fiber


plasm/o = plasma

Terms Related to Other Disorders of Blood and Blood-Forming Organs (D70-D77)ErythrocytosisMethemoglobinemiaMyelofibrosisPlasmacytosis

Myelofibrosis


Word Parts

leuk/o = white

-penia = deficiency


mono- = one

cyt/o = cell

lymph/o = lymph/o

neutr/o = neutral

band/o = bands


Terms Related to Coagulation Defects, Purpura, and Other Hemorrhagic Conditions (D65-D69)

Leukopenia Eosinopenia Monocytopenia Lymphocytopenia Neutropenia

Bandemia


Word Parts

leuk/o = white

-cytosis = abnormal increase of

cells

mono- = one

bas/o = base

-philia = attraction


neutr/o = neutral

lymph/o = lymph


Leukocytosis Monocytosis Basophilia Eosinophilia Neutrophilia Lymphocytosis


Word Parts


splen/o = spleen

-ia = condition

hyper- = excessive

-ism = condition

-itis = inflammation


Asplenia HypersplenismSplenitis


Word Parts

septic/o = infection


sept/o = infection

-ic = pertaining to

Systemic Infections of the Blood SepticemiaSeptic shockSystemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)


Word Parts

auto- = self

immun/o = safety, protection

syn- together

-drome = run

hypo- = deficiency

globulin/o = protein


sarc/o = flesh

-oid = like


Certain Disorders Involving the Immune Mechanism (D80-D89)Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS)Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)HypogammaglobulinemiaSarcoidosis


Word Parts

immun/o = safety, protection

auto- = self

Other Immune DisordersAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Autoimmune disease

HIV life cycle


Review Question

Which type of anemia is an iron deficiency?A. pernicious anemiaB. sideropeniaC. aplastic anemiaD. thalassemia


Review Question

What is a group of inherited bleeding disorders characterized by a deficiency of one of the factors necessary for the coagulation of blood?A. purpuraB. thrombocytopeniaC. hemophiliaD. polycythemia vera


Word Parts


dys-= abnormal

-plastic = pertaining to forming

poly- = many, much

cyt/o = cell

-(h)emia = blood condition

vera = true

thym/o = thymus

-oma = tumor, mass

Benign NeoplasmsMyelodysplastic syndromePolycythemia veraThymoma


Word Parts

lymph/o = lymph

cyt/o = cell

-ic = pertaining to

leuk/o = white



-genous = pertaing to originating

from

Malignant NeoplasmsAcute lymphocytic

leukemia (ALL)Acute myelogenous

leukemia (AML)Chronic lymphocytic

leukemia (CLL)Chronic myelogenous

leukemia (CML)

Leukemia


Word Parts

lymph/o = lymph

-oma = tumor, mass


thym/o = thymus

Malignant Neoplasms Hodgkin lymphomaNon-Hodgkin lymphomaMultiple myelomaMalignant thymoma

Multiple myeloma


Review Question

Which of the following is a cancer diagnosed by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells?

A. multiple myelomaB. Hodgkin lymphomaC. thymic carcinomaD. non-Hodgkin lymphoma


Laboratory Tests

AIDS tests ELISA, Western blot

Allergy testing Patch Scratch Intradermal

Western blot test


Laboratory Tests

Basic metabolic panel Calcium, glucose, electrolytes, creatinine, BUN

Comprehensive metabolic panel BMP + protein, liver function, and glucose

Blood cultures

Blood culture


Word Parts

anti- = against

-globulin = protein substance

hemat/o = blood

-crit = separate

hem/o = blood

-globin = protein substance

Laboratory TestsComplete blood cell count (CBC)Coombs antiglobulin testDiff countErythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)Hematocrit (Hct)

Packed cell volume (PCV)

Hemoglobin (Hgb, Hb)


Word Parts

hem/o = blood

-globin = protein substance


-plastin = forming substance

pro- before

-thrombin = clotting substance

Laboratory TestsMean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)Mean corpusuclar hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)Prothrombin time (PT)Schilling TestWhite blood cell count (WBC)


Word Parts

-apheresis = removal

leuk/o = white

plasm/o = plasma

platelet/o = platelet

auto- = self

log/o = study

-ous = pertaining to

trans- = across

-fusion = pouring

hem/o = blood

-stasis = stopping, controlling

Blood and Bone Marrow Procedures

Apheresis Leukapheresis Plasmapheresis Plateletpheresis

Blood transfusion Autologous Autotransfusion

Hemostasis

Be Careful! Do not confuse -apheresis, meaning removal of blood, with -poiesis, which means formation.

Autologous blood transfusion


Blood and Bone Marrow Procedures

Bone marrow transplant (BMT) Autologous Homologous


Word Parts

adenoid/o = adenoid

-ectomy = cutting out

bi/o = life

-opsy = viewing

lymphat/o = lymph

-ic = pertaining to

lymphaden/o = lymph gland

Splen/o = spleen

Lymphatic and Immune System InterventionsAdenoidectomyBiopsy of lymphatic structuresLymphadenectomySplenectomy

Adenoidectomy


Review Question

Which of the following can be used as a suffix or stand alone term to mean removal?A. apheresisB. poiesisC. fusionD. porosis


Suffixes and Root Operations for the Blood, Blood-Forming Organs, and Immune

Mechanisms

-ectomy excision, resection


Sort these terms into their correct categories

Terms1. thalassemia2. phagocytosis3. hematocrit4. apheresis

Categories__ A+P__ Pathology__ Procedures

Copyright © 2012 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. BLOOD, BLOOD-FORMING ORGANS, AND THE IMMUNE...

Documents

Transcript of Copyright © 2012 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. BLOOD, BLOOD-FORMING ORGANS, AND THE IMMUNE...