Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Respiratory Volumes Used to assess a person’s...

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Respiratory Volumes

Used to assess a person’s respiratory status

• Tidal volume (TV) = The amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

• Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) = The amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal (TV) inhalation

• Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) = The amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal (TV) exhalation

• Residual volume (RV) = The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.16b

Respiratoryvolumes

Tidal volume (TV) Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

3100 ml Inspiratory reservevolume (IRV)

Expiratory reservevolume (ERV)

Residual volume (RV) Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

500 ml

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a nor-mal tidal volume inhalationAmount of air that can beforcefully exhaled after a nor-mal tidal volume exhalation

1200 ml

1200 ml

Measurement DescriptionAdult maleaverage value

1900 ml

500 ml

700 ml

1100 ml

Adult femaleaverage value


Respiratory Capacities

• Inspiratory capacity (IC) = Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration: IC= TV+IRV

• Functional residual capacity (FRC) = Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration: FRC = ERV+RV

• Vital capacity (VC) = Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort: VC = TV+IRV+ERV

• Total lung capacity (TLC) = The maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort: TLC = TV+IRV+ERV+RV

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.16b

Respiratorycapacities

(b) Summary of respiratory volumes and capacities for males and females

Functional residualcapacity (FRC)

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration: FRC = ERV + RV

Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort: TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RVMaximum amount of air that can be expired after a maxi-mum inspiratory effort: VC = TV + IRV + ERVMaximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration: IC = TV + IRV

Total lung capacity (TLC)

Vital capacity (VC)

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

6000 ml

4800 ml

3600 ml

2400 ml

4200 ml

3100 ml

2400 ml

1800 ml


Dead Space

• Some inspired air never contributes to gas exchange

• Anatomical dead space: volume of the conducting zone conduits (~150 ml)

• Alveolar dead space: alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction

• Total dead space: sum of above nonuseful volumes


Pulmonary Function Tests

• Spirometer: instrument used to measure respiratory volumes and capacities

• Spirometry can distinguish between

• Obstructive pulmonary disease—increased airway resistance (e.g., bronchitis)

• Restrictive disorders—reduction in total lung capacity due to structural or functional lung changes (e.g., fibrosis or TB)


Pulmonary Function Tests

• Minute ventilation: total amount of gas flow into or out of the respiratory tract in one minute

• Forced vital capacity (FVC): gas forcibly expelled after taking a deep breath

• Forced expiratory volume (FEV): the amount of gas expelled during specific time intervals of the FVC


Nonrespiratory Air Movements

• Most result from reflex action

• Examples include: cough, sneeze, crying, laughing, hiccups, and yawns


Transport of O2

In each 100ml of oxygenated blood

•1.5% of the O2 is dissolved in the plasma

•98.5% is carried with hemoglobin inside RBC’s as oxyhemoglobin.

•4 molecules of O2 can bind to each hemoglobin


Breathing

CARBON MONOXIDE – can occur because CO binds more tenaciously to hemoglobin than O2 does, radically decreasing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and often leading to hypoxia.

Hemoglobin carriesOxygen and Carbon Dioxide

Red Blood Cell

Carbon Monoxide binds tightly with Hemoglobin

Regulation of Breathing

• The rate of Oxygen consumption depends on the activity of the cells.

• The rate of Breathing is controlled by the brain which monitors the concentration of Carbonic Acid (HCO3) in the blood.

• In other words, CO2 H+ are the controlling factors in rate and depth of respiration…NOT Oxygen!!!


PROBLEMS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

They may affect the upper respiratory system or the lower

bronchial tubes and lungs.


Upper respiratory tract: nose, mouth, sinuses, and throat. Upper respiratory tract: nose, mouth, sinuses, and throat.

Lower respiratory tract: trachea, bronchial tubes, and the Lower respiratory tract: trachea, bronchial tubes, and the structures inside the lungs.structures inside the lungs.


Viral infectionsViral infections

• Most common cause of URSMost common cause of URS (upper respiratory symptoms(upper respiratory symptoms

• Colds and influenza (flu)Colds and influenza (flu)

• Colds: minor URS, usually go away without Colds: minor URS, usually go away without treatmenttreatment

• Influenza usually more serious than colds; key Influenza usually more serious than colds; key symptom in adults is feversymptom in adults is fever

• Antibiotics are not used to treat viral illnessesAntibiotics are not used to treat viral illnesses


Bacterial InfectionsBacterial Infections

• Affect the upper or lower Affect the upper or lower

respiratory systemrespiratory system

• Symptoms tend to localize to one areaSymptoms tend to localize to one area

• Common sites of bacterial infections: Sinuses, Throat, Common sites of bacterial infections: Sinuses, Throat, Bronchial Tubes and Lungs Bronchial Tubes and Lungs

• More common in smokersMore common in smokers

• Treated with AntibioticsTreated with Antibiotics


Allergies/AsthmaAllergies/Asthma• Symptoms of allergies often last longer Symptoms of allergies often last longer

than a typical viral respiratory infectionthan a typical viral respiratory infection

• Asthma is a chronic disease of the Asthma is a chronic disease of the respiratory systemrespiratory system


PneumoniaPneumonia

Causes:Causes: Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and

parasites. parasites.

Pneumonia can range in seriousness Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mild to life-threateningfrom mild to life-threatening

Antibiotics can treat most common Antibiotics can treat most common forms of bacterial pneumoniasforms of bacterial pneumonias

Antibiotic-resistant strains are a Antibiotic-resistant strains are a growing problemgrowing problem


Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)(COPD)

• Includes chronic bronchitis and emphysemaIncludes chronic bronchitis and emphysema

• Characterized by irreversible airflow Characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction and often exist togetherobstruction and often exist together

• COPD occurs most often in older peopleCOPD occurs most often in older people

• 80 and 90 percent of COPD is attributed to cigarette smoking


BronchitisBronchitis

Inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubesInflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes

EMPHYSEMAEMPHYSEMA

Walls of the Walls of the

Alveoli are damaged Alveoli are damaged

Both emphysema and chronic bronchitis cause permanent Both emphysema and chronic bronchitis cause permanent damage to the lungs and airwaysdamage to the lungs and airways


Obstructive Sleep ApneaObstructive Sleep Apnea

Causes serious disturbances in normal sleep patterns, Causes serious disturbances in normal sleep patterns, patients experience excessive daytime sleepiness and patients experience excessive daytime sleepiness and

impaired performanceimpaired performance

Persons affected by OSA, are seven times more likely to Persons affected by OSA, are seven times more likely to be involved in multiple vehicular crashesbe involved in multiple vehicular crashes


CYSTIC FIBROSISCYSTIC FIBROSIS

Inherited chronic disease that affects the lungs and Inherited chronic disease that affects the lungs and digestive systemdigestive system

A defective gene and its protein product cause the A defective gene and its protein product cause the body to produce unusually thick, sticky mucus that:body to produce unusually thick, sticky mucus that:

• Clogs the lungs and leads to life-threatening lung Clogs the lungs and leads to life-threatening lung infections; and infections; and

• Obstructs the pancreas and stops natural enzymes Obstructs the pancreas and stops natural enzymes from helping the body break down and absorb food. from helping the body break down and absorb food.


Home Treatments for Minor Home Treatments for Minor Respiratory ProblemsRespiratory Problems

• Prevent dehydrationPrevent dehydration

• Get extra sleepGet extra sleep

• Let yourself cough if you have a Let yourself cough if you have a coughcough

• For a sore throat, gargle at least once For a sore throat, gargle at least once each houreach hour


Symptoms to Watch For During Symptoms to Watch For During Home TreatmentHome Treatment

• Increasing difficulty breathingIncreasing difficulty breathing

• Wheezing developsWheezing develops

• New pain develops or pain localizes to one area, such as New pain develops or pain localizes to one area, such as a sinus area, ear, throat, or chesta sinus area, ear, throat, or chest

• Symptoms persist in spite of home treatmentSymptoms persist in spite of home treatment

• Symptoms become more severe or frequentSymptoms become more severe or frequent

•


PREVENTIONPREVENTIONThere is no sure way to prevent respiratory illnessesThere is no sure way to prevent respiratory illnesses

• Wash hands oftenWash hands often

• Keep hands away from faceKeep hands away from face

• Do not smokeDo not smoke

• Exercise regularlyExercise regularly

• Get a flu shotGet a flu shot

• Pay attention to pollutionPay attention to pollution

indexes avoid asthma triggersindexes avoid asthma triggers

To help reduce your To help reduce your risk:risk:


The End! :o)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Respiratory Volumes Used to assess a person’s...

Documents

Transcript of Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Respiratory Volumes Used to assess a person’s...