Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. A&P 1 Directional Terminology.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

A&P 1

Directional

Terminology


Anatomical Position

• Standard anatomical body position:

• Body erect

• Feet slightly apart

• Palms facing forward


Regional Terms

• Two major divisions of body:

• Axial

• Head, neck, and trunk

• Appendicular

• Limbs

• Regional terms designate specific areas

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7a

Cervical

(a) Anterior/Ventral

Pubic(genital)

CephalicFrontalOrbitalNasalOralMental

ThoracicAxillaryMammarySternalAbdominalUmbilicalPelvicInguinal(groin)

Upper limbAcromialBrachial (arm)AntecubitalAntebrachial (forearm)Carpal (wrist)Manus (hand)PalmarPollexDigital

Lower limbCoxal (hip)Femoral (thigh)PatellarCrural (leg)Fibular or peronealPedal (foot)Tarsal (ankle)MetatarsalDigitalHallux

ThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7b

Cervical Back (dorsal)

(b) Posterior/Dorsal

Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Gluteal Perineal (between anus and external genitalia)

Upper limb AcromialBrachial (arm) Olecranal Antebrachial (forearm)Manus (hand) Metacarpal DigitalLower limb Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular or peronealPedal (foot) Calcaneal Plantar

Cephalic Otic Occipital (back of head)

ThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)


Body Planes

• Plane: Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study


Body Planes

• Sagittal plane

• Divides body vertically into right and left parts

• Produces a sagittal section

• Midsagittal (median) plane

• Lies on midline

• Parasagittal plane

• Not on midline


Body Planes

• Frontal (coronal) plane

• Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts

• Transverse (horizontal) plane

• Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts

• Produces a cross section

• Oblique section

• Cuts made diagonally

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.8

Transverse plane

Median (midsagittal) plane

Frontal plane

Liver

Spleen

Pancreas

Aorta

Vertebralcolumn

Spinal cord

Subcutaneous fat layerBody wall

Rectum IntestinesLeft andright lungs

Liver HeartStomach

SpleenArm

(a) Frontal section (through torso)

(b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view)

(c) Median section (midsagittal)


Anatomical Variability

• Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but:

• Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place

• Small muscles may be missing


Body Cavities

• Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs

• Cranial cavity

• Thoracic cavity

• Abdominopelvic cavity


Body Cavities


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Cranial Cavity and Vertebral Canal • Cranial cavity

• Formed by the cranial bones

• Protects the brain

• Vertebral canal

• Formed by bones of vertebral column

• Contains the spinal cord

• Meninges

• Layers of protective tissue that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal


Thoracic Cavity

• Also called the chest cavity

• Formed by

• Ribs

• Muscles of the chest

• Sternum (breastbone)

• Vertebral column (thoracic portion)


Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Thoracic Cavity

• Within the thoracic cavity

• Pericardial cavity

• Fluid-filled space that surround the heart

• Pleural cavity

• Two fluid-filled spaces that that surround each lung


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Thoracic Cavity• Mediastinum

• Central part of the thoracic cavity

• Between lungs

• Extending from the sternum to the vertebral column

• First rib to the diaphragm

• Diaphragm

• Dome shaped muscle

• Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity


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Abdominopelvic Cavity• Extends from the diaphragm to the groin

• Encircled by the abdominal wall and bones and muscles of the pelvis

• Divided into two portions:

• Abdominal cavity

• Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines

• Pelvic cavity

• Urinary bladder, internal organs of reproductive system, and portions of the large intestine


Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes

• Viscera

• Organs of the thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities

• Serous membrane is a thin slippery membrane that covers the viscera

• Parts of the serous membrane:

• Parietal layer

• Lines the wall of the cavities

• Visceral layer

• Covers the viscera within the cavities


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Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes• Pleura

• Serous membrane of the pleural cavities

• Visceral pleura clings to surface of lungs

• Parietal pleura lines the chest wall

• Pericardium

• Serous membrane of the pericardial cavity

• Visceral pericardium covers the heart

• Parietal pericardium lines the chest wall

• Peritoneum

• Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

• Visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal cavity

• Parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.10a-b

Outer balloon wall(comparable to parietal serosa)Air (comparable to serous cavity)

Inner balloon wall(comparable to visceral serosa)

Heart

Parietalpericardium

Pericardialspace withserous fluidVisceralpericardium

(b) The serosae associated with the heart.


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Abdominopelvic Quadrants

• Vertical and horizontal lines pass through the umbilicus

• Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

• Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

• Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

• Left lower quadrants (LLQ)


Right upperquadrant(RUQ)

Right lowerquadrant(RLQ)

Left upperquadrant(LUQ)

Left lowerquadrant(LLQ)

Abdominopelvic Quadrants


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Abdominopelvic Regions

• Abdominopelvic Regions

• Used to describe the location of abdominal and pelvic organs

• Tic-Tac-Toe grid

• Two horizontal and two vertical lines partition the cavity


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Epigastricregion

Umbilicalregion

Rightlumbarregion

Leftlumbarregion

Righthypochondriac

region

Lefthypochondriac

region

Hypogastric(pubic)region

Right iliac(inguinal)

region

Left iliac(inguinal)

region

Liver

Gallbladder

Ascending colon oflarge intestine

Small intestine

Appendix

Cecum

Diaphragm

Stomach

Descending colonof large intestine

Transverse colonof large intestine

Initial part ofsigmoid colon

Urinary bladder

(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs

Abdominopelvic Regions

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. A&P 1 Directional Terminology.

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