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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 11-1 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada -1 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada Emotion Emotion Chapter 11 Chapter 11
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Page 1: Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada11-1Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education CanadaCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada Emotion Chapter 11.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 11-1Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada -1Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada

EmotionEmotion

Chapter 11Chapter 11

Page 2: Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada11-1Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education CanadaCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada Emotion Chapter 11.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 11-2Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada -2Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada -2

Chapter OutlineChapter Outline

• Elements of Emotion 1: The BodyElements of Emotion 1: The Body

• Elements of Emotion 2: The MindElements of Emotion 2: The Mind

• Elements of Emotion 3: The CultureElements of Emotion 3: The Culture

• Putting the Elements Together: Emotion Putting the Elements Together: Emotion & Gender& Gender

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 11-3

Defining EmotionDefining Emotion

• EmotionEmotion is a state of arousal involving: is a state of arousal involving:

– Facial and bodily changesFacial and bodily changes– Brain activationBrain activation– Cognitive appraisalsCognitive appraisals– Subjective feelingsSubjective feelings– Tendencies toward actionTendencies toward action

• All of the above are shaped by cultural rulesAll of the above are shaped by cultural rules

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 11-4

Elements of Emotion: The BodyElements of Emotion: The Body

• Primary emotionsPrimary emotions

– Emotions considered to be universal and Emotions considered to be universal and biologically based biologically based

– Generally include fear, anger, sadness, joy, Generally include fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, disgust, and contemptsurprise, disgust, and contempt

• Secondary emotionsSecondary emotions

– Emotions that develop with cognitive maturity Emotions that develop with cognitive maturity and vary across individuals and culturesand vary across individuals and cultures

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Elements of Emotion: The BodyElements of Emotion: The Body

• Neuroscientists & researchers study three Neuroscientists & researchers study three major biological aspect of emotion:major biological aspect of emotion:

– Facial expressionsFacial expressions– Brain regions and circuitsBrain regions and circuits– Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system

• Primary emotions associated with distinctive Primary emotions associated with distinctive physiological patterns & facial expressionsphysiological patterns & facial expressions

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The Face of EmotionThe Face of Emotion

• Evolutionary explanations say that emotions Evolutionary explanations say that emotions are hard-wired and have survival functionsare hard-wired and have survival functions

– Evidence for the universality of 7 facial Evidence for the universality of 7 facial expressions of emotion (Ekman, 1997)expressions of emotion (Ekman, 1997)

• Anger, happiness, fear, surprise, disgust, Anger, happiness, fear, surprise, disgust, sadness, and contemptsadness, and contempt

• Emotions recognized cross-culturallyEmotions recognized cross-culturally• Genuine versus fake emotions can be Genuine versus fake emotions can be

distinguisheddistinguished

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Can You Spot the Emotion?Can You Spot the Emotion?

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 11-8

Functions of Facial ExpressionsFunctions of Facial Expressions

• Facial expressions reflect our internal feelings, but Facial expressions reflect our internal feelings, but can also influence themcan also influence them

• Facial feedbackFacial feedback– The process by which the facial muscles send messages The process by which the facial muscles send messages

to the brain about the basic emotion being expressedto the brain about the basic emotion being expressed

• Emotions help us communicate emotional states & Emotions help us communicate emotional states & signal others (survival value)signal others (survival value)

– Begins in infancy, babies convey emotions & can Begins in infancy, babies convey emotions & can interpret parental expressions interpret parental expressions

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 11-9

Functions of Facial ExpressionsFunctions of Facial Expressions

• Facial expressions of emotion can generate Facial expressions of emotion can generate emotions in othersemotions in others

• Mood contagionMood contagion

– A mood spreading from one person to another, as facial A mood spreading from one person to another, as facial expressions of emotion in the first person generate expressions of emotion in the first person generate emotions in the otheremotions in the other

– Nonverbal signals can cue emotional responses in Nonverbal signals can cue emotional responses in others as wellothers as well

• E.g., studies of conversational synchronyE.g., studies of conversational synchrony

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Facial Expressions in ContextFacial Expressions in Context

1.1. Familiarity affects the ability to read facial Familiarity affects the ability to read facial expressionsexpressions

2.2. Facial expressions can mean different things Facial expressions can mean different things at different times, depending on the social at different times, depending on the social context and the expresser’s intentionscontext and the expresser’s intentions

3.3. Cultures differ in the attention they pay to the Cultures differ in the attention they pay to the context of emotional expressioncontext of emotional expression

4.4. People often use facial expressions to lie People often use facial expressions to lie about their feelings as well as to express themabout their feelings as well as to express them

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 11-11

The Brain & EmotionThe Brain & Emotion

• Hemispheres of the brain associated with Hemispheres of the brain associated with different emotional jobs:different emotional jobs:

– RightRight: Recognizing emotional expressions & : Recognizing emotional expressions & processing emotional feelingprocessing emotional feeling

– LeftLeft: Processing emotional meaning: Processing emotional meaning

• Some neurons may be involved in imitation Some neurons may be involved in imitation & empathy (& empathy (mirror neuronsmirror neurons))

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The Brain & EmotionThe Brain & Emotion• AmygdalaAmygdala

– A brain structure A brain structure involved in the arousal involved in the arousal and regulation of and regulation of emotion and the initial emotion and the initial emotional response to emotional response to sensory informationsensory information

– Assesses threatAssesses threat

– Damage results in Damage results in abnormality in abnormality in processing fear processing fear

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The Brain & EmotionThe Brain & Emotion

• Prefrontal cortexPrefrontal cortex

– The most forward part of the frontal lobes of The most forward part of the frontal lobes of the brain the brain

• Left prefrontal cortex: involved in motivation to Left prefrontal cortex: involved in motivation to approach others; damage results in loss of joyapproach others; damage results in loss of joy

• Right prefrontal cortex: Involved in withdrawal and Right prefrontal cortex: Involved in withdrawal and escape; damage results in excessive mania & escape; damage results in excessive mania & euphoriaeuphoria

– Linked to Linked to emotional regulation:emotional regulation: modifying and modifying and controlling what we feelcontrolling what we feel

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Hormones & EmotionHormones & Emotion

• When experiencing intense emotions or under When experiencing intense emotions or under stress, two hormones are released from adrenal stress, two hormones are released from adrenal glands:glands:

– Epinephrine & norepinephrineEpinephrine & norepinephrine– Results in increased alertness and arousalResults in increased alertness and arousal– At high levels, it can create the sensation of being out of At high levels, it can create the sensation of being out of

control emotionallycontrol emotionally

• Different patterns of autonomic nervous system Different patterns of autonomic nervous system activity for basic emotionsactivity for basic emotions

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Lies & EmotionLies & Emotion

• Polygraph machinePolygraph machine

– Machine used to measure emotional arousal of Machine used to measure emotional arousal of a person who is guilty and fearful of being a person who is guilty and fearful of being found outfound out

– Detects increased autonomic nervous system Detects increased autonomic nervous system activity while responding to incriminating activity while responding to incriminating questionsquestions

– Typical measures: Typical measures: galvanic skin response; galvanic skin response; pulse, blood pressure; breathing; fidgetingpulse, blood pressure; breathing; fidgeting

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Lies & EmotionLies & Emotion

• Problems with Lie Problems with Lie Detectors?Detectors?

• May end up falsely May end up falsely indicating that truthful indicating that truthful people are lyingpeople are lying

• Not admissible in courtNot admissible in court

• Better test called Better test called Guilty Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT)Knowledge Test (GKT)

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Elements of Emotion: The MindElements of Emotion: The Mind

• Experience of emotion depends on two Experience of emotion depends on two factors:factors:

– Physiological arousal & cognitive interpretationPhysiological arousal & cognitive interpretation

– We We feelfeel emotions when we can label the emotions when we can label the physiological changes … but may not always physiological changes … but may not always be accuratebe accurate

• E.g., Capilano Bridge study (1974)E.g., Capilano Bridge study (1974)

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Attributions & EmotionsAttributions & Emotions

• AttributionsAttributions

– The explanations that people make of their own and The explanations that people make of their own and other people’s behaviourother people’s behaviour

– Your interpretation of behaviour generates the emotional Your interpretation of behaviour generates the emotional response (e.g., how you explain outcome of winning response (e.g., how you explain outcome of winning silver medal instead of gold?)silver medal instead of gold?)

– Relates to upwards & downwards social comparisons, Relates to upwards & downwards social comparisons, complex emotions, and our ability to feel conflicting complex emotions, and our ability to feel conflicting emotions at the same time emotions at the same time

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Cognitions & Emotional ComplexityCognitions & Emotional Complexity

• Cognitions affect emotions, and emotional states Cognitions affect emotions, and emotional states affect cognitionsaffect cognitions

• Some emotions require only simple cognitions or Some emotions require only simple cognitions or may involved conditioned responses (e.g., infants)may involved conditioned responses (e.g., infants)

• Cognitive and emotional developments occur Cognitive and emotional developments occur together, become more complex with age and together, become more complex with age and experienceexperience

• Cognitive therapy attempts to change emotions by Cognitive therapy attempts to change emotions by changing cognitionschanging cognitions

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Elements of Emotion: The CultureElements of Emotion: The Culture

• Some researchers say individuals may differ Some researchers say individuals may differ in likelihood of feeling secondary emotionsin likelihood of feeling secondary emotions

– Primary emotions considered prototype of the Primary emotions considered prototype of the concept emotionconcept emotion

– Young children express prototypical emotions Young children express prototypical emotions first through wordsfirst through words

– As children age, emotional distinctions specific As children age, emotional distinctions specific to their language & culture emergeto their language & culture emerge

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Elements of Emotion: The CultureElements of Emotion: The Culture

• Other researchers argue that Other researchers argue that nono aspect of emotion is aspect of emotion is untouched by culture or contextuntouched by culture or context

• Some cultures have words for specific emotions Some cultures have words for specific emotions unknown to other cultures (e.g., unknown to other cultures (e.g., schadenfreude, schadenfreude, hagaii)hagaii)

• Some cultures lack words for emotions that seem Some cultures lack words for emotions that seem universal (e.g., Tahitians lack word for sadness)universal (e.g., Tahitians lack word for sadness)

• Culture may influence which emotions are defined as Culture may influence which emotions are defined as basic or primarybasic or primary

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada 11-23

Culture & Emotional ExpressionCulture & Emotional Expression

• Display rulesDisplay rules

– Social & cultural rules that regulate when, how, Social & cultural rules that regulate when, how, and where a person may express (or must and where a person may express (or must suppress) emotionssuppress) emotions

• Emotion workEmotion work

– Expression of an emotion that the person does Expression of an emotion that the person does not really feel, often because of a role not really feel, often because of a role requirementrequirement

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Culture & Emotional ExpressionCulture & Emotional Expression

• Body languageBody language

– Nonverbal signals of body movement, posture, Nonverbal signals of body movement, posture, gesture, and gazegesture, and gaze

– Some signals of body language may be Some signals of body language may be universal (e.g., movements that reflect universal (e.g., movements that reflect displeasure, tension, grief, anger)displeasure, tension, grief, anger)

– Discomfort when body language & Discomfort when body language & conversations are mismatchedconversations are mismatched

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Emotion & GenderEmotion & Gender

• Little evidence that one sex feels any of the Little evidence that one sex feels any of the everyday emotions more often than the othereveryday emotions more often than the other

• But … people see what they expect to see But … people see what they expect to see (stereotypes guide expectations)(stereotypes guide expectations)

– Study of gender differences in emotionality is Study of gender differences in emotionality is complicated complicated

– Involves emotional reactivity, cognitions, and Involves emotional reactivity, cognitions, and expressivenessexpressiveness

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Emotional ReactivityEmotional Reactivity

• Men experience emotional events more intensely Men experience emotional events more intensely than do womenthan do women

– Conflict is physiologically more upsetting for men Conflict is physiologically more upsetting for men than womenthan women

– Male autonomic nervous system is more sensitive Male autonomic nervous system is more sensitive and reactiveand reactive

– Men may be more likely to rehearse angry thoughts Men may be more likely to rehearse angry thoughts (prolong & intensify physiological reactions)(prolong & intensify physiological reactions)

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Emotional CognitionsEmotional Cognitions

• Men and women differ in their perceptions of Men and women differ in their perceptions of the same eventthe same event

– Different interpretations linked to different Different interpretations linked to different emotional responsesemotional responses

– E.g., differences in types of everyday events E.g., differences in types of everyday events that provoke angerthat provoke anger

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Emotional ExpressivenessEmotional Expressiveness

• Stereotypical gender differences may arise from Stereotypical gender differences may arise from the fact that women are more willing to express the fact that women are more willing to express their feelingstheir feelings

• Women are likely to . . . Women are likely to . . .

– Smile more oftenSmile more often– Gaze at listeners moreGaze at listeners more– Have more emotionally expressive facesHave more emotionally expressive faces– Use expressive hand & body movementsUse expressive hand & body movements– Touch others more oftenTouch others more often– Talk about their emotionsTalk about their emotions

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Emotional ExpressivenessEmotional Expressiveness

• North American men only express one North American men only express one emotion more freely than women: emotion more freely than women:

– Anger towards strangers, especially other men, Anger towards strangers, especially other men, when challenged or insultedwhen challenged or insulted

– Expectation that men will control or mask Expectation that men will control or mask negative emotionsnegative emotions

– Consequence is increased difficulty in Consequence is increased difficulty in recognizing when men are seriously unhappyrecognizing when men are seriously unhappy

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Emotional ExpressivenessEmotional Expressiveness

• Gender differences in emotional Gender differences in emotional expressiveness are strongly affected by expressiveness are strongly affected by culture and situationculture and situation

– In some cultures, expressiveness is the rule, but In some cultures, expressiveness is the rule, but not many differences between genders in nonverbal not many differences between genders in nonverbal behaviour (e.g., Italian, French, Spanish)behaviour (e.g., Italian, French, Spanish)

– In other cultures, gender differences may be In other cultures, gender differences may be evidenced with respect to specific emotionsevidenced with respect to specific emotions

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Emotion WorkEmotion Work

• Sometimes we have to hide emotions we Sometimes we have to hide emotions we feel, and show emotions we do notfeel, and show emotions we do not

• No sex differences in expressiveness in jobs No sex differences in expressiveness in jobs that require it (e.g., airline services)that require it (e.g., airline services)

– But women may smile more often as part of their But women may smile more often as part of their emotion work to pacify others, smooth conflicts, emotion work to pacify others, smooth conflicts, and convey deferenceand convey deference

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End of Chapter 11End of Chapter 11

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