Copyright 2010 Medieval Era 600-1450. Timeframe and Geographical Centers 600 – 1450 France Italy.
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Transcript of Copyright 2010 Medieval Era 600-1450. Timeframe and Geographical Centers 600 – 1450 France Italy.
Copyright 2010
Medieval Era600-1450
Timeframe and Geographical
Centers
• 600 – 1450
• France
• Italy
Cultural Background
• Feudalism
• Roman Catholic Church
• People
• Events
Feudalism
• Political and military system
• King, Lords, Clerics, Peasants
Roman Catholic Church
• Pope, Archbishops, Bishops, Priests
• Served the King
• Owned land
People
• Gregory the Great– (540 – 604)– Pope– Organized the Roman
Catholic Church including choosing a body of canonized chants
• Charlemagne– (742 – 814)– Holy Roman Emperor– Unified Western and Central
Europe
• William the Conqueror– (1028 – 1087)– King of Normandy– King of England
• Joan of Arc– (1412 – 1431)– Led the French army
during the Hundred Years War
– Martyred
Events
• Black Plague
• Hundred Years’ War
• Crusades
• Magna Carta
The Arts
• Architecture– Cathedrals
• Arches• Flying butresses
– Castles
• Frescos and Painting
• Sculpture and Illuminated Manuscripts
Literature and Writing
• Religous Writing– St. Thomas of Aquinas– Francis of Assisi
• Secular Writing– Beowulf (Old English)– Nibelungenlied (Germany)– Chanson de Roland (France)– Arthurian Cycles
Geoffrey Chaucer(1343 – 1400)
• Father of English literature
• Canterbury Tales
Alighieri Dante(1265 – 1321)
• Italian Poet
• Divine Comedy
Vocal Music
• Sacred chant– Texture: Monophonic– Rhythm: Unmetered– Harmony: Modal– Melody: Small range and mostly stepwise movements– Form: Could have utitlized a three-part form ( Holy
Trinity)– Dynamics: Blocked or Terraced– Timbre: Vocal (male)– Sung in Latin
• Purpose: to serve in liturgy during the Mass
Mass
• Ordinary Texts: sung or spoken at every Mass– Kyrie Lord Have Mercy, Christ have
Mercy, Lord Have Mercy– Gloria Glory to God in the highest– Credo I believe in God– Sanctus Holy, Holy, Holy– Agnus Dei Lamb of God
• Proper Texts– Differed according to the Christian Year
Hildegard von Bingen (1098 – 1179)
• Christian mystic
• German Benedictine Abbess
“O Successores”
Perotin (c. 1160 – 1240)
• Associated with Notre Dame in Paris
• “Alleluya”
Instrumental Music
• Associated with Dance• Improvised, not written down• Melody: Longer melodic
ranges• Rhythm: Metered rhythms• Harmony: Modal• Texture: Essentially
monophonic• Dynamics: Blocked or terraced• Timbres: string, percussion,
woodwind, brass• Anonymous, “Estampie”
Renaissance(1450 – 1600)
• Meaning: Rebirth
• Timeframe: 1450-1600
• Geographic Center: Italy
• Cultural Background
Humanism
• Dominant philosophy
• Human dignity and humane values are foremost
Age of Discovery
• Christopher Columbus
• Magellan
• Sir Francis Drake
• Sir Walter Raleigh
Heliocentric Universe
• Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543)
• Galileo Galilei
(1564 – 1642)
Printing Press
• Bore witness to humanism
• Germany, around 1440
• Johannes Gutenberg (1398 -1468)
Protestant Reformation
• Wittenberg, Germany (1517 -1648)
• Martin Luther
(1483 – 1586)
Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation
• A period of Catholic revival following the Protestant Reformation (1545 – 1648)
• Begins with the Council of Trent (1545 – 1563)
• Reforms include: church structure, religious orders and political dimensions
Visual Arts in the Renaissance
Architecture Sculpture Painting
Architecture
• Return to Greek and Roman models– Round arch– Column– Dome
• Moved away from Gothic Style of Medieval
• Filipo Brunelleschi (Cathedral of Florence)
• Donato Bramante (St. Peter’s Basilica)
Sculpture
• Realism, especially of the human form
• Movement
• Michelangelo
• DonatelloMichelangelo – Pieta Sculpture
Painting
• Realism
• Depth
• Perspective
• Raphael
• Michelangelo
• da VinciRaphael
Literature
• William Shakespeare
• 1564 – 1616
• Poet and playwright
• Plays
• Sonnets
Music in the Renaissance
Patronage System Instrumental/Vocal Genres
Musical Elements
Melody Harmony Rhythm Texture Timbre Dynamics Form
Composers
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525-1594)
Kyrie from Pope Marcellus Mass
Thomas Weelkes (1576-1623)
As Vesta Was From Latmos Hill Descending
Giovanni Gabrieli (1554/57-1612)
Ricercare
The Baroque Era1600-1750
Baroque Culture
• DefinitionsPortuguese for “irregularly-shaped” pearl
• Geographical Centers
England France Germany
The Times
• Science
Sir Isaac Newton Galileo Galilei René Descartes
William Gilbert (1544-1603)• Properties of electricity
Sir William Harvey (1578-1657)• Circulation of the blood
Robert Boyle (1627-1691)• Chemistry
• Politics – Age of Absolute Monarchs
Charles II of England
Frederick II of Prussia
Louis XIV of France
Phillip IV of Spain
• Religion– Roman Catholic– Protestant– New Religions
• Deism– Influenced by the advances in scientific knowledge– Operated on reason alone without supernatural
manifestations– Ethan Allen, Thomas Payne, Thomas Jefferson,
Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, James Madison
Visual Arts
• Architecture– In the Renaissance:
simple, straight lines and detail
Bramante – St. Peter’s Cathedral Brunelleschi – Florence Cathedral
– In the Baroque: ornate, extravagant, showy
St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican
Palace of Versailles, Paris
• Painting
– Emotionally charged– Dramatic subjects– Contrast; play
between light and shadow
• Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)
• Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669)
• Sculpture– Strong light and dark
contrasts– Dramatic tension– Subjects are never still but
moving, struggling, twisted
Gian Lorenzo BerniniSelf-Portrait Louis XIV
Age of Paradox/Contrasts
• Church ↔ State• Monarchy ↔ Bourgeoisie• Aristocracy ↔ Affluent Middle Class• Importance of Religions ↔ Rise of Secular• Scientific Research ↔ Superstition, Witchcraft• Importance of humanity ↔ Religious
Persecution
Music’s Response to Paradox/Contrast
• Vocal ↔ Instrumental
• 8 Church Modes ↔ Tonality (Major, minor)
• Sacred Music ↔ Secular Music
• Polyphonic Texture ↔ Homophonic Texture
The Composer’s Life
• Patronage System
• Church ↔ Court
Music of the Baroque
• Doctrine of Affections
• Elements of Music– Melody
• Long, instrumental in conception• Use of sequences• Monothematic• Use of ornamentation
– Harmony• Tonal• Use of Major and minor scales
– Rhythm• Metric• Motoric
– Texture• Homophony and Polyphony equal in importance (Late
Baroque)• Thorough Bass or Basso Continuo
– Form• Binary• Ternary• Fugue• Ritornello
– Dynamics• Terraced• Not written into the score
– Timbre• Vocal• Instrumental
Keyboard Instruments
Pipe Organ
Harpsichord
String Instruments
Viol Family Lute
Woodwind Instruments
Recorder Family
Wood Flute
Brass Instruments
Long Trumpet
Trombones
Percussion Instruments
Kettledrums
Vocal Genres• Opera
– Began as court entertainments in Italy– Includes a story (libretto), solo singing, choral singing, dancing,
costumes and sets– Forms: recitative, aria , chorus
Claudio Monteverdi(1567-1643)
Orfeo, 1607
Tu se’ morta
• Cantata– Short, unstaged operas (secular and sacred)– Used operatic forms (recitative, aria, chorus)– Sacred cantatas often based on a chorale
Johann Sebastian Bach(1685-1750)
Cantata 140: Wachet Auf, 1731
Awake, A Voice is Calling Us
First Movement: Chorus and Orchestra
• Oratorio– A sacred, large-scale opera
– Always based on a biblical story
– No staging or costumes
– Larger role for the chorus
– Uses opera forms (recitative, aria, chorus)
George Frideric Handel(1685-1789)
Messiah, 1741
Recitative: The Voice of Him
Aria: Every Valley Shall Be Exalted
Instrumental Genres
• Dance Suite– Originally a series of dances played for dancing– By the Baroque, suites became independent instrumental pieces no longer
intended for dancing– Usually contained four dances– Often unified by key– Differed by tempo and international background– Used binary form
J.S. Bach
Suite No. 3 in D Major, 1729-1731
Air
Bourée
Gigue
• Sonata– Originally a “sound piece” for one instrument – Became a chamber music genre in the Baroque (from 2 to 6
players)– Four movements: fast, fast, slow, fast– Trio sonatas were popular
Arcangelo Corelli(1653-1713)
Trio Sonata in A Minor, Op. 3, No. 10 (1689)
First Movement
• Concerto Grosso– “friendly contention”
– Contrasts a larger ensemble (ripieno or tutti) with a solo group (concertino)
– Three movements: fast, slow, fast
– Often uses ritornello form
Antonio Vivaldi(1678-1741)
Spring Concerto The Four Seasons, 1725
First Movement: Allegro
Spring has come, and joyfully,The birds greet it with happy song.
And the streams, fanned by gentle breezes,Flow along with a sweet murmur.
Covering the sky with a black cloak,Thunder and lightning come to announce the season.
When these have quieted down, the little birdsReturn to their enchanting song.
Ritornello Form
• Keyboard Music– Organ and harpsichord
– Often paired a “free” piece with a contrapuntal fugue [Prelude and Fugue]
– Toccata: added elements of virtuosic “touch” keyboard technique
J.S. Bach
Fugue in g minor, BWV 578
J.S. Bach – Fugue in g minor, BWV 578
Composers
• Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)
• George Frideric Handel (1685-1759)
• Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)
• Henry Purcell (1659-1695)