Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Unit 10 Surgery, Diabetes,...

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Unit 10

Surgery, Diabetes, Immunology, Lesions, and Prefixes of Numbers and

Direction


Type 1 Diabetes

• Individual produces very little or no endogenous insulin to carry glucose into cells

• Results in hyperglycemia

• Must take ectogenous (exogenous) insulin


Symptoms of Diabetes

• Classic symptoms include excessive:– Urination

• poly/ur/ia

– Thirst• poly/dips/ia

– Hunger• poly/phag/ia


Terms with lapar/o

• lapar/o = combining form for abdominal wall

• Examples:– lapar/ectomy = excision of part of abdominal wall

– lapar/o/scopy = process of examining abdominal wall

– lapar/o/scope = instrument for examining abdominal wall


Laparoscopic Procedures

• lapar/o/scop/ically assisted vaginal hyster/ectomy = removal of uterus through vagina looking through laparoscope

• lapar/o/scop/ic chole/cyst/ectomy = removal of gallbladder with assistance of laparoscope


Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy


Terms with lapar/o

• lapar/o/tomy = incision into abdominal wall

• lapar/o/rrhaghy = suturing of abdominal wall


Terms with pry/o

• pyr/o = combining form with words to mean heat, fever, or fire

• Examples:– pyr/o/phobia = abnormal fear of fire

– pyr/o/maniac = one who has excessive preoccupation for starting or seeing fires

– pyr/osis = condition of heartburn

– pry/o/toxin = poison produced by high body temperature


Fever

• hyper/pyrexia = condition of high fever– More than 102° Fahrenheit

• pyr/o/lysis = destruction by fever

• pry/o/meter = instrument for measuring heat– Thermometer


Sweat

• hidr/o = combining form for sweat

• Examples:– hidr/osis = condition of sweating

– hyper/hidr/osis = profuse sweating

– hidr/o/rrhea = flow of sweat

– an/hidr/osis = absence of sweat

– hidr/aden/itis = inflammation of sweat glands


Sugar

• glyc/o and gluc/o = sugar

• Examples:– glyc/o/genesis and gluc/o/genesis = formation of sugar

– glyc/o/protein and gluc/o/protein = substance made of sugar and protein

– glyc/o/suria and gluc/o/suria = sugar in urine

– glyc/o/hem/o/globin = sugar and hemoglobin


Sugar

• Examples:– glyc/o/gen = starch formed from simple sugars and stored

as reserve fuel

– glyc/o/gen/esis = formation of glycogen from carbohydrates

• Body converts glycogen to glucose– Cells use to release energy

– glyc/o/lysis = breakdown to glycogen to glucose


Sugar

• Examples:– glyc/o/rrhea = discharge of sugar from body

– glyc/emia = sugar in blood

– hyper/glyc/emia = high level of sugar in blood• Symptom of diabetes

– hypo/glyc/emia = low blood sugar• Can occur if person produces too much insulin


Sugar

• gluc/o = combining form for glucose

• Examples:– gluc/o/gen/esis = formation of glucose from glycogen

stores

– gluc/ose = used by muscles to release energy


Diabetes Mellitus

• Type 1– Characteristics:

• Exogenous insulin-dependent

• Onset in youth

• Tendency to ketoacidosis

• Viral etiology

• Autoimmune basis

• Genetic predisposition


Diabetes Mellitus

• Type 2– Characteristics:

• Noninsulin-dependent

• Onset in adults over age 40

• Some endogenous insulin production

• Obesity or normal weight

• Can be treated with diet and oral hypoglycemic agents


Diabetes Mellitus

• Gestational – Characteristics:

• Occurs in individuals not previously diabetic

• Develop hyperglycemia during pregnancy

• May progress to diabetes mellitus or return to normal glucose levels postpartum


Immunology

• immun/ity = one of body’s defenses against disease

• immun/o = combining form

• Example:– immun/o/logy = study of function of immune system


Immunology

• Three types of immunity:1. Natural

• Part of one’s physiology

2. Natural passive• Passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy or to infant through

breastfeeding

3. Artificial• Scientifically designed

– E.g., vaccinations


Immunology

• Artificial immunity– Passive

• immun/o/globulin injections = given to boost immune response

– Active• Vaccines containing specific antigens stimulate lymphatic system

to produce matching antibodies


Immunology

• immun/o/therapy– immun/izations = injections that stimulate immune

response• Also known as vaccin/a/tions

• 11 recommend before age 7 for general population


Immunology

• Immune response– Production of antibodies by lymphocytes to disable

antigens

• Antigen– Foreign substance that invades body


Immunology

• immun/o/deficiency = pertains to deficient immune system that is unable to fight off disease– HIV causes AIDS


Terms with aut/o

• aut/o = combining form for self

• Examples:– aut/o/nomic = self-controlling

– aut/o/dia/gnos/is = diagnosing one’s own diseases

– aut/o/phobia = abnormal fear of being alone

– aut/o/lysis = self-destruction


Terms with aut/o

• aut/o/immun/ity = condition when body produces antibodies to its own tissue– Autoimmune disorders:

• Rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus


Terms with aut/o

• aut/o/logous and aut/o/genous = adjectives meaning originating in itself or coming from one’s own body

• aut/o/logous blood transfusion = transfusion with one’s own blood drawn before having surgery


Terms with aut/o

• aut/o/hem/o/therapy = therapy with one’s own blood

• aut/o/graft = skin graft using one’s own healthy skin

• aut/o/plasty = surgery using grafts from one’s own body


Numeric Prefixes

Greek Latin Meaninghemi- semi- half

mono- uni- one

prot- prim- first

di/plo- bi- two

tri- tri- three

tetra- quadr- four


Numeric Prefixes

Greek Latin Meaningpenta- quint- five

hexa- sex/ta- six

hepta- sept/a- seven

octa- oct- eight

enne- non/i- nine


Numeric Prefixes

Greek Latin Meaningdeca- (10) dec/i- (0.1) ten or tenth

hecto- (100) cent/i- (0.01) one hundred or one hundredth

kilo- (1,000) mill/i- (0.001) one thousand or one thousandth


Prefix: mono-

• mono- = one or single

• Examples:– mono/cyte = one cell

• Type of leukocyte

– mono/cyt/osis = condition of increase in monocytes

– mono/nucle/osis = viral infection that can damage liver• Indicated by abnormally high monocyte count


Prefix: mono-

• Examples:– mono/nucle/ar cell = has one nucleus

– mono/graph = written study of single subject

– mono/mania = preoccupation with one subject only

– mono/ma = one tumor

– mono/my/o/plegia = paralysis of one muscle

– mono/neur/al = pertaining to one nerve


Prefix: multi-

• multi- = many or more than one

• Adjectives meaning something has many:– multi/capsular = capsules

– multi/glandular = glands

– multi/nuclear = nuclei


Terms with para

• para = live birth– Used in words to indicate number of times woman has

given birth

• multi/parous = adjectival form


Terms with para

• Examples:– multi/para = more than one child

• Multiple births– E.g., twins

– nulli/para = no live births

– primi/para = first live birth


Example of Multiparous Birth


Terms with para

• para = whole word, suffix, and prefix– To indicate number of times woman has given birth, write

para and number• E.g., para II or para 2

• E.g., para IV or para 4


Gravida

• Pregnant

• Origin– Latin

– gravida = heavy or weighted down

• primi/gravida = first pregnancy


Gravida

• Medical notations:– E.g., four pregnancies, two live births, and two

spontaneous abortions = grav 4, ab 2, and para 2 or G4, AB2, and P2


Prefixes: deca- and deci-

• deca- = used in words to mean ten

• Example:– deca/liter = ten liters

• deci- = used in words to mean one tenth

• Example:– deci/liter = one tenth of a liter


Prefixes: kilo- and milli-

• kilo- = used in words to mean one thousand

• Examples:– kilo/meter = one thousand meters

– kilo/gram = one thousand grams


Prefixes: kilo- and milli-

• milli- = used in words to mean one thousandth

• Examples:– milli/meter = one thousandth of a meter

– milli/gram = one thousandth of a gram


Prefix: hecto-

• hecto- = used in words to mean one hundred

• Examples:– hecto/meter = one hundred meters

– hecto/gram = one hundred grams


Prefix: centi-

• centi- = used in words to mean one hundredth

• Examples:– centi/meter = one hundredth of a meter

– centi/gram = one hundredth of a gram


Cubic Centimeter (cc)

• Volume measurement frequently used when giving injections

• Amount equals space occupied by one centimeter cubed

• Medications sometimes expressed in fractions of a cc


Prefixes of Direction

Prefix Meaning Sense of Directionab- from away from

de- from down from or from and resulting in less

ex- from out from


Prefix: ab-

• ab- = away from

• Examples:– ab/duction = away from midline

– ab/normal = away from normal

– ab/errant = wandering away from normal course

– ab/or/al = away from mouth

– ab/irritant = something that takes away irritation


Abduction and Adduction


Prefix: ab-

• ab/lact/ation = taking baby away from breastfeeding or cessation of milk secretion

• ab/ort/ion = termination of pregnancy– Spontaneous abortion

• Naturally occurring termination of pregnancy

• Also known as miscarriage


Prefix: ab-

• ab/rade = scrape skin away

• ab/rasion = injury involving scraping away of skin

• Other types of wounds:– Laceration

• Cut

– Contusion• Bruise


Prefix: ab-

• ab/lation = surgical removal of body tissue

• end/o/metr/ial ab/lation = surgical procedure that destroys (takes away) uterine lining

• end/o/venous ab/lation = procedure that takes away varicose veins by collapsing vessel wall


Prefix: de-

• de- = down from

• Examples:– de/cid/uous = pertains to falling off or shedding

– de/cid/uous teeth = primary teeth that fall out during childhood

• Baby teeth

– de/scend/ing nerve tract = one that comes down from brain


Prefix: de-

• Examples:– de/hydr/ation = act of taking water from wet substance

• Body dehydration can be caused by vomiting, diarrhea, or high fever

– de/hydr/ated = state of having less water than before


Prefix: de-

• Examples:– de/calci/fication = removal of calcium from bones

• Caused by:– Insufficient calcium intake during pregnancy

– Inadequate vitamin D» Controls calcium metabolism

• Can result in oste/o/por/osis in postmenopausal women


Prefix: ex-

• ex- = out from

• Examples:– ex/cise = to cut out and remove part

– ex/cis/ed = past tense

– ex/tract/ion = procedure in which something is pulled out


Prefix: ex-

• Examples:– ex/cretion = processing of expelling substance from body

• Usually refers to waste substances

– Excretion of:• carbon dioxide = respiratory ex/cretion

• sweat = dermal ex/cretion

• menses = menstrual ex/cretion


Prefix: ex-

• Examples:– ex/tend = to straighten or lengthen

– ex/tens/ion = straightening or lengthening• flex/ion = bending or shortening

• With muscles, relaxing results in ex/tension and contracting results in flex/ion


Extension and Flexion


Prefix: iso-

• iso- = equal or same

• Examples:– iso/metr/ic = of equal dimensions

– iso/cellular = composed of cells of same size

– iso/dactyl/ism = fingers or toes of equal length

– iso/therm/al = pertaining to equal temperature


Prefix: iso-

• Examples:– iso/ton/ic = having same osmotic pressure as RBCs and

will not destroy them• E.g., normal saline, intravenous glucose

• hyper/tonic = having higher osmotic pressure than RBCs

• hypo/tonic = having lower osmotic pressure than RBCs


Movement of Matter

• Diffusion– Intermingling of substances by natural movement of their

particles

• Osmosis– Movement of particles through semipermeable membrane

until levels of concentration equal


Movement of Matter

• Filtration– Filtering to remove solid particles


Terms with aniso

• anis/o = combining form for unequal

• Example:– aniso/cyt/osis = condition with cells of unequal size

• Normal RBCs are same size

• Possible cause:– Unhealthy bone marrow


Terms with mast/o

• mast/o = combining form for breast

• Examples:– aniso/mast/ia = unequal size of woman’s breasts

– mast/o/carcin/oma = cancerous tumor of breast

– mast/ectomy = excision of all or part of breast• Radical and simple


Prefixes of Place

Prefix Meaning Differentiationdia- through

or complete

Greek prefix used with combining forms for medical terminology

per- through Latin prefix used more often in ordinary English

peri- around Greek prefix used with combining forms for medical terminology

circum-

around Latin prefix used more often in ordinary English


Prefix: peri-

• peri- = around

• Examples:– peri/articular = around articulations and joints

– peri/tonsill/ar = around tonsil

– peri/col/ic = around colon

– peri/chondr/al = around cartilage


Prefix: peri-

• Examples:– peri/odont/al = pertaining to diseases of support structures

around teeth

– peri/cardi/ectomy = excision of tissue around heart• Pericardium


Prefix: peri-

• Words meaning inflammation around:– peri/aden/itis = gland

– peri/colp/itis = vagina

– peri/hepat/itis = liver


Prefixes: para- and peri-

• para- – Used more often for conditions with suffixes -ia, -osis, -

itis, and -oma

• peri- – Common anatomic term prefix

– E.g., peri/cardium, peri/toneum, peri/osteum


Prefix: circum-

• circum- = around

• Examples:– circum/duct/ion = moving around in circular motion

– circum/ocul/ar = around eyes

– circum/oral = around mouth


Prefix: circum-

• Examples:– circum/cis/ion = to cut around

• Surgical removal of foreskin of penis

– circum/scrib/ed = limited in space as if line drawn around it

– circum/scrib/ed lesions = skin lesions limited in space they cover

• E.g.,. boils, pimples, pustules


Prefix: dia-

• dia- = through

• Examples:– dia/gnosis = knowing through

– dia/thermy = heating through

– dia/rrhea = flowing through

– di/ur/etic = substance that causes increase in urine output

– di/ur/esis = process of causing urine to flow more rapidly


Suffix: -esis

• -esis = suffix meaning action or process– dia/phor/esis = action of profuse sweating

– arthr/o/desis = action of immobilizing joint

– hemat/o/poi/esis = process of forming blood


Prefix: per-

• per- = through

• per/for/ated = adjectival form

• Examples:– per/for/ate = to make hole through something

– per/for/ation = puncture or hole through something

– per/for/ated ulcer = ulcer that has eaten hole through stomach wall


Prefix: per-

• Examples:– per/cuss/ion= striking through

• Tapping on surface to determine underlying conditions

– per/fus/ion = supplying tissues with oxygen and nutrients through blood supply or other tissue fluids

• per/fus/ate = adjectival form

• per/fuse = verb form


Terms with necr/o

• necr/o = combining form for death

• Origin– Greek

– necros = corpse


Terms with necr/o

• Examples:– necr/osis = condition when dead tissue surrounded with

healthy tissue• Loss of blood supply

• Gangrene sets in – Localized death of tissue

– necr/o/tic = pertaining to dead tissue


Terms with necr/o

• Examples:– de/bride/ment of necr/o/tic tissue = treatment for severe

burns• de/bride/ment = removal of damaged tissue

– necr/ectomy = excision of dead tissue

– necr/o/phobia = abnormal fear of dead bodies

– necr/o/philia = abnormal or unusual attraction to dead bodies


Terms with necr/o

• Postmortem examination– Examination of body after death

– Terms for this procedure:• aut/o/psy

• necr/o/psy

• necr/o/scopy


Suffixes: -phobia and -philia

Subject Abnormal Fear Abnormal Attractiondead bodies necr/o/phobia necr/o/philia

water hydr/o/phobia hydr/o/philia

fire pyr/o/phobia pyr/o/philia

air aer/o/phobia aer/o/philia

self aut/o/phobia aut/o/philia

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Unit 10 Surgery, Diabetes,...

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Transcript of Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Unit 10 Surgery, Diabetes,...