Copyright © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Time Value of Money.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

Chapter 4

Time Value of Money

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 4-2

Ch 4, Time Value of Money, Learning Goals

1. Concept of time value of money (TVOM).2. Calculate the folowing for a single cash flow, ordinary

annuity, annuity due, mixed cash flow & perpetuity:– PV– FV– Rate of return (or growth rate)– Number of periods

3. Calculate payment for an annuity. 4. Calculate effective annual rate.


The Role of Time Value in Finance

• Most financial decisions involve costs & benefits that are spread out over time.

• Time value of money allows comparison of cash flows from different periods.

• TVOM: you are better off getting money now rather than later. Why?

• Example– Is it better to receive $100,000 today $110,000 in one

year?


Computational Aids

• Use Algebraic Equations

• Use the TVOM (interest factor) Tables

• Use Financial Calculators

• Use Electronic Spreadsheets


Time Value Terms

• PV0 = present value or beginning amount

• i = interest rate

• FVn = future value at end of “n” periods

• n = number of compounding periods

• Pmt = an annuity (series of equal payments or receipts)

• m = # of times per year interest is compounded


Future Value of a Single Amount

• The importance of compound interest.


Present Value of a Single Amount

• Present value is the current dollar value of a future amount of money.

• It is the amount today that must be invested at a given rate to reach a future amount.

• Calculating present value is also known as discounting.

• The discount rate is often also referred to as the opportunity cost, the discount rate, the required return, or the cost of capital.


Annuities

• Annuities are periodic cash flows of equal size.• Annuities can be either inflows or outflows.• An ordinary annuity has cash flows that occur at the

end of each period.• An annuity due has cash flows that occur at the

beginning of each period.


Table 4.1 Comparison of Ordinary Annuity and Annuity Due Cash Flows ($1,000, 5 Years)


Present Value of a Perpetuity

• A perpetuity: a cash flow stream that continues forever

PV = Pmt/i

• For example, how much would I have to deposit today

in order to withdraw $1,000 each year forever if I earn

8% on my deposit?

PV = $1,000/.08 = $12,500


Compounding Interest More Frequently Than Annually

• Compounding more frequently than once a year results in a higher effective interest rate because you are earning on interest on interest more frequently.

• As a result, the effective interest rate is greater than the nominal (annual) interest rate.


Nominal & Effective Annual Rates of Interest

• The nominal interest rate is the stated or contractual rate of interest charged by a lender or promised by a borrower.

• The effective interest rate is the rate actually paid or earned.

• In general, the effective rate > nominal rate whenever compounding occurs more than once per year

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Time Value of Money.

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