Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 1 Emotion Chapter 11.

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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Edu cation Canada 1 Emotion Emotion Chapter 11 Chapter 11

Transcript of Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 1 Emotion Chapter 11.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada

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EmotionEmotion

Chapter 11Chapter 11

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Chapter OutlineChapter Outline

• Defining EmotionDefining Emotion

• Elements of Emotion 1: The BodyElements of Emotion 1: The Body

• Elements of Emotion 2: The MindElements of Emotion 2: The Mind

• Elements of Emotion 3: The CultureElements of Emotion 3: The Culture

• Putting the Elements together: Emotion Putting the Elements together: Emotion and Genderand Gender

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EmotionEmotion

• A state of arousal involving facial and A state of arousal involving facial and body changes, brain activation, body changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rulesshaped by cultural rules

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Elements of Emotion 1: Elements of Emotion 1: The BodyThe Body

• Primary and secondary emotionsPrimary and secondary emotions

• The face of emotionThe face of emotion

• The brain and emotionThe brain and emotion

• Hormones and emotionHormones and emotion

• Detecting emotions: Does the body lie?Detecting emotions: Does the body lie?

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Elements of Emotion 1:Elements of Emotion 1: The Body The Body

• Primary emotionsPrimary emotions– Emotions considered to be universal and biologically Emotions considered to be universal and biologically

based. They generally include fear, anger, sadness, based. They generally include fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, disgust, and contemptjoy, surprise, disgust, and contempt

• Secondary emotionSecondary emotion– Emotions that develop with cognitive maturity and vary Emotions that develop with cognitive maturity and vary

across individuals and culturesacross individuals and cultures

• Three biological areas of emotion are Three biological areas of emotion are – facial expressionsfacial expressions– brain regions and circuits brain regions and circuits – autonomic nervous systemautonomic nervous system

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Universal Expressions of EmotionUniversal Expressions of Emotion• Facial expressions for primary emotions are Facial expressions for primary emotions are

universaluniversal• Even members of remote cultures can recognize Even members of remote cultures can recognize

facial expressions in people who are foreign to themfacial expressions in people who are foreign to them• Facial feedbackFacial feedback

– Process by which the facial muscles send messages to Process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressedthe brain about the basic emotion being expressed

• Infants are able to read parental expressionsInfants are able to read parental expressions• Facial expression can generate same expressions Facial expression can generate same expressions

in others, creating mood contagionin others, creating mood contagion

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The Face of AngerThe Face of Anger

• Anger is universally Anger is universally recognized by recognized by geometric patterns geometric patterns on the faceon the face

• In each pair, the left In each pair, the left form seems angrier form seems angrier than the right formthan the right form

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Facial Expressions in Facial Expressions in Social ContextSocial Context

• Across and within cultures, agreement often Across and within cultures, agreement often varies on which emotion a particular facial varies on which emotion a particular facial expression is revealingexpression is revealing

• People don’t usually express their emotion in People don’t usually express their emotion in facial expressions unless others are aroundfacial expressions unless others are around

• Facial expressions convey different meanings Facial expressions convey different meanings depending on their circumstancesdepending on their circumstances

• People often use facial expressions to lie People often use facial expressions to lie about their feelings as well as to express about their feelings as well as to express themthem

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The Brain and EmotionThe Brain and Emotion

• The amygdalaThe amygdala– Responsible for Responsible for

assessing assessing threatthreat

– Damage to the Damage to the amygdala amygdala results in results in abnormality to abnormality to process fearprocess fear

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The Brain and EmotionThe Brain and Emotion• Left prefrontal cortex Left prefrontal cortex

– Involved in motivation to approach othersInvolved in motivation to approach others– Damage to this area results in loss of joyDamage to this area results in loss of joy

• Right prefrontal cortex Right prefrontal cortex – Involved in withdrawal and escapeInvolved in withdrawal and escape– Damage to the area results in excessive mania and Damage to the area results in excessive mania and

euphoriaeuphoria

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Hormones and EmotionHormones and Emotion

• When experiencing an intense emotion, When experiencing an intense emotion, two hormones are releasedtwo hormones are released– EpinephrineEpinephrine– NorepinephrineNorepinephrine

• Results in increased alertness and arousalResults in increased alertness and arousal• At high levels, it can create the sensation of At high levels, it can create the sensation of

being out of control emotionallybeing out of control emotionally

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The Autonomic The Autonomic Nervous SystemNervous System

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Detecting Emotions: Detecting Emotions: Does the Body Lie?Does the Body Lie?

• Polygraph testing Polygraph testing relies on autonomic relies on autonomic nervous system nervous system arousalarousal

• Typical measures:Typical measures:– Galvanic skin Galvanic skin

responseresponse– Pulse, blood pressurePulse, blood pressure– BreathingBreathing– FidgetingFidgeting

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Polygraph TestsPolygraph Tests

• Empirical support is weak Empirical support is weak and conflictingand conflicting

• Test is inadmissible in Test is inadmissible in most courtsmost courts

• It is illegal to use for most It is illegal to use for most job screeningjob screening

• Many government Many government agencies continue to use agencies continue to use for screeningfor screening

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Elements of Emotion 2: Elements of Emotion 2: The MindThe Mind

• How thoughts create emotionsHow thoughts create emotions– The two-factor theory of emotionThe two-factor theory of emotion– Attributions and emotionsAttributions and emotions

• Cognitions & Emotional ComplexityCognitions & Emotional Complexity

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Two-factor Theory of EmotionTwo-factor Theory of Emotion• Physiological arousalPhysiological arousal

– Sweaty palmsSweaty palms– Increased heart rateIncreased heart rate– Rapid breathingRapid breathing

• Cognitive LabelCognitive Label– Attribute source of Attribute source of

arousal to a causearousal to a cause

• To have an emotion, To have an emotion, both factors are both factors are requiredrequired

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Attributions and EmotionsAttributions and Emotions

• Perceptions and attributions are Perceptions and attributions are involved in emotionsinvolved in emotions

• How one reacts to an event depends on How one reacts to an event depends on how he or she explains ithow he or she explains it– For example, how one reacts to being For example, how one reacts to being

ignored or winning the silver instead of the ignored or winning the silver instead of the gold medalgold medal

• Philosophy of life is also influentialPhilosophy of life is also influential

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Cognitions and Emotional Cognitions and Emotional ComplexityComplexity

• Cognitions affect emotionsCognitions affect emotions

• Emotions affect cognitionsEmotions affect cognitions

• Cognitive and emotional developments Cognitive and emotional developments occur together, become more complex occur together, become more complex with agewith age

• Cognitive therapy attempts to change Cognitive therapy attempts to change emotions by changing cognitionsemotions by changing cognitions

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Elements of Emotion 3:Elements of Emotion 3: The Culture The Culture

• Culture and emotional variationCulture and emotional variation

• The rules of emotional regulationThe rules of emotional regulation– Display rulesDisplay rules– Body languageBody language– Emotion workEmotion work

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Culture and Emotional VariationCulture and Emotional Variation

• Culture determines what people feel angry, sad, Culture determines what people feel angry, sad, lonely, happy, ashamed or disgusted aboutlonely, happy, ashamed or disgusted about

• Some cultures have words for specific emotions Some cultures have words for specific emotions unknown to other culturesunknown to other cultures– Ex. Ex. SchadenfreudeSchadenfreude

• Some cultures don’t have words for emotions Some cultures don’t have words for emotions that seem universal to othersthat seem universal to others– Tahitian and sadnessTahitian and sadness

• Differences in secondary emotions appear to be Differences in secondary emotions appear to be reflected in differences in languagesreflected in differences in languages

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Culture & Emotional ExpressionCulture & Emotional Expression • Display RulesDisplay Rules

– When, where, and how emotions are to be When, where, and how emotions are to be expressed or when they should be squelchedexpressed or when they should be squelched

• Body LanguageBody Language– The nonverbal signals of body movement, posture The nonverbal signals of body movement, posture

and gaze that people constantly expressand gaze that people constantly express

• Emotion WorkEmotion Work– Acting out an emotion we do not feel or trying to Acting out an emotion we do not feel or trying to

create the right emotion for the occasioncreate the right emotion for the occasion

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Putting it all together: Putting it all together: Emotion and GenderEmotion and Gender

• Emotional ReactivityEmotional Reactivity

• Sensitivity to other people’s emotionsSensitivity to other people’s emotions

• CognitionsCognitions

• ExpressivenessExpressiveness– Factors which affect expressivenessFactors which affect expressiveness

• Emotion workEmotion work

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Putting the Elements Together: Putting the Elements Together: Emotion and GenderEmotion and Gender

• Emotional ReactivityEmotional Reactivity– Women recall emotional events more Women recall emotional events more

intensely and vividly than do menintensely and vividly than do men– Men experience emotional events more Men experience emotional events more

intensely than do womenintensely than do women– Conflict is physiologically more upsetting Conflict is physiologically more upsetting

for men than womenfor men than women

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Gender differences in Gender differences in physiology and intensityphysiology and intensity

• Males’ autonomic nervous system is more Males’ autonomic nervous system is more reactive than females’reactive than females’

• Men are more likely to rehearse angry Men are more likely to rehearse angry thoughts, which maintains angerthoughts, which maintains anger

• Women are more likely to ruminate, which Women are more likely to ruminate, which maintains depressionmaintains depression

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Sensitivity to Other People’s Sensitivity to Other People’s EmotionsEmotions

• Factors that influence one’s ability to Factors that influence one’s ability to “read” emotional signals:“read” emotional signals:– The sex of the sender and receiverThe sex of the sender and receiver– How well the sender and receiver know How well the sender and receiver know

each othereach other– How expressive the sender isHow expressive the sender is– Who has the powerWho has the power– Stereotypes and expectationsStereotypes and expectations

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CognitionsCognitions

• Men and women appear to differ in the Men and women appear to differ in the types of everyday events that provoke types of everyday events that provoke their angertheir anger

• Women become angry over issues Women become angry over issues related to their partner’s disregardrelated to their partner’s disregard

• Men become angry over damage to Men become angry over damage to property or problems with strangersproperty or problems with strangers

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ExpressivenessExpressiveness

• In North America, women:In North America, women:– Smile more than menSmile more than men– Gaze at listeners moreGaze at listeners more– Have more emotionally expressive facesHave more emotionally expressive faces– Use more expressive body movementsUse more expressive body movements– Touch others moreTouch others more– Acknowledge weakness and emotions moreAcknowledge weakness and emotions more

• Compared to women, men only express Compared to women, men only express anger to strangers moreanger to strangers more

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Factors Influencing Emotional Factors Influencing Emotional ExpressivenessExpressiveness

• Gender rolesGender roles

• Cultural normsCultural norms

• The specific situationThe specific situation

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Emotion Work and GenderEmotion Work and Gender

• Women work hard at appearing warm, Women work hard at appearing warm, happy and making sure others are happy and making sure others are happyhappy

• Men work hard at persuading others Men work hard at persuading others they are stern, aggressive and they are stern, aggressive and unemotionalunemotional

• Why?Why?– Gender roles and statusGender roles and status