Copyright 2007-12 1 Roger Clarke Xamax Consultancy, Canberra Visiting Professor in Cyberspace Law &...

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Roger ClarkeXamax Consultancy, Canberra

Visiting Professor in Cyberspace Law & Policy, UNSWand in Computer Science, ANU

Chair, Australian Privacy Foundation

http://www.anu.edu.au/Roger.Clarke/......../DV/MSR {.html, .ppt}

Surveillance Conference – Uni Sydney – 20 February 2012

Surveillance by the Media – and Its

Regulation

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Surveillance by the Media – and Its Regulation

AGENDA

• Media Surveillance Practices

• Empirical• Analytical

• Regulation of Media Surveillance

• Contemporary • Prospective

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Kidman – January 2005

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

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Kidman – January 2005

Stake-out, listening device, still-image photography, car pursuit, AVOs granted



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Falzon & Williams – April 2007

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor


Visual recording, non-public place, covert, unconsented, unofficial media

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Elliott – May 2008

Visual recording, public place, vulnerable person, overt, persistent, consent denied



•

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Elliott – At the Inquest



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14yo Girl – July 2009

Coercion, vulnerable person, live-to-air



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Campbell – May 2010

Stake-out, covert, visual recording, unconsented, no public interest



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Campbell – May 2010



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Madaleine Pulver – Aug-Nov 2011

Stake-out, visual recording, persistent, overt, consent denied



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Persistent, pursuit



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Stake-out, visual recording, presistent, overt, consent denied, pursuit



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14yo Boy in Bali – October 2011

Stake-out, visual recording, consent denied, persistent, culturally risky



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14yo Boy in Bali – October 2011





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Forms of Surveillance

1. Physical Surveillance

2. Communications Surveillance

3. Dataveillance

4. Location and Tracking Surveillance

5. Body Surveillance ['Überveillance' Type 1]

6. Omnipresent and/or Omniscient Surveillance ['Überveillance' Type 2]

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Dimensions of Surveillance

1. Of What?

2. For Whom?

3. By Whom?

4. Why?

5. How?

6. Where?

7. When?

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Forms of Media Surveillance

1. Physical Surveillance• Unaided watching and

listening with eyes and ears

• Aids, incl. telescopic lenses, directional microphones, recording devices, triggering devices

2. Comms Surveillance• Unauthorised access to

voicemails /'mailbox hacking'), telephone, email or chat/IM traffic

3. Dataveillance• Acquired login/passwd pairs• Hacking• Social Eng'g – pretexting /

blagging, masquerade

4. Loc, Track Surveillance

• Stake-out, pursuit, ...• More sophisticated tools

5. Body Surveillance 6. Omnipresent and/or

Omniscient Surveillance

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Contemporary Regulation of Media Surveillance

Tort• Interference with Real

Estate (Trespass, Nuisance)

• Interference with the Person (Trespass, Obstruction,False Imprisonment, Assault, AVOs / PSIOs)

• Interference with Emotional State (Stalking, Negligence)

• Deceitful Behaviour (Misrepresentation, Deceit, Passing-Off)

Surveillance Statutes• Telecomms (postal, TIAA,

computer offences)• Aural/Visual Surv Devices

(Clth, State, Territory)• Pornography, Anti-

Voyeurism

Other Statutes (Copyright,Trademarks, Media Law, Human Rights, Privacy)

Media Codes (APC, ACMA)

Direct Action (protecting the public, and the media)

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The Regulation of Surveillance – General Principles

1. Justification2. Proportionality3. Openness4. Access Security5. Controlled Use6. Controlled Disclosure7. Controlled Publication8. Non-Retention and Rapid

Destruction9. Review10. Withdrawal

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Media Use of Surveillance – Specific Principle

• DO NOT, unless a clear justification exists:• seek or gather personal data• observe or record personal behaviour

• Base justification only on:• consent by the person to whom the data relates• express legal authority; or• an over-riding public interest

• The nature of the activities, and their degree of intrusiveness:• must reflect the nature and extent of any consent

provided• must reflect the nature and extent of any express legal

authority; and• must be proportionate to the nature and significance of

the public interest arising in the particular circumstances

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The Public Interest

Relevance to:• the performance of:

• a public office• a significant corporate or civil society

function• the credibility of public statements

('hypocrisy')• arguably illegal, immoral or

seriously anti-social behaviour• public health or safety• a significant event

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Media Use of Surveillance – Controlled Activities

1. activities that intrude into the person's private space

2. activities that intrude into the person's reasonable expectations, even though they are in a public space

3. deceit, such as:• masquerade

• misrepresentation or subterfuge pretexting / blagging, masquerade

• unexpected observation or recording

4. exploitation of vulnerability, naiveté or ignorance, esp. children, limited mental capacity, etc.

5. intrusions into private space of people in sensitive situations

6. coercion, incl. implication of a legal or moral obligation, intimidation, excessive persistence

7. perceived trespass, nuisance, obstruction, pursuit, harassment or stalking

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Roger ClarkeXamax Consultancy, Canberra

Visiting Professor in Cyberspace Law & Policy, UNSWand in Computer Science, ANU

Chair, Australian Privacy Foundation

http://www.anu.edu.au/Roger.Clarke/......../DV/MSR {.html, .ppt}

Surveillance Conference – Uni Sydney – 20 February 2012

Surveillance by the Media – and Its

Regulation

Copyright 2007-12 1 Roger Clarke Xamax Consultancy, Canberra Visiting Professor in Cyberspace Law &...

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