Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 19 The Diversity of Viruses, Prokaryotes, and...
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Transcript of Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 19 The Diversity of Viruses, Prokaryotes, and...
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Chapter 19
• The Diversity of Viruses, Prokaryotes, and Protists
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
• A Virus Consists of a Molecule of DNA or RNA Surrounded by a Protein Coat– The sizes of microorganisms (F19.1 p. 360) – Viral structure and replication (F19.2 p. 361)
Eukaryotic cells(10–100 µm)
Prokaryotic cells(0.2–10 µm)
cyanobacterium
Viruses (0.05–0.2 µm)
Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus1 µm
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chromosome(nucleoid region)
pili
ribosomes
food granule
prokaryoticflagellum
capsule orslime layer
cell wall
plasma membranecytoplasm
plasmid (DNA)
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cytoplasm
flagellum
lysosome
centriole
Golgi complex
vesicle
nuclear pore
nuclear envelope
chromatin (DNA)nucleolus
nucleus
ribosome
free ribosome
microtubules
rough endoplasmicreticulum
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
plasmamembrane
intermediatefilaments
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central vacuole
plastid mitochondrion
vesicle plasmodesma
cell wall
plasmamembrane
intermediatefilaments
free ribosomeribosomes
nucleusnucleolus
nuclear porechromatin
nuclear envelope
Golgi complex
chloroplast
Microtubules (part of cytoskeleton)
smoothendoplasmicreticulum
roughendoplasmicreticulum
glycoproteins
proteincoat
envelope(lipid bilayer)
spikes
coreproteins
reversetranscriptase
genetic material(viral RNA) coated with protein
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Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
– Viruses Are Host-Specific• Viruses come in a variety of shapes (F19.3 p. 361)
• Some viruses infect bacteria (F19.4 p. 361) • How viruses replicate (FE19.1 p. 362)
rabies virus herpes virus
bacteriophage
tobaccomosaic plant virusmeasles virus
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(nucleus)
DNARNA
mRNA
(cytoplasm)
HIV virus, a retrovirus, invades a white blood cell.RNA core
envelope
coat
reversetranscriptase
(nucleus)
DNA RNA
mRNA
(cytoplasm)
RNA coreenvelope
coat
reversetranscriptase
HIV virus, a retrovirus, invades a white blood cell.
mRNA
DNA
(cytoplasm)
(nucleus)
Herpes virus, a double-stranded DNA virus, invades a skin cell.
coat
DNA
envelope
mRNA
DNA
envelope
coat
DNA
(cytoplasm)
(nucleus)
Herpes virus, a double-stranded DNA virus, invades a skin cell.
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Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
– Viral Infections Are Difficult to Treat
• Some Infectious Agents Are Even Simpler Than Viruses– Prions: Puzzling proteins (F19.5 p. 364)
• No One Is Certain How These Infectious Particles Originated
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Organisms Of the Prokaryotic Domains—Bacteria and Archaea
• Bacteria and Archaea Are Fundamentally Different– Classification of Prokaryotes Within Each Domain Is
Difficult
• Prokaryotes Differ in Shape and Structure– Three common prokaryote shapes (F19.6 p. 366) – The prokaryote flagellum (F19.7 p. 367)
0.10 µm
0.25 µm
outermembrane
peptidoglycanlayer
plasmamembrane
cellwall
"wheel-and-axle” base
(b)
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Organisms of the Prokaryotic Domains—Bacteria and Archaea
– Many Bacteria Form Films on Surfaces• The cause of tooth decay (F19.8 p. 367)
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Organisms Of the Prokaryotic Domains—Bacteria and Archaea
– Protective Endospores Allow Some Bacteria to Withstand Adverse Conditions
• Spores protect some bacteria (F19.9 p. 367)
endospore
bacterium
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Organisms Of the Prokaryotic Domains—Bacteria and Archaea
• Prokaryotes Reproduce by Binary Fission– Reproduction in prokaryotes (F19.10 p. 368)
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Organisms Of the Prokaryotic Domains—Bacteria and Archaea
– Prokaryotes May Exchange Genetic Material Without Reproducing
• Conjugation: Prokaryotic “mating” (F19.11 p. 368)
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Organisms Of the Prokaryotic Domains—Bacteria and Archaea
• Prokaryotes Are Specialized for Specific Habitats– Some prokaryotes thrive in extreme
conditions (F19.12 p. 369)
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Organisms Of the Prokaryotic Domains—Bacteria and Archaea
• Prokaryotes Exhibit Diverse Metabolisms– Cyanobacteria (F 19.13 p. 369)
membranes bearing chlorophyllCopyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Organisms Of the Prokaryotic Domains—Bacteria and Archaea
• Prokaryotes Perform Functions Important to Other Organisms– Prokaryotes Capture the Nitrogen Needed by
Plants• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules (F19.14 p. 370)
cellwalls
N2-fixingbacteria
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Organisms Of the Prokaryotic Domains—Bacteria and Archaea
– Prokaryotes Are Nature’s Recyclers
• Some Bacteria Pose a Threat to Human Health– Some Anaerobic Bacteria Produce Dangerous
Poisons– Humans Have Battled Bacterial Diseases
Throughout History– Some Common Bacterial Species Can Be Harmful– Most Bacteria Are Harmless
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Protists?
• The Major Groups of Protists (T19.1 p. 372)
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Protists
• Most Protists Are Single-Celled– Protists Use Diverse Modes of
Reproduction and Nutrition• Protistan reproduction and gene exchange
(F19.15 p. 373)
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Protists
– Protist Systematics Are in Transition
• The Chromists Include Photosynthetic and Nonphotosynthetic Organisms– Water Molds Have Had Important Impacts
on Humans• A parasitic water mold (F19.16 p. 374)
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Protists?
– Diatoms Encase Themselves Within Glassy Walls
• Some representative diatoms (F19.17 p. 374)
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Protists
– Brown Algae Dominate in Cool Coastal Waters
• Brown algae, a multicellular protist (F19.18 p. 375)
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Protists
• The Alveolates Include Parasites, Predators, and Phytoplankton– Dinoflagellates Swim by Means of Two
Whiplike Flagella• Dinoflagellates (F19.19 p. 375)
• A red tide (F19.20 p. 376)
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Protists
– Apicomplexans Are Parasitic and Have No Means of Locomotion
• The life cycle of the malaria parasite (F19.21 p. 377)
(in mosquito)
(in human)
male gamete
female gamete
saliva with larvae areinjected into human
larvaemigrate tosalivary gland
larvaedevelop
larvae enter liver;develop throughseveral larval stages
parasites emerge from liver and enter red blood cells
liver
some parasitesbecome gametocytes
malegametocyte female
gametocyte
synchronized rupture of red blood cells, releasing the parasites and toxins, causes the recurring fever of malaria
parasites reproduce in red blood cells, which burst, liberating new parasites that infect more red blood cells
female Anopheles mosquito bites human and ingests gametocytes, which become gametes
fertilization produces a zygote that enters the wall of the mosquito’s stomach
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What Are Protists
– Ciliates Are the Most Complex of the Alveolates
• The complexity of ciliates (F 19.22 p. 377)
• A microscopic predator (F19.23 p. 378)
macronucleus
oral groove
food vacuoleforming
cilia
contractilevacuole
anal pore
food vacuole
micronucleus
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Protists
• Slime Molds Are Decomposers That Inhabit the Forest Floor– Acellular Slime Molds Form a Multinucleate
Mass of Cytoplasm Called a Plasmodium• The acellular slime mold Physarum (F19.24 p. 378)
nucleus
spores
fruiting bodies
Cellular Slime MoldsProtists
Live as Independent Cells
Aggregate into a Pseudoplasmodium
When Food Is Scarce
(F19.25 p. 379)
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Protists
• Euglenoids Lack a Rigid Covering and Swim by Means of Flagella– Euglena, a representative euglenoid (F19.26 p. 379)
flagellum eyespot
contractilevacuole
stored food
nucleus
nucleolus
chloroplasts
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Protists• Red Algae Live Primarily in Clear Tropical
Oceans– Red algae (F19.27 p. 380)
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Protists
• Trypanosoma:
• causes African
sleeping sickness
• transmitted by Tsetse Fly
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Protists• Giardia: the Curse of campers (F19-29 p. 380)
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Protists?
• Various Protists Move by Means of Pseudopods– The amoeba (F19.30 p. 381) – Heliozoans (F19.31 p.
381) – Foraminiferans and radiolarians (F19.32 p. 381)
pseudopod
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Protists?
• Green Algae Live Mostly in Ponds and Lakes– A form of green algae (F19.33 p. 382)