Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.15-1 Chapter 15: Cognitive Processes in Adolescents...

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 15-1

Chapter 15: Cognitive Processes in Adolescents

• 15.1 Cognition• 15.2 Reasoning About Moral Issues• 15.3 The World of Work• 15.4 Special Challenges


15.1 Cognition

• Piaget’s Stage of Formal Operational Reasoning

• Information Processing During Adolescence


Piaget’s Stage of Formal Operational Reasoning

• Begins at about 11 and continues through adulthood

• Children now able to think hypothetically and abstractly

• Can use deductive reasoning• Beliefs can interfere with reasoning


Ratings of Validity of Studies


Information Processing During Adolescence

• Capacity of working memory and speed of processing reach adult levels

• Acquire adult-like levels of knowledge and understanding in many areas

• Adolescents are quite skilled at choosing strategies and monitoring effectiveness


15.2 Reasoning About Moral Issues

• Kohlberg’s Theory• Gilligan’s Ethic of Caring• Promoting Moral Reasoning


Kohlberg’s Theory

• 3 levels of moral reasoning beginning with obedience to authority and ending with decisions based on moral principles

• Support for the theory: people progress through the stages in sequence and moral reasoning is linked to moral behaviour

• Cross-cultural evidence is inconsistent


Gilligan’s Ethic of Caring

• Gilligan: caring is more important than justice and becomes more sophisticated

• Justice and care both serve as a basis for moral reasoning depending on the nature of the moral problem


Promoting Moral Reasoning

• Discussions about moral issues and exposure to higher levels of reasoning

• Just Communities foster discussion and provide exposure to higher levels of reasoning


15.3 The World of Work

• Career Development• Part-Time Employment


Career Development

• Super’s theory: identity is primary force in career choice

• Teens go through stages of crystallization, specification, and implementation when choosing a career

• Holland’s theory: 6 personality types are basis for finding fulfilling jobs or careers


Part-Time Employment• Majority of high school seniors work part-time• In 1998, nearly half of Canadian young people

between the ages 15 and 24 were working were working in retail sales and service-industry jobs.

• Negative effects: school performance suffers, mental health and behavioural problems, and misleading affluence


15.4 Special Challenges

• Learning Disabilities• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity

Disorder• Cognitive Delay


Children with Learning Disabilities

• Children with learning disabilities have normal intelligence, but have difficulty mastering academic material

• Many varieties of learning disabilities making it difficult to diagnose and equally difficult to identify appropriate treatments


Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

• Shows a combination of overactivity, inattention, and impulsivity

• More common in boys than girls• Often treated with stimulant drugs,

instructions on regulating behaviour, and parent training


Persistence of ADHD


Cognitive Delay

• Defined as below-average test scores along with problems adapting to the environment

• The most severe forms are less common• 90% are mildly or educably delayed


Levels of Cognitive Delay

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.15-1 Chapter 15: Cognitive Processes in Adolescents...

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