Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Organizational Culture The shared values...

Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

Organizational Culture The shared values and norms that exist The shared values and norms that exist

in an organization that are taught to in an organization that are taught to incoming employeesincoming employees

Involves common beliefs and feelings, Involves common beliefs and feelings, regularities in behavior, historical regularities in behavior, historical process for transmitting values and process for transmitting values and normsnorms– ““The way we do things around here”The way we do things around here”


Organizational Culture (Cont.)

Rituals and stories play key roles in Rituals and stories play key roles in maintaining organizational culturesmaintaining organizational cultures

Stories or myths may convey beliefs of Stories or myths may convey beliefs of company’s founder, or other major company’s founder, or other major valuesvalues


Creation of Organizational Culture

Beliefs and values of the organization’s Beliefs and values of the organization’s founderfounder

Societal norms of firm’s native/host Societal norms of firm’s native/host countrycountry

Problems of external adaptation and Problems of external adaptation and survivalsurvival

Problems of internal integrationProblems of internal integration


Cultural Differences Research on pace of life in various Research on pace of life in various

countries suggest that Westerners have countries suggest that Westerners have fairly precise measures of time and a fairly precise measures of time and a stronger concern for punctuality than stronger concern for punctuality than most other peoplemost other people– Monochronic style individuals focus on one Monochronic style individuals focus on one

thing at a time; characteristic of USAthing at a time; characteristic of USA– Polychronic style individuals focus on Polychronic style individuals focus on

several things at one time; characteristics of several things at one time; characteristics of Latin American countriesLatin American countries


Dimensions of Cultural Differences

Research has shown that countries differ Research has shown that countries differ significantly insignificantly in– Interpersonal trustInterpersonal trust– Power-distancePower-distance– Avoidance of uncertaintyAvoidance of uncertainty– Individualism v. CollectivismIndividualism v. Collectivism– Masculinity v. FemininityMasculinity v. Femininity


Doing Business in Latin America

Few people rush into businessFew people rush into business Men and women congregate into Men and women congregate into

separate groups at social functionsseparate groups at social functions Latin Americans stand more closely to Latin Americans stand more closely to

each other than North Americans when each other than North Americans when in conversationin conversation

Men may embraceMen may embrace


Doing Business in Latin America (Cont.)

Guests are expected to arrive late, with Guests are expected to arrive late, with exception of American guestsexception of American guests

Little concern about deadlinesLittle concern about deadlines Machismo - expectation that businessmen Machismo - expectation that businessmen

will display forcefulness, self-confidence, will display forcefulness, self-confidence, leadership with flourishleadership with flourish

FatalismFatalism


Doing Business in East Asia

Japan, Korea, ChinaJapan, Korea, China Meetings devoted to pleasantries; serving Meetings devoted to pleasantries; serving

tea, engaging in chitchattea, engaging in chitchat Seniors and elders command respectSeniors and elders command respect Consciously use slow down techniques as Consciously use slow down techniques as

bargaining ploysbargaining ploys Business cards should be bilingualBusiness cards should be bilingual


Doing Business in Russia

Protocol-consciousProtocol-conscious Do business only with highest ranking Do business only with highest ranking

executivesexecutives Appear stiff and dullAppear stiff and dull More expressive in private than in publicMore expressive in private than in public Hard to draw up contracts due to Hard to draw up contracts due to

language barrierslanguage barriers Have no advertising experienceHave no advertising experience


Doing Business in the Middle East

Prefer to act through trusted third partiesPrefer to act through trusted third parties Personal honor given high premiumPersonal honor given high premium FatalismFatalism Emotionally expressiveEmotionally expressive Intense eye contactIntense eye contact Guests should avoid discussing politics, Guests should avoid discussing politics,

religion, host’s family and personal professionsreligion, host’s family and personal professions

Artifacts/SymbolsArtifacts/Symbols

-- Visible objects, actions, stories that Visible objects, actions, stories that represent the culturerepresent the culture

-- Most easily changedMost easily changed

-- Rites, rituals, ceremoniesRites, rituals, ceremonies

-- Stories, myths, legendsStories, myths, legends

-- SymbolsSymbols

-- Language/jargon/gesturesLanguage/jargon/gestures

Behavior PatternsBehavior Patterns

- Shared ways of interacting, approaching - Shared ways of interacting, approaching a taska task

- Shared ways of responding to something - Shared ways of responding to something new new

NormsNorms

- Socially constructed preferencesSocially constructed preferences

-- Group expectations about how things Group expectations about how things should be doneshould be done

ValuesValues

- Preferred statesPreferred states- Feelings & beliefs about what’s good or Feelings & beliefs about what’s good or

rightright

Shared AssumptionsShared Assumptions

- Taken for granted- Taken for granted

- Not conscious- Not conscious

- Hard to change- Hard to change

Assessing Your Cultural IdentityAssessing Your Cultural Identity

This questionnaire is to help you think about the degree to which you identify This questionnaire is to help you think about the degree to which you identify with your culture group. Use the following scale to indicate the degree to with your culture group. Use the following scale to indicate the degree to which each statement is true of the way you typically think about yourself.which each statement is true of the way you typically think about yourself.

““Always False” (1), “Mostly False” (2), “Sometimes True and Sometimes Always False” (1), “Mostly False” (2), “Sometimes True and Sometimes False” (3), “Mostly True” (4), or “Always True” (5).False” (3), “Mostly True” (4), or “Always True” (5).

Cultural IdentityCultural Identity

1. Being a member of my culture is important to me.1. Being a member of my culture is important to me.

2. Membership in my culture is central to how I define myself.2. Membership in my culture is central to how I define myself.

3. If I were born again, I would want to be born as a member of my culture.3. If I were born again, I would want to be born as a member of my culture.

4. I often think about being a member of my culture4. I often think about being a member of my culture

5. Being a member of my culture plays a large role in my life.5. Being a member of my culture plays a large role in my life.

This questionnaire is to help you think about the degree to which you identify This questionnaire is to help you think about the degree to which you identify with your ethnic group. Use the following scale to indicate the degree to with your ethnic group. Use the following scale to indicate the degree to which each statement is true of the way you typically think about yourself.which each statement is true of the way you typically think about yourself.

““Always False” (1), “Mostly False” (2), “Sometimes True and Sometimes Always False” (1), “Mostly False” (2), “Sometimes True and Sometimes False” (3), “Mostly True” (4), or “Always True” (5).False” (3), “Mostly True” (4), or “Always True” (5).

1. If I were born again, I would want to be born as a member of my ethnic 1. If I were born again, I would want to be born as a member of my ethnic group.group.

2. Being a member of my ethnic group is important to me.2. Being a member of my ethnic group is important to me.

3. I often think about being a member of my ethnic group.3. I often think about being a member of my ethnic group.

4. Being a member of my ethnic group plays a large role in my life.4. Being a member of my ethnic group plays a large role in my life.

5. Thinking about myself as a member of my ethnic group is central to how I 5. Thinking about myself as a member of my ethnic group is central to how I define myself.define myself.

To find your scores, add the numbers you wrote next to each of the statements. Compute separate To find your scores, add the numbers you wrote next to each of the statements. Compute separate scores for cultural and ethnic identity. Scores range from 5 to 25. The higher the score, the more scores for cultural and ethnic identity. Scores range from 5 to 25. The higher the score, the more you identify with the group.you identify with the group.Adapted from Hofman’s (1985) measures of “civic” and ethnic identitiesAdapted from Hofman’s (1985) measures of “civic” and ethnic identities

Assessing Your Ethnic IdentityAssessing Your Ethnic Identity

Use the following scale to indicate the degree to which each statement Use the following scale to indicate the degree to which each statement is true of the way you typically think about yourself. “Always False” is true of the way you typically think about yourself. “Always False” (1), “Mostly False” (2), “Sometimes True and Sometimes False” (3), (1), “Mostly False” (2), “Sometimes True and Sometimes False” (3), “Mostly True” (4), or “Always True” (5). “Mostly True” (4), or “Always True” (5).

1. I apply my values when judging people who are different.1. I apply my values when judging people who are different.

2. I see people who are similar to me as virtuous.2. I see people who are similar to me as virtuous.

3. I do not cooperate with people who are different.3. I do not cooperate with people who are different.

4. I prefer to associate with people who are like me.4. I prefer to associate with people who are like me.

5. I do not trust people who are different from me.5. I do not trust people who are different from me.

To find your score, add the numbers you wrote next to each of the statements. Scores To find your score, add the numbers you wrote next to each of the statements. Scores range from 5 to 25. The higher the score, the more ethnocentric you arerange from 5 to 25. The higher the score, the more ethnocentric you are ..SOURCE: The items on this questionnaire are drawn from Brewer’s (1981) description of ethnocentrism.SOURCE: The items on this questionnaire are drawn from Brewer’s (1981) description of ethnocentrism.

Assessing Your EthnocentrismAssessing Your Ethnocentrism

Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Organizational Culture The shared values...

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