Copy of 56913304 Pipe Systems Design

7/29/2019 Copy of 56913304 Pipe Systems Design

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TOTAL PRESSURE DROP IN PIPE

Calculating Pressure Drop

One of the most basic calculations performed by any process engineer,

whether in design or in the plant, is line sizing and pipeline pressure loss.

Typically known are the flow rate, temperature and corresponding viscosity

and specific gravity of the fluid that will flow through the pipe. These properties

are entered into a computer program or spreadsheet along with some pipe

physical data (pipe schedule and roughness factor) and out pops a series of

line sizes with associated Reynolds Number, velocity, friction factor and

pressure drop per linear dimension. The pipe size is then selected based on a

compromise between the velocity and the pressure drop. With the line now

sized and the pressure drop per linear dimension determined, the pressure

loss from the inlet to the outlet of the pipe can be calculated.

The total pressure drop in the pipe is typically calculated using these five steps. (1) Determine the tota

horizontal and vertical straight pipe runs. (2) Determine the number of valves and fittings in the pipe. For

two gate valves, a 90o

elbow and a flow thru tee. (3) Determine the means of incorporating the valves and

equation. To accomplish this, most engineers use a table of equivalent lengths. This table lists the valve

associated length of straight pipe of the same diameter, which will incur the same pressure loss as that val

example, if a 2 90o

elbow were to produce a pressure drop of 1 psi, the equivalent length would be a lengt

that would also give a pressure drop of 1 psi. The engineer then multiplies the quantity of each type of val

respective equivalent length and adds them together. (4) The total equivalent length is usually added to th

length obtained in step one to give a total pipe equivalent length. (5) This total pipe equivalent length is

in Equation 2 to obtain the pressure drop in the pipe.


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Mass Flow Rate,

lb/hr: 63,143

Volumetric Flow

Rate, gpm: 70

Density, lb/ft3: 112.47

S.G. 1.802

Viscosity, cp: 10

Temperature,

o

F: 127Pipe ID, in: 3.068

Velocity, fps: 3.04

Reynold's No: 12,998

Darcy Friction Factor,

(f) Pipe: 0.02985Pipe Line DP/100 ft. 1.308

Friction Factor at Full

Turbulence (t): 0.018

Straight Pipe, ft: 31.5

Fittings Leq/D1

Leq2, 3 K

1, 2=t

(L/D)Quantity Total Leq Total K

The term

The most commonly used equation for determining pressure

drop in a straight pipe is the Darcy Weisbach equation. One

common form of the equation which gives pressure drop in terms

of feet of head { hL} is given by:

is commonly referred to as theVelocity Head.

The fluid being pumped is 94% Sulfuric Acid through a 3, Schedule 40,

Another common form of the Darcy Weisbach

An Example

To obtain pressure drop in units of psi/100 ft, the value of 100 replaces L in Equation 2.


3/31

90o

Long Radius

Elbow 20 5.1 0.36 2 10.23 0.72

Branch Tee 60 15.3 1.08 1 15.34 1.08

Swing Check Valve 50 12.8 0.9 1 12.78 0.9

Plug Valve 18 4.6 0.324 1 4.6 0.324

3 x 1 Reducer4

None5 822.685 57.92 1 822.68 57.92TOTAL 865.633

Typical

Equivalent

Length

Method

K Value

Method

Straight Pipe DP, psi

Not

applicable 0.412

Total Pipe EquivalentLength DP, psi 11.734 NotApplicable

Valves and Fittings

DP, psi

Not

applicable 6.828

Total Pipe DP, psi 11.734 7.24

60.944

3. Leq is calculated using Equation 5

above.

4. The reducer is really an

expansion; the pump discharge

nozzle is 1 (Schedule 80) but the

connecting pipe is 3. In piping

terms, there are no expanders,just

reducers. It is standard to specify the

reducer with the larger size shown

first. The K value for the expansion

is calculated as a gradual

enlargement with a 30o

angle.

5. There is no L/D associated with an

expansion or contraction. The

equivalent length must be backcalculated from the K value using

Equation 5 above.

1. K values and Leq/D are obtained

from reference 1.

2. K values and Leq are given in terms

of the larger sized pipe.


4/31

The line pressure drop is greater by about 4.5 psi (about 62%)

using the typical equivalent length method (adding straight pipe

length to the equivalent length of the fittings and valves and using

the pipe line fiction factor in Equation 1).

One can argue that if the fluid is water or a hydrocarbon, the

pipeline friction factor would be closer to the friction factor at full

turbulence and the error would not be so great, if at all significant;

and they would be correct. However hydraulic calculations, like all

calculations, should be done in a correct and consistent manner.

If the engineer gets into the habit of performing hydraulic

calculations using fundamentally incorrect equations, he takes

the risk of falling into the trap when confronted by a pumping

situation as shown above.

Final Thoughts - K Values

Another point to consider is how the

engineer treats a reducer when using

the typical equivalent length method.

As we saw above, the equivalent

length of the reducer had to be back-

calculated using equation 5. To do

this, we had to use tand K. Why not

use these for the rest of the fittings and

apply the calculation correctly in the

first place?


5/31

The term (1+1/D) takes into account

scaling between different sizes within a

given valve or fitting group. Values for

K1 can be found in the reference

article2

and pressure drop is then

calculated using Equation 7. For flow

in the fully turbulent zone and larger

size valves and fittings, K becomes

consistent with that given in CRANE.

The 1976 edition of the Crane

Technical Paper No. 410 first

discussed and used the two-friction

factor method for calculating the total

pressure drop in a piping system ( for

straight pipe and t for valves and

fittings). Since then, Hooper2

suggested a 2-K method for calculating

the pressure loss contribution for

valves and fittings. His argument was

that the equivalent length in pipe

diameters (L/D) and K was indeed a

function of Reynolds Number (at flow

rates less than that obtained at fully

developed turbulent flow) and the exact

geometries of smaller valves and

fittings. K for a given valve or fitting is

a combination of two Ks, one being the

K found in CRANE Technical PaperNo. 410, designated KY, and the other

being defined as the K of the valve or

fitting at a Reynolds Number equal to

1, designated K1. The two are related

by the following equation:

K = K1 / NRE + KY (1 + 1/D)


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The use of the 2-K method has

been around since 1981 and does not

appear to have caught on as of yet.

Some newer commercial computer

programs allow for the use of the 2-K

method, but most engineers inclined to

use the K method instead of the

Equivalent Length method still use the

procedures given in CRANE. Thelatest 3-K method comes from data

reported in the recent CCPS Guidlines4

and appears to be destined to become

the new standard; we shall see.

Darby3

expanded on the 2-K

method. He suggests adding a third K

term to the mix. Darby states that the

2-K method does not accurately

represent the effect of scaling the sizes

of valves and fittings. The reader is

encouraged to get a copy of this article.


7/31

Pressure losses distributed in the pipes

l length of all

xample, there may be

fittings into the Darcy

nd fitting and an

e or fitting. For

h of 2 straight pipe

e and fitting by its

total straight pipe

hen substituted for L


8/31

The calculation of the linear pressure loss, that

corresponding to the general flow in a rectilinear

conduit, is given by the following general formula:

D p = pressure loss in PaL = friction factor (a number without dimension)

The expression above shows that calculations of pressure losses

rest entirely on the determination of the coefficient L.

p = density of water in kg/m3

V = flow rate in m/s

D = pipe diameter in m

L = pipe length in m

Carbon Steel pipe:


9/31

FLUID PARAMETERS

PIPE PARAMETERS

Diameter of

fitting in

inches

90 std.

ell,ft.

45 std.

ell,ft.

90 side

tee, ft.

Coupling

or straight

run of tee,

ft.

Gate valve,

feet

Globe

valve, feet3/8 1 0.6 1.5 0.3 0.2 8

1/2 2 1.2 3 0.6 0.4 15

3/4 2.5 1.5 4 0.8 0.5 20

1 3 1.8 5 0.9 0.6 25

1 1/4 4 2.4 6 1.2 0.8 35

1 1/2 5 3 7 1.5 1 45

2 7 4 10 2 1.3 55

2 1/2 8 5 12 2.5 1.6 65

3 10 6 15 3 2 803 1/2 12 7 18 3.6 2.4 100

4 14 8 21 4 2.7 125

5 17 10 25 5 3.3 140

6 20 12 30 6 4 165

A so utePipe

Roughness

Allowance in Equivalent Length of Pipe for Friction Loss in Valves and Thread


10/31


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Pipe Absolute

x 10-6

feet micron

(unless

drawn brass 5 1.5

drawn 5 1.5

commercial 150 45

wrought iron 150 45

asphalted 400 120

galvanized 500 150

cast iron 850 260

wood stave 600 to 3000 0.2 to 0.9

concrete 1000 to 0.3 to 3 mm

riveted steel 3000 to 0.9 to 9 mm

Relative pipe

Included here is a sampling of absolute pipe roughness e data

taken from Binder (1973). These values are for new pipes;

aged pipes typically exhibit in rise in apparent roughness. In

some cases this rise can be very significant.
http://www.efunda.com/formulae/bibliography.cfm?ref=binderhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/bibliography.cfm?ref=binderhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/bibliography.cfm?ref=binderhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/bibliography.cfm?ref=binderhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/bibliography.cfm?ref=binderhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/bibliography.cfm?ref=binderhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/bibliography.cfm?ref=binderhttp://www.efunda.com/formulae/bibliography.cfm?ref=binder


12/31

Example:

FIRE

HOSE

Friction Loss Charts

Hose

U.S. GPM

30 26 4 1.5 --- --- ---60 --- 9 6 1 --- ---

95 --- 22 14 2 --- ---

125 --- 38 25 3.5 1 ---

150 --- 54 35 5 2 ---

200 --- --- 62 8 3.5 ---

250 --- --- --- 13 5 1.5

Hose 3"WI Hose 76mm

U.S. GPM 2" CPL L/Min. 65mm CPL

500 13 3 2 1900 90 20

750 32 6 4 2850 220 401000 56 10 7.5 3800 390 70

1250 87 15 12 4750 600 100

Back to Top

1" 1" 1"

Add 5 P.S.I. Per Storey

P.S.I. Per 100' Dual Line

2" 3"

Kpa Per 30 Meter Dual

65mm

Add 5 P.S.I. Per Siamese or Wye

10 P.S.I. Per Portable Monitor

Add 30 Kpa Per Siamese or

70 Kpa Per Monitor

P.S.I. Per 100' Single Line

2" 3" 4"
http://www.wfrfire.com/website/firehose/misc/FRICTION.HTMhttp://www.wfrfire.com/website/firehose/misc/FRICTION.HTM


13/31

Angle valve, feet4

8

12

15

18

22

28

34

4050

55

70

80

According to kinematics viscosity According to dynamics viscosity

d Fittings

The Reynolds number is defined is:


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V = flow rate in m/s p = density in kg/m3

d = pipe diameter in mm V =speed in m/s

D = hydraulic diameter of the pipe in m

= dynamic viscosity in Pa.s (or kg/m.s)

p = density of water in kg/m3

Loss pressure

(legal System (S.I) in m/s = 1000000

centistokes or mm/s)

Kinematics viscosity in m2/s kinematics viscosity in mm/s (or

= viscosity dynamic of water Pa.s or (kg/m S)

(kg/m.s = One tenth of a poise = 10 poises)

v = kinematics viscosity in mm/s (or

centistokes) - (legal system (S.I) in m/s =

1000000 centistokes)

Reynolds number is inversely proportional to kinematics viscosity.

The viscosity of a fluid is a characteristic which makes it possible to

determine resistance to the movement of the fluid. The higher kinematic

viscosity will be and the more difficult it will be to move the fluid in the pipe.

v = viscosity of water in mm/s (or

centistokes)

Kinematics viscosity (v is the ratio of dynamic viscosity on the density of the

fluid.

In rate of laminar, the nature or the surface quality of the interior walls of the

lines does not intervene in the calculation of the pressure loss.

The loss pressure is determined by the following function:

Laminar flow (Re 2000)

Re = Reynolds numberL = friction factor (a number without dimension)


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1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1112

13

14

15

16

17

Usual value index of roughness (k) in mm

Nature of interior surface Index roughness K

The laminar flow meets in practice only in the transport and the handling of

the viscous fluids, such as the crude oil, fuel oil, oils, etc.

Turbulent flow (Re > 2000)

In the critical zone, i.e. between 2000 and 4000 Reynolds the formula of

computation employed will be treated in the manner that in situation of mode

of turbulent flow.

In rate of turbulent, the factor of friction is translated by the formula of

Colebrook considered as that which translates best the phenomena of flow

into turbulent mode.

Copper, lead, brass, stainless 0,001 to 0,002

PVC pipe 0,0015

Stainless steel 0,015

Steel commercial pipe 0,045 0,09

Stretched steel 0,015

Weld steel 0,045

Galvanized steel 0,15

Rusted steel 0,1 to 1

New cast iron 0,25 to 0,8

Worn cast iron 0,8 to 1,5

5

Sheet or asphalted cast iron 0,01 to 0,015

Smoothed cement 0,3

Ordinary concrete 1

It is noted that this formula is in implicit form; consequently search can be

done only by successive approaches (iterative calculation)

With:

L = friction factor (a number without dimension)

D = pressure loss coefficient.

k = index of roughness of the pipe.

d = pipe diameter in mm.

Re = Reynolds number.

Well planed wood 5

Ordinary wood 1

Rusty cast iron 1,5 to 2,5

Coarse concrete


16/31

Pipe dia. [d mm.] = 50

Flow Rate l/min = 120

Flow velocity [m/s] = #DIV/0!

Viscosity [mm^2/s] =

50 mm PVC pipe, 120 l/min

Hose

L/Min.

130 180 28 10 --- --- ---225 --- 60 40 7 --- ---

350 --- 150 95 14 --- ---

475 --- 260 170 24 7 ---

570 --- 370 240 35 14 ---

760 --- --- 425 55 24 ---

950 --- --- --- 90 35 10

14

2850

85

Influence rate of antifreeze (glycol)

Add 30 Kpa Per Storey

65mm 76mm

ine

76mm

Wye

100mm25mm 38mm

Kpa Per 30 Meter Single Line

44mm

In the case of an addition of antifreeze (glycol) to water, kinematics viscosity

(into centistokes) varies in the following way:

t = temperature at 0C

a = percentage of glycol


17/31

Flow rate (Q) = 100 GPM Velocity (V) = 2.52 Ft/s

0.00001216 Ft /s 69527.96

Pipe Parameters 0.1 Ft

Inside Diameter (D) = 4.026 Inches 0.021265

Length (L) = 100 Ft

0.00015 Ft 0.625 Ft

Input Data Output Data

Fluid Parameters

Velocity = 2.52 Ft/s Flow Rate = 100 GPM

0.00001216 Ft2/s 69527.96

Pipe Parameters 0.1 Ft

Inside Diameter = 4.026 Inches 0.021265

Length = 100 Ft

0.00015 Ft 0.625 Ft

1. Friction head loss calculation based on Darcy-Weisbach equation.

2. Friction factor calculation based on approximated Colebrook equation (Swamee-Jain equation) when Re >5000.

Visit us at

The information contained on this chart has been carefully prepared and is believed to be correct.

SyncroFlo makes no warranties regarding this information and is in no way responsible for l oss incurred from the use of such information.

Kinematic Viscosity = Reynold's Number =

Velocity Head (Hv) =

Friction Factor2

=

Common Fluid Properties

Kinematic Viscosity, v (Ft2/s)Fluid

Absolute Roughness = Friction Loss1

=

Fluid Parameters

Velocity Head (Hv) =

Specific Roughness (e) = Friction Loss1

(Hf) =

Kinematic Viscosity (v) = Reynold's Number (Re) =

Friction Factor2

(f) =

Water, clear (32F)

Water, clear (40F)

Plastic

Water, clear (60F)

Water, clear (85F)

Saltwater, 5% (68F)

Saltwater, 25% (60F)

Propylene Glycol, 35% (20F)1

Ethylene Glycol, 25% (40F)1

Steel and wrought iron

Propylene Glycol, 25% (40F)1

Ethylene Glycol, 35% (20F)1

0.00000869

0.00001118

0.00002583

0.0001

Copyright 2003, SyncroFlo, Inc.

http://www.syncroflo.com/

0.00001931

0.00001664

0.00001216

Cast iron, cement lined

0.00004783

0.00010.00003161

Cast iron

Fiberglass

Specific Roughness, e (Ft)0.00015

0.00085

0.0005

0.000005

0.0004

0.000017

Galvanized steel and iron

Copper and brass

Pipe Head Loss Calculator

Common Piping Material Properties

0.000008

0.000005

NOTE:

1. Aqueous solution, concentration in volume percent.

Material

Input Data Output Data

Cast iron, tar coated
http://www.syncroflo.com/http://www.syncroflo.com/


18/31

Fluid viscosity (dynamic), m:

Answers

Pipe relative roughness, e/D:

Pipe length from A to B, L :

Elevation gain from A to B, Dz:

Fluid density, r:

Inputs Pressure at A (absolute):

Average fluid velocity in pipe, V:

Pipe diameter, D :

Note that a positive Dz means that B is

higher than A, whereas a negative Dz

means that B is lower than A.

Wall drag and changes in height lead

to pressure drops in pipe fluid flow.

To calculate the pressure drop and

flowrates in a section of uniform pipe

running from Point A to Point B, enterthe parameters below. The pipe is

assumed to be relatively straight (no

sharp bends), such that changes in

pressure are due mostly to elevation

changes and wall friction. (The default

calculation is for a smooth horizontal

pipe carrying water, with answers

rounded to 3 significant figures.)

100 kPa

1 m/s

1.2 m

0 m/m

50 m

15 m

1 kg/l

1 cP
http://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/roughness.cfm


19/31

umber, R: .00105

desired

output

units for

next

calculati

on. n Factor, f: 0.0180

ssure at B: 95.5 kPa

re Drop: 4.50 kPa

Flowrate: 7.85 l/s

Flowrate:7.85 kg/s

w erep s t e pressure, s t e

average fluid velocity, r is the fluid

density,z is the pipe elevation above

some datum, and g is the gravityacceleration constant.

Changes to inviscid, incompressible

flow moving from Point A to Point B

along a pipe are described by

Bernoulli's equation,

Equations used in the Calculation

ou can so ve or owrate rom a

known pressure drop using this

calculator (instead of solving for a

pressure drop from a known flowrate

or velocity).

Procee y guessing t e ve ocity an

inspecting the calculated pressure

drop. Refine your velocity guess until

the calculated pressure drop matches

your data.

Hint: To Calculate a Flowrate

kPa

l/s

kg/s

Calculate Again Default Values
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20/31

w ere s t e p pe engt etween

points A and B, and Dz is the changein pipe elevation (zB -zA ). Note

that Dz will be negative if the pipe at B

is lower than at A.

w ere s e p pe ame er. s e

flow moves down the pipe, viscous

head slowly accumulates taking

available head away from the

pressure, gravity, and velocity heads.

Still, the total head h (or energy)

remains constant.

For pipe flow, we assume that the pipe

diameter D stays constant. By continuity, we

then know that the fluid velocity V stays

constant along the pipe. With D and V

constant we can integrate the viscous head

equation and solve for the pressure at Point

B,

,

energy is converted into heat (in the

viscous boundary layer along the pipe

walls) and is lost from the flow.

Therefore one cannot use Bernoulli's

principle of conserved head (or

energy) to calculate flow parameters.

Still, one can keep track of this lost

head by introducing another term

(called viscous head) into Bernoulli's

equation to get,

total head h along a streamline

(parameterized byx) remains

constant. This means that velocity

head can be converted into gravity

head and/or pressure head (or vice-

versa), such that the total head hstays constant. No energy is lost in

such a flow.
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21/31

The calculator above first computes the

Reynolds Number for the flow. It then

computes the friction factor f by direct

substitution (if laminar; the calculator uses

the condition that R < 3000 for this

determination) or by iteration using Newton-

Raphson (if turbulent). The pressure drop is

then calculated using the viscous headequation above. Note that the uncertainties

behind the experimental curve fits place at

least a 10% uncertainty on the deduced

pressure drops. The engineer should be

aware of this when making calculations.

The solutions to this equation plotted

versus R make up the popular MoodyChart for pipe flow,

For turbulent flow (R > 3000 in pipes),

f is determined from experimental

curve fits. One such fit is provided by

Colebrook,

average size of the bumps on the pipe

wall. The relative roughness e/D is

therefore the size of the bumps

compared to the diameter of the pipe.

For commercial pipes this is usually a

very small number. Note that perfectly

smooth pipes would have a roughness

of zero.

For laminar flow (R < 2000 in pipes), f canbe deduced analytically. The answer is,

The viscous head term is scaled by the pipe

friction factor f. In general, f depends on the

Reynolds Number R of the pipe flow, and the

relative roughness e/D of the pipe wall,
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22/31


23/31

To convert Into Multiply by

square meters (m)

square centimeters

(cm) 10000

square meters (m) square feet (ft) 10.763911square kilometers

(km)

(statute) square miles

(mi) 0.386109

square ometers

(km)

naut ca square m es

(nm) 0.291181

square ometers

(km) acres 247.105381

(statute) square miles(mi) acres 640

acres square yards (yd) 4840

acres square feet (ft) 43560

hectares(ha) acres 2.47105381


Area

>>Unit Conversion Guide

Length

110000110.7639110.38610910.2911811247.105

10

1

1

12.4

Reset
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24/31

meters (m) centimeters (cm) 100

meters (m) inches (in) 39.37008

meters (m) feet (ft) 3.28084

meters (m) yard (yd) 1.093613

kilometers (km) (statute) miles (mi) 0.621371

kilometers (km) nautical miles (nm) 0.539612

feet (ft) inches (in) 12


kilograms (kg) grams (g) 1000

kilograms (kg) pounds (lb) 2.204627

grams (g) ounce (oz) 0.035274


atmospheres (atm) millibar (mb) 1013.25

atmospheres (atm) feet of water (at 4C) 33.9

atmospheres (atm)

nc es o mercury at

0C) 29.92

atmospheres (atm) centimeters of mercury 76

atmospheres (atm) kgs/cm 1.0333

atmospheres (atm) lbs/in 14.7

atmospheres (atm) tons/ft 1.058

Mass

Pressure

1100

139.3701

13.28084

11.09361

10.62137

10.53961

112.0

Reset

11000

12.204627

10.035274

Reset

11013.25

133.90

129.92

176.0

11.0333114.70

11.058

Reset
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25/31


kilometers/hour (km/h) meters/second (m/s) 0.277778

kilometers/hour (km/h) miles/hour (mi/hr) 0.6214

knots(kn) meters/second (m/s) 0.514444


Fahrenheit (F)-32 Celsius (C) 9-May

Fahrenheit (F)+459.67 kelvin (K) 9-May

Celsius (C)+17.7778 Fahrenheit (F) 1.8

Celsius (C)+273.15 kelvin (K) 1


cubic meters (m) cubic centimeters (cm) 1,000,000

cubic meters (m) cubic feet (ft) 35.31467

cubic meters (m) U.S. gallons (gal) 264.1721

liter(l) U.S. gallons (gal) 0.2641721

lumbing Conversions

To Change To Multiply By

Speed

Temperature

For questions and comments, please contact: Dr. L. Charles Sun,Email: [email protected]

Volume

10.27778

10.6214

10.51444

Reset

320

0255.3722

032

0273.15

Reset

11000000

135.31467

1264.1721

10.264172

Reset
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26/31

Atmospheres Pounds per square inch 14.696

Atmospheres Inches of mercury 29.92

Atmospheres Feet of water 34

Btu/min. Foot-pounds/sec 12.96

Btu/min. Horsepower 0.02356

Btu/min. Watts 17.57Centimeters of mercury Atmospheres 0.01316

Centimeters of mercury Feet of water 0.4461

Cubic inches Cubic feet 0.00058

Cubic feet Cubic inches 1728

Feet of water Atmospheres 0.0295

Feet of water Inches of mercury 0.8826

Gallons Cubic inches 231

Gallons Cubic feet 0.1337

Gallons Pounds of water 8.33

Gallons per min. Cubic feet sec. 0.002228

Gallons per min. Cubic feet hour 8.0208

Horsepower Foot-lbs/sec. 550Inches Feet 0.0833

Inches of water Pounds per square inch 0.0361

Inches of water Inches of mercury 0.0735

Inches of water Ounces per square inch 0.578

Inches of water Ounces per square foot 5.2

Inches of mercury Inches of water 13.6

Inches of mercury Feet of water 1.1333

Inches of mercury Pounds per square inch 0.4914

Ounces (fluid) Cubic inches 1.805

Pounds per square inch Inches of water 27.72

Pounds per square

inch Feet of water 2.31

Pounds per square inch Inches of mercury 2.04

Pounds per square inch Atmospheres 0.0681


27/31

1 Inch (in) - US 25.40005 mm 1 millimeter (mm) 0.03937 in (US)

1 Inch (in) - Imp 25.39996 mm 1 mil limeter (mm) 0.03937 in (imp)

1 Foot (ft) = (12.in)- US 0.3048006 m 1 meter (m) 3.28083 ft (US)

1 Foot (ft) = (12.in)

- Imp 0.3047995 m 1 meter (m) 3.28083 ft (imp)

1 Yard (yd) = (3.ft)

- US 0.9144018 m 1 meter (m) 1.093611 yd (US)

1 Yard (yd) = (3.ft)

- Imp 0.9143984 m 1 meter (m) 1.093611 yd (imp)

1 Mile (mi) =

(1760.yd) - US 1.609347 km 1 kilometer (km)

0.6213699 mi

(US)

1 Mile (mi) =

(1760.yd) - Imp 1.609341 km 1 kilometer (km)

0.6213724 mi

(imp)

1 Nautical mile

(imp) 1.853181 km 1 kilometer (km)

0.5396127 n.mi

(imp)

1 Acre - US 0.4046873 ha 1 hectare (ha)

2.471044 acre

(US)

1 Acre - Imp 0.4046842 ha 1 hectare (ha) 2.4711 acre (imp)

1 Square inch (sq

in) - US 6.451626 cm2

1 Square

centimeter (cm2)

0.1549997 sq. in

(US)

1 Square inch (sq

in) - Imp 6.451578 cm2

1 Square

centimeter (cm2)

0.1550 sq.in (imp)

1 Square foot (sqft) = 144 sq in -

US 0.09290341 m2

1 Square meter

(m2)

10.76387 sq.ft

(US)

1 Square foot (sq

ft) = 144 sq in -

Imp 0.09290272 m2

1 Square meter

(m2)

10.7639 sq.ft

(imp)

1 Square yard (sq

yd) = 9 sq.ft - US 0.8361307 m2

1 Square meter

(m2)

1.195985 sq.yd

(US)

1 Square yard (sq

yd) = 9 sq.ft - Imp 0.8361245 m2

1 Square meter

(m2)

1.1960 sq.yd (imp)

1 Square mile (sq

mi) = 640 acres -

US 2.589998 km2

1 Square

kilometer (km2)

0.3861006 sq.mi

(US)1 Square mile (sq

mi) = 640 acres -

Imp 2.589979 km2

1 Square

kilometer (km2)

0.3861 sq.mi (imp)

US/imp >> Metric

system -----

Metric system >>

US/imp -----

Volume ----- ----- -----

Length (Unit of length of S.I. = meter)

US & Imperial >>: Metric system Metric system >> US & Imperial

Surface (the unit of area of S.I. = square meter)

US & Imperial >> Metric system Metric system >> US & Imperial

Volume (the unit of volume of S.I. = cubic meter)


28/31

1 Cubic inch (cu

in) - US 16,3871 cm3

1 Cubic

centimeter (cm3)

0.06102509 cu in

(US)

1 Cubic inch (cu

in) - Imp 16.38698 cm3

1 Cubic

centimeter (cm3)

0.0610241 cu in

(imp)

1 Cubic foot (cu ft)

- US 28.31702 dm3

1 Cubic decimeter

(dm3)

0.03531544 cu ft

(US)

1 Cubic foot (cu ft -

(Imp) 28.31670 dm3

1 Cubic decimeter

(dm3)

0.0353148 cu ft

(imp)

1 Cubic yard (cu

yd) - US 0.7645594 m3

1 Cubic meter (m3)

1.307943 cu yd

(US)

1 Cubic yard (cu

yd) - Imp 0.7645509 m3

1 Cubic meter (m3)

1.307957 cu yd

(imp)

Measure of

capacity ----- ----- -----

1 fluid ounce (fl

oz) - US

29,5735 cm3 (or

ml)

u c ec me er

(dm3) 33.814 fl oz

1 fluid ounce (fl

oz) - Imp

28,4131 cm3 (or

ml)

1 Cubic decimeter

(dm3) 35.195 fl oz

1 Bushel (US)

35.23829 dm3 (or

litre)

1 Cubic decimeter

(dm3)

0.0283782 bu

(US)

1 Bushel (imp)

36.36770 dm3 (or

liter)

1 Cubic decimeter

(dm3)

0.02749692 bu

(imp)

1 Gallon (US)

3.785329 dm3 (or

liter)

1 Cubic decimeter

(dm3)

0.2641779 gal

(US)

1 Gallon (imp)

4.545963 dm3 (or

liter)

1 Cubic decimeter

(dm3)

0.2199754 gal

(imp)

1 Liquid pint (US)

0.4731661 dm3

(or liter)

1 Cubic decimeter

(dm3)

2.113423 liq.pt

(US)

1 Pint(pt) = 20 fl

oz - Imp

0.5682454 dm3

(or liter)

1 Cubic decimeter

(dm3) 1.759803 pt (imp)

1Grain (gr) - US 64.79892 mg 1 milligram (mg)

0.01543236 gr

(US)

Weight is a force which depends on terrestrial attraction and it is the

equivalent of the mass of a body by the acceleration of gravity (9.80665 at the

sea level) and is measured in Newton [ N ].

For example a man of 75 kg (it is its mass, and not its weight contrary to the

current expression), has a weight of: 75 * 9.80665 = 735,5 N on the sea level.

US/imp >> Metric system Metric system >> US/imp

Attention not to confuse mass and weight.

The mass (kg) is a intrinsic characteristic of the body and is measured in

kilogram.

Mass(the unit of mass of S.I. = kilogram)

Masse spcifique ou volumique = quotient de la masse d'un corps par son

volume.

Specific mass = quotient of the mass of a body by its volume


29/31

1Grain (gr) - Imp 64.79892 mg 1 milligram (mg)

0.01543236 gr

(imp)

1Ounce (oz) - US 28.34953 g 1 gram (g)

0.03527396 oz av.

(US)

1Ounce (oz) - Imp 28.34953 g 1 gram (g)

0.03527396 oz av.

(imp)

1Pound (Ib) = 16

oz - US 0.4535924 kg 1 kilogram (kg)

2.204622 lb av.

(US)

1Pound (Ib) = 16

oz - Imp 0.4535924 kg 1 kilogram (kg)

2.204622 lb av.

(imp)

1Short

hundredweight(sh

cwt)= 100 Ib - US 45.35924 kg 1kilogram (kg)

0.02204622

sh.cwt (US)

1Cental (imp) 45.35924 kg 1 kilogram (kg)

0.02204622 ctl

(imp)

1Long ton (l tn) =

2240 Ib - US 1.016047 t 1 ton

0.9842064 l.tn

(US)

1Ton (imp) 1.016047 t 1 ton

0.9842064 tn

(imp)

Specific Gravity

The density of gas, relative to air, is called specific gravity. The specific

gravity of air is defined as 1. Since propane gas has a specific gravity of 1.5,

propane-air mixtures have a specific gravity of greater than 1.


30/31

Design 1:

(1) Determine the total length of all horizontal and vertical straight pipe runs.

2) Determine the number of valves and fittings in the pipe. For example, there may be two gate valves,

(3) Determine the means of incorporating the valves and fittings into the Darcy equation.

(4) The total equivalent length is usually added to the total straight pipe length obtained in step one to g

(5) This total pipe equivalent length is then substituted for L in Equation 2 to obtain the pressure drop in


31/31

, a 90o elbow and a flow thru tee.

ive a total pipe equivalent length.

the pipe

Copy of 56913304 Pipe Systems Design

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Transcript of Copy of 56913304 Pipe Systems Design