Coote and Strayer 2009 - Polgar
Transcript of Coote and Strayer 2009 - Polgar
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GASTROPODS OF THE HUDSON RIVER SHORELINE: SUBTIDAL, INTERTIDAL,
AND UPLAND COMMUNITIES
A Final Report of the Tibor T. Polgar Fellowship
Thomas W. Coote
Dept. of Wildlife and Fisheries ConservationUniversity of Massachusetts-Amherst
Amherst, MA 01002
Project Advisor
Dr. Dave Strayer
Cary Institute of Ecosystem StudiesMillbrook, NY 12545
Coote, T. and D. Strayer. 2009. Gastropods of the Hudson River Shoreline: Subtidal,
Intertidal, and Upland Communities. Section IV: 32 pp.InS.H. Fernald, D. Yozzo and H.
Andreyko (eds.), Final Reports of the Tibor T. Polgar Fellowship Program, 2008. HudsonRiver Foundation.
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ABSTRACT
The tidal Hudson River shore zone is a unique and dynamic ecotone, supporting a
great abundance of wildlife and fulfilling numerous ecological roles, but simultaneously
subject to intense human activity. A survey was completed for gastropods inhabiting six
dominant shore zone types along the Hudson River, including natural and altered
shoreline structures: sand, bedrock, unconsolidated rock, riprap, sea wall and timber
cribbing. Each of these shore zone types was surveyed at three river sections, lower, mid
and upper, from Poughkeepsie to Albany. Three elevations were sampled at each site:
sub-tidal, inter-tidal and upland. Eighteen sites between Poughkeepsie and Albany were
sampled in June during two intensive trips, resulting in a total of 23 taxa of gastropods.
Of these, three were exotic, includingBithynia tentaculata, whichwas represented by
only one specimen, indicating a significant decline for this species since the mid-1980s.
Three aquatic species were new records for the Hudson River, including Floridobia
winkleyi, which was present in significant numbers, as well as the recently recorded
Littoridinops tenuipes, also present in large numbers. Another new record was the
presence of two specimens of the New York state listed snail Valvata lewisi. Two
landsnails, Pomatiopsis lapidariaand Vallonia costatawere also found below high tide.
ANOVAs examining abundance and diversity of gastropods by shore type, elevation andriver section, indicate that mid-river sites, in combination with riprap and unconsolidated
rock, at inter-tidal elevations, contain significantly higher abundances and diversity of
gastropods. Regression analysis indicated that fine-scale environmental variables such as
site slope, rugosity and complexity do not explain the abundance and diversity of
gastropods at this level of analysis. Additional analysis included NMS ordination and
qualitative analysis.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract IV-2Table of Contents. IV-3
Lists of Figures and Tables.. IV-4
Introduction.. IV-5
Methods... IV-8
Site Protocols.. IV-8
Sample Processing IV-11
Analysis... IV-12
Results . IV-12
Qualitative IV-12
Quantitative.. IV-18
Discussion IV-25
Acknowledgments IV-28
Literature Cited. IV-29
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
Figure 1 Map of study site.. IV-9
Figure 2 Schematic of sample site.. IV-9
Figure 3 Selected photographs of snails. IV-14
Figure 4 Incidence of land snails collected in early versus late June. IV-17
Figure 5 NMS ordination of samples.. IV-24
Figure 6 NMS ordination of species... IV-24
Table 1 List of gastropods found in the Hudson River between 1867-2008. IV-16
Table 2 List of upland snails. IV-17
Table 3 3-way ANOVA table for log transformed snail abundance. IV-19
Table 4 Raw mean snail counts. IV-19
Table 5 3-way ANOVA table for species.. IV-20
Table 6 Raw mean species counts. IV-21
Table 7 Correlation table for slope (log10), rugosity, complexity,
abundance (log10), and H.. .. IV-23
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INTRODUCTION
The Hudson River is tidal for 248 kilometers from New York City to Troy. Its
shoreline is complex and dynamic, and like many ecotones, supports a very diverse
fauna. At the same time, the tidal shoreline is not well understood ecologically (Strayer
and Smith 2000) and the human impact on it is of great significance (Limburg and
Schmidt 1990). Large-river shorelines like the Hudson have sustained significant damage
to their original ecological functions by virtue of the destruction of wetlands, the
replacement of natural shoreline habitats with artificial and erosion-resistant riprap and
bulkheads, development and pollution. Moreover, they continue to support a great deal of
human activity through recreation, fishing, transportation and water withdrawals for
commercial, agricultural and urban needs (Daniels et. al. 2005). Shorelines at once serve
as the point of impact for many of these human activities, while simultaneously providing
significant ecological services as a dynamic interface between the aquatic and upland
communities.
One class of organisms common along shorelines is the gastropods (Jokinen
1992). There are at least 50 species of freshwater snails in the Hudson River Valley, of
which at least four are exotic (non-indigenous to North America), and another 4-6 may be
invasive (introduced from other North American regions) (Strayer 1987). In addition,
there are at least 85 species of land snails in New England (Nekola 2005), most of which
can be found in the Hudson Valley, though not necessarily on shore lines. Gastropods are
well known as being sensitive to ecological change, particularly sensitive to pollution,
and a substantial resource base for fish, crayfish, waterfowl and small mammals (Dillon
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2000, 2005). However, the understanding of the role of these invertebrates within the
multitude of habitats in which they exist is minimal.
Efforts to understand and conserve invertebrates was not a pressing issue for most
states until the mid 1980s, and the understanding of their ecological role remains weak
(McCollough 1997). Currently there are 23 snail species on New York States rare animal
list (NYSDEC 2008), and the status, trends and ecological needs of most of these species
are poorly known.
While invertebrates make up nearly 99% of all animal diversity, they have
received significantly less attention than vertebrates, with mollusks receiving even less
attention despite their being considered one of the most threatened groups of animals
(Lydeard et al. 2004). Between 1500-2008, 257 gastropods became extinct (37% of all
animal extinctions during that time) and the number of gastropods on the International
Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species in 2008 was 883
(IUCN 2008). Despite these numbers, less than 2% of known mollusk species have been
properly assessed (Lydeard et al. 2004). Given the general decline of snail species in the
United States, as well as the loss of habitat associated with that decline (Burch 1989;
Lydeard et al. 2004), the ecological importance of snails (Kabat and Hershler 1993), the
contribution of rare invertebrates to species richness in aquatic systems (Cao et al. 1998),
and the relative lack of knowledge of gastropods, there is a need to develop a greater
understanding of the gastropod communities in the Hudson River shore zone. This report
provides baseline data on shoreline gastropods, and contributes to the understanding of
gastropod communities along the Hudson River.
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This project is part of a larger study, theEcological Functions of Hudson River
Shorelines, being conducted by David Strayer and Stuart Findlay of the Cary Institute of
Ecosystem Studies in collaboration with the Hudson River National Estuarine Research
Reserve (HRNERR). One key objective of this broader study is to provide basic
information required for maintenance and restoration of the shore zone, and to articulate
the different functions of natural and engineered structures and ecological communities.
Operating within this framework, gastropods were examined across six shoreline types:
sand, unconsolidated rock, bedrock, riprap, timber cribbing and sea wall (revetment and
sheet pile). Two main questions were addressed: 1) is the abundance and diversity of
snails greater on complex habitats and diverse substrates, and 2) is the abundance and
diversity of snails associated with exposure to disturbance? Under the first hypothesis
habitats with greater diversity of plant cover, complexity of substrate and higher levels of
organic material would contain greater densities and higher diversity of snails (Lodge et.
al 1987, Thorp et. al 1997, Strayer and Smith 2000). Under the second hypothesis
increased exposure to wind, waves and human disturbance would result in lower numbers
of snails (Strayer and Smith 2000).
In addition to contributing to the understanding of the ecological importance of
gastropod communities in the shore zone, this study provides critical information for
understanding the impact of current and future alien species (Loo et. al. 2007), notably
the establishedBithinia tentaculata,the anticipated New Zealand Mud Snail
(Potamopyrgus antipodarum), and the recently discovered molluscivore, the Chinese
mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) (Schmidt 2008, pers. comm.). The full impact of
invasives remains unknown but continues as a significant concern (Mills et al. 1996).
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METHODS
Gastropod communities from three sections of the Hudson River (lower, mid,
upper), from Poughkeepsie to Albany (Fig. 1), were sampled across six shoreline types:
sand, unconsolidated rock, bedrock, riprap, timber cribbing and sea wall. For each of
these shoreline types data were collected on three elevation zones: subtidal, intertidal and
upland. Sampling took place during two overnight field trips in the early summer of
2008, the first taking place June 1st through the 3rd, and the second June 29th through
July 1st. Each site was identified using GPS coordinates provided by Dr. Strayer and
HRNERR.
Because of the variety of habitat structures found among the shoreline types and
elevations, a variety of sampling techniques were employed, using a 3x3 quadrat design
at each site (Fig. 2). The sub-tidal zone is that portion of the river bank that lies just
below low-tide level, the intertidal zone is that portion of the river bank that is cyclically
inundated with water as the tide rises and falls, and the upland zone is the shore bank
immediately above the high-tide mark. These three zones mark the dynamic interface
between the river and the surrounding landscape, with each providing different species
composition, habitat structure and function.
Site Protocols
Three different collection protocols were used to cover the three elevations at
each of the sites. These protocols combine quantitative plot sampling with full-site visual
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Figure 1. Map of the study area showing sample sites at each river section.
Figure 2. Illustration of site with sample quadrats and their relative position.
inspections to capture unusual habitats or species. For each of the 18 sites, three quadrats
along 100 meter transects were laid parallel to the shoreline for each elevation. Figure 2
shows an idealized quadrat arrangement, but it does not indicate the complexity of habitat
structures for a given site; thus, actual layout in the field was more complex. For
Upland
high-tide
Intertidal
low-tide
Subtidal
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example, sea wall sites were typically in deep water and therefore the idealized shore
profile did not exist. Regardless, in all cases this basic design was employed, sampling
parallel to the shoreline with each quadrat at least 10 meters apart.
In the sub-tidal zone, three 30-second sweeps of substrate were completed with a
1,200 m mesh D-net. Each sweep covered one-meter square, at one-meter depth below
mean low tide. The selection of sample plots was selected in-situ based on
appropriateness of habitat (e.g., inclusion of vegetation, exclusion of sharp rock substrate,
etc.). Due to low visibility, in most cases a priori determination of vegetation was not
possible, but vegetation was included in the sample whenever possible.
In the intertidal zone, three one-meter square plots were sampled at mid slope
(during low tide), using a combination of handpicking and a 1.4 mm sorting sieve.
Depending on substrate type, picking frequently included turning over of rocks, pulling
of submerged vegetation and the washing of sediments. In a few cases, snails were
exceptionally abundant in the inter-tidal zones. In these cases quadrats were divided into
either half or quarters and total numbers determined accordingly.
For the upland zone, sampling took place within 10 meters of the high tide mark.
This habitat was by far the most complicated, including multiple scaled structures and
micro-habitats. Selection of quadrats attempted to include as broad a range of habitats as
possible. Handpicking and a 6.6 mm and 1.4 mm sieve were used for sorting the detritus,
soil, and rocks. Sampling included the examination of large rocks, plants, and trees.
A number of abiotic response variables have been identified including: mean
slope, shoreline complexity, rugosity, sediment grain size, organic content, vegetation
structure, coarse woody debris, wrack, turbidity, peak wave energy and exposure (D.
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Strayer and S. Findlay, pers. comm.). Mean slope, complexity and rugosity are included
in analysis here. Slope was determined using two methods, first using a line level from 1
meter below low tide to 1 meter above high tide, and second, using a depth finder to
determine slope from the 1 meter point below low tide, to 5 meters perpendicular off
shore. Complexity was measured using 1 meter calipers and measuring the shoreline as it
ran parallel to the 100 meter straight measure, using the ratio of the length measured by
the calipers to the taut 100 meter line. Complexity equals 1 for a shoreline that runs
exactly parallel to the 100 meter line, or higher for shorelines that deviate from the 100
meter line. Rugosity is the vertical roughness of the shoreline substrate, and was
measured using a 1 meter chain lain as closely as possible to the substrate contours. The
covered distance is then measured by a taut tape, and a ratio determined for chain length
(1 meter) to the tape length.
Sample Processing
While all sub-tidal samples were collected with a dip net, the inter-tidal and
upland samples were typically handpicked or run through sieves to collect all snails
greater than 2 mm. All snails collected were preserved in full strength, 95% analytic
grade ethanol for later identification and possible genetic analysis (Dillon 2005). Snails
were identified in the lab to genus or species using standard references (Pilsbry 1939-
1948; Harman and Berg 1971; Burch 1962, 1989; Jokinen 1992). Voucher specimens will
be deposited at the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
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Analysis
Because of the distinctive elevation community types (subtidal, intertidal, and
upland) and the different sampling techniques and conditions, statistical comparisons
across elevations should be viewed cautiously. Statistical analysis includes ANOVAs for
density (abundance) and diversity on elevation, shore type and river section, as well as
regression analysis for diversity and density against exposure, rugosity and slope. For
diversity, both species richness as well as Shannons diversity index (H) were used. Non-
metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) (McCune and Grace 2002) was also used to
assess differences in gastropod community composition across different types of
shorelines. Statistical analysis includes only the data collected as part of the primary 3x3
sampling design for each site as described above, and does not include data collected as
part of each site survey, or from additional sampling. These additional data are included
in qualitative analysis.
RESULTS
Qualitative Analysis
The diversity of aquatic gastropods collected in this project is consistent with
previous studies (Strayer 1987), representing 14 of the 30 taxa known from the river
(Table 1). In addition, three newly reported aquatic species in the Hudson were
documented in this study. Figure 3 includes pictures of the selected species discussed
below. Table 1 lists all reported historical records and covers dozens of separate studies
(Strayer 1987). Three of the species in Table 1 are known exotics, and four are suspected
invasives via the Erie Canal, of which one of each was collected in this study.Bithynia
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tentaculatais an exotic snail and is known to be an intermediate host for a number of
lethal waterfowl trematodes (Sauer et al. 2007). The suspected invasive is represented by
a single recently empty shell of Pleurocera acuta. No detrimental effects of this invasive
have been reported.
Live specimens of three previously unreported species for this section of the river
were also collected during this study. SeveralLittoridinops tenuipeswere found
throughout the lower and mid river study sites, and, although this species was reported
for the first time in the lower river in 2001 (Strayer & Smith 2001), this is their first
documented finding north of Poughkeepsie. Two individuals on the New York state list
of species of special concern, Valvata lewisi, and several Floridobia winkleyi, were also
found. It is important to note that the original identification of F. winkleyiin this study
wasMarstonia lustrica, a species previously reported from the river by a number of
researchers, and morphologically almost identical to F. winkleyi. After the original
identification, genetic analysis was completed on several specimens for the mitochondrial
gene COI (Liu pers. comm.). These results unequivocally identified these snails to be F.
winkleyi.No specimens ofM. lustricawere identified in this study. This first record of F.
winkleyiin the river, and in the state of New York, represents a significant shift in its
known range, with the only other records occurring in tidal coastal fresh and brackish
waters extending from Connecticut to Maine (Davis & Mazurkiewicz 1985; Smith 1994).
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Figure 3. Selected photographs of some snails found during this study. Clockwise starting from the top:
Littoridinops tenuipes, Pomatiopsis lapidaria, Floridobia winkleyi, Vallonia costata, and Valvata lewisi.
Scale bar is approximately 1.0 mm: -------------
Two upland species not previously reported in Hudson River surveys were
collected below the high-tide mark. Vallonia costatawas represented by one specimen,
and was found on bricks in timber cribbing in the inter-tidal elevation. Pomatiopsis
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lapidaria, known to be amphibious, was found at several sites in the mid and upper river
sections, was represented by several specimens, and was found both in the upland and
inter-tidal elevations. Due to its amphibious nature, P. lapidaria has rarely been reported
in New York (Strayer, pers. comm.), with only a handful of records. No specimens were
reported by Strayer (1987) or Harman and Berg (1971), and Jokinen only reported one
live population in her survey of New York (Jokinen 1992).
The results for land snails overall are disappointing. The upland elevations
yielded fewer species and lower numbers than what was expected (Table 2). The two
genera of slugs found, ArionidaeandDeroceras,are invasives, and are common
throughout the northeast United States. While sampling in the upland elevations at each
of the sites was extensive, it appears that relatively dry weather resulted in low incidence
during the primary upland sampling trip in early June. This is evident when comparing
the fifteen upland sites surveyed in early June to an additional three sites sampled in late
June (Figure 4), which followed rain events throughout the month. Due to logistical
constraints, additional sampling of the upland sites was not feasible.
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Prosobranch snails 1867-1900 1936 1972-1985 2008
Valvata lewisi xValvata piscinalis
1 x
Valvata sincera x
Valvata tricarinata x x x
Viviparus georgianus1 x x
Campeloma decisum x x
Lioplax subcarinata x x
Bithynia tentaculata1 x x x x
Probythinella lacustris x x x x
Gillia altilis x x
Birgella subglobosa2 x
Littoridinops tenuipes3 x
Marstonia lustrica x
Amnicola limosa x x x
Amnicola pupoidea x
Goniobasis (=Elimia) livescens2 x x x
Goniobasis (=Elimia) virginica x x x x
Pleurocera acuta2 x E
Floridobia winkleyi x
Pulmonate snails
Pseudosuccinea columella x
Lymnaeidae x x x x
Physidae(Physella) x x x x
Gyraulus deflectus x x
Gyraulus parvus x x x x
Helisoma anceps x x x
Micromenetus (Menetus) dilatetus x E
Planorbella trivolvis x x x
Promenetus exacuous x x x
Ferrissia rivularis x E
Laevapex fuscus x
Land snails found below high tide in 2008
Pomatiopsis lapidaria x
Vallonia costata x
Table 1. Historical survey results of gastropods in the Hudson Valley (Strayer 1987) combined with this
studys findings. (E=recent empty shells, 1=Exotic, 2=Suspected Invasive, 3=First reported in 2001(Strayer & Smith 2001))
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Upland Gastropods Abundance
Stenotrema hirsutum 1Euchemotrema fraternum 1
Deroceras sp.1 7
Arionidaesp.1 6Novisuccinea ovalis 21
Helicodiscus parallelus 1Retinella rhoadsi 1Vallonia costata2 2Pomatiopsis lapidaria2 13
Table 2. List of land snails found in this study. (1. exotic 2. inter-tidal)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
total # ind. total # taxa
June 1-3 (N=15)
June 28- July 1
(N=3)
Figure. 4. Incidence of land snails in the beginning of June and the end of June. 15 upland sites were
surveyed from June 1-3 and 3 sites were sampled from June 28-July 1.
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Quantitative Analysis
The distribution of snail counts in the samples deviated significantly from normal
(Shapiro-Wilk= 0.29) and so the data were subjected to a log10transformation. Following
this transformation, the distribution of the data still deviated from normal, but less so
(Shapiro-Wilk= 0.78). Species richness distributed more closely to normal (Shapiro-Wilk
= 0.78) and log10transformation did not result in any improvement, so these data were
not transformed for analyses. The transformed snail count data were subjected to a 3-way
ANOVA, examining the effects of the three independent variables: elevation, shore type
and river section.
For abundance, the ANOVA revealed significant main effects of elevation, shore
type and river section (Table 3). Tukey post-hoc comparisons indicated that across shore
types, sand and sea wall contained significantly lower numbers of snails, while
unconsolidated and riprap contain significantly higher numbers. The mean snail
abundances are also higher in the lower and mid river sections than at the upper river
section. Post-hoc tests also indicated the highest snail count at the inter-tidal elevation, as
expected due to sampling efficiency.
All of these main effects were qualified, however, by a significant three-way
interaction (Table 3). Examination of the means across the 54 cells revealed higher snail
counts in the riprap and unconsolidated rock river sections, and highest at the intertidal
elevation (Table 4).
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ANOVA
total_snails_log10 Experimental Method
Sum ofSquares df Mean Square F Sig.
Main Effects (Combined) 40.805 9 4.534 23.893 .000
elevation 24.843 2 12.421 65.459 .000shore type 13.811 5 2.762 14.557 .000
river section 2.151 2 1.076 5.668 .005
2-Way Interactions (Combined) 24.730 24 1.030 5.430 .000
elevation * shore type 13.948 10 1.395 7.351 .000
elevation * river section 2.569 4 .642 3.389 .012
shore type * river section 8.212 10 .821 4.328 .000
3-Way Interactions levation * shore type * riverection
14.239 20 .712 3.752 .000
Model 79.774 53 1.505 7.932 .000
Residual 20.494 108 .190
Total 100.268 161 .623
Table 3. Three-way ANOVA summary table for log10transformed snail abundance.
Elevation upland intertidal subtidal
Riversection lower mid upper lower mid upper lower mid upper
bedrock 0.33 0.00 0.00 8.67 89.33 16.33 7.33 3.33 0.33
cribbing 2.00 0.00 0.33 23.67 184.00 23.00 0.00 1.33 2.33
unconsolidated 18.67 83.33 10.67 267.33 224.00 0.00 5.00 5.00 0.00
riprap 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.33 582.67 154.00 30.67 7.00 1.67
sand 1.33 5.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 3.67 0.00 4.00 2.33
seawall 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 98.00 0.00 0.67 0.00
Table 4. Raw mean snail counts by cell (cell ns = 3). Bold indicates significantly (p=.05) higher counts.
The ANOVA on the number of species (richness) indicated significant main
effects of elevation, shore type and river section (Table 5). Tukey post-hoc analysis
indicates that across shore types, sea wall contains significantly lower numbers than
riprap, unconsolidated rock and bedrock; across elevation, species richness was
significantly lower at the upland sites.
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These main effects were again qualified, however, by a significant three-way
interaction (Table 5). Examination of the mean total species counts across the 54 cells
again revealed higher counts in riprap and unconsolidated rock, and again at the
intertidal, but also sub-tidal, elevations (Table 6).
To test for possible effects of upland and subtidal elevations on the inter-tidal
elevation, an additional ANOVA was run on the inter-tidal elevation only. There was a
highly significant effect for shore type on total species richness, F (5,36) = 5.48, p
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Elevation upland intertidal subtidal
River section lower mid Upper lower mid Upper lower mid upper
Bedrock 0.33 0.00 0.00 2.67 3.33 1.00 2.33 1.33 0.33
Cribbing 1.33 0.00 0.33 0.67 2.67 1.33 0.00 1.00 1.00Unconsolidated 1.00 1.00 1.67 3.33 3.00 0.00 1.00 2.33 0.00
Riprap 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.67 3.00 2.33 3.00 2.67 1.00
Sand 1.00 1.33 1.67 0.00 0.00 0.67 0.00 1.00 1.33
Seawall 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.67 0.00 0.33 0.00
Table 6. Mean species counts (cell ns = 3). Bold indicates significantly (p=.05) higher species counts.
There was also a significant effect for shore type on log10abundance, F(5,36)=
14.53, p
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Correlation analysis for the three ordination axis for samples, along with slope,
rugosity, complexity, elevation, river section and shore type were completed (Figure 5).
The results indicate that 17.6% (r2) of axis one can be explained by slope, 20.1% can be
explained by rugosity, and 34.5% by elevation. For axis 2, only elevation has any
explanatory power accounting for 21.2% of the results, and for axis 3, elevation and river
section explain 19.8% and 14.8% of the data respectively. The clusters of species in
Figure 6 coincide with the clustering of samples in Figure 6, showing that the ordination
has grouped the data according to the dominant species for each sample. Despite low
numbers (less than 10 individuals), the upland species are clearly clustered together
where no other species occurred. Samples that were dominated by Physidae and
Lymnaeidae are clustered at the top of axis 3. F. winkleyiand P. lapidariaare clustered
with Physidae and Lymnaeidae because they are present in those same samples at
relatively high numbers. Of the 22 samples represented by the cluster of Physidae,
Lymnaeidae,F. winkleyiand P. lapidaria, 19 are inter-tidal, two are upland and three are
sub-tidal. Samples that were dominated byA. limosaandL. tenuipes, and had only one
or two individuals from other species, are clustered at the bottom of axis 1 and 2. Three
of these samples are inter-tidal and 16 are sub-tidal. Overall, the patterns of snail
occurrences are relatively weak, but do indicate that there is some effect of environmental
variables on the distribution of gastropods, particularly elevation.
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Table 7. Correlations between slope, complexity, and rugosity on H and snail abundances (N). Slope and
abundances were non-normal and subjected to log10transformation.
slope rugosity abundance complexity H
slope Pearson Correlation 1 .477 -.238 -.368 .179
Sig. (2-tailed) .045 .341 .133 .476
N 18 18 18 18 18
rugosity Pearson Correlation 1 -.461 -.098 .163
Sig. (2-tailed) .054 .698 .518
N 18 18 18 18
abundance Pearson Correlation 1 .435 .232
Sig. (2-tailed) .071 .354
N 18 18 18
complexity Pearson Correlation 1 .117
Sig. (2-tailed) .642
N 18 18
H Pearson Correlation 1
Sig. (2-tailed)
N 18
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Figure 5. NMS ordination of samples.
Figure 6. NMS ordination for species.
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DISCUSSION
The goal of this project was to survey gastropods across the six different shore
types, and to draw some conclusions on how the various assemblages correlated with the
various ecological and physical structures. It is clear from the analysis that the inter-tidal
elevations supported the majority of snails, although the data on the upland and sub-tidal
elevations are relatively weak. At the inter-tidal elevation, the unconsolidated rock and
riprap habitats supported the most snails and the most species, although bedrock also
supported a high number of species. Sand beaches and seawall structures were the most
depauperate.
Generally speaking this study suggests that stable, medium scale structure (brick,
small rock, timber cribbing) may be beneficial to gastropod communities, whereas
unstable, fine scale (sand and unconsolidated rock), or stable large smooth structures
(seawall and large exposed basalt surfaces) are not as supportive. An issue for
management of shorelines then may be not so much a question of natural versus man-
made, but rather which type of structure is best suited to protect the shoreline while
simultaneously promoting aquatic life.
The environmental variables tested in this paper did not provide explanatory
power for the gastropod communities. This agrees with field observations, specifically
that there are a plethora of microhabitats in each of the major shoreline types, precluding
any distinct larger-scale pattern from emerging. For example, within the timber cribbing
sites, the variability in habitat structure ranged from large smooth faced basalt, to small
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rough bricks, to the wood support structure, with each type of habitat supporting different
abundances and different species. This type of variability existed at most of the sites.
However, NMS ordination does support elevation as a potential selecting factor,
distinguishing samples dominated byL. tenuipesandA. limosaas occurring primarily in
sub-tidal elevations, as opposed to Physidae, Lymnaeidae, F. winkleyi, and P. lapidaria
as dominating inter-tidal elevations.
Table 1 highlights several interesting results. First is the incidence of the
relatively rare and state-listed snail Valvata lewisi, which has no previous record in the
Hudson Valley. In this study, two live individuals were collected from mid-river cribbing
habitat, in the sub-tidal elevation. There are only two records for this species in New
York, one from a ditch in Onondaga County, in the St. Lawrence River watershed, and
one from Oneida Lake in central New York (Jokinen 1992).
Floridobia winkleyiis one of the most surprising finds. This species is new to
New York State, and represents a substantial increase in its known range. It is of
particular interest because of its close similarity morphologically toMarstonia lustrica,
which has been recorded occasionally in the Hudson River, but was not found during this
survey. The identification of F. winkleyicame about after initial identification asM.
lustricabased on morphology. Several specimens were then submitted for genetic
analysis as part of another project onM. lustrica, with the surprising result that they were
F. winkleyi.Further work needs to be completed to check historical lots and records to
determine if F. winkleyiis indeed new to the river, or if it has been mistakenly identified
asM. lustrica, or if both species are present andM. lustrica was simply not found during
this survey.
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Another species only recently reported for the upper Hudson River is
Littoridinops tenuipes. It is generally considered an Atlantic seaboard species, extending
from Florida to the northeastern shore of Massachusetts, with records only for the lower
Hudson River (below Poughkeepsie) (Smith 1987; Strayer pers. comm). This species was
a common occurrence throughout the lower and mid-river sections in this study (both
above Poughkeepsie), but was not represented in the upper river section. It is possible
that this species is a relatively recent introduction to the river and is moving upstream.
Pomatiopsis lapidariais a species that is also considered rare in New York, yet it
occurred at four locations, in all three river sections. The land snail Vallonia costatawas
found attached to bricks in timber cribbing in the inter-tidal elevation, raising the
possibility that it is amphibious. Only one specimen of the exoticBithynia tentaculata
was found, which is in stark contrast to Strayers (1987) findings in 1985 when they
covered the rocks of the inter-tidal zone of the shoreline. While this study is not
conclusive, it does appear that this species has declined significantly.
The results of this project highlight the great variety of habitats and community
structures, and variety of gastropods that inhabit those environments, the multiple scales
of interest, and the dynamic nature of the Hudson River shoreline. It also highlights how
little is understood about gastropods and their relationship to the environment, while
highlighting that such understanding is not beyond grasp, and that this information is
critical for appropriate management. Recommendations for further study include
repeating the work attempted here in the upland elevations, as well as looking closer at
the potential differentiation of species occurrence in the inter-tidal and sub-tidal
elevations.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank the Hudson River Foundation for their support through the
Polgar Fellowship, as well as Bard College at Simons Rock for their support through the
use of facilities and equipment. Ken Geremia and Ryan Bazinet helped make the
fieldwork possible and successful, and Kathy Schmidt played a critical role in the
identification of the upland species, for which I am indebted. I am also indebted to Anne
ODwyer from Bard College at Simons Rock for many hours of number crunching and
statistical analysis. Stuart Findlay and Dave Strayer both played a key role in the original
conception of this project and provided key information and data from their own study. I
would like to thank Dave Strayer for his generous support and assistance throughout the
study, and in particular for his help with identification of gastropods, and the use of his
lab at the Cary Institute.
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