Soran University

Faculty of Engineering - Civil Engineering Department

COORDINATES

Student: Sarchia KhursheedGroup: 2nd

Date: 12.04.2016Supervisor: Eng. Anwar Jabbar

IntroductionA coordinate system is a way to reference, or locate, everything on the Earth’s surface in x and y space. The method used to portray a part of the spherical Earth on a flat surface, whether a paper map or a

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computer screen, is called a map projection. Each map projection used on a paper map or in a GIS is associated with a coordinate system.The coordinate systems enable geographic datasets to use common locations for integration. A coordinate system is a reference system used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and observations, such as Global Positioning System (GPS) locations, within a common geographic framework.Each coordinate system is defined by the following:

Its measurement framework, which is either geographic (in which spherical coordinates are measured from the earth’s center) or plan metric (in which the earth’s coordinates are projected onto a two-dimensional planar surface).

Units of measurement (typically feet or meters for projected coordinate systems or decimal degrees for latitude-longitude).

The definition of the map projection for projected coordinate systems.

Other measurement system properties such as a spheroid of reference, a datum, one or more standard parallels, a central meridian, and possible shifts in the x- and y-directions.

ObjectiveThe purpose of a coordinate system is to uniquely determine the position of an object or data point in space.

Equipment Optical Level Tape Tripod Staff Steel Rod Rope

Procedure1. First, we select some points in the ground, and setup staff on

each of this points.2. Then we setup Level and take readings (elevations) of all the

points.3. Next, we collect all the data we obtain.4. Then we use the data to plot the curve (Topology).

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Data and Calculation

Points Altitude (N) Longitude (E) Elevation (Z)1 1002 99.9693 99.2254 100.7925 98.7716 99.1327 98.9878 98.9969 99.09110 100.43311 100.61412 99.60113 98.96114 98.94015 98.99616 99.25117 99.75618 100.67919 100.17820 99.446

Result and Conclusion

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In conclusion we know that there is a lot of different Coordinate systems types which are used to indicate the position of points or objects on earth’s surface (or in a plane). One of the most used of this types is the Geographic Coordinate System, which uses latitude and longitude to describe locations on the Earth’s surface.In this method by knowing the latitude, longitude, and elevation of a point, we can select the position of the point in the space, by getting the (N, E, Z) data of several points in an area we can sketch the topology of the area.

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