Cooperative Management of the Fisheries Resources of the China Seas Dr. Guifang (Julia) Xue Law of...

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Cooperative Management of the

Fisheries Resources of the China Seas

Dr. Guifang (Julia) Xue

Law of the Sea Institute

Ocean University of China (Qingdao)

Email: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]




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Presentation OutlinesPresentation Outlines

1.OUC at a Glance and Qingdao Attractions2.LOSC Frameworks: Cooperation Obligation3.Shared Resources and Complex Fisheries

Relations: Cooperation Demand4.Fisheries Agreements with Japan and Korea:

Cooperative Framework5.Sino-Vietnamese Fisheries Agreement:

Improved Cooperation




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Ocean University of Ocean University of China(OUC) and QingdaoChina(OUC) and Qingdao




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OUC at a GlanceOUC at a Glance Established in 1924Established in 1924 Builds up its strength on marine sciencesBuilds up its strength on marine sciences Stands for the advancement of China’s Stands for the advancement of China’s

marine scientific research marine scientific research Secretariat for Association of the World Secretariat for Association of the World

Marine-related UniversitiesMarine-related Universities




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National key university: Approved by “211 National key university: Approved by “211 Project” and “985 Grant”; 80% governmental Project” and “985 Grant”; 80% governmental funding for marine sciences funding for marine sciences

90% PhD on marine-related subjects 90% PhD on marine-related subjects graduated from OUC graduated from OUC

A widely spread alumina networkA widely spread alumina network

OUC at a GlanceOUC at a Glance




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Center to Center to China’s China’s marine marine research research institutions, institutions, coastal mgt & coastal mgt & community community activities activities

““Ocean Ocean Forum” & Forum” & Annual Ocean Annual Ocean Festivals:Festivals:

“ “Ocean City” Ocean City”




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Pleasant weather, beautiful sceneries & Pleasant weather, beautiful sceneries & relaxing life style -- the most popular tourist relaxing life style -- the most popular tourist spotspot

Host of 2008 Olympic Sailing Games Host of 2008 Olympic Sailing Games Tsingtao Beer & International Beer FestivalTsingtao Beer & International Beer Festival

Qingdao AttractionsQingdao Attractions




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““…….the problems of ocean space are closely interrelated and need .the problems of ocean space are closely interrelated and need to be considered as a whole” --Para. 4, Preamble of the LOSCto be considered as a whole” --Para. 4, Preamble of the LOSC




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A Constitution A Constitution for the Oceanfor the Ocean

Int’l Law is irrevocablytransformed




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What does the LOSC do? What does the LOSC do? With 17 parts, 9 annexes, and 320 Arts, it sets forth With 17 parts, 9 annexes, and 320 Arts, it sets forth

the basic legal framework that regulates all marine the basic legal framework that regulates all marine sector activities, including: sector activities, including: the limits of national jurisdiction over ocean space; the limits of national jurisdiction over ocean space; the access to the seas and rules for navigation; the access to the seas and rules for navigation; utilisation of the resources (living and non-living); utilisation of the resources (living and non-living); the protection and preservation of marine environment; the protection and preservation of marine environment; marine scientific research; marine scientific research; the settlement of disputes;the settlement of disputes; andand relations among States concerning marine sector relations among States concerning marine sector

activitiesactivities




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China’s Marine Features China’s Marine Features




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China’s Marine Features China’s Marine Features

1.3 billion population in a 1.3 billion population in a 9.6 million sq km land 9.6 million sq km land territory; territory;

18,000 km coastline, 18,000 km coastline, 14,000 km island coastline;14,000 km island coastline;

14% coastal land support 14% coastal land support 44.7% population, and 44.7% population, and generate 60% of national generate 60% of national GDP.GDP.




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shipbuilding5.26%

saltmaking1.19%

other8.84%

fisheries28.00%

oil & gas4.66%

chemistry1.22%

transportation16.26%

tourism24.92%

mining0.04%

electricity8.48%

coastal project &engeneering 1%

Source: China Marine Statistics, SOA, 2005

China’s Marine IndustriesChina’s Marine IndustriesChina’s Marine IndustriesChina’s Marine Industries




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The China Seas and the China

Seas States




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Shared Resources and Complex Relations—Natural Setting

Abundant Resources and Migratory Nature of Abundant Resources and Migratory Nature of

Fish StocksFish Stocks

Dependency of States and Depleting ResourcesDependency of States and Depleting Resources

Fragile Ecosystem and Deteriorating Fragile Ecosystem and Deteriorating

EnvironmentEnvironment




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Maritime Position of China, Japan and Korea




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Shared Resources and Complex Relations—Social and Political Setting

Key players: influence each other’s economy

Different social systems: significant political

and ideological differences

Islands disputes/overlapping claims: pending

boundary delimitation

Resources competition: fisheries conflicts




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LOSC Obligation on Cooperation: Enclosed and Semi-enclosed Seas

States “shall endeavour, directly or through an States “shall endeavour, directly or through an appropriate regional organization to appropriate regional organization to co-ordinateco-ordinate the management, conservation, exploration and the management, conservation, exploration and exploitation of the living resources of the sea”. exploitation of the living resources of the sea”.

---Art.123 (a)---Art.123 (a)




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LOSC Obligation on Cooperation: Migratory stocks

Regarding the same stock or associated Regarding the same stock or associated species occur within the EEZ of two or more species occur within the EEZ of two or more coastal states, these states “shall seek to agree coastal states, these states “shall seek to agree upon the measures necessary toupon the measures necessary to co-ordinateco-ordinate and ensure the conservation and development and ensure the conservation and development of such stocks.” of such stocks.”

---Art. 63.1---Art. 63.1




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Sino-Japanese Agreement--Features

Signed on 11 November 1997 Entered into force on 1 June 2000

provisional agreement pending boundary delimitation Reciprocal access to each other’s EEZ Fisheries Joint Committee (FJC) Various agreed zones where different regimes apply




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Sino-Japanese Agreement: Agreed Zones

An alternative approach to remedy the disagreement

between the parties on their EEZ boundaries

De facto EEZs

Provisional Measures Zone (PMZ)

High Seas Fishing Zone (Diaoyu/Senkaku Island)

Unresolved Zone (overlapping claims)

Squid Fishing Zone




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Agreed Zones of the Two Fisheries Agreements




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Sino-Japanese Agreement—Sino-Japanese Agreement—PMZPMZ

The most important cooperative regime

Joint fishing/management zone

Quotas determined annually by FJC

Quantity control approach (modified TAC)

Flag state control

Indirect cooperation in enforcement




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Sino-Japanese Agreement--Sino-Japanese Agreement--FJCFJC

The FJC consists of two representatives appointed by The FJC consists of two representatives appointed by each party, and it works by consensuseach party, and it works by consensus

Responsibilities of the FJC:Responsibilities of the FJC: to consult on EEZ fishing conditions and quotas; to consult on EEZ fishing conditions and quotas; to decide to decide fisheriesfisheries issuesissues within joint fishing within joint fishing

zone;zone; to recommend amendment to the agreement; andto recommend amendment to the agreement; and to review the to review the implementation of the implementation of the agreement.agreement.




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Sino-Korean Agreement--FeaturesSino-Korean Agreement--Features

Signed on Signed on 11 November 1998/200011 November 1998/2000EnteredEntered into force on 30 June 2001 into force on 30 June 2001

The first The first between China and South Koreabetween China and South Korea

Sharing the fundamental aspects of the Sino-Sharing the fundamental aspects of the Sino-

Japanese Agreement in scope, agreed zones, Japanese Agreement in scope, agreed zones,

and management measuresand management measures

AAgreed zonesgreed zones: De facto: De facto EEZ, PMZ, high seas EEZ, PMZ, high seas

fishing zone, and Transitional Zones fishing zone, and Transitional Zones (TZs)(TZs)




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Sino-Korean Agreement-- (TZs)Sino-Korean Agreement-- (TZs)

Converted to EEZ in four yearsConverted to EEZ in four years

FFlag state controllag state control

Improved Improved enforcement: joint patrol including enforcement: joint patrol including

boarding and inspection of fishing vesselsboarding and inspection of fishing vessels




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Commitment to the LOSC obligations Commitment to the LOSC obligations

Effective tools to reduce fisheries conflictsEffective tools to reduce fisheries conflicts

Resolution to the overlapping maritime zonesResolution to the overlapping maritime zones

Remarkable steps towards the cooperation on the Remarkable steps towards the cooperation on the

shared resourceshared resource

Significance of the AgreementsSignificance of the Agreements




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Constraints of the AgreementsConstraints of the Agreements

Lack of Holistic ViewLack of Holistic View

““Third State” IssueThird State” Issue

Law and Order at SeaLaw and Order at Sea

Dispute SettlementDispute Settlement

Transparency and FeedbackTransparency and Feedback




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Improved Cooperation: Sino-Vietnamese Agreement




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Competing Claims in the SCS




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Fisheries Relations between Fisheries Relations between China and VietnamChina and Vietnam

Joint Exploitation of the Shared ResourcesJoint Exploitation of the Shared Resources Deteriorated Relations and Unilateral Deteriorated Relations and Unilateral

Management EffortsManagement Efforts Progress towards New Fisheries CooperationProgress towards New Fisheries Cooperation




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Two Sino-Vietnamese AgreementsTwo Sino-Vietnamese Agreements

Signed On 25 Dec. 2000 in Beijing: Signed On 25 Dec. 2000 in Beijing: Agreement between the Government of PRC and the Agreement between the Government of PRC and the

Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on the Demarcation of the Territorial Seas, Exclusive the Demarcation of the Territorial Seas, Exclusive Economic Zones, and Continental Shelves of the Gulf Economic Zones, and Continental Shelves of the Gulf of Tonkin (Sino-Vietnamese Boundary Agreement) of Tonkin (Sino-Vietnamese Boundary Agreement)

Agreement between the Government of PRC and the Agreement between the Government of PRC and the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on Fisheries Cooperation for the Gulf of Tonkin (Sino-Fisheries Cooperation for the Gulf of Tonkin (Sino-Vietnamese Fisheries Agreement)Vietnamese Fisheries Agreement)




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Framework for Fisheries CooperationFramework for Fisheries Cooperation

Joint Fisheries Committee Joint Fisheries Committee Joint Fishing Zone Joint Fishing Zone Transitional Arrangement ZoneTransitional Arrangement Zone Buffer Zone for Small Fishing VesselsBuffer Zone for Small Fishing Vessels




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Agreed Agreed ZonesZones

33487.3 sq km33487.3 sq km

PRC:46. 28%;PRC:46. 28%;

SRV: 53. 72%SRV: 53. 72%




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Agreements with Vietnam for the Boundaries Delimitation and Fisheries Cooperation for the Gulf of Tonkin




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Transitional Arrangement Zone




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Evaluation of the Sino-Vietnamese Evaluation of the Sino-Vietnamese Fisheries AgreementFisheries Agreement

The first one of its kind in the SCSThe first one of its kind in the SCS It sets up a model for fisheries cooperation It sets up a model for fisheries cooperation Fisheries factors Vs boundary delimitationFisheries factors Vs boundary delimitation Efforts on implementation is vitalEfforts on implementation is vital




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ConclusionConclusion

The three agreements are significant in resolving The three agreements are significant in resolving

fisheries issues fisheries issues

Bilateral agreements are not the ultimate solution Bilateral agreements are not the ultimate solution

to the conservation and management of the to the conservation and management of the

shared resourceshared resource

AA concerted response and cooperation throughout concerted response and cooperation throughout

the China Seasthe China Seas region is requiredregion is required




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Thank you!Thank you!




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What about...

When did it...

What was...

Yes please!

What about..

Why this and not that?When did it... Yes please!

Questions...




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Contact DetailsContact Details

Dr. Guifang (Julia) XueDr. Guifang (Julia) XueDirector/ProfessorDirector/ProfessorInstitute for the Law of the Sea Institute for the Law of the Sea Ocean University of ChinaOcean University of China5 Yushan Road, Qingdao5 Yushan Road, Qingdao266003, PR China266003, PR ChinaTelTel ：： 0532-820323300532-82032330FaxFax ：： 0532-820328410532-82032841EmailEmail ：： [email protected]@ouc.edu.cn

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