Converting non-edible biomass to petfood

Dejan MiladinovicQC manager - NMBU

Centre for Feed Technology

Centre for Feed Technology

Mission - Being a full value chain supplier

➢ Educative assignments (M.Sc. and

Ph.D. Programs at NMBU; Seminars)

➢ Experimental feed processing

(technical & technological)

➢ Feed evaluation

• Technical

• Nutritional

Norwegian Centre for Feed Technology

Photo Archive NMBU

Mission to perform

Humanized petfood implicates the supply of the raw materials

• Humanization is key driver of global growth and resistance to recession

• About 4% annual growth until 2022

• Customers shapes the market: excellence, novel materials, regulations, sustainability, etc..

PetfoodIndustry 2016; Acute Market Reports

Dog Blog

The Franklin Institute

DeviantArt

Pet food production resistant to the risk factors that challenge the world food supply

1. High protein content2. Can replace more FM than plant proteins3. Can it be sustainable?

Pet food

Need to move away from 1st generation pet-food resources

• Feeding of casein resulted in a more prominent villi structure than that observed after feeding soyprotein (Dunsford et al. 1993)

Casein

• Several results suggest that feeding of soy protein produced a heavier, more protein dense bowel in dogs

Casein

• Feeding casein to dogs:

1. Healthier colonic tissue as defined by greater surface area and depth of crypts, and

2. Enhanced mucosal energetic activity

(Hallman et al. 1993)

phosphoprotein

Casein – can it be sustainable?

phosphoprotein

▪ 30 kg of supplemented protein material in feed(8-13% moisture) = 100 lit. milk

▪ 100 lit. milk = 4 kg casein

– can it be sustainable?

Nutrients from novel ingredients for pet food – Generation 1.b

1. Ideal ingredients in the ‘grain-free’ petfood; 2. Essential amino acids; low glycaemic index;3. Fibre from pea concentrates good

water and oil binding capacity

Nutrients from novel ingredients for pet food – Generation 1.b

4. Excelent AA profile (Lys. + Arg.)

5. High digestibility and nutritional value, resembling to fish protein

Nutrients from novel ingredients for pet food – Generation 1.b

Deutschland.de

albumin : globulin – 87%1 : 9

Duranti et al., 1981

16 % protein in seeds

Lupin

Pellet morphology (16% added water)Addition of 20% lupine protein concentrate as good as fishmeal

Fish meal based

20% lupine protein concentrate

20% soy protein concentrate

20% rapeseedprotein

concentrate

Draganovic et al., 2014

Cheaper feed manufacturing with LPC

Draganovic et al., 2014

We need a functional pet food!!

adrants.com

Swanson et al., 2003

Nutritional genomics - relationship between genome, nutrition and health

Humans and animals react differently dependingon their genetic variations

dnanutricoach.com

Pets are not what they eat, butcertainly they can eat based on what

they are

Source: The Body Healer

We need a pet-food revolution!

Nutrients from novel ingredients for pet food - Generation 2

kopassulogi.wordpress.com

Safety issues

• Insects play a crucial role within the foodcycle as a processors of natural waste;

• Do not require the land area as crops;• A key sustainability driver: ability to replace

fishmeal

Microalgae proliferating once a day

Arthrospira maxima - Spirulina

Chlorella sp.

carbohydrate 20% fat 20% protein up to 45% fiber 5% minerals and vitamins 10% Nannochloropsis

up to 60% of their overall biomass as lipids,

carbohydrates 20-23%fat 6-8%protein 45-58%calcium up to 150mg/100gphosphorus 100-120mg/100g

isolated protein fractions 56.9%

(Gerde et al. 2013)

n-3 fatty acids or protein from sustainable resources

Yeast – proliferating every 2-3 hours

Candida utilis - Torula Saccharomyces c. – bakers yeast

Yeast – 5% cell wall

• Beta-glucans (autolisate) – activates macrophagesthat destroy patogens• MOS (mannan-oligosaccharides) – carbohydratesfrom the cell wall prevent pathogen colonization bybinding them and excreting with feaces

?+ =

Eating WOOD!?

No problem if it comes as PROTEIN!

The Norwegian forest is a largenational bioresource

✓ ~ 43% of Norwegian land area

✓ Standing biomass: ~ 912 million m3

Trees as raw material ?!

➢ Cellulose 40 – 45 %

➢ Hemicellulose 25 – 30 % five-carbon sugars C5H10O5 (sugar monomers,

glucose, mannose, galactose..)

➢ Lignin 20 – 27 % (non-fermentable)

polymer of six-carbon sugar C6H12O6 (glucose)

Tree biomass consists of:

Production of GGM from Spruce

• Wood chips or sawdust,

• Water + steam explosion (14.5 bar) + 10 minutes reaction,

• Removal of solids, multiple rounds of filtration to fractionate the desired product.

Wood Prebiotics Project at NMBU

Bjørge Westereng & Leszek Michalak

Production of GGM from Spruce

Production of GGM from Spruce

> 5kDa selected as suitable range for prebiotics;

< 5kDa collected and upconcentrated by nanofiltration;

Monosaccharide composition 4 : 1: 0.6

Man : GlC : Gal

44.8 kg

Foremost anti-nutritional factor in common-use feedstuff raw materials

Galactoglucomannancandy 30% less sugar

37

Source: Foods of Norway in All About Feed

Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet3

8

New enzymes make the green resources available

Aggregats of microfibriles

Source: Vaaje-Kolstad, Westereng, Horn, Liu, Zhai, Sørlie, Eijsink. Science, 2010

Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases

(LPMOs) have qualities we haven’t

seen before

LPMO

Commonenzymes

Yeast produced from wood –a potential high-value feed resource

Yeast:

• ~ 55% crude protein

– 6-10% nucleic acids

• Favorable amino acid composition

• 2-10% lipids

Source: Øverland et al.,2013, Aquaculture 402–403, 1–7

Evaluated yeast in diets for salmon:

1. Candida utilis - torula

2. Kluveromyces marxianus – milk yeast

3. Saccharomyces cereviciae - brewers yeast

Centre of excellence FOODS OF NORWAY

Digestibility of protein in salmon fed 30% yeasts

Pro

tein

dig

esti

bilit

y (

%)

Source: Øverland et al., 2013, Aquaculture

Nitrogen retention (%) - salmonfed 30% yeast

Source: Øverland et al.,2013, Aquaculture, 402–403 1–7

BIOFEED – Research Council of Norway, Havbruk / BioTek 2021 2015-2018

Biorefining macroalgae

High ash content

Anti nutritional factors

Dioxine & Iodine

Biomass Process Application

Nutrients from novel ingredients for pet food - Generation 3

Generation 3 Generation 3

Nutrients from novel ingredients for pet food - Generation 3

Hanaeus et al. 1997

“Ecological" village in northern Sweden

• Utilization of nutrients from human urine and faeces showed that about half of the N and P from human urine disposed was successfully collected

• If collected, P available from urine and feces could account for 22% of the total global P demand,

• In 2050 - P from urine (with population increase) can get to 2.16 million metric tons and similar mass from feces,

• The available P from urine and feces produced in urban settings is currently approximately 0.88 million metric tons Mihelcic et al. 2011

dmilad@nmbu.no

Source: The Sims