Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially

Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat

Ramsar Convention

UK National Report to the 7th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties

Site Supplement

San José, Costa Rica, 1999

Joint Nature Conservation Committee on behalf of:

Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions

Implementation of the Ramsar Convention in general, and of the Ramsar Strategic Plan 1997-2002 in particular, during the period since the National Report prepare d in 1995 for

Ramsar CoP6 and 30 June 1998

Contracting Party: United Kingdom

Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions

Linda Smith Room 9/21 Tollgate House Houlton Street Bristol BS2 9DJ

Telephone: + 44 117 987 8342

Fax: + 44 117 987 8182

E-mail: [email protected]

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Contents

Executive summary...................................................................................................................................................................2

Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................................................3

1. UK List of Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar List)......................................................................4 1.1 Overview of information for UK Ramsar sites...................................................................................................4 1.2 Candidate sites for future inclusion in the List of Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar List).. ..................................................................................................................................................................................7 1.3 Strategic review of Ramsar site network coverage in the UK.......................................................................11 2.1 UK location map of Ramsar sites ......................................................................................................................17 2.2 UK climatological data........................................................................................................................................21

3. Summary information for sites included in the List of Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar List) 22

3.1 UK and Overseas Territories Ramsar site accounts.......................................................................................22

Ramsar site accounts............................................................................................................................................................ 24

List of abbreviations and acronyms ..................................................................................................................................359

References ............................................................................................................................................................................360

Appendix 1: Overview of ecological character at UK Ramsar sites ...........................................................................361

Appendix 2: Statement on Common Standards for monitoring designated sites.....................................................368

Appendix 3: Ramsar wetland types ...................................................................................................................................375

Appendix 4: Criteria for Identifying Wetlands of International Importance............................................................377

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Executive summary

This document is the United Kingdom’s Site Supplement to the Ramsar National Report for the 7th meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties (CoP7) to be held in Costa Rica in May 1999. It fulfils a commitment made in the National Report to provide site accounts and an overview of ecological character and conservation measures for designated UK and Overseas Territories Ramsar sites prior to CoP7.

The Site Supplement is the culmination of a programme by the nature conservation agencies to draw together information for the standard reporting forms – Ramsar Information Sheets.

This report provides a summary of ecological character across UK Ramsar sites identifying in particular, conservation measures in place or proposed to address adverse factors that may be affecting the condition of sites. The UK’s Ramsar National Report (available on the Internet at http://ramsar.org/cop7_nr_uk.htm) outlined a wide range of conservation measures such as agri-environment schemes, management planning and site condition monitoring which are used to secure favourable management both on sites and in the wider environment. The Ramsar National Report should also be consulted in relation to section 1 of this document. These measures alongside the activities of the UK’s Ramsar Committee, the Joint Working Party, help promote the wise use of wetlands and ensure that systems are in place to monitor and report on the status of UK designated Ramsar sites.

This report includes a list of designated and candidate Ramsar sites in the UK, Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies, known to meet the Ramsar criteria for future inclusion in the List of Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar List). Section 1 also includes a summary assessment of the current coverage of wetland habitats and associated species within the UK Ramsar site network to support targets 6.1 (a) and 6.2 (a) in the UK targets document for the Ramsar Strategic Plan 1997-2002.

A description of the information contained in each Ramsar site account is provided in section 3 of this document. The site accounts are presented, in alphabetical order, in sections for each of the four countries making up the UK and a separate section for sites in the Overseas Territories. A UK Ramsar sites location map and summary climate data is included in section 2 of the report.

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Acknowledgements

A large number of individuals have contributed towards the production of this document. In particular, significant contributions have been made by nature conservation agency local and Geographical Information Systems staff (English Nature [EN], Countryside Council for Wales [CCW], Scottish Natural Heritage [SNH]) and in Northern Ireland the Environment and Heritage Service in preparing Ramsar Information Sheets and site maps. Recognition and thanks must go in particular to the co-ordinators in each of the nature conservation agencies and DoENI (EHS) including Martin Bradley, (DoENI (EHS)), Nigel Buxton (SNH), Peter Clement (EN), Dawn Isaac (EN), Ross Johnston (SNH), Wyn Jones (EN), Peter Stuttard (CCW) and Christine Todd (CCW).

At JNCC thanks go to Flis Bentham, Dave Chambers, Andy Cottam, Susan Davies, Debbie Jackson, Karen King, Ricky Mexson, Amelia Morgan, Deborah Procter, Jason Reynolds, David Stroud, Tara Sykes and Linda Yost for their major contribution to the drafting and revision of text.

Thanks are also due to staff in each of the territorial Government Departments namely: Vanessa Elvin (DETR), Kathryn Farrell (SOAEFD), Cindy Peters (DETR), Graham Seymour (DoENI (EHS)), Linda Smith (DETR) and Richard Thomas (WO).

Members of the Joint Working Party, outside the nature conservation agencies and Government Departments, have also provided valuable information in the preparation of this document and the National Report.

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1. UK List of Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar List)

1.1 Overview of information for UK Ramsar sites

In June 1997 the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) in conjunction with the nature conservation agencies (English Nature [EN], Countryside Council for Wales [CCW], Scottish Natural Heritage [SNH]) and in Northern Ireland the Environment and Heritage Service, an agency within the Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland (DoENI (EHS)) initiated a programme to compile Ramsar Information Sheets (RIS) and maps for all designated UK sites. The UK Government also made a commitment in the National Report to publish a site supplement, prior to the 7th Conference of the Contracting Parties (CoP7), which would include an overview of the UK site series and report on changes in ecological character. This supplement contains site accounts for all designated wetlands sites of international importance drawing information from the RIS and site maps currently being prepared. See section 3.1 for a description of the site account data fields supplied.

Overview of ecological character at UK Ramsar sites

Section 5.3 of the National Report presented factors which may affect the ecological character of wetland habitats. An update of the current condition and the status of factors identified in 1995 as causing negative change in ecological character was also presented. In this supplement the overview of ecological character represents a summary of the assessments contained in the individual site accounts for the whole Ramsar site series. In many cases the adverse factors identified at a site level characterise common land-use issues affecting different wetland habitats in the wider environment.

The ecological character information is observational, based on ‘best expert judgement’ of the nature conservation agency staff that are most familiar with the Ramsar sites. The adverse factors identified in each site account are recorded as occurrences with an indication of relative spatial scale and the locus of activity, within the site or in the immediate environment.

The overview of ecological character presents information on the frequency of adverse factor occurrences across the Ramsar site series independent of spatial scale and proximity to the site (see Appendix 1). This exercise identified that some adverse factors occur more frequently at UK Ramsar sites. These factors and examples of remedial measures identified to address them, at the site level, are outlined below.

Agriculture

Over 70% of the UK’s land surface is managed for agricultural purposes and in many cases these practices, when undertaken at an appropriate time of year and at appropriate intensities, are beneficial to the maintenance of the nature conservation interest. In some cases, however, agricultural practices can lead to direct drainage of wetland habitats or depletion of water levels for irrigation, and overgrazing by domestic livestock. Agricultural runoff, which can lead to nutrient enrichment of waterbodies also occurs but is considered later as a water pollution issue.

Drainage of wetlands for agricultural land and the abstraction of surface or ground water for irrigation have lowered water levels at some Ramsar sites leading to a drying out of wetland habitats. In some cases, inappropriate grazing regimes and high stocking densities are leading to changes in vegetation structure that creates localised erosion and difficulties for regeneration. These pressures are addressed through specific remedial activities to manage water levels such as sluice refurbishment, blocking of old drainage channels, installation of pumps and silt clearance works. Measures to address overgrazed areas include extensive grazing regimes employing low stocking levels and fencing off areas to encourage ground flora regeneration.

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Water pollution

Diffuse and point-source pollution is recognised as creating water quality problems, in particular nutrient enrichment. Eutrophication of inland waters caused by inputs of fertiliser runoff and phosphate loading from domestic sewage can lead to algal blooms to the detriment of some plant species.

Measures available to address nutrient enrichment include; phosphate stripping, installing 'buffer zones' to reduce agricultural runoff, clearance works to remove enriched material from waterbodies and creation of reedbeds to act as a water purification filter.

Recreation

At a considerable number of UK Ramsar sites tourism and recreational activities may cause disturbance to species. Localised erosion occurs in particular at standing waters and coastal habitats where in some areas visitor pressure leads to trampling of vegetation and erosion along popular paths and bridleways used by walkers, cyclists and for horseriding.

Sections 2.12, 3.1 and 3.2 of the National Report outlined the efforts to raise public awareness of wetland issues and generally encourage participation in nature conservation. At the site level this is implemented by action to ameliorate recreational pressures. Site works include the use of interpretative boards to promote environmental education, managing visitor numbers by controlling access times and locations, use of board walks and securing designated paths and rights of way to protect vulnerable vegetation.

Erosion

Recreation activities or some agricultural land practices can lead to a destabilisation of some wetland habitats, especially in coastal or exposed areas, and may exacerbate the erosion effects of natural processes. Other anthropogenic activities such as dredging, gravel extraction from beaches and sea defence works can alter sediment budgets and lead to erosion of coastal habitats.

Co-ordinated management through Estuary Management Plans, Shoreline Management Plans, Local Environment Agency Plans and Water Level Management Plans, as described in sections 2.1 and 2.6 of the National Report, goes a considerable way to addressing these issues. Site works to promote rehabilitation can include dredging of channels and silt clearance works to encourage sediment deposition.

Other factors

A variety of other factors can adversely impact upon wetland habitats. In particular, the introduction of invasive non-native plant species such as New Zealand pigmy weed Crassula helmsii, Rhododendron spp., Canadian pond weed Elodea canadensis and Polytrichum can affect terrestrial wetland habitats by outcompeting native species leading to a decline in species diversity. Vegetation succession including the encroachment of scrub and woodland can lead to loss of wetland habitats particularly at fens and mires. Rehabilitation at the site level includes re-establishment of traditional management regimes, mechanical and hand clearance of invasive species and use of species-specific herbicides.

At a few coastal Ramsar sites oil and gas exploration, shellfish harvesting and bait digging have been identified as adverse factors. Mechanisms such as national Planning Policy Guidance, Coastal Zone Management Plans and Local Environment Agency Plans, as described in section 2.6 of the National

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Report, are in place and provide guidance on the conservation measures required to reduce the impacts of these activities.

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Site management plans

The site-specific conservation activities outlined above support many of the UK-wide policies and initiatives in place to conserve wetland biodiversity and promote sustainable development. Sections 2 and 5 of the National Report describe countrywide measures used to safeguard nature conservation sites, including Ramsar sites, and to conserve wetland habitats. Fundamental to securing management that makes a positive contribution to the nature conservation interest of these sites are the management plans and agreements established between the nature conservation agencies and the site owners or occupiers. The UK has made a formal commitment to have management plans or statements in place for all designated sites by the year 2004. These plans would then be reviewed on a regular basis (generally every 5 years) to ensure that the measures prescribed continue to deliver effective management of the wetland interests.

{DETR, please supply information required about Asset Management Plan 3.}

Monitoring and reporting ecological character at UK Ramsar sites

Within the UK, the Joint Working Party (JWP) acts as the National Ramsar Committee. The JWP is a cross-sectoral group with representation from the territorial Government Departments of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, their respective nature conservation agencies, and non-governmental organisations including, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT) and Wildlife and Countryside Link (WCL). Wetlands International and the Ramsar Bureau are also members and attend when possible. A Monitoring and Reporting Sub-Group is responsible for reporting on issues arising in relation to the Management Guidance Procedure and the Montreux Record. The Sub-Group may also report changes in ecological character at Ramsar sites and make recommendations for remedial action. Future assessments of the ecological character of the sites will be based on information drawn from the Ramsar Information Sheets as well as information collected through the UK's site condition monitoring programmes and site management planning activities. A statement on Common Standards Monitoring of national nature conservation sites, Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) or Areas of Special Scientific Interest in Northern Ireland (ASSI) can be found in Appendix 2 (or see http://www.jncc.gov.uk). See sections 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3 of the National Report.

1.2 Candidate sites for future inclusion in the List of Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar List)

The UK programme for designating Ramsar sites is progressing and is complemented by site designations under the European Union Birds and Habitats Directives and implementation of national site safeguard mechanisms through the continued notification of SSSIs and ASSIs. See section 6.5 of the National Report.

The UK targets document (target 6.1 (a)), which implements the Ramsar Strategic Plan 1997-2002 adopted at CoP6, the Government aimed to publish a list of known and recognised candidate sites meeting the Ramsar criteria by June 1998, in line with Conference Resolution VI.12. This list of candidate sites in the UK, Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies is set out in Tables 1 to 3.

Table 1 Candidate Ramsar sites in the UK

England

Arun Valley (also known as Amberley) Dungeness to Pett Levels Isles of Scilly Coastal Habitats

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London Reservoirs and Gravel Pits (also known as South-West London Waterbodies) North Pennine Moors (parts of only)

Northumberland Coast Pevensey Levels Severn Estuary Thorne and Hatfield Moors

Northern Ireland

Ballynahone Bog Black Bog Cuilcagh Mountain Derryleckagh Dundrum Bay Fairy Water Bogs Fardrum and Roosky Turloughs Garron Plateau Garry Bog Lough Foyle Magheraveely Marl Loughs Outer Ards Peninsula Slieve Beagh Teal Lough

Scotland

Caithness and Sutherland Peatlands Cromarty Firth Inner Moray Firth Loch Inch and Torrs Warren Mointeach Scadabhaigh

Wales

Carmarthen Bay Migneint and Cwm Hesgyn

Table 2 Candidate Ramsar sites in the Overseas Territories

Anguilla

Cauls Pond Cove Ponds Road Salt Pond Savannah (or Grey) Pond West End Salt Pond Wetlands on Dog Island

Wetlands still to be assessed against the Ramsar criteria

Badcocks Pond Blowing Point Pond

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East End (or Mount Fortune) Pond Forest Pond Little Harbour Ponds Long Bay Pond

Long Salt Pond Mead’s Bay Pond Merrywing Pond Prickly Pear East Pond Rendezvous Salt Pond Wetlands on Scrub Island

Ascension Island

No sites

Bermuda

Devonshire Marsh east and west basins Hungry Bay Mangrove Swamp Lovers Lake Paget Marsh Pembroke Marsh East Somerset Long Bay Pond Spittal Pond Trott’s Pond and Mangrove Lake Walsingham Pond Warwick Pond

British Antarctic Territory

No sites

British Indian Ocean Territory

Blenheim Reef Chagos Archipelago Diego Garcia Egmont Atoll Great Chagos Bank Peros Banhos Atoll Salomon Atoll Speakers Bank Victory Bank

British Virgin Islands

Anegada and Horseshoe Reef Beef Island Wetlands Paraquita Bay Western Salt Ponds

Cayman Islands

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Little Sound Animal Sanctuary Meagre Bay

Falkland Islands

Berthas Beach Lake Sullivan/River Doyle

Pebble Island East Sealion Island

Gibraltar

Bay of Gibraltar

Montserrat

No sites

Pitcairn Island, Henderson, Ducie and Oneo Islands

Ducie Island Henderson Island Oneo Island

Saint Helena

Sandy Bay

South Georgia

No sites

South Sandwich Islands

No sites

Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island

No sites

Turks and Caicos Islands

No further sites

Table 3 Candidate Ramsar sites in the Crown Dependencies

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Guernsey

Guernsey Shoreline

Isle of Man

No sites

Jersey

Inter-tidal zone to the south east of the island

1.3 Strategic review of Ramsar site network coverage in the UK

The UK network of Ramsar sites has been identified and developed over many years. As advocated in Article 2 (2) of the Convention the initial focus of site selection in the UK was to identify and designate sites of importance for waterbirds (Stroud et al. 1990, Pritchard et al. 1992). Many Ramsar sites so identified have been simultaneously classified, at the time of their Ramsar designation, as Special Protection Areas under the EC Birds Directive. This has further resulted in a high proportion of the current UK site list being primarily of importance for waterbirds.

In the UK targets document for the Ramsar Strategic Plan 1997-2002, published in February 1998, we identified targets in response to Operational Objectives 6.1 and 6.2 to identify wetlands that meet the Ramsar criteria and to list wetland interests currently under-represented either globally or nationally. Under UK target 6.1 (a) the Government proposed to publish a list of known and recognised candidate Ramsar sites meeting the criteria. The list of candidate sites is provided in section 1.2 of this report. JNCC under target 6.2 (a) is intending to review the coverage of wetland habitats and species across the existing, and candidate, site series and make recommendations to address any shortfall. A preliminary review of the site series commenced in October 1998 with a paper to the JWP. Some of the preliminary conclusions are summarised below but may be subject to change following the full review of qualifying sites yet to be undertaken.

Comparison of Ramsar wetland classification and EC Habitats Directive Annex I habitats list

The preliminary review is based on the presumption that sites potentially qualifying under Ramsar wetland classification may be comparable to the qualifying wetland habitats for which candidate Special Areas of Conservation (cSACs) have been selected under the EC Habitats Directive (Brown et al. 1997). An initial crossmatch of the Ramsar wetland classification against related Annex I habitats of the Habitats Directive (Table 4) has been undertaken. The results indicate that a high proportion of Ramsar wetland types which occur in the UK have at least some equivalent Annex I habitat, although in most cases the relationships are not an exclusive one to one match. One Annex I wetland habitat, humid dune slacks, does not have an equivalent type under the Ramsar wetland classification.

Table 4 Cross-reference of Ramsar wetland type classification and Annex I of EC Habitats Directive. Annex I numbers relate to Natura 2000 codes taken from the Interpretation manual of European Union habitats (DGXI, 1996).

Ramsar wetland

code

Ramsar wetland type Related Annex I habitat equivalent Comments

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A

Marine and coastal wetlands Shallow marine waters

1110 Sandbanks which are slightly covered by seawater at all times 1160 Large shallow inlets and bays

B Subtidal aquatic beds C Coral reefs (1170 Reefs) Coral reefs only

found in deep waters around mainland UK

D Rocky marine shores 1170 Reefs 1230 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic

and Baltic coasts

E Sand, shingle or pebble shores - F Estuarine waters 1130 Estuaries G Intertidal mud, sand or saltflats 1140 Mudflats and sandflats not

covered by sea water at low tide

H Intertidal marshes 1210 Salicornia and other animals colonising mud and sand

1320 Spartina swards (Spartinion) 1330 Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-

Puccinellietalia) 1410 Mediterranean salt meadows

(Juncetalia maritimi) 1420 Mediterranean and thermo -Atlantic

halophilous scrubs (Antrhocmetalia fucticosae)

I Intertidal forested wetlands - Not present in UK (mainland)

J Coastal brackish/saline lagoons 1150 *Lagoons K Coastal freshwater lagoons - L

Inland wetlands Permanent inland deltas

-

M Permanent rivers/streams/creeks 3260 Floating vegetation of Ranunculus of plain (i.e. planes) sub-mountainous rivers

N Seasonal/intermittent rivers/streams/ creeks

-

O Permanent freshwater lakes (>8 ha) 3130 Oligotrophic waters in medio-European and perialpine area with amphibious vegetation: Littorella or Isoetes or annual vegetation on exposed banks (Nanocyperetalia)

3140 Hard oligo-mesotrophic waters with benthic vegetation of Chara formations

3150 Natural eutrophic lakes with Magnopotamion or Hydrocharition-type vegetation

3160 Dystrophic lakes

P Seasonal/intermittent freshwater lakes (> 8 ha)

-

Q Permanent saline/brackish/ alkaline lakes

-

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R Seasonal/intermittent saline/brackish /alkaline lakes and flats

- Not present in UK (mainland)

Sp Permanent saline/brackish/alkaline marshes/pools

1340 * Continental salt meadows (Puccinelliatalia distantis)

7210 *Calcareous fens with Cladium mariscus and Carex davalliana

7230 Alkaline fens

Ss Seasonal/intermittent saline/brackish/ alkaline marshes/pools

-

Tp Permanent freshwater marshes/pools 3110 Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of Atlantic sandy plains with amphibious vegetation; Lobelia, Littorella and Isoetes

3130 Oligotrophic waters in medio-European and perialpine area with amphibious vegetation: Littorella or Isoetes or annual vegetation on exposed banks (Nanocyperetalia)

3140 Hard oligo-mesotrophic waters with benthic vegetation of Chara formations

3160 Dystrophic lakes

Ts Seasonal/intermittent freshwater marshes/pools

3170 *Mediterranean temporary ponds 3180 *Turloughs 6410 Molinia meadows on chalk and

clay (Eu-Molinion) 6510 Lowland hay meadows

(Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis)

U Non-forested peatlands 7110 *Active raised bogs 7120 Degraded raised bogs (still capable

of natural regeneration) 7130 Blanket bogs (*active only) Transition mires and quaking bogs 7150 Depressions on peat substrates

(Rhynchosporion)

Va Alpine wetlands 7240 *Alpine pioneer formations of Carcicon bicoloris-atrofuscae

Vt Tundra wetlands Not present in UK

W Shrub dominated wetlands Interpretation unclear. May relate to wet heath

Xf Freshwater, tree-dominated wetlands 91E0 *Residual alluvial forested (Alnion glutinoso-incanae)

Xp Forested peatlands 91D0 *Bog woodland Not separated from Xf in UK data

Y Freshwater springs; oases 7720 *Petrifying springs with tufa formation (Cratoneurion)

Zg Geothermal wetlands Not present in UK (mainland)

Zk Subterranean karst and cave hydrological systems

8310 Caves not open to the public 8330 Submerged or partially submerged

sea caves

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‘Man-made’ wetlands Aquaculture

2 Ponds 3 Irrigated land 4 Seasonally flooded agricultural land 5 Salt exploitation sites 6 Water storage areas 7 Excavations 8 Wastewater treatment areas 9 Canals and channels

Note: *Priority habitat type

Assessment of representation of wetland types across the current UK Ramsar site series

JNCC’s provisional assessment looked at the number of designated Ramsar sites in the UKcontaining each specific habitat type of the Ramsar classification (Table 2). The analysis considered a sample of 103 sites for which habitat extent data were immediately available. Any future review will assess the whole UK Ramsar site series based on completed Ramsar Information Sheets.

Table 5 Representation of wetland habitats within a sample of 103 UK Ramsar sites

Ramsar wetland

code

Ramsar wetland type Number of UK sites where present

A

Marine and coastal wetlands Shallow marine waters

2 B Subtidal aquatic beds 10 C Coral reefs D Rocky marine shores 13 E Sand, shingle or pebble shores 36 F Estuarine waters 20 G Intertidal mud, sand or saltflats 42 H Intertidal marshes 41 I Intertidal forested wetlands J Coastal brackish/saline lagoons 17 K Coastal freshwater lagoons 17 L

Inland wetlands Permanent inland deltas

1 M Permanent rivers/streams/creeks 31 N Seasonal/intermittent rivers/streams/creeks 5 O Permanent freshwater lakes (> 8 ha) 44 P Seasonal/intermittent freshwater lakes (> 8 ha) Q Permanent saline/brackish/alkaline lakes 7 R Seasonal/intermittent saline/brackish/alkaline lakes and flats Sp Permanent saline/brackish/alkaline marshes/pools 5 Ss Seasonal/intermittent saline/brackish/alkaline marshes/pools 1 Tp Permanent freshwater marshes/pools 48 Ts Seasonal/intermittent freshwater marshes/pools 12 U Non-forested peatlands 53

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Va Alpine wetlands Vt Tundra wetlands W Shrub dominated wetlands 22 Xf Freshwater, tree-dominated wetlands 25 Xp Forested peatlands (not separated from Xf in UK data) (25) Y Freshwater springs; oases 2 Zg Geothermal wetlands Zk Subterranean karst and cave hydrological systems 1

‘Man-made’ wetlands Aquaculture

1 2 Ponds 2 3 Irrigated land 4 Seasonally flooded agricultural land 16 5 Salt exploitation sites 2 6 Water storage areas 6 7 Excavations 1 8 Wastewater treatment areas 1 9 Canals and channels 14

The analysis identified that UK wetland habitats can be recorded as more than one type under the Ramsar wetland classification e.g. seasonally flooded grazed or mown grasslands can be listed as seasonal intermittent freshwater marshes/pools or seasonally flooded agricultural land. It is apparent that there is likely to be considerable variation between individual site records for certain habitats caused by the flexibility of the Ramsar wetland classification. The retrospective RIS exercise and site condition monitoring should improve the consistency of future reporting.

Some clear trends emerge from the preliminary analysis undertaken. These are described below.

Habitat types represented at 15 or more sites

G Intertidal mud, sand or salt flats H Intertidal marshes I Coastal brackish/saline lagoons M Permanent rivers/streams/creeks O Permanent freshwater lakes Tp Permanent freshwater marshes/pools U Non-forested peatlands W Shrub dominated wetlands X Freshwater tree dominated wetlands/Forested peatlands (Xf & Xp combined)

Habitats, which occur in the UK, poorly represented (or absent), at five or fewer sites

A Shallow marine waters B Coastal freshwater lagoons L Permanent inland deltas N Seasonal/intermittent rivers/streams/creeks Sp Permanent saline/brackish/alkaline marshes/pools Ss Seasonal/intermittent saline/brackish/alkaline marshes/pools Va Alpine wetlands Y Freshwater springs Zk Subterranean karst and cave hydrological systems

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As noted earlier a significant proportion of designated UK Ramsar sites have been selected primarily for their ornithological importance, so the current list is understandably weighted towards the inclusion of estuaries, sedimentary coasts, larger lakes and peatlands. In the case of those habitats that are under-represented, the situation is unclear. In some cases, these are rare UK habitats that are not positively associated with sites of importance for wetland birds such as alpine wetlands or freshwater springs.

In addition, the analysis is based on habitat occurrences at each site reflecting its ecological character rather than its conservation value. As such the presence of a particular habitat may not be the primary selection reason and therefore some habitats are represented in the network not because they qualify in their own right as of international importance, but because they support internationally significant wetland species populations or have a high species diversity. Conversely other habitats, which may be of international importance both in terms of extent and quality, may fall outwith the site network. These issues will be addressed through the development of the preliminary analysis into a systematic review of the UK Ramsar list. This will build on a more comprehensive analysis of information provided through the RIS programme. It is probable that any future candidate Ramsar sites selected to represent important wetland habitats will be identified, in the first instance, from the UK list of candidate SACs.

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2. Summary location information for all sites included in the List of Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar List)

2.1 UK location map of Ramsar sites

To date the UK has listed 126 Ramsar sites covering 517,656 hectares of which 37 have been listed since June 1995. In addition, the UK has listed two Ramsar sites in the Overseas Territories; North, Middle and East Caicos Islands (Turks & Caicos) and Booby Pond and Rookery (Little Cayman, Cayman Islands).

The UK Ramsar site map (Figure 1) provides information on the location of each of the 126 sites. Summary information including site code, name and date of designation is set out in Table 6.

Table 6 UK designated Ramsar sites (in alphabetical order)

No. Site code

Ramsar site name Country Designation date

1 7UK018 Abberton Reservoir England 01/09/90 2 7UK103 Alde-Ore Estuary England 04/10/96 3 7UK028 Alt Estuary England 28/11/85 4 7UK120 Avon Valley England 02/02/98 5 7UK117 Belfast Lough Northern Ireland 05/08/98 6 7UK071 Benfleet and Southend Marshes England 14/02/94 7 7UK087 Blackwater Estuary (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 4) England 12/05/95 8 7UK100 Breydon Water England 29/03/96 9 7UK038 Bridgend Flats, Islay Scotland 14/07/88

10 7UK002 Bridgwater Bay (part of Severn Estuary) England 05/01/76 11 7UK081 Broadland England 21/09/94 12 7UK003 Bure Marshes (part of Broadland) England 05/01/76 13 7UK054 Burry Inlet Wales 14/07/92 14 7UK014 Cairngorm Lochs Scotland 24/07/81 15 7UK121 Caithness Lochs Scotland 02/02/98 16 7UK072 Cameron Reservoir Scotland 14/03/94 17 7UK123 Carlingford Lough Northern Ireland 09/03/98 18 7UK099 Castle Loch, Loch Maben Scotland 15/03/96 19 7UK022 Chesil Beach and The Fleet England 17/07/85 20 7UK032 Chichester and Langstone Harbours England 28/10/87 21 7UK053 Chippenham Fen England 11/03/92 22 7UK016 Claish Moss Scotland 24/07/81 23 7UK086 Coll Scotland 31/03/95 24 7UK079 Colne Estuary (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 2) England 28/07/94 25 7UK057 Cors Caron Wales 28/09/92 26 7UK001 Cors Fochno and Dyfi Wales 05/01/76 27 7UK119 Corsydd Mon a Llyn /Anglesey and Llyn Fens Wales 02/02/98 28 7UK085 Crouch and Roach Estuaries (Mid-Essex Coast

Phase 3) England 29/06/98

29 7UK064 Crymlyn Bog Wales 08/06/93 30 7UK097 Deben Estuary England 11/03/96 31 7UK073 Dengie (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 1) England 24/03/94 32 7UK090 Dersingham Bog England 12/09/95 33 7UK023 Derwent Ings (part of Lower Derwent Valley) England 17/07/85 34 7UK040 Din Moss - Hoselaw Loch Scotland 14/07/88 35 7UK111 Dornoch Firth and Loch Fleet Scotland 24/03/97 36 7UK124 Dorset Heathlands England 01/10/98 37 7UK122 Duddon Estuary England 16/03/98

18

38 7UK115 East Sanday Coast Scotland 11/08/97 39 7UK037 Eilean na Muice Duibhe (Duich Moss), Islay Scotland 14/07/88 40 7UK049 Esthwaite Water England 07/11/91 41 7UK051 Exe Estuary England 11/03/92 42 7UK041 Fala Flow Scotland 25/04/90 43 7UK043 Feur Lochain (part of Rinns of Islay) Scotland 25/04/90 44 7UK102 Foulness (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 5) England 04/10/96 45 7UK061 Gibraltar Point England 05/03/93 46 7UK042 Glac na Criche (part of Rinns of Islay) Scotland 25/04/90 47 7UK039 Gladhouse Reservoir Scotland 14/07/88 48 7UK098 Greenlaw Moor Scotland 15/03/96 49 7UK036 Gruinart Flats, Islay Scotland 14/07/88 50 7UK063 Hamford Water England 08/06/93 51 7UK004 Hickling Broad and Horsey Mere (part of Broadland) England 05/01/76 52 7UK024 Holburn Lake and Moss England 17/07/85 53 7UK077 Humber Flats, Marshes and Coast (Phase 1) England 28/07/94 54 7UK025 Irthinghead Mires England 17/07/85 55 7UK109 Larne Lough Northern Ireland 04/03/97 56 7UK026 Leighton Moss England 28/11/85 57 7UK005 Lindisfarne England 11/03/92 58 7UK047 Llyn Idwal Wales 07/11/91 59 7UK048 Llyn Tegid Wales 07/11/91 60 7UK044 Loch an Duin Scotland 25/04/90 61 7UK006 Loch Druidibeg, Loch a` Machair and Loch

Stilligarry Scotland 05/01/76

62 7UK030 Loch Eye Scotland 01/10/86 63 7UK055 Loch Ken and River Dee Marshes Scotland 31/08/92 64 7UK007 Loch Leven Scotland 05/01/76 65 7UK008 Loch Lomond Scotland 05/01/76 66 7UK080 Loch Maree Scotland 19/09/94 67 7UK074 Loch of Kinnordy Scotland 29/03/94 68 7UK015 Loch of Lintrathen Scotland 24/07/81 69 7UK029 Loch of Skene Scotland 01/10/86 70 7UK093 Loch of Strathbeg Scotland 27/11/95 71 7UK101 Loch Ruthven Scotland 16/08/96 72 7UK056 Loch Spynie Scotland 31/08/92 73 7UK009 Lough Neagh and Lough Beg Northern Ireland 05/01/76 74 7UK065 Lower Derwent Valley England 08/06/93 75 7UK067 Malham Tarn England 28/10/93 76 7UK027 Martin Mere England 28/11/85 77 7UK068 Medway Estuary and Marshes England 15/12/93 78 7UK096 Mersey Estuary England 20/12/95 79 7UK075 Midland Meres and Mosses Phase 1 England 09/05/94 80 7UK108 Midland Meres and Mosses Phase 2 England & Wales 02/02/97 81 7UK010 Minsmere-Walberswick England 19/05/92 82 7UK082 Montrose Basin Scotland 03/02/95 83 7UK106 Moray and Nairn Coast Scotland 02/02/97 84 7UK104 Morecambe Bay England 04/10/96 85 7UK059 Nene Washes England 05/03/93 86 7UK066 New Forest England 22/09/93 87 7UK011 North Norfolk Coast England 20/01/89 88 7UK052 Old Hall Marshes (part of Blackwater Estuary) England 11/03/92 89 7UK012 Ouse Washes England 05/03/93 90 7UK035 Pagham Harbour England 30/03/88 91 7UK105 Pettigoe Plateau Northern Ireland 19/11/96 92 7UK084 Portsmouth Harbour England 28/02/95

19

93 7UK013 Rannoch Moor Scotland 05/01/76 94 7UK045 Redgrave and South Lopham Fens England 15/02/91 95 7UK083 Ribble and Alt Estuaries Phase 2 England 16/02/95 96 7UK094 Rinns of Islay Scotland 27/11/95 97 7UK107 River Spey-Insh Marshes Scotland 02/02/97 98 7UK031 Rockcliffe Marsh (part of Upper Solway Flats and

Marshes) England 01/10/86

99 7UK114 Ronas Hill - North Roe and Tingon Scotland 11/08/97 100 7UK019 Rostherne Mere England 24/07/81 101 7UK060 Roydon Common England 05/03/93 102 7UK046 Rutland Water England 04/10/91 103 7UK088 Severn Estuary England & Wales 13/07/95 104 7UK017 Silver Flowe Scotland 24/07/81 105 7UK125 Solent and Southampton Water England 01/10/98 106 7UK113 Somerset Levels and Moors England 26/06/97 107 7UK062 South Tayside Goose Roosts Scotland 22/04/93 108 7UK118 South Uist Machair and Lochs Scotland 01/12/97 109 7UK069 Stodmarsh England 16/12/93 110 7UK076 Stour and Orwell Estuaries England 13/07/94 111 7UK116 Strangford Lough Northern Ireland 09/03/98 112 7UK089 Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast England 15/08/95 113 7UK078 Thanet Coast and Sandwich Bay England 28/07/94 114 7UK020 The Dee Estuary England & Wales 17/07/85 115 7UK021 The Swale England 15/12/93 116 7UK034 The Wash England 30/03/88 117 7UK070 Thursley and Ockley Bog England 14/02/94 118 7UK110 Upper Lough Erne Northern Ireland 04/03/97 119 7UK033 Upper Severn Estuary (part of Severn Estuary) England 05/02/88 120 7UK058 Upper Solway Flats and Marshes England & Scotland 30/11/92 121 7UK050 Walmore Common England 05/12/91 122 7UK095 Westwater Scotland 27/11/95 123 7UK091 Wicken Fen England 12/09/95 124 7UK092 Woodwalton Fen England 12/09/95 125 7UK112 Ythan Estuary and Meikle Loch Scotland 30/03/98 126 7UK126 Kintyre Goose Roosts Scotland 28/11/98

Figure 1 UK location map of designated Ramsar sites

21

2.2 UK climatological data

The UK’s humid, semi-humid and temperate climate demonstrates regional variation from the warmer and drier conditions in southern and eastern Britain compared to wetter and cooler climes to the west and north, particularly characterising the upland areas of Wales, northern England and Scotland. This climatic variation reflects the factors of geographical location, altitude and oceanic influence. The UK supports a range of important habitats and hosts an estimated 96,000 terrestrial and freshwater species including a few important endemic species, such as the Scottish small-reed Calamagrostis scotica associated with mires, characteristic of a temperate climate. See section 6.3 of the National Report for a full description of the types and status of UK wetland habitats.

Table 7 provides summary statistics for a selection of major UK cities based on the Meteorological Office data for 1997. Figure 1 depicts the locations of the cities (listed in Table 7) in relation to UK designated Ramsar sites to provide an indication of regional climate variation.

Table 7 UK climatological data (1997)

Location Mean annual rainfall (mm)

Mean minimum temperature (°C)

Mean maximum temperature (°C)

Aberdeen 946.5 6.6 12.2 Belfast 818.7 6.7 13.4 Birmingham 611.0 6.1 14.6 Bristol 867.2 8.6 15.3 Cardiff 741.7 9.0 15.7 Edinburgh 732.6 5.9 13.6 Glasgow 961.6 5.8 13.6 Leeds 622.4 7.4 14.4 Lerwick, Shetland Isles 1123.6 5.8 10.1 London 382.4 11.6 18.3 Manchester 765.1 7.0 14.2 Newcastle 646.8 7.3 13.4 Norwich 548.7 7.8 14.7 Plymouth 861.2 8.6 14.4 Southampton 766.4 8.5 15.7

22

3. Summary information for sites included in the List of Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar List)

3.1 UK and Overseas Territories Ramsar site accounts

The detailed site accounts represent a subset of information drawn from the current RIS programme. Each account provides basic administrative site details as well as information on the ecological and cultural values for the sites. The site accounts are presented by country and in alphabetical order.

Since designating the first UK Ramsar site in 1976, some small sites have been subsumed into larger, more recent designations as part of the UK Ramsar site programme. The site accounts for ‘component’ Ramsar sites, that form part of a larger, subsequent site, are cross-referenced in the overview section. In addition, to ensure the correct reporting of species count data this is recorded only in the site account for the larger Ramsar site.

A description of the information fields supplied in each site account is outlined below.

Information fields

Site name Legal Ramsar site name as submitted to the Ramsar Bureau.

Site code Unique alphanumeric Ramsar site code.

Latitude/longitude Centre point grid reference based on a digitised site boundary.

General location Nearest town or city in the vicinity of the Ramsar site.

Area (ha) Ramsar site area, in hectares, based on digitised site boundary.

Overview This section provides a brief summary of the characteristics of the surrounding landscape and the wetland site. The main physical and ecological features of the site, particularly any special features for which the site is important in a national or international context, such as significant species assemblages, are noted.

Site protection Section 2.1.a of the National Report outlined the protection afforded to wetlands in the UK. All UK Ramsar sites are notified as SSSIs in Great Britain, or ASSIs in Northern Ireland. A significant number of Ramsar sites are also protected by other statutory national and international designations such as a National Nature Reserve (NNR), candidate Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) under the EC Habitats Directive or classified Special Protection Areas for birds (SPA) under the EC Birds Directive.

This section lists the different types of national and international site designations which protect part of, or the entire, Ramsar site.

Wetland type

23

The site accounts list all the wetland types represented within the site. For each wetland type an estimate of the area covered is provided. The codes listed are drawn from the Ramsar Classification System for ‘Wetland Type’ as approved by Recommendation 4.7 and amended by Resolution VI.5 of the 6th Conference of the Contracting Parties (see Appendix 3).

Ramsar criteria A listing of all the Ramsar criteria for which the site was known to qualify at the time of designation. The Ramsar criteria as agreed at the 4th and elaborated at the 6th Meetings of the Conferences of the Contracting Parties are listed in Appendix 4.

The majority of species count data presented, relating to wintering waterfowl, have been derived from the Wetland Bird Survey (WeBS) five year peak means from 1991/2 to 1995/6. WeBS data has also been used to calculate species assemblage figures under criterion 3a where the wetland regularly supports greater than 20,000 waterfowl. JNCC’s seabirds specialists have provided count data for tern species Sterna spp. for the year 1995/6. Additional count data has been supplied by the nature conservation agency and DoENI(EHS) ornithologists (CCW, EN and SNH) and extracted from citations prepared at the time of listing.

Population percentages have been calculated against standard population sources, Protecting Internationally Important Bird Areas (Stroud et al 1990) and Waterfowl Population Estimates (Rose & Scott 1997).

In a few instances the species population figures may fall below the 1 per cent threshold for qualification under Ramsar criterion 3c due to natural popula tion fluctuations since the time of designation. In addition, count data may be lower than at the time of designation where overwintering species may peak outwith the WeBS counting period or due to changes in count boundaries. As outlined in section 5.2 of the National Report, an exercise is in progress to ensure the co-incidence of WeBS count sector boundaries with the boundaries of relevant statutory designated sites, including Ramsar sites.

Hydrological values A summary description of the significant hydrological functions occurring at the Ramsar site.

Social and cultural values An assessment of the main social and cultural values occurring within the site boundaries.

Current land use and human activities An assessment of the current land use and human activities affecting the Ramsar site and immediate surrounding area. In addition, an indication of spatial scale, large (L) or small (S), is given for each activity listed.

Ecological character Section 5.3 of the National Report described the main factors that can affect the ecological character of different broad wetland habitat types. The information provided in the site accounts describes significant factors adversely affecting the site, with an indication of spatial scale and the locus of activity, within the site or in the immediate environment. This section is structured so that specific conservation measures, proposed or being undertaken, to address each of the adverse factors listed are clearly identifiable.

Current conservation education

24

Each of the nature conservation agencies (CCW, EN and SNH) and DoENI(EHS) has developed countrywide environmental education programmes as described in sections 3.1, 3.2 and 4.2 of the National Report. This section provides information about site specific environmental education and initiatives to raise public awareness of the importance and wise use of wetlands. In addition, information about facilities for education and training is described.

Ramsar site accounts

England

25

Abberton Reservoir

Site code: 7UK018

Latitude: 51 49 22 N

Longitude: 00 51 59 E

General location: Nearest town/city: Colchester

Area (ha): 726.20

Overview:

Abberton Reservoir is a large storage reservoir built in a long shallow valley. It is the largest freshwater body in Essex and is one of the most important reservoirs in Britain for wildfowl. It is less than five miles from the coast and its primary role is as a roost for the local estuarine wildfowl population.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands

Man-made wetlands

Habitat and area (ha):

Other 6 M Tp

58.1 653.6 7.3 7.3

Ramsar criteria:

3a - Regularly supports at least 20,000 waterfowl.

3c - Regularly supports at least 1% of all the individuals in a waterfowl population.

Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3a

Over the winter the site regularly supports:

39763 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c


26

Wigeon, Anas penelope (Western Siberia/Northwestern/Northeastern Europe)

2888 individuals representing 0.2 % of the population

Gadwall, Anas strepera (Northwestern Europe)


Shoveler, Anas clypeata (Northwestern/Central Europe)


Hydrological values:

Water supply

Social and cultural values:

Aesthetic

Conservation education

Current scientific research

Livestock grazing

Non-consumptive recreation

Sport fishing

Tourism

Current land use & human activities:

Activity On-Site Off-Site Scale

Nature conservation + L

Tourism + + S

Recreation + S

27

Research + S

Fishing: recreational + S

Arable (unspecified) + L

Permanent arable + L

Permanent pastoral + + S

Domestic water supply + L

Ecological character:

Significant factors adversely affecting the site: O

n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc

ale Conservation measures

undertaken: Conservation measures proposed but not yet implemented:

Eutrophication + S Toxic blue-green algae has been recorded at the site over the last three years to 1995. The site is being monitored by the Environment Agency.

There is as yet no established link between the eutrophication process and an impact on the special interest (bird numbers).

Persistent drought + L Reduced water availability, and increased demand in recent years has led to generally low water levels. A management plan has not been written for whole site as yet, pending the outcome of the reservoir water-level raising proposals.

No further conservation measures are currently proposed.

Reservoir/barrage/ dam impact: other impact

+ L English Nature is contributing towards the Environmental Assessment to determine the effect of raising the water levels in the reservoir.

Once assessment concluded appropriate mitigation measures will be identified.

Current conservation education:

The Essex Wildlife Trust employs an education officer at their visitor's centre. There are also educational facilities at the water treatment works (Essex and Suffolk Water).

28

Alde-Ore Estuary

Site code: 7UK103



General location: Nearest town/city: Woodbridge

Area (ha): 2546.99

Overview:

The site comprises the estuary complex of the rivers Alde, Butley and Ore, including Havergate Island and Orfordness. There are a variety of habitats including, intertidal mudflats, saltmarsh, vegetated shingle (including the second largest and best preserved area in Britain at Orfordness), saline lagoons and semi-intensified grazing marsh. The Orfordness/Shingle Street land form is unique within Britain in combining a shingle spit with a cuspate foreland. The site supports nationally-scarce plants, British Red Data Book invertebrates, and notable assemblages of breeding and wintering wetland birds.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands

Marine and coastal wetlands


E G H J M Sp Tp U

850.0 450.0 600.0 50.0 250.0 150.0 100.0 97.0

Ramsar criteria:

2a - Supports an assemblage of rare, vulnerable or endangered species or subspecies.

3b - Regularly supports numbers of waterfowl indicative of wetland values, productivity or diversity


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2a

The site supports a number of nationally-scarce plant species and British Red Data Book invertebrates.

29

Ramsar criterion 3b

The site supports a notable assemblage of breeding and wintering wetland birds.

Ramsar criterion 3c

During the breeding season the site regularly supports:

Lesser Black-backed Gull, Larus fuscus (Western Europe/Mediterranean/Western Africa)

10021 individuals representing 6.7 % of the breeding population


Redshank, Tringa totanus (Eastern Atlantic (wintering))


Avocet, Recurvirostra avosetta (Western Europe/Western Mediterranean (breeding))



Shoreline stabilisation and dissipation of erosive forces


Aesthetic

Aquatic vegetation (e.g. reeds, willows, seaweed)

Archaeological/historical site



Fisheries production

Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism

Transportation/navigation



30

Nature conservation + + L

Tourism + + S

Recreation + + S

Research + S

Commercial non-timber + S


Marine aquaculture + S

Gathering of shellfish + S


Grazing (unspecified) + + S

Hunting: recreational + S

Harbour/port + S

Flood control + S

Irrigation + S

Non-urbanised settlements + S



n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



Erosion + L The area is vulnerable to sea-level rise and coastal squeeze. These issues are being addressed through the Environment Agency Local Environment Action Plan, the Estuary Management Plan and possibly a managed retreat project.

No further measures are currently proposed.

31

Measures not linked to specific factors

+ L A considerable part of the site is managed sympathetically by Suffolk Wildlife Trust, National Trust, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and English Nature.

Flood defence policy will need to take into account risks to the site from flooding and of flood control alleviation measures.


None.

32

Alt Estuary

Site code: 7UK028


Longitude: 03 10 00 W

General location: Nearest town/city: Liverpool

Area (ha): 1160.00

Overview:

This site now forms part of the Ribble and Alt Estuaries Phase 2 Ramsar site (7UK083).

The Alt Estuary is one of a chain of west coast estuaries which fringe the Irish Sea. The extensive sand and mudflats support internationally important populations of waterfowl in winter.

Site protection:

SSSI

Wetland types:



G H

1159.0 1.0

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3a & 3c

Over the winter this site regularly supports:

Knot Calidris canutus (Northeastern Canada/Greenland/Iceland/Northwestern Europe)

Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica (Western Palearctic (wintering))

For count data see Ribble and Alt Estuaries Phase 2, 7UK083.

33


No special values known


Aesthetic




Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism





Tourism + + L

Recreation + + L

Research + + S


Bait collection + S

Sewage treatment/disposal + + S

Harbour/port + L

34

Flood control + + L

Irrigation + S

Oil/gas exploration + S

Oil/gas production + L



n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



Recreational/tourism disturbance (unspecified)

+ S Recreation is informal and less intensive than elsewhere on the beaches of the Sefton Coast. In common with the rest of the coast, beach activities are managed by the Beach Management Plan.



The Metropolitan Borough of Sefton and English Nature both have programmes of guided walks onto suitable areas of the coast at all times of the year. Permanent interpretation panels are located at most of the main public access points to the site.

35

Avon Valley

Site code: 7UK120



General location: Nearest town/city: Christchurch

Area (ha): 1385.10

Overview:

The site encompasses the lower reaches of the River Avon and its floodplain between Bickton and Christchurch. The River Avon displays wide fluctuations in water level and parts of the valley are regularly flooded in winter. The Avon valley has a greater range of habitats and a more diverse flora and fauna than any other chalk river in Britain. The valley includes one of the largest expanses of unimproved floodplain grassland in Britain, including extensive areas managed as hay meadow.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands

Man-made wetlands


4 7 M X

1171.9 173.1 25.1 15.0

Ramsar criteria:

1a - Good representative example of a (near) natural wetland, characteristic of the biogeographic region



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

The site shows a greater range of habitats than any other chalk river in Britain, including fen, mire, lowland wet grassland and small areas of woodland.

36

Ramsar criterion 2a

The site supports a diverse assemblage of wetland flora and fauna including several nationally-rare species.

Ramsar criterion 3c





Flood water storage/desynchronisation of flood peaks

37


Aesthetic





Livestock grazing


Sport fishing



Nature conservation + + S

Tourism + S

Recreation + + S

Commercial forestry + L

Cutting for firewood + S

Fishing: recreational + + S


Bait collection + S

Shifting arable + S


Grazing (unspecified) + + L

Rough or shifting grazing + L

Permanent pastoral + + L

Hay meadows + + S



38

Harbour/port + S

Flood control + + S

Irrigation + S

Mineral exploration + + S

Transport route + S


Urban development + S




n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



Drainage/reclamation for agriculture

+ L Problems with retaining floodwater can lead to drying out of the site in summer, affecting breeding waders, flora and invertebrate fauna. This issue is being addressed through management agreements, site management statements, Water Level Management Plans and Environmentally Sensitive Area agreements.

Appointment of Avon Valley Project Officer (Hampshire Wildlife Trust) for three years to promote positive management.

39

Water extraction (not covered elsewhere)

+ + L This site is also vulnerable due to water abstraction. Abstraction within the vicinity of the site will be reviewed under provisions of The Conservation (Natural Habitats & c.) Regulations 1994 as the site is also a SPA.



There is a study centre with laboratory facilities available for local schools and institutions.

40

Benfleet and Southend Marshes

Site code: 7UK071



General location: Nearest town/city: Southend-on-Sea

Area (ha): 2251.31

Overview:

Benfleet and Southend Marshes comprise an extensive series of saltmarshes, mudflats, and grassland which support a diverse flora and fauna, including internationally important numbers of wintering waterfowl.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA

Wetland types:



B G H J M Tp

119.3 1916.3 150.8 0.9 0.9 63.0

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3a


34789 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c


Dark-bellied Brent Goose, Branta bernicla bernicla (Western Siberia/Western Europe)


41

Grey Plover, Pluvialis squatarola (Eastern Atlantic (wintering))


Knot, Calidris canutus (Northeastern Canada/Greenland/Iceland/Northwestern Europe)




42


Aesthetic





Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism

Traditional cultural




Tourism + + L

Recreation + + L

Research + S

Commercial non-timber + L

Cutting of vegetation + S


Gathering of shellfish + + L

Bait collection + S




Sewage treatment/disposal + + L

43

Harbour/port + + S

Flood control + + S

Mineral exploration + S

Transport route + L

Urban development + L

Non-urbanised settlements + L

Military activities + L



n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



Direct loss of fauna through hunting or capture

+ + S Wildfowling and cockle fishing are well regulated by agreement. Bait digging is now regulated by local authority bylaws.


Persistent drought + S A Water Level Management Plan has been agreed with the Environment Agency. The building of sluices is being undertaken by means of Environmentally Sensitive Area agreements.


Pollution - domestic sewage

+ L Improvements have been made to the quality of sewage emissions. The Environment Agency continue to monitor the situation.


44


+ L To secure protection of the site most of the foreshore is a Local Nature Reserve and covered by the Thames Estuary Management Plan.



Noticeboards are provided by the local authority and Essex Wildlife Trust. Essex Wildlife Trust lead guided walks on the SSSI but not on the Ramsar site. There is also a Country Park Warden available to show people around.

45

Blackwater Estuary (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 4)

Site code: 7UK087




Area (ha): 4395.15

Overview:

The Blackwater Estuary is the largest estuary in Essex north of the Thames and is one of the largest estuarine complexes in East Anglia. Its mudflats, fringed by saltmarsh on the upper shores, support internationally and nationally important numbers of overwintering waterfowl. Shingle and shell banks and offshore islands are also a feature of the tidal flats. The surrounding terrestrial habitats; the sea wall, ancient grazing marsh and its associated fleet and ditch systems, plus semi-improved grassland are also of high conservation interest. This rich mosaic of habitats supports an outstanding assemblage of nationally scarce plants and a nationally important assemblage of rare invertebrates. There are 16 Red Data Book species and 94 notable and local species.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands



4 E G H J K M Tp

224.2 39.6 2109.7 1648.2 114.3 39.6 39.6 180.2

Ramsar criteria:



2b - Special value for maintaining genetic/ecological diversity.



Justification:

46

Ramsar criterion 1a

Qualifies by virtue of the extent and diversity of saltmarsh habitat present. This site, and the four others in the Mid-Essex Coast complex, includes a total of 3,237 ha that represent 70% of the saltmarsh habitat in Essex and 7% of the total area of saltmarsh in Britain.

Ramsar criterion 2a

The invertebrate fauna is well represented and includes at least 16 British Red Data Book species. In descending order of rarity these are: Endangered: a water beetle Paracymus aeneus; Vulnerable: a damselfly Lestes dryas, the flies Aedes flavescens, Erioptera bivittata, Hybomitra expollicata and the spiders Heliophanus auratus and Trichopterna cito; Rare: the beetles Baris scolopacea, Philonthus punctus, Graptodytes bilineatus and Malachius vulneratus, the flies Campsicemus magius and Myopites eximia, the moths Idaea ochrata and Malacosoma castrensis and the spider Euophrys.

Ramsar criterion 2b

This site supports a full and representative sequences of saltmarsh plant communities covering the range of variation in Britain.

47

Ramsar criterion 3a


109964 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c



5090 individuals representing 3 % of the population



Dunlin, Calidris alpina alpina (Northern Siberia/Europe/Western Africa)


Black-tailed Godwit, Limosa limosa islandica(Iceland (breeding))



Sediment trapping



Aesthetic





Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism



48




Tourism + + S

Recreation + + S

Research + + S

Fishing: commercial + + S


Marine aquaculture + + L

Gathering of shellfish + + S

Bait collection + + S

Permanent arable + + S



Industry + S

Sewage treatment/disposal + S

Harbour/port + + S

Flood control + L

Transport route + S


Non-urbanised settlements + + S

Military activities + S



n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



49

Erosion + + L The main threat to the site is erosion, a combination of global warming, causing sea level rise, and isostatic forces operating on the land mass of Great Britain resulting in the tilting of the landmass to the south-east. The situation is exacerbated by increasing winter storm events. As a result the outer edge of the saltmarsh and the fronting mud-flats are undergoing erosion at a rate of up to two metres annually. The hard sea walls along this coastline are preventing the saltmarsh and intertidal areas from migrating inland. This situation is starting to be addressed through alternative flood defence techniques by recreating saltmarsh and intertidal habitats through managed set-back schemes and 'soft' engineering using harbour dredgings'.

A Shoreline Management plan has been prepared (but not yet implemented) for the Essex Coast which seems to provide a blue print for managing the coastline sustainably.

Eutrophication + + S Nutrient enrichment is a result of agricultural run-off and treated sewage effluent.

This problem will be addressed through the Essex Estuaries cSAC management plan. The setting of conservation objectives will establish a standard to prevent any deleterious effects.

Persistent drought + + L The droughts over the past five years have resulted in lowered water tables in grazing marshes. Attempts are being made to restore water tables e.g. by pumping water from adjacent ditches and use of tertiary treated sewage effluent.

Consideration is being given to diverting a river to flow through the grazing marsh. Water Level Management Plans have been prepared for relevant parts of the site. Its aims will be to raise water levels and keep water on the site. The Environment Agency will be involved in the planned implementation.

50


+ + S Nutrient enrichment is a result of agricultural run-off and treated sewage effluent.


Pollution - pesticides/agricultural runoff

+ + S Nutrient enrichment is a result of agricultural run-off and treated sewage effluent.


51


+ + S The control of motorised craft (especially jet-skis) is being addressed through the Blackwater Estuary Management Plan. An application to the Home Office has been made to extend speed limits throughout the estuary and to 250 metres off shore. Enforcement of speed limits should ensure that roosting birds are not subjected to disturbance and saltmarsh habitats are protected from damage by jet-skis.

An application has now been prepared following consultation, that will impose speed limits on boats in the estuary.


As a result of the English Nature estuaries initiative there is a Blackwater Estuary Management Plan. The Blackwater Estuary Implementation Officer provides educational activities along with the Essex Wildlife Trust, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and English Nature conservation officers.

52

Breydon Water

Site code: 7UK100



General location: Nearest town/city: Great Yarmouth

Area (ha): 514.54

Overview:

This site is an inland tidal estuary at the mouth of the River Yare and its confluence with the Rivers Bure and Waveney. It has extensive areas of mud flats that are exposed at low tide and these form the only tidal flats on the east coast of Norfolk. Breydon Water is internationally important for wintering waterfowl.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands



F G H Tp

38.6 443.5 18.5 13.9

Ramsar criteria:

2c - Special value as the habitat of plants or animals at a critical stage in their biological cycle


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2c

The site supports important numbers of migratory ruff Philomachus pugnax and whimbrel Numenius phaeopus during passage periods.

Ramsar criterion 3c


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Bewick`s Swan Cygnus columbianus bewickii (Western Siberia/Northeastern & Northwestern Europe)




Sediment trapping


Aesthetic


Livestock grazing

Sport hunting

Tourism


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Tourism + + S

Recreation + + S

Research + S


Bait collection + S


Livestock watering hole + S


Hay meadows + S

Hunting: recreational + + L

Industry + + S

Sewage treatment/disposal + L

Harbour/port + S

Flood control + L

Transport route + S



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Unspecified development: industry

+ L The flood embankments are currently being improved. The impacts of these engineering works are being mitigated against and enhancement measures are being implemented.

Works will be monitored, no further conservation measures are currently proposed.

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Two hides are located at the site. Located adjacent to the public footpath is an information board explaining the conservation and wildlife interest of the site.

56

Bridgwater Bay (part of Severn Estuary)

Site code: 7UK002



General location: Nearest town/city: Weston-Super-Mare

Area (ha): 2703.00

Overview:

This site now forms part of the Severn Estuary Ramsar site (7UK088).

The site comprises extensive areas of intertidal mudflats, saltmarsh and shingle beach that in places is backed by grazing marsh with freshwater ditches. It supports internationally and nationally important numbers of overwintering and passage migrant waders and wildfowl.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA

Wetland types:



Other D E G H

200.0 100.0 30.0 1888.0 485.0

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3c


Shelduck Tadorna tadorna (Northwestern Europe)

For count data see Severn Estuary 7UK088


Recharge and discharge of groundwater


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Aesthetic




Livestock grazing


Sport hunting

Tourism



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Tourism + + S

Recreation + + S

Research + S

Fishing: commercial + S



Bait collection + S

Arable (unspecified) + S



Hunting: recreational + + S

Industrial water supply + S

Industry + + S

Harbour/port + + S

Flood control + + S





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Eutrophication + L Review of consents being undertaken by the Environment Agency. Site management with owners and occupiers.

Agricultural code of practice to be discussed with owners and occupiers.

Pollution - unspecified

+ L Beach clearing organised by partners and Non-Governmental Organisations.

To be addressed by Severn Estuary Strategy and Natura 2000 Management Scheme.


+ L Site Management Statements agreed with Local Boat Club and Code of Conduct for water users.

To be addressed by Natura 2000 Management Scheme.


+ L There is a management plan for the NNR, reviewed and revised every five years, which addresses a large proportion of the Ramsar site. Since June 1995, the Severn Estuary Strategy, which includes Bridgwater Bay, has been working towards the sustainable management of the site, through the involvement of local authorities, interested parties and local people. This integrated approach is being further developed in conjunction with a cSAC management scheme for the nature conservation interest of the estuary.

The habitat changes and soft coastal processes are addressed in the Shoreline Management Plan in preparation.


There are hides and fixed interpretation panels at Bridgwater Bay. Guided walks and talks are given by the Slett Reserve Warden. The NNR is at one end of the `Parrett Trail' - a nature trail following the River Parrett which has explanatory leaflets and interpretation panels.

60

Broadland

Site code: 7UK081




Area (ha): 4622.67

Overview:

Broadland is a low-lying wetland complex straddling the bounder between east Norfolk and northern Suffolk. The area includes the river valley systems of the Bure, Yare and Waveney and their major tributaries. The open distinctive landscape comprises a complex and interlinked mosaic of wetland habitats including open water, reedbeds, carr woodland, grazing marsh and fen meadow. The region is important for recreation, tourism, agriculture and wildlife.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


M O Q Tp U W X

92.5 462.3 138.7 1386.8 1386.8 693.4 462.3

Ramsar criteria:




Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

It comprises many good and representative examples of wetland habitat characteristic of the biogeographical region.

Ramsar criterion 2a

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It supports outstanding assemblages of rare plants and invertebrates.

Ramsar criterion 3c






Bewick`s Swan, Cygnus columbianus bewickii (Western Siberia/Northeastern & Northwestern Europe)






Maintenance of water quality (removal of nutrients)



Aesthetic






Forestry production

Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism

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Tourism + + L

Recreation + + L

Research + + L


Commercial forestry + + S

Cutting for firewood + + S

Cutting of vegetation + + L


Fishing: recreational + + L


Rough or shifting grazing + + S


Hay meadows + + S



Flood control + + L

Irrigation + L


Transport route + L




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Vegetation succession

+ + L Conservation and other management works, undertaken through a number of bodies, are reversing past damage to the site caused by management neglect and natural succession.


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Drainage/ reclamation:

(unspecified)

+ + L Efficient drainage within much of the reclaimed parts of this wetland has reduced the wildlife value. Water Level Management Plans and the Environmentally Sensitive Area Scheme are starting to raise water levels and revert arable areas back to grass.


Water diversion for irrigation/domestic/ industrial use

+ + L Sea level rise and reduced summer flows in the northern rivers, brought about by abstraction, are resulting in increasing saline intrusion into the site and generally drier summer conditions. The Environment Agency, Broads Authority and English Nature are proceeding with a project, 'The Northern Rivers Group', to investigate options to remedy this situation.


Eutrophication + + L The site suffers from eutrophication, brought about through the build up of nutrients over a long period, primarily from sewage outfalls and to a lesser degree agriculture. All major sewage works in the northern rivers are now stripping phosphate. There is also a programme of mud pumping to remove enriched material from lakes, followed by biomanipulation (removal of fish which are predators of zooplankton).

Phosphate removal is proposed for three further medium sized sewage works on the River Bure and another on the River Yare serving the city of Norwich. Works are proposed under the water companies Asset Management Plan 3 process.

65


+ + L A programme of phosphate stripping from sewage effluent, combined with pumping of nutrient rich sediments from the eutrophic Broads, isolation of the main river systems and biomanipulation (removal of fish which are predators of zooplankton) is in place to improve the ecological character of open water bodies.

Phosphate removal is proposed for a further four sewage treatment works as part of the current water company treatment programme - Asset Management Plan 3.


+ + L The region as a whole is a centre for tourism and recreation, however, this intense pressure is now starting to be brought under control by the Broads Authority via the Broads Plan.



The entire site has had a vegetation survey, (primarily fen, wet woodland and open water areas, lakes plus ditch systems) and this information is now on a GIS. Monitoring is undertaken on the site, particularly of freshwater and some fen habitats. A breeding bird survey of all drained marshland area is complete and the results are held on a GIS. Wintering bird survey of all the drained marshland area is completed, and the results are held on a GIS. There is some species survey and monitoring e.g. fen orchid Liparis loeselii, floating water-plantain Luronium natans and a number of molluscs.

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Bure Marshes (part of Broadland)

Site code: 7UK003




Area (ha): 412.00

Overview:

This site now forms part of the Broadland Ramsar site (7UK081).

The site comprises most of the natural fenland on the floodplain of the river Bure between Wroxham and Ranworth, and is subject to small tidal variation. It contains three lakes, which originated as a result of medieval peat digging, surrounded by extensive fen, reedbed and wet woodland habitat. The vegetation is influenced by the alkaline nutrient-rich condition of the water. The site is important for its range of wetland communities and associated species.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands

Man-made wetlands


O U X

61.8 119.5 230.7

Ramsar criteria:



3b – Regularly supports numbers of waterfowl indicative of wetland values, productivity or diversity.

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Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

The site encompasses most of the undrained fenland floodplain of the River Bure between Wroxham and Ranworth and is part of the Norfolk Broads – an extensive complex of flooded medieval peat diggings.

Ramsar criterion 2a

The site supports a rich insect fauna and nationally rare dragonflies, spiders, moths and butterflies.

Ramsar criterion 3b

The site supports nationally rare breeding birds including, bittern Botaurus stellaris, marsh harrier Circus aeruginosus, Cetti’s warbler Cettia cetti and bearded tit Panurus biarmicus.





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Aesthetic






Livestock grazing


Tourism





Tourism + + L

Recreation + + S

Research + + L

Commercial non-timber + + S








Transport route + S

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+ + L Conservation and other management works undertaken through a number of bodies are reversing past damage to the site caused by management neglect and natural succession.


Water diversion for irrigation/domestic/industrial use

+ + L Sea level rise and reduced summer flows in the River Bure brought about by abstraction are resulting in increasing saline intrusion into the site and generally drier summer conditions. The Environment Agency, Broads Authority and English Nature are proceeding with a project, ' The Northern Rivers Group', to investigate options to remedy this situation.


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Eutrophication + + L This site suffers from eutrophication, brought about through the build up of nutrients over a long period, primarily from sewage outfalls and to a lesser degree agriculture. All major sewage works are now stripping phosphorus and there is a programme of mud pumping to remove enriched materials from lakes followed by biomanipulation. A European LIFE funded project (1992-1995) resulted in improved water quality at the site.

Phosphate stripping is proposed at a further three moderate sized sewage treatment works on the river Bure as part of the water companies investment programme Asset Management Plan 3.


+ L The region as a whole is a centre for tourism and recreation, however, this intense pressure is now starting to be brought under control by the Broads Authority via the Broads Plan.



+ + L No information. Implementation of the programme of work set out in the Northern Rivers Group Report, 'A catchment vision for the third millennium'.


There are three nature trails, with information boards around the site and a visitor centre at Ranworth.

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Chesil Beach and The Fleet

Site code: 7UK022



General location: Nearest town/city: Weymouth

Area (ha): 748.11

Overview:

The site includes the whole of the Fleet lagoon and the adjacent Chesil Bank. The Fleet is the largest and best example of a barrier-built saline lagoon in the UK and Chesil is one of the three major shingle structures in the UK. The salinity gradient, peculiar hydrographic regime and varied substrates, together with associated reedbed and intertidal habitats and the relative lack of pollution in comparison to most other lagoons, have resulted in the Fleet becoming extraordinarily rich in wildlife. Outstanding communities of aquatic plants and animals are present, supporting large numbers of wildfowl and waders. Chesil Bank is of great significance to the study of coastal geomorphology and supports nationally important populations of shingle plants and invertebrates. It is also an important breeding site for seabirds.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:



E G H J Sp

219.0 14.0 11.0 487.1 17.1

Ramsar criteria:

1d - Example of a specific type of wetland which is rare or unusual in the biogeographic region.





Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1d

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The Fleet is an outstanding example of rare lagoon habitat and is the largest of its kind in the UK. In Europe lagoons are classified as a priority habitat by the EC Habitats and Species Directive. The site also supports rare saltmarsh habitats.

Ramsar criterion 2a

The Fleet supports fifteen specialist lagoonal species - more than any other UK site - and five nationally scarce wetland plants as well as ten nationally scarce wetland animals. Chesil Bank is one of the most important UK sites for shingle habitats and species.

Ramsar criterion 2b

The site is of special value in maintaining ecological and genetic diversity in the region as it is the largest barrier built saline lagoon in the UK and has the greatest diversity of habitats and of biota.

Ramsar criterion 2c

The site is important for a number of species at a critical stage in their life cycle including post larval and juvenile bass Dicentrarchus labrax.

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Ramsar criterion 3c








Aesthetic







Tourism





Tourism + + S

Recreation + + S

Research + L

Fishing: (unspecified) + + S



Marine aquaculture + + L


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Bait collection + S



Grazing (unspecified) + L

Permanent pastoral + L

Hay meadows + S


Industry + L


Harbour/port + L

Flood control + + S

Oil/gas production + S

Transport route + S



Military activities + + S

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Eutrophication + L Communities of eelgrass Zostera spp. and Ruppia spp. have been monitored but no adverse trends were observed. Algal blooms were identified in The Fleet 1994 which may be a result of diffuse agricultural inputs.

Water quality budget is being modelled by the Environment Agency and Cardiff University

Introduction/invasion of exotic animal species

+ S Oysterfarm - monitoring of activities and spatfall undertaken. Currently under control.


Introduction/invasion of exotic plant species

+ S Sargassum is monitored and cut and removed annually.



+ + L Monitored by Environment Agency and subject to renewal of consents.

Discharge will be stopped if damaging the integrity of the site.

Pollution - fertilisers + L Countryside Stewardship Scheme target area to implement buffer zone to reduce runoff into the reserve.


Pollution - oil + + L Routine or accidental discharges arising from activities within the Harbour could effect water quality in The Fleet. An oil boom is stored on site for use in event of an oil spill.

The Harbour Authority are represented on the Special Area for Conservation Management Group. The Harbour authority will trial pollution control measures twice yearly and the scheme of management of the marine cSAC will address this.

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+ L The land use of The Fleet and hinterland is largely intensive agriculture and agricultural runoff is a potential source of eutrophication within The Fleet itself. There are also domestic sewage discharges into The Fleet. The Environment Agency carry out water quality sampling throughout the year with a view to identifying and controlling problem discharges.

Countryside Stewardship Scheme target area to implement buffer zone.

General disturbance from human activities

+ L Wardening - presence of warden on site is largely responsible for controlling human disturbance.


Military activities + L Ministry of Defence review their activities to ensure adverse effects are minimised

Monitoring to continue. No further conservation measures are currently proposed.

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The Chesil Bank and Fleet Nature Reserve Warden gives talks, leads guided walks and provides a range of educational material in the form of leaflets and newsletters. The Heritage Coast Service is also involved in guided walks and other events, also in practical conservation tasks. The Chesil Beach Centre is an excellent information/interpretation centre of modest size and there are information panels provided throughout the site.

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Chichester and Langstone Harbours

Site code: 7UK032



General location: Nearest town/city: Portsmouth

Area (ha): 5810.03

Overview:

Chichester and Langstone Harbours are large, sheltered estuarine basins comprising extensive mud and sand flats exposed at low tide. The site is of particular significance for over-wintering wildfowl and waders and also a wide range of coastal and transitional habitats supporting important plant and animal communities.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:



Other B E F G H J M Sp Tp Ts W

830.8 98.8 46.5 819.2 2672.6 1243.3 0.6 1.2 17.4 23.2 52.3 4.1

Ramsar criteria:




Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

Two large estuarine basins linked by the channel which divides Hayling Island from the main Hampshire coastline. The site includes intertidal mudflats, saltmarsh, sand and shingle spits and sand dunes.

Ramsar criterion 3a

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93230 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c


Shelduck, Tadorna tadorna (Northwestern Europe)


Black-tailed Godwit, Limosa limosa islandica (Iceland (breeding))






Ringed Plover, Charadrius hiaticula (Europe/Northern Africa (wintering))


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Aesthetic






Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Subsistence fishing

Tourism






Tourism + + L

Recreation + + L

Research + L

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Fishing: commercial + + L



Bait collection + L





Hay meadows + + S


Industry + + S


Harbour/port + + L

Flood control + + L

Irrigation + L


Transport route + + S







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Drainage/reclamation for urban development

+ L Some limited saltmarsh re-creation experiments have been undertaken in Chichester Harbour by the Chichester Harbour Conservancy.

Options for managed retreat are being investigated but are limited.


+ L Concern about the impact of abstraction. Further investigation agreed between English Nature and Environment Agency. If these show serious impact, a scheme may be subsequently prepared and costed for implementation in a future "logging up" process.


Dredging + L Regular maintenance dredging of existing navigation channels and marina basins is not proven to be significant. However, new proposals for capital dredging are subject to the appropriate assessment procedures under The Conservation (Natural Habitats & c.) Regulations 1994. Where by, any significant effects must be mitigated or compensated for.

Regular monitoring of intertidal habitats.

Erosion + L Sea level rise and coastal squeeze are significant threats to long term maintenance of habitat diversity and structural integrity. Some limited saltmarsh re-creation experiments have been undertaken in Chichester Harbour by the Chichester Harbour Conservancy.


Eutrophication + L Addressed through the Solent Estuarine Management Plan.

To be addressed as part of the European Marine Site Management Scheme.

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+ + L Monitoring of conservation objectives indicate evident adverse water quality impacts on features of special interest linked to inadequate sewage treatment discharges. Improvements to the sewage treatment discharges should be costed to enable the discharge to meet the standards identified as being required to protect the special interest of the site.


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+ L Interpretative panels advising of sensitive locations/times of year exist at strategic locations around the Harbours, all nature reserve areas are covered by warden and ranger services.

A new interpretative centre is proposed for Langstone Harbour.

Coastal engineering, e.g. construction of sea defences for coastal protection

+ L Sea-level rise and coastal squeeze are significant threats to long-term maintenance of habitat diversity and structural integrity. Incremental loss of fringing habitats and transitional communities is evident as hard defence lines are staunchly maintained by riparian land owners. Increased frequency of storm events have led to suggestions of a tidal barrage.

A strategy for managing sea defences, incorporating set-back, is currently being prepared by the Environment Agency and Havant Borough Council.


Interpretation facilities and interpretative panels exist at strategic locations on the Harbour footpaths; all nature reserve areas are covered by warden and range services with an educational remit. An Education Officer is employed by the Chichester Harbour Conservancy to instruct both school parties and adults in the cultural and nature conservation aspects of the harbour.

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Chippenham Fen

Site code: 7UK053



General location: Nearest town/city: Newmarket

Area (ha): 112.13

Overview:

The site is of international importance for its wide range of wetland habitats and associated flora, birds and insects. Areas of tall and often rich fen, fen grassland and basic flush have developed over shallow peat soils. The site also contains calcareous grassland, neutral grassland, woodland, mixed scrub and open water.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


9 M Tp U W X

1.9 0.9 0.9 54.7 13.9 39.8

Ramsar criteria:




Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

A spring fed calcareous basin mire with a long history of management, which is partly reflected in the diversity of present-day vegetation.

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Ramsar criterion 2a

The invertebrate fauna is very rich, partly due to its transitional position between Fenland and Breckland. The species list is very long, including many rare and scarce invertebrates characteristic of ancient fenland sites in Britain.

Ramsar criterion 2b

The site supports diverse vegetation types, rare and scarce plants. The site is the stronghold of Cambridge milk parsley Selinum carvifolia .




Aesthetic




Livestock grazing





Tourism + S

Recreation + + S

Unspecified. Non-timber + S



Grazing (unspecified) + S

Hay meadows + S



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+ L Vegetation succession of the fen to scrub and woodland is currently being controlled.



+ + L Water abstraction occurs in the vicinity of the site which may affect the local springs and aquifer. The Environment Agency have established a recharge programme.


Persistent drought + + L Persistent drought could become a threat as seven of the past nine years have received well below average rainfall for the regions. There is considerable pressure in the region from water abstraction that may affect the local springs and aquifer. A water compensation scheme has been installed but this may not be adequate.



There are occasional guided walks conducted by the Site Manager.

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Colne Estuary (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 2)

Site code: 7UK079




Area (ha): 2701.43

Overview:

Colne Estuary is a comparatively short and branching estuary, with five tidal arms which flow into the main river channel. The estuary has a narrow intertidal zone predominantly composed of flats of fine silt with mud flat communities typical of south eastern estuaries. The estuary is of international importance for wintering Brent Geese Branta bernicla bernicla, and Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa and of national importance for breeding Little Terns Sterna albifrons, and five other species of wintering waders and wildfowl. The variety of habitats which include mudflat, saltmarsh, grazing marsh, sand and shingle spits, disused gravel pits and reedbeds, support outstanding assemblages of invertebrates and plants.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:



B E F G H J Tp

27.0 81.0 513.0 811.0 675.1 54.0 540.3

Ramsar criteria:






Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

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The site is important due to the extent and diversity of saltmarsh present. This site, and the four other sites in the Mid-Essex Coast complex, includes a total of 3,237 ha, that represent 70% of the saltmarsh habitat in Essex and 7% of the total saltmarsh in Britain.

Ramsar criterion 2a

The site supports 12 species of nationally scarce plants and at least 38 British Red Data Book invertebrate species.

Ramsar criterion 2b


Ramsar criterion 3a


38600 waterfowl

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Ramsar criterion 3c





4907 individuals representing 1.6 % of the population Hydrological values:



Aesthetic






Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism





Tourism + + L

Recreation + + L

Research + S


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Subsistence - non timber + S




Freshwater aquaculture + S

Bait collection + S





Industry + S


Harbour/port + S

Flood control + L

Irrigation + S


Military activities + + L

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Overgrazing by domestic livestock

+ S Most grazing marshes are managed under Environmentally Sensitive Area/Countryside Stewardship Schemes, but low water levels are of great concern. A related issue, of low freshwater flows into the estuary, is likely to be affecting bird numbers and/or distribution.

Encourage further take up of Environmentally Sensitive Area/Countryside Stewardship Schemes.

Disturbance to vegetation community through cutting / clearing

+ S Unregulated samphire picking is being dealt with by notifying the pickers as to the legality of uprooting plants without consent of the landowners.

In future hope to develop a possible sustainable harvesting practice.

Erosion + L The main threat to the site is erosion with the outer edge of the saltmarsh and fronting mudflats undergoing erosion at a rate of up to two metres annually. The hard sea walls along this coastline are preventing the saltmarsh and intertidal areas from migrating inland. This situation is starting to be addressed through alternative flood defence techniques by recreating saltmarsh set-back schemes and ‘soft’ engineering using harbour dredgings.

It is proposed at strategic level to consider opportunities for managed retreat

Eutrophication + S There is an Environment Agency local plan which aims to reduce inputs of nutrients.


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Persistent drought + L Installation of water control structures to retain water levels during periods of drought.



+ S There is an Environment Agency local plan which aims to reduce inputs of nutrients.


Pollution - fertilisers + + S There is an Environment Agency local plan which aims to reduce inputs of nutrients.



+ S Research into impact of pesticides on saltmarsh is underway.

Awaiting results of research.

Reservoir/barrage/ dam impact: flow regime

+ S Monitoring of barrage ongoing.


Military activities + + L Working with the Ministry of Defence conservation group to ensure conservation input into current and future military operations.



Essex Wildlife Trust have an education officer based near the site.

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Crouch and Roach Estuaries (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 3)

Site code: 7UK085




Area (ha): 1735.58

Overview:

The Rivers Crouch and Roach are situated in South Essex. The River Crouch occupies a shallow valley between two ridges of London Clay, whilst the River Roach is set predominantly between areas of brick earth and loams with patches of sand and gravel. The intertidal zone along the Rivers Crouch and Roach is 'squeezed' between the sea walls of both banks and the river channel. This leaves a relatively narrow strip of tidal mud unlike other estuaries in the county, which nonetheless, is used by significant numbers of birds. One species is present in internationally important numbers, and three other species of wader and wildfowl occur in nationally important numbers. Additional interest is provided by the aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates and by an outstanding assemblage of nationally scarce plants.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands



Other 4 G H J K Sp Tp

347.1 86.8 433.9 607.5 86.8 86.8 43.4 43.4

Ramsar criteria:





Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

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Qualifies by virtue of the extent and diversity of saltmarsh habitat present. This site, and the four others in the Mid-Essex Coast complex, includes a total of over 3,237 ha, that represent over 70% of the saltmarsh habitat in Essex and over 7% of the total saltmarsh in Britain.

Ramsar criterion 2a

Supports an appreciable assemblage of rare, vulnerable or endangered species or subspecies of plant and animal including: 13 nationally scarce plant species: Slender Hares Ear Bupleurum tenuissimum, Divided Sedge Carex divisa, Sea Barley Hordeum marinum, Golden-samphire Inula crithmoides, Lax-flowered sea-lavender Limonium humile, Curved Hard Grass Parapholis incurva, Borrers saltmarsh Grass Puccinellia fasiculata , Stiff Saltmarsh Grass Puccinellia rupestris, Spiral Tasselweed Ruppia cirrhosa, One flowered Glasswort Salicorni pusilla, small cord-grass Spartina maritima, shrubby sea-blite Suaeda vera and sea clover Trifolium squamosum. Several important invertebrate species are also present on the site, including; scarce emerald damselfly Lestes dryas, the shorefly Parydroptera discomyzina, the soldierfly Strtiomys singularior,the large horsefly Hybomitra expollicata, the beetles Graptodytes bilineatus and Malachius vulneratus, the ground lackey moth Malacosoma castrensis and Eucosma catoprana.

Ramsar criterion 2b

This site supports a full and representative sequence of saltmarsh communities covering the range of variation in Britain.

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Ramsar criterion 3c







Aesthetic





Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism





Tourism + + S

Recreation + + L

Research + + S



Marine aquaculture + + S


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Shifting arable + S




Hay meadows + S



Harbour/port + S

Flood control + + L

Irrigation + + S






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+ L The Environment Agency is developing Water Level Management Plans to raise water levels on the site.

Capital may be available for the installation of pumps to raise water levels through the Environmentally Sensitive Area review.

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Eutrophication + S None.

Under the Environmentally Sensitive Area review there is a possibility that field margins could become grassed instead of arable which will ease eutrophication in the borrow dykes.

Persistent drought + + L The Environment Agency is developing Water Level Management Plans to raise water levels on the site.


Pollution - fertilisers + S Wherever possible arable farmers are being encouraged into Countryside Stewardship Schemes e.g. conservation headlands, to control the application of the chemicals, whilst most of the adjacent grassland is managed under Environmentally Sensitive Area agreements.



+ + S Water skiing is largely controlled by the Crouch Harbour Authorities

Activities could be managed by a possible Crouch and Roach Estuaries Management Plan.


+ L To secure protection of the site, a Marine Scheme of Management is in preparation, this will work alongside the Essex Site Management Plan, various other management plans and the Site Management Statement for parts of the site.


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A farm, Marsh Farm, within the Ramsar site is owned and maintained by Essex County Council. The farm is an educational facility which through farm tours provides information about wildlife and the countryside.

100

Deben Estuary

Site code: 7UK097



General location: Nearest town/city: Ipswich

Area (ha): 978.93

Overview:

This estuary is relatively narrow and sheltered. It has limited amounts of freshwater input and the intertidal areas are constrained by sea walls. The saltmarsh and intertidal mudflats that occupy the majority of the site, display the most complete range of saltmarsh community types in Britain. The site supports nationally and internationally-important flora and fauna.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:



E F G H U

1.0 149.8 360.3 458.1 9.8

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2a

Supports a population of Endangered British Red Data Book mollusc Vertigo angustior. Martkesham Creek is one of only fourteen sites in Britain where this species survives.

Ramsar criterion 3c



101





Aesthetic



Sport hunting

Tourism


102




Tourism + + S

Recreation + + L


Fishing: commercial + L


Bait collection + S




Flood control + S

Irrigation + S





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Erosion + L The saltmarsh and intertidal habitats are vulnerable to sea level rise and coastal squeeze. These issues are being addressed through the Environment Agency, Local Environment Action Plan, and the Estuary Shoreline Management Plan.

Research into possible managed retreat on parts of the site.


None.

103

Dengie (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 1)

Site code: 7UK073




Area (ha): 3127.23

Overview:

Dengie is a large and remote area of tidal mudflat and saltmarsh at the eastern end of the Dengie peninsula, between the Blackwater and Crouch Estuaries. The saltmarsh is the largest continuous example of its type in Essex. Foreshore, saltmarsh and beaches support an outstanding assemblage of rare coastal flora. It hosts internationally and nationally important wintering populations of wildfowl and waders, and in summer supports a range of breeding coastal birds including rarities. The formation of cockleshell spits and beaches is of geomorphological interest.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:



Other 5 E G H M

31.3 15.6 31.3 2827.0 156.4 65.7

Ramsar criteria:






104

Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

Qualifies by virtue of the extent and diversity of saltmarsh habitat present. This site, and the four other sites in the Mid-Essex Coast Ramsar site complex, includes a total of 3,237 ha, that represent 70% of the saltmarsh habitat in Essex and 7% of the total area of saltmarsh in Britain.

Ramsar criterion 2a

Dengie supports a number of rare plant and animal species. Dengie has 11 species of nationally scarce plants: sea kale Crambe maritima, sea barley Hordeum marinum, golden samphire Inula crithmoides, lax flowered sea lavender Limonium humile, the glassworts Salicornia perennis and S. pusilla, small cord grass Spartina maritima, shrubby sea-blite Suaeda vera, and the eelgrasses Zostera angustifolia , Z. marina and Z. noltii. The invertebrate fauna includes the following Red Data Book species; a weevil Baris scolopacea, a horsefly Atylotus latistriatus and a jumping spider Euophrys browningi.

Ramsar criterion 2b


Ramsar criterion 3a


31454 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c









Sediment trapping



105

Aesthetic






Religious

Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism




Tourism + + S

Recreation + + S

Research + S



Gathering of shellfish + L





Industrial water supply + L

Harbour/port + S

Flood control + + S

Irrigation + L

106


Transport route + L


107



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Erosion + + L The main threat to the site is erosion - a combination of global warming, causing sea level rise, and isostatic forces operating on the land mass of Great Britain resulting in the tilting of land to the south east. The situation is exacerbated by increasing winter storm events. As a result the outer edge of the saltmarsh and the fronting mud flats are undergoing erosion at a rate of up to two metres annually. The hard sea walls along this coastline are preventing the saltmarsh and intertidal areas from migrating inland. This situation is starting to be addressed through alternative flood defence techniques - preventing erosion by the positioning of disused Thames barges and brushwood polders to dissipate wave energy. A Shoreline Management Plan has been prepared for the Essex coast which seeks to provide a blueprint for managing the coastline sustainably.


Over fishing + S With the decline of cockle fisheries both within the British Isles and Europe, the Thames fishery is coming under increased pressure from boats that previously fished the Wash. This has meant that the fishery has had to have controls put in place by Kent and Essex Sea Fisheries Committee, which determines fishing pressure by catch sizes.

Monitoring of catches and usage of site.

108


Bradwell Power Station has a visitor centre that uses the Dengie for guided tours.

109

Dersingham Bog

Site code: 7UK090



General location: Nearest town/city: King's Lynn

Area (ha): 157.75

Overview:

Dersingham Bog is East Anglia's largest remaining example of a pure acid valley mire, and supports extensive bog, wet heath and transition communities over peat. These are sustained by groundwater, fed via springs and seepage, from the underlying greensand, which in places has caused the development of iron pans. The mire grades into dry heathland along the greensand scarp slope. The scarp slope is a former sea cliff, and the bog habitats are a remnant of the transition mires that formerly existed between this former shoreline and the now mostly reclaimed saltmarshes around The Wash. In addition to its internationally important plant communities, the site also supports important assemblages of birds and British Red Data Book invertebrates.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other 1 Tp U

66.0 0.5 0.5 90.8

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2a

Supports an important assemblage of invertebrates - nine British Red Data Book species have been recorded.

Ramsar criterion 2b

110

Special value for maintaining the genetic and ecological diversity of the region.





Aesthetic



Livestock grazing

Tourism

111




Tourism + + S

Recreation + + S

Research + L


Cutting of vegetation + L



Industry + S

Transport route + L





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+ L Having reversed much of the succession, including control of the exotic Rhododendron spp., there is now a plan to sustainably manage the mire using cattle grazing as the main tool. Small areas of the site outside of English Nature management are also being managed for wildlife through agreements with the private owners.

Fence and grazing infrastructure to achieve sustainable management - spring 1999.

112

Habitat change through new afforestation of open habitats

+ L Winter programme of pine woodland and scrub removal to achieve open heathland.

Sustainable management through grazing.

Persistent drought + + L English Nature is working closely with the Environment Agency to safeguard the water resource requirements of the site. Water level management measures have been installed. All ground and surface water abstraction within the vicinity of the site will be reviewed, to assess whether or not they are contributing to drying out on the site.

Long term onsite monitoring continues.


+ L Removal of Rhododendron ponticum

Continued clearing and grazing.

Disturbance from transport/roads

+ + L Water monitoring and hydrological survey along Dersingham bypass.

Continue on site hydrological monitoring.


This site is used for guided walks and for educational parties. It is also used for training conservation volunteers in practical conservation skills.

113

Derwent Ings (part of Lower Derwent Valley)

Site code: 7UK023



General location: Nearest town/city: Hull

Area (ha): 783.00

Overview:

This site now forms part of the Lower Derwent Valley Ramsar site (7UK065).

The Derwent Ings represents one of the most important examples of traditionally managed species-rich alluvial flood meadow habitat remaining in the UK. These grasslands, which were formerly widespread, are now very restricted in distribution due to agricultural improvement. The river and these floodlands play a substantial role in the hydrological and ecological functioning of the internationally important Humber basin.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands

Man-made wetlands


4 M Tp Ts W X

657.7 60.3 39.9 18.8 3.9 2.4

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

This site is one of the most important examples of traditionally managed species-rich alluvial flood meadow remaining in the UK.

114

Ramsar criterion 3c

Over the winter the site regularly supports nationally important numbers of:

Redshank Tringa totanus (Eastern Atlantic (wintering))

224 individuals

Curlew Numenius arquata (Europe (breeding))

308 individuals

Snipe Gallinago gallinago (Europe (breeding))

478 individuals

Lapwing Vanellus vanellus (Europe (breeding))

9711 individuals




115


Aesthetic




Livestock grazing






Recreation + + S

Research + L

Commercial forestry + S





Hay meadows + + L



Flood control + L

Irrigation + + S

Mining + + S

Transport route + S

Domestic water supply + + L


116





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+ L Water abstraction and the associated tidal barrage are thought to adversely affect the water level and quality on the site. This is being investigated through a joint project between English Nature, the Environment Agency and the private water company. The aim is to ensure the sustainable hydrological management of the site.

Awaiting outcome of investigations.

Eutrophication + L Eutrophication due to agricultural run off is currently being investigated by English Nature. The scale and effect will need to be determined before preventative measures can be formulated.

Awaiting results of investigations.

117

Mining exploitation/ exploration

+ L Coal mining takes place adjacent to this site. The potential effects of this are monitored and will be mitigated if necessary via legal planning agreement.



Guided walks and lectures are available on request. There are interpretation panels on the site, and leaflets are available. The site is well used as an educational facility for schools work experience placements and for under graduate/postgraduate demonstrations, placements and projects. It is also used by NGOs for staff development.

118

Dorset Heathlands

Site code: 7UK124

Latitude: 50 39 00N

Longitude: 02 09 33W

General location: Nearest town/city: Poole

Area (ha): 6730.15

Overview:

Extensive and fragmented, these heathland areas are centred around the estuary of Poole Harbour and are adjacent to the urban conurbation of Bournemouth and Poole. The heathland contains numerous examples of wet heath and acid valley mire, habitats that are restricted to the Atlantic fringe of Europe. These heath wetlands are among the best of their type in lowland Britain. There are also transitions to coastal wetland and fen habitat types. The wetland flora and fauna includes a large assemblage of nationally rare and scarce species, especially invertebrates.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other 4 E M O Tp U W X

5236.1 13.5 80.8 6.7 114.4 20.2 504.8 599.0 154.8

Ramsar criteria:





Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

This site contains particularly good examples of (i) northern Atlantic wet heaths with cross-leaved heath Erica tetralix and (ii) acid mire with Rhynchosporion.

119

Ramsar criterion 1d

Contains largest example in Britain of southern Atlantic wet heaths with Dorset heath Erica ciliaris and cross-leaved heath Erica tetralix.

Ramsar criterion 2a

Supports 1 nationally rare and 13 nationally scarce wetland plant species, and at least 28 nationally rare wetland invertebrate species.

Ramsar criterion 2b

Has a high species richness and high ecological diversity of wetland habitat types and transitions, and lies in one of the most biologically rich wetland areas of lowland Britain being continuous with three other Ramsar sites: Poole Harbour, Avon Valley and The New Forest.




Aesthetic




Livestock grazing





Tourism + + S

Recreation + + L

Research + + L




120



Industry + S


Harbour/port + L

Flood control + S


Mining + + S

Oil/gas exploration + L

Oil/gas production + + S


Domestic water supply + S






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Commercial scale forest exploitation

+ + L The fragmentation of the heathlands that has taken place due to agriculture, forestry and urban development, has in recent years almost been halted. This is due to the changes in national and local policy which have resulted in clearance of state managed forestry.

Continued monitoring of impact. No further conservation measures are proposed.

121

Habitat burning + L In and around the urban areas there are now well established initiatives to manage and contain recreation, and to more effectively control the occurrence and spread of fires. These include fire plans, firebreaks and liaison with police and fire services.


122


+ L Financial support schemes and management initiatives, that aid the removal of scrub and encourage the re-establishment of traditional management in the form of extensive grazing, now cover much of the heath area.

Additional support schemes for scrub clearance and traditional management.


+ + L The decline in use for traditional agriculture has resulted in a successional trend to scrub and woodland, together with invasion by conifer and introduced scrub species, especially Rhododendron spp. Financial support schemes and management initiatives, which aid the removal of scrub and encourage the re-establishment of traditional management in the form of extensive grazing, now cover much of the heath area.

Additional support schemes for scrub clearance and traditional management.


+ L Waste sites have been re-capped for leachate control. Best management practices for non-point source pollution are applied.

Statutory review of discharge authorisation to ensure no adverse effect on site integrity.


+ L In and around the urban areas there are now well established initiatives to manage and contain recreation, and to more effectively control the occurrence and spread of fires.



+ L Agreement has already been reached on drawing back the possible working of some permissions.

These will require review under The Conservation (Natural Habitats & c.) Regulations 1994 to ensure no adverse effect on integrity.

123


Visitor attractions: Two visitor centres serve the heaths close to the urban area and a third is planned. Conservation organisations and local authority countryside services offer a well publicised programme of events throughout the year, including guided walks, nature identification and management tasks. In summer there is a 'heathland week' with special events such as a heathland fair and traditional craft demonstrations.

Formal Education: Local authorities and several schools regularly use their local heaths for wildlife and cultural education. A computer programme on local heathland ecology has been developed by and for infant schools. There are three field study centres near the site offering educational courses. The heaths attract many project assignments from schools and further education students.

Interpretation: Large parts of the site are well provided with signs and, in places, interpretation panels. There are also many nature reserve leaflets, some self-guide trail leaflets and booklets on the heathland.

124

Duddon Estuary

Site code: 7UK122



General location: Nearest town/city: Barrow-in-Furness

Area (ha): 6806.30

Overview:

Duddon Estuary is formed by the River Duddon and the smaller Kirkby Pool opening into the Irish Sea in south-western Cumbria. Most of the site consists of intertidal sand and mudflats, important for large numbers of wintering and passage waterfowl. A range of grazed and ungrazed saltmarsh habitats occur around the edge of the estuary, especially the sheltered inner section. The site is the most important in Cumbria for sand-dune communities including large areas of calcareous dunes at Sandscale and Haverigg Haws and contrasting acid dunes on North Walney. Artificial habitats include slag banks and a flooded mine working known as Hodbarrow Lagoon, the largest coastal lagoon in North West England.

Site protection:

SSSI cSAC

Wetland types:



Other G H J Tp

98.0 6147.3 547.0 13.0 1.0

Ramsar criteria:




Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2a

Supports nationally important numbers of the rare natterjack toad Bufo calamita, near the north-western edge of its range (an estimated 18-24% of the British population). Supports a rich assemblage of wetland plants and invertebrates - at least one nationally scarce plant and at least two British Red Data Book invertebrates.

125

Ramsar criterion 2c

The site supports nationally important numbers of waterfowl during spring and autumn passage.

Ramsar criterion 3c






Pintail, Anas acuta (Northwestern Europe)





Aesthetic





Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Tourism





Tourism + + L

Recreation + L

126


Fishing: (unspecified) + S



Bait collection + L



Industry + L


Harbour/port + S

Flood control + L







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+ S Many of the salt marshes are grazed by agricultural stock, sometimes at a high level. The Shoreline Management Plan and more locally through Site Management Statements/Positive Management Schemes this will be addressed.

Continued targeting of management schemes.

127

Erosion + S The intertidal zone is being threatened by coastal squeeze as a result of land claim and coastal defence works as well as sea level rise and storm surges. These issues are being addressed thorough the Shoreline Management Plan and more locally Site Management Statements/Positive Management Schemes.

Implementation of Shoreline Management Plan objectives.

128


+ L Waterfowl wintering on estuaries are vulnerable to loss of feeding areas through disturbance, land claim and development. The Duddon Estuary partnership is addressing some of the threats arising from recreational pressure and bait digging.

No further conservation measures are proposed.


Existing Programmes: The National Trust, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and Cumbria Wildlife Trust wardens lead guided walks onto their respective sites (Sandscale, Hodbarrow, North Walney).

Interpretation facilities: The site is provided with fixed interpretation panels at Sandscale (National Trust). Wardens also lead school visits.

129

Esthwaite Water

Site code: 7UK049



General location: Nearest town/city: Kendal

Area (ha): 137.40

Overview:

Esthwaite Water is a natural lake set in a glacial valley. It is the most productive of the large lakes in the Lake District and is one of the best examples in England and Wales of a mesotrophic system. At the northern end of the lake is a well-developed hydrosphere, famous for long-term studies on plant community succession.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other 4 O Tp U X

19.8 4.7 100.7 2.2 1.5 8.5

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2a

The lake supports a rich assemblage of pondweed species and is the only known locality in England and Wales for slender naiad Najas flexilis. The diverse aquatic invertebrate fauna includes a number of species with restricted distributions in Britain.




Aesthetic

130





Sport fishing

131



Tourism + L

Recreation + + S

Research + L



Fishing: recreational + L

Freshwater aquaculture + L




Transport route + S






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Eutrophication + L This site is vulnerable to eutrophication. Recent surveys have shown excessive amounts of algae growth with possible impacts on the composition and richness of the aquatic macrophyte flora. In recognition of this, phosphate stripping was installed at Hawkshead Sewage Treatment Works which discharges into the lake. A project has been established to monitor the aquatic plant assemblages to determine the sources of nutrient input into the lake.

Awaiting results of monitoring project.


+ L English Nature are preparing Site Management Statements with owners and occupiers. The Environment Agency are currently investigating the nutrient inputs to the lake and their relevant significance.

Awaiting results of study.

Pollution - fertilisers + L English Nature are preparing Site Management Statements with owners and occupiers. There appears to be significant inputs of nutrients into the lake. The Environment Agency are currently investigating the nutrient inputs to the lake and their relevant significance.


133

Pollution - associated with aquaculture

+ L There appears to be significant input of nutrients into the lake. One possible source is the fish farm operating on the lake, another possibility is farm run-off. The Environment Agency are currently investigating the nutrient inputs to the lake to determine which are most significant.



+ L In the light of the number of factors causing concern the condition of the site is carefully monitored.


None.

134

Exe Estuary

Site code: 7UK051



General location: Nearest town/city: Exeter

Area (ha): 2345.71

Overview:

The site encompasses the waters, foreshore, low-lying land, three marshes and an unusual double spit across the mouth of the estuary and sand dunes of Dawlish Warren. This complex of habitats supports internationally important numbers of wintering and passage waterfowl, as well as populations of breeding birds and nationally important rare plants and invertebrates.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:



9 B E F G H Tp

117.3 117.3 234.6 762.4 762.4 117.3 234.6

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3a


23811 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c




135




Aesthetic






Livestock grazing

Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism






Tourism + + L

Recreation + + L

Research + S




Bait collection + L



136


Harbour/port + + S

Urban development + + S



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Dredging + L Environmental impact of proposals to dredge approaches to the estuary channel being considered by local authority.

Await result of assessment. No further conservation measures are proposed.

Conversion to intensive aquaculture projects

+ L The estuary supports an oyster fishery and has potential for an expanded mussel fishery. A report on the distribution of nine key birds over the tidal cycle during the winter period has been completed.

Devon Sea Fisheries Committee propose several regulatory orders. Trial mussel relaying plot to be established to assess wildlife impacts.

Over fishing + L Unauthorised shell-fishing causing local impacts.

In discussion with Devon Sea Fisheries Committee.

137


+ L The pressure on the estuary from recreation has increased especially from water skiing, windsurfing and jet skiing. English Nature has undertaken a consultation exercise involving users, local authorities, statutory agencies and other interested parties with a view of securing an agreed management plan to ensure that the estuary's wildlife is maintained and enhanced. A 'Code of Conduct' has been published for water and shore users.



+ L The Exe Estuary Management Plan addresses all the above issues, moreover, substantial areas are owned and managed as nature reserves by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, local wildlife trust and local authorities.



The Dawlish Warren Local Nature Reserve warden leads guided walks. There are interpretation facilities in the form of fixed interpretation panels at Local Nature Reserves and main public access points around the site.

The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds lead guided walks on their Exminster Marsh and Bowling Green Marsh reserves and Devon Wildlife Trust lead walks at their "Old Sludge Bed" reserve. Other educational events are frequently staged by local authorities.

138

Foulness (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 5)

Site code: 7UK102




Area (ha): 10932.95

Overview:

Foulness is part of an open coast estuarine system comprising grazing marsh, saltmarsh, intertidal mudflats and sandflats which support nationally rare and nationally scarce plants, and nationally and internationally important populations of breeding, migratory and wintering waterfowl.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Man-made wetlands



Other B E G H Q Ts

150.0 300.0 15.0 9788.0 230.0 50.0 400.0

Ramsar criteria:






139

Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

Qualifies by virtue of the extent and diversity of saltmarsh habitat present. This site, and the four other sites in the Mid-Essex Coast Ramsar site complex, includes a total of 3,237 ha, that represent 70% of the saltmarsh habitat in Essex and 7% of the total area of saltmarsh in Britain.

Ramsar criterion 2a

The site supports a number of nationally-rare and nationally-scarce plant species, and British Red Data Book invertebrates.

Ramsar criterion 2b

The site contains extensive saltmarsh habitat, with areas supporting full and representative sequences of saltmarsh plant communities covering the range of variation in Britain.

Ramsar criterion 3a


107999 waterfowl

140

Ramsar criterion 3c








Bar-tailed Godwit, Limosa lapponica (Western Palearctic (wintering))




Oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus (Europe & Northern/Western Africa)



Sediment trapping



Aesthetic



Livestock grazing




Tourism + S

Recreation + S

Research + S


141


Bait collection + S

Arable (unspecified) + + L



Flood control + + L

Mineral exploration + L





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Erosion + + L Natural processes are adversely affecting the south-east coastline and saltmarshes are being eroded. Maintenance of the integrity of the intertidal and saltmarsh habitats of the Mid-Essex Coast Ramsar sites as a whole is being addressed by 'soft' sea defence measures, managed retreat and foreshore recharge.


Persistent drought + L The rainfall has been too low in recent years to enable maintenance of the water levels by selectively damming ditches. To off set this the main ditch is deliberately fed with sea water to keep it topped up. This operation has increased in frequency in the past 8-10 years.



+ L Impact uncertain. Research commissioned to assess impact.

No measures currently proposed awaiting outcome of research.


None.

143

Gibraltar Point

Site code: 7UK061




Area (ha): 414.09

Overview:

Gibraltar Point consists of an actively accreting sand dune system, saltmarsh and extensive inter-tidal flats. All stages of dune development are represented with the older dunes extensively colonised by scrub. There are also small areas of freshwater marsh and open water. The site accommodates large numbers of overwintering birds.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands



Other 2 G H Q Tp Ts

115.1 0.8 204.2 80.3 0.4 4.1 9.1

Ramsar criteria:





Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

The dune and saltmarsh habitats present on the site are representative of all the stages of colonisation and stabilisation. There is a fine example of freshwater marsh containing sedges Carex spp., rushes Juncus spp., and ferns, including adders tongue fern Ophioglossum vulgatum. The areas of open water support the nationally rare brackish water crowfoot Ranunculus baudotii and is fringed by both

144

common reed Phragmites australis and marsh-mallow Althaea officinalis. Notable plants occur in the Gibraltar Point dune systems such as sea holly Eryngium maritimus, sea bind-weed Calystegia soldanella , and sea campion Silene maritima.

Ramsar criterion 2a

Supports an assemblage of wetland invertebrate species of which eight species are listed as rare in the British Red Data Book and a further four species listed as vulnerable.

Ramsar criterion 3a


22139 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c






Sanderling, Calidris alba (Eastern Atlantic/Western & Southern Africa (wintering))







Aesthetic



Livestock grazing


Tourism

145




Tourism + L

Recreation + + L

Research + S




Bait collection + S


Permanent arable + S

Rough or shifting grazing + S


Harbour/port + S

Flood control + + L




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+ L Adjacent foreshore and golf course notified as SSSI.

Continue monitoring of impact by the Lincolnshire Trust for Nature Conservation.

146


+ + L The boundary of the Ramsar site (and SPA) broadly coincides with the area of the NNR and managed for nature conservation and used for education and studies into natural history by the Lincolnshire Trust for Nature Conservation. The site is also protected by By-laws (Revised 1997) and is an Area of Special Protection under Section 3 Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 made by Statutory Instrument in 1995. The site is therefore well protected by law and by appropriate land management. Land adjacent to the site has been entered into the Countryside Stewardship Scheme to replace arable land with permanent pasture.

To extend the NNR by addition of a further 14 ha.


Gibraltar Point is managed as a nature reserve and supports a field station for education and research.

The Field Station is equipped with lecture room, laboratories, library and living accommodation. It is staffed by one full-time officer and two seasonal assistants who run courses for schools, undergraduate's and adult education. Accommodation and facilities are available for visiting students and research workers. The internet address is: http//www.enterprise.net/wildlife/linctrust.

147

Hamford Water

Site code: 7UK063



General location: Nearest town/city: Harwich

Area (ha): 2187.21

Overview:

Hamford Water is a large, shallow estuarine basin comprising tidal creeks and islands, intertidal mud and sand flats, and saltmarsh supporting rare plants and internationally important species/populations of migratory waterfowl.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Man-made wetlands



5 9 E G H J K O Tp

10.9 21.9 43.7 1520.1 546.8 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3c








148






Sediment trapping


149


Aesthetic




Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism





Tourism + S

Recreation + L

Research + S





Bait collection + S




Permanent pastoral + S

Hay meadows + S

Hunting: recreational + L

Industry + S

150


Harbour/port + S

Flood control + L




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Dredging + + L The beneficial use of dredging is being assessed.

No measures proposed pending assessment.

151

Erosion + + L The main vulnerability is due to rising sea level/sinking land levels resulting in accelerated erosion of saltmarshes. The problem is being addressed in two ways - use of sand and gravel from dredging in Harwich harbour to reinforce existing beaches and protecting grazing marsh areas by reinforcing the sea wall with these materials in the most affected areas. There is also the option of managed realignment but this needs further studies. A small experimental saltmarsh creation project has been undertaken on Horsey Island, inside the sea wall, and has been used as a nesting site for avocet Recurvirostra avosetta , redshank Tringa totanus, lapwing Vanellus vanellus, oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus and tufted duck Aythya fuligula .

The possibility of managed realignment schemes at the site may be considered.


+ + L Discharge from local sewage works and small discharges from chemical works within the site. This problem is addressed by Water Quality Control officers from the Environment Agency (monitoring).


Pollution - fertilisers + + L No measures undertaken.

Hope to limit run-off through the creation of buffer zones facilitated by Environmentally Sensitive Area.

152

Pollution - industrial waste

+ + L There is a discharge of sulphuric acid from the chemical wells adjacent to the site. English Nature is currently regulating the stopping of this discharge into Hamford Water.



+ L Another problem is the discharge from boats particularly in the summer from tourists. Because of the nature of the site the water exchange is over a long period. This problem is addressed by Water Quality Control officers from the Environment Agency (monitoring).



+ + L Discussions underway with user groups e.g. jet skies.

English Nature propose to make bylaws to curtail such activities.


None.

153

Hickling Broad and Horsey Mere (part of Broadland)

Site code: 7UK004




Area (ha): 883.80

Overview:

This site now forms part of the Broadland Ramsar site (7UK081).

The site comprises four shallow lakes, Hickling Broad, Heigham Sound, Horsey Mere and Martham Broads, and much of the marginal reedswamp and fen vegetation, both inside and outside the flood embankment. The broads are believed to have been formed by extensive peat and clay digging at a time when sea level was relatively low compared with that of today. The topography has since been extensively modified by drainage of the surrounding marshland, and by embankment of the Broads and associated waterways. The Broads are connected to the River Thurne. The site is important for wildlife and water (and some land based) recreation.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands

Habitat an area (ha):

M O Q Tp U W X

17.7 70.7 132.6 132.6 459.6 44.2 26.5

Ramsar criteria:




Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

Succession and various forms of traditional management have resulted in a wide range of wetland habitats being present on the site, including open water, reedbeds, fen meadow and carr woodland.

154

The extensive alluvial soils are managed as wet grazing marsh and the wetlands support an outstanding assemblage of breeding and wintering birds, as well as large numbers of rare plants and invertebrates.

Ramsar criterion 2a

The site supports outstanding assemblages of rare plants and invertebrates, including the British Red data Book species, slender naiad Najas marina, crested buckler fern Dryopteris cristata, convergent stonewort Chara connivens, intermediate stonewort C. intermedia, hedgehog stonewort C. pedunculate and starry stonewort Nitellopsis obtusa. The site is also the only location in Great Britain where the endemic race of the swallowtail butterfly Papilio machaon britannicus, breeds successfully.

Ramsar criterion 3b

The area supports a number of nationally rare breeding birds, including bittern Botaurus stellaris and Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus.






Aesthetic






Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Tourism




155


Tourism + + L

Recreation + + L

Research + + L


Cutting of vegetation + L








Flood control + + L

Irrigation + L

Transport route + S




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+ + L Conservation and other management works undertaken through a number of bodies are reversing past damage to the site caused by management neglect and natural succession.


156


+ + L Progression with a project to facilitate land use change in the surrounding agricultural deep drained areas. Production and implementation of Water Level Management Plans for the surrounding areas.


157


+ L Sea level rise, the surrounding agricultural drainage and reduced summer flows in the rivers brought about in part by abstraction are resulting in increasing saline intrusion into the site and generally drier summer conditions. The Environment Agency, Broads Authority and English Nature are proceeding with a project, 'The Northern Rivers Group', to investigate options to remedy this situation.


Eutrophication + + L The site also suffers from eutrophication, brought about through the build up of nutrients over a long period, primarily from sewage outfalls and to a lesser degree agriculture. All major sewage works in the adjacent catchment are now stripping phosphorus and there is a programme of mud pumping to remove enriched materials from lakes followed by biomanipulation (the removal of fish which are predators of zooplankton).

A further three moderate sewage treatment works on the neighbouring catchment are being proposed for phosphate stripping as part of the water companies investment programme Asset Management Plan 3.


+ + L The region as a whole is a centre for tourism and recreation, however this pressure is now starting to be brought under control by the Broads Authority via the Broads Plan and a number of winter voluntary exclusion zones.

Voluntary exclusion zones are proposed.


+ + L Implementation of the programme of work set out in the Northern Rivers Group report, a catchment vision for the third millennium.


158


There are a number of footpaths and nature trails with information boards and a visitor centre at Hickling.

159

Holburn Lake and Moss

Site code: 7UK024



General location: Nearest town/city: Berwick-upon-Tweed

Area (ha): 28.03

Overview:

The Holburn Lake and Moss site is important for its wet mire habitat and the associated bird interest. The site comprises a lowland raised mire and the adjacent slopes which form its catchment area. The south-western outflow to the mire was dammed in 1934 to create Holburn Lake which has subsequently been designated for its internationally important birds. The core of the site is comprised of some 10 ha of largely heather-dominated vegetation, punctuated by wetter hollows which retain a Sphagnum-rich flora. There is a small area of poor fen at the eastern end of the lake.

At the north of the site there is an area of conifer plantation. Much of the plantation is dense with little ground flora, but in an area where the canopy was opened up by fire, there are some typical bog plant species.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands

Man-made wetlands


Tp U W X

1.7 9.9 0.1 16.3

Ramsar criteria:





Justification:

160

Ramsar criterion 1d

The site is a nationally rare example of a lowland raised mire.

Ramsar criterion 2c

Regularly visited by large flocks of mallard Anas platyrhynchos, wigeon Anas penelope and teal Anas crecca, provides an inland roost for coastal wildfowl during unfavourable weather conditions. A few pairs of shelduck Tadorna tadorna, shoveler Anas clypeata and tufted duck Aythya fuligula regularly breed here.

Ramsar criterion 3b

It is an important winter roost site for greylag geese. The entire Icelandic race of this species winters in Britain and this roost site supports more than 2% of the population.

Ramsar criterion 3c


Greylag Goose, Anser anser (Iceland/UK/Ireland)



Water supply


Aesthetic

Forestry production

Livestock grazing

Sport hunting








161



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+ + L Unconditional approval received from the Forestry Authority to clear fell live standing timber within SSSI to secure regeneration.

Timber will be cleared in 1999/2000. No replanting will take place and other blocks will be thinned.

Peat cutting/extraction

+ L An adjacent peat extraction site is not currently considered to be affecting the site though monitoring of this activity will continue to be undertaken by Northumberland County Council and Northumberland Wildlife Trust.

The land to the east of the SSSI will be restored to mire over the next 25 years.


+ L All seedlings removed by hand.

Continue removal of seedlings.

Drainage/ reclamation: (unspecified)

+ + L Remedial works to block ditches, following an accidental fire, have been carried out to manage local water levels.

Further dams to be installed in 1999.


None.

162

Humber Flats, Marshes and Coast (Phase 1)

Site code: 7UK077



General location: Nearest town/city: Grimsby

Area (ha): 15202.53

Overview:

The Humber Estuary drains a catchment of some 24,240 square kilometres and is the site of the largest single input of freshwater from Britain into the North Sea. It has the second highest tidal range in Britain (7.2 m) and approximately one third of the estuary is exposed as mud or sand flats at low tide. The inner estuary supports extensive areas of reedbed with areas of mature and developing salt marsh backed by grazing marsh in the middle and outer estuary. On the north Lincolnshire coast the saltmarsh is backed by low sand dunes with marshy slacks and brackish pools. The Estuary regularly supports internationally important numbers of waterfowl in winter and internationally important breeding populations in summer.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:



E F G H Tp

1717.9 288.9 9273.5 3739.8 182.4

Ramsar criteria:





Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2b

Holds Britains most south-easterly breeding colony of grey seal Halichoerus grypus. The peak November count of pups in recent years was 70 in 1987.

163

Ramsar criterion 2c

Staging area for many passage birds in spring and autumn. Of particular note are the internationally important populations of ringed plover Charadrius hiaticula during the spring and autumn migration periods (1,500+ birds 3% East Atlantic Flyway population), and sanderling Caldris alba during the spring passage period (1000+ birds, 1% East Atlantic Flyway).

Ramsar criterion 3a


152926 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c


Little Tern, Sterna albifrons (Eastern Atlantic (breeding))

230 individuals representing 0.3 % of the breeding population

164


Curlew, Numenius arquata (Europe (breeding))




Golden Plover, Pluvialis apricaria (Northwestern Europe (breeding))

















Aesthetic





Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

165

Sport hunting

Tourism



166




Tourism + + L

Recreation + + L

Research + + S

Fishing: (unspecified) + + L








Industrial water supply + + L

Industry + + L


Harbour/port + + L

Flood control + + L


Oil/gas exploration + + S

Transport route + + L



167



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Dredging + + L Estuary Shoreline Management Plan being produced to address issue.


Erosion + L Estuary Shoreline Management Plan being produced to address issue.



+ + L Wider estuarine management issues including drainage and reclamation are co-ordinated and explored through the Humber Estuary Management Strategy which sets objectives for sustainable management of the Estuary, for example on waste minimisation and integrated development control. The key issue of coastal squeeze is being addressed through the development of an Estuary Shoreline Management Plan by the Environment Agency. Proposed flood defence measures may lead to loss of intertidal habitat within part of the Spurn Head to Saltend Flats SSSI.



There is an education project run by the Humber Wildfowl Refuge Committee. There is also the Cleethorpes Discovery Centre and Spurn Bird Observatory on the site.

168

Irthinghead Mires

Site code: 7UK025



General location: Nearest town/city: Hexham

Area (ha): 792.08

Overview:

Irthinghead Mires comprises a series of five high quality blanket mires, Butterburn Flow, Haining Head Moss, Hummel Knowe Moss, Coom Rigg Moss and Felicia Moss. They occupy various topographical situations including extensive valley-side flows, saddle mires and convex watershed mires. The undamaged state of these mires together with the range of vegetation and morphological mire type makes this an outstanding complex.

Site protection:

SSSI cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


U

792.1

Ramsar criteria:




Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

Supports an outstanding example of undamaged blanket bogs which are characteristic of the vegetation of upland north western Britain. Most English (and many Scottish) blanket bogs have been extensively degraded by afforestation, burning, agricultural drainage and overgrazing. The Irthinghead Mires are one of few examples of this vegetation type in a near natural state. There is also good representation of different topographic mire type and surface patterning.

169

Ramsar criterion 2a

A notable variety of Sphagnum mosses.

Ramsar criterion 2b

Butterburn Flow supports several rare plants, whilst a rare spider Eboria caliginosa has been recorded at Coom Rogg Moss.




Aesthetic



170




Recreation + S

Research + L






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+ L The effects of adjacent forestry have been counteracted by extensive ditch damming and implementation of current research to restore water levels by the Forestry Enterprise.



+ L Some problems with damage to the sites caused by past land use of the sites for forestry. Parts of the bog catchment are conifer covered and drained. The associated needle fall and canopy closure, coupled with the drainage, is degrading the mires. New initiatives include a management plan to address problems and LIFE funding to accelerate process.



The Forest Enterprise lead "low key" visits but this is not actively encouraged.

171

Leighton Moss

Site code: 7UK026



General location: Nearest town/city: Lancaster

Area (ha): 128.61

Overview:

Leighton Moss is the largest reedbed in north west England and is situated on the eastern edge of Morecambe Bay in Lancashire. Large areas of open water are surrounded by extensive reedbeds in which areas of willow scrub and mixed fen vegetation also occur. A typical and varied fen flora has developed in part, whilst the reedbed shows all stages of serial transitional from open water through to woodland.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


O U W

21.6 94.8 12.2

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

A particularly good example of large reedbed habitat. The reedbeds are of particular importance as a northern outpost for breeding populations of bittern Botaurus stellaris (3-4 pairs i.e. 25% UK population), marsh harrier Circus aeruginosus (3 pairs) and bearded tit Panurus biarmicus (45 pairs) characteristic of the biogeographical region. The Moss is also important for other fauna, notably an impressive list of invertebrates including the nationally scarce least minor moth, a rare hoverfly Sphserophoria loewi and nine species of dragonflies which is a strong hold for population of their kind in the north west of England. Otters Lutra lutra are also regular residents of Leighton Moss and breed most years.

172

Ramsar criterion 3b

The site supports nationally important populations of breeding birds including bittern Botaurus stellaris (5-6 pairs), marsh harrier Circus aeruginosus (1-2 pairs) and bearded tit Panurus biarmicus (20-30 pairs). Average peak counts of wintering Anatidae for the five winters 1985/86 - 1989/90 include nationally important numbers of teal Anas crecca (1,100) and shoveler A. clypeata (190).




Aesthetic





Tourism




Tourism + + L

Recreation + + L

Research + S






Transport route + S


173



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+ L Although water quality of the Moss remains very high, agricultural run-off from land immediately adjacent to the site has been identified as a potential hazard in recent years and initiatives are currently in hand to address this, the site is also monitored by The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds.

Farm waste management plan required for neighbouring area by Environment Agency.

Salination of groundwater

+ L The Moss is also susceptible to saline intrusion upstream of its tidal sluice from nearby Morecambe Bay. This is potentially one of the most damaging threats to the Moss.

The embankment of the Quaker Stang sea defence are to be heightened to prevent salination of groundwater.

Morecambe Bay Shoreline Management Plan to address issue.


The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds employs a number of warden-teachers who undertake environmental educational work and escort large numbers of school parties around Leighton Moss throughout most of the year. Various educational programmes are also run for adults and a series of public guided walks have become popular in more recent years. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds has excellent visitor and school room facilities as part of its interpretative centre on the reserve.

174

Lindisfarne

Site code: 7UK005




Area (ha): 3679.22

Overview:

The area comprises a range of coastal habitats, including rocky shore, sand dunes, saltmarsh and intertidal sand and mudflats, that support internationally important numbers of wintering waterfowl. The extensive intertidal flats of sand and silt contain abundant invertebrates, and also support beds of eelgrass Zostera spp.; important food sources for wintering birds. There is a large area of saltmarsh, especially around Holy Island Sands. The lower marsh is dominated by the introduced common cord-grass Spartina anglica, but at higher levels common saltmarsh-grass Puccinellia maritima and thrift Armeria maritima are the main species. Extensive sand dunes are found on the eastern and northern parts of Holy Island, and on the mainland at Ross Links, between Holy Island and Budle Bay. The foredunes are dominated by marram Ammophila arenaria, with older dunes supporting acidic communities including dune heath. Dominated by creeping willow Salix arenaria and cross-leaved heath Erica tetralix, the dune slacks are more species-rich.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA

Wetland types:



E G H Tp

647.5 2829.3 198.7 3.7

Ramsar criteria:




175

Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a This site contains extensive intertidal flats, together with a large area of saltmarsh, and major sand dune system with well developed dune slacks.

Ramsar criterion 3a


41882 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c








Light-bellied Brent Goose, Branta bernicla hrota (Canada/Greenland/Ireland)







Sediment trapping



Aesthetic




176


Livestock grazing


Religious

Sport hunting

Tourism






Tourism + L

Recreation + L

Research + L

Unspecified. Non-timber + L







Shell collection + S

Bait collection + L


Shifting arable + L


Livestock watering hole + + S

177




Hunting: commercial + S



Harbour/port + S

Flood control + S

Transport route + S






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Eutrophication + L English Nature is working with Northumbrian Water and the Environment Agency to resolve this issue.


Sedimentation/ siltation

+ L The NNR management plan and work with the Environment Agency is in place to tackle this problem.



+ L Problems caused by introduced species on the site are being addressed through the NNR management plan.


178


+ L Problems caused by introduced species on the site are being addressed through the NNR management plan.



+ L Monitoring of conservation objectives indicate adverse water quality impacts on notified interest features. This is linked to inadequate sewage treatment discharges.

Improvements to the sewage treatment discharges is to be costed to enable the discharge to meet the standards identified as being required to protect the special interest of the site.

Pollution - fertilisers + L English Nature is working with Northumbrian Water and the Environment Agency to resolve this issue.



+ L Control is undertaken through a Special Nature Conservation Order which is in place on the site and successful prosecutions have also been recently made.



The site is a National Nature Reserve and guided walks, talks and slide shows are available on request. There is a nature trail around the site and two hides. There is a leaflet describing the interest at the site.

179

Lower Derwent Valley

Site code: 7UK065



General location: Nearest town/city: York

Area (ha): 915.45

Overview:

The Lower Derwent Valley represents one of the most important examples of traditionally managed species-rich alluvial flood meadow habitat remaining in the UK. These grasslands, which were formerly widespread, are now very restricted in distribution due to agricultural improvement. The river and these floodlands play a substantial role in the hydrological and ecological functioning of the internationally important Humber basin.

Site protection:

SSSI

Wetland types:



4 M Tp Ts W X

749.8 60.4 20.1 79.6 3.7 1.8

Ramsar criteria:





Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2a

The site has a rich assemblage of wetland invertebrates including 16 species of dragonfly and damselfly, thirteen British Red Data Book wetland invertebrates as well as a leafhopper Cicadula ornata for which Lower Derwent Valley is the only known site in Great Britain.

180

Ramsar criterion 2c

The site qualifies as a staging post for passage birds in spring. Of particular note are the nationally important numbers of Ruff Philomachus pugnax and Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus.

Ramsar criterion 3a


40616 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c


Teal, Anas crecca (Northwestern Europe)




181





Aesthetic




Livestock grazing






Recreation + + S

Research + L






Hay meadows + + L



Flood control + L

Irrigation + + S

Mining + S

182

Transport route + S

Domestic water supply + + L






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+ L Water abstraction and the associated tidal barrage are thought to adversely affect the water level and quality on the site. This is being investigated through a joint project between English Nature, Environment Agency and the private water company. The aim is to ensure sustainable hydrological management of the site.

Awaiting outcome of joint project.

Eutrophication + L Eutrophication due to agricultural run-off is currently being investigated by English Nature. The scale and effect will need to be determined before preventative measures can be formulated.

Awaiting outcome of investigations.

Pollution – domestic sewage

+ L Monitoring of conservation objectives indicate adverse water quality impacts on notified interest features. This is linked to inadequate sewage treatment discharges.


183


+ L Localised cases are dealt with individually with farmers.



+ L Coal mining takes place adjacent to the site. The potential effects of this are monitored and will be mitigated if necessary via legal planning agreement.


Reservoir/barrage/ dam impact: flooding

+ L Water abstraction and the associated tidal barrage are thought to adversely affect the water level and quality on the site. This is being investigated through a joint project between English Nature, the Environment Agency and the private water company. The aim is to ensure sustainable hydrological management of the site.



Guided walks and lectures are available on request. There are interpretation panels on the site and a site leaflet is available. The site is well used as an educational facility for schools work experience placements and for under graduate/postgraduate demonstrations, placements and projects. It is also used by NGOs for staff development.

184

Malham Tarn

Site code: 7UK067



General location: Nearest town/city: Skipton

Area (ha): 286.26

Overview:

A wetland of international importance comprising areas of open water, fen, soligenous fen and raised bog. These habitats hold important communities of rare plant species and wetland invertebrates, and are of types now highly restricted due to drainage and land use changes.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other M O Tp U W

136.3 2.0 62.1 20.0 62.1 3.7

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

Contains the highest marl lake in Britain, along with acidophilous bog, calcareous fen and soligenous mire

Ramsar criterion 2a

Supports the nationally rare alpine bartsia Bartsia alpina and narrow small reed Calamagrostis stricta and seven nationally scarce species. Supports five listed British Red Data Book invertebrates including the caddis fly Agrypnia crassicornis.

185




Aesthetic



Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Tourism

186




Tourism + + L

Recreation + + L

Research + + L





Hay meadows + + S




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+ L Past overgrazing of calcareous flush/mire community has been addressed through a management agreement with the farmer.



+ L Reed beds have been installed.


187

Pollution - fertilisers + + L There have been concerns about eutrophication of the water body caused by fertiliser run-off and domestic sewage residues. These have both been tackled and the significant problems have been overcome. Work is continuing to minimise inputs. Monitoring of the water chemistry and vegetation is ongoing.



Field Studies Council: Malham Tarn house became a centre of the Field Studies Council in 1947 so there has been a long history of educational use of the site.

Research: Since the establishment of the Centre a great deal of research has been carried out by universities, colleges, Field Studies Council staff and other individuals.

Interpretation: The National Trust has produced a free leaflet. Open days on the NNR, allowing public access to the boardwalk, are held annually. A series of guided walks are held by National Trust.

188

Martin Mere

Site code: 7UK027



General location: Nearest town/city: Preston

Area (ha): 119.89

Overview:

Martin Mere occupies part of a former lake and mire which extended over some 1300 hectares of the Lancashire Coastal Plain during the 17th century. In 1972 the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust purchased 147 hectares of the former Holcrofts Farm, consisting mainly of rough damp pasture, with the primary aim of providing grazing and roosting opportunities for wildfowl. Since acquisition, the rough grazed pastures have been transformed by means of positive management into a wildfowl refuge of international importance. Areas of open water with associated muddy margins have been created, whilst maintaining seasonally flooded marsh and reed swamp habitats via water level control. In addition large areas of semi- improved damp grassland, unimproved species rich damp grassland and rush pasture have been maintained and enhanced via appropriate grazing management. Of the pastures the most botanically important are those species rich areas supporting whorled caraway Carum verticillatum, present here at one of very few sites in northern England. Such pastures are nationally important. However, the outstanding importance of Martin Mere is as a refuge for its large and diverse wintering, passage and breeding bird community.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands

Man-made wetlands


O Ts U X

16.4 93.5 8.5 1.4

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3a

189


46244 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c


Whooper Swan, Cygnus cygnus (Iceland/UK/Ireland)




Pink-footed Goose, Anser brachyrhynchus (Eastern Greenland/Iceland/UK)










Aesthetic





Livestock grazing


Tourism



190


Tourism + + L

Research + + L




Rough or shifting grazing + + L


Flood control + L



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+ L Martin Mere remains vulnerable from water abstraction for irrigation on intensely farmed arable land surrounding the refuge, but this is closely monitored/controlled by the Environment Agency in consultation with English Nature.


Eutrophication + + L Regular control is necessary through use of an appropriate herbicide. This prevents invasive plants from becoming widespread and dominant on the lake/scrape margins, which is detrimental to the populations of passage, wintering and breeding wading birds of national and international importance.


191


+ L The occurrence of the invasive plant, trifid burr marigold Bidens tripartita creates management problems along the muddy margins of lakes and scrapes within the refuge. Regular control is necessary through use of an appropriate herbicide. This prevents invasive plants from becoming widespread and dominant on the lake/scrape margins, which is detrimental to the populations of passage, wintering and breeding wading birds of national and international importance.


Pollution - fertilisers + + L In recent years quality issues have started to be addressed by Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust with the creation of reedbed water filtration systems, to deal with the contamination of the main water supply into the refuge from agricultural run-off.



+ L Management in place to control expansion of dense reed sweet-grass Glyceria maxima to achieve a more structure sward favouring breeding waders. Water control, a reduction in such density has improved conditions for dabbling ducks and wading birds. A reedbed system to filter effluent water has improved water quality.



WWT employs a number of warden-teacher staff who undertake environmental education work and escort large numbers of school parties around the refuge throughout most of the year. Various educational programmes have also been run for adults in recent years. WWT has excellent visitor and school room facilities as part of its Interpretative Centre on the Refuge.

192

Medway Estuary and Marshes

Site code: 7UK068



General location: Nearest town/city: Canterbury

Area (ha): 4696.74

Overview:

A complex of rain fed, brackish, floodplain grazing marsh with ditches, and intertidal saltmarsh and mudflat. These habitats together support internationally important numbers of wintering waterfowl. Rare wetland birds breed in important numbers. The saltmarsh and grazing marsh are of international importance for their diverse assemblages of wetland plants and invertebrates.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:



Other 4 E G H M Tp

446.2 657.5 0.9 2879.1 637.8 56.4 18.8

Ramsar criteria:




Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2a

The site supports a number of species of rare plants and animals. The site holds several nationally scarce plants, including sea barley Hordeum marinum, curved hard-grass Parapholis incurva, annual beard-grass Polypogon monspeliensis, Borrer's saltmarsh-grass Puccinellia fasciculata , slender hare`s-ear Bupleurum tenuissimum, sea clover Trifolium squamosum, small goose foot Chenopodium chenopodioides, golden samphire Inula crithmoides, perennial glasswort Salicornia perennis and the one flowered glasswort Salicornia pusilla . A total of at least twelve British Red Data Book species of wetland invertebrates have been recorded on the site. These include a ground beetle Polistichus connexus, a fly Cephalops perspicuus, a dancefly Poecilobothrus ducalis, a fly Anagnota collini, a weevil Baris scolopacea, a water beetle Berosus spinosus, a beetle Malachius

193

vulneratus, a rove beetle Philonthus punctus, the ground lackey moth Malacosoma castrensis, a horsefly Atylotu latistriatuus, a fly Campsicnemus magius, a solider beetle Cantharis fusca, and a cranefly Limonia danica. A significant number of non-wetland British Red Data Book species also occur.

Ramsar criterion 3a


65496 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c





















Sediment trapping



194

Aesthetic





Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting




Tourism + S

Recreation + L

Research + S




Bait collection + L


Livestock watering hole + L


Hay meadows + S

Hunting: commercial + S



Industry + L

195


Harbour/port + L

Flood control + L

Transport route + L





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Drainage/reclamation for industry

+ L Water Level Management Plans have been agreed. Environmentally Sensitive Area scheme used to facilitate the raising of water levels. English Nature has entered into agreements on the land to achieve positive management.

Further Water Level Management Plans may be progressed.

Dredging + L Small scale trials are being undertaken of mudflat recharge using dredging spoil as a means of countering erosion.

Large scale trials of mudflat recharge. Development of estuary flood defence strategies.

Erosion + L Research has been commissioned quantifying the erosion of intertidal habitats within the site.

Large scale trials of mudflat recharge planned recharge. Development of estuary flood defence strategies.

196


+ L The intertidal area is also vulnerable to disturbance from waterborne recreation. This is being addressed through information dissemination as part of an Estuary Management Plan and through codes of practice.

Ranger services funded investigating the possibility of marine developments.

Transport infrastructure development

+ L Consideration of coastal process impacts of the port and related dredging. The revocation of planning permission for disposal of dredgings. Advice to planning authorities and developers has also been given.

Large scale trials of mud flat recharge. Creation of compensatory habitats where there is development land take.


Gillingham Riverside Country Park. Power Gen Oakham Marsh Nature Reserve.

197

Mersey Estuary

Site code: 7UK096



General location: Nearest town/city: Warrington

Area (ha): 5033.14

Overview:

The site is a large, sheltered estuary which comprises large areas of saltmarsh and intertidal sand and mudflats, with limited areas of brackish marsh, rocky shoreline, and boulder clay cliffs, within a rural and industrial environment. Internationally important numbers of waterfowl feed and roost on the site during winter, and nationally important numbers occur during passage periods.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:



F G H

906.0 3472.9 654.3

Ramsar criteria:




Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2c

An important staging area for migratory wading birds during spring and autumn, including internationally important numbers of ringed plover Charadrius hiaticula .

Ramsar criterion 3a


99676 waterfowl

198

Ramsar criterion 3c
















Livestock grazing





Research + + S




Fishing: subsistence + S

Bait collection + S



199


Industry + + L


Harbour/port + + S







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+ L Partly addressed through the Site Management Statement programme.

Further Site Management Statements are to be prepared for further land holdings. Entry into the North West England coast Wildlife Enhancement Scheme is to be further encouraged.


+ L Water quality of the estuary has been improved through initiatives such as the Mersey Basin Campaign. English Nature is also working closely with the Environment Agency to review consents under The Conservation (Natural Habitats & c.) Regulations 1994 and in respect of the Water Policies capital investment programme.


200

Pollution - oil + L The site remains vulnerable to catastrophic changes (such as caused by oil pollution). A range of oil contingency plans have been prepared and are operational.

Oil contingency plans will continue to be updated. A plan is currently being finalised by the Mersey Docks and Harbour Company. This will supplement the shoreline orientated oil contingency plans which have already been prepared.


Both public sector and non-governmental organisations are involved in interpretation and education at the site.

201

Midland Meres and Mosses Phase 1

Site code: 7UK075



General location: Nearest town/city: Chester

Area (ha): 510.88

Overview:

The Meres & Mosses form a geographically discrete series of lowland open water and peatland sites in the north-west Midlands of England. These have developed in natural depressions in the glacial drift left by receding ice sheets which formerly covered the Cheshire/Shropshire Plain. The 16-component sites include open water bodies (meres), the majority of which are nutrient rich with associated fringing habitats; reed swamps, fen, carr & damp pasture. Peat accumulation has resulted in nutrient poor peat bogs (mosses) forming in some sites in the fringes of meres or completely infilling basins. In a few cases the result is a floating quaking bog or schwingmoor. The wide range of resulting habitats support nationally important flora & fauna.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other O Tp Ts U W

66.4 178.8 39.3 10.2 184.9 31.2

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2a

Supports a number of rare species of plants associated with wetlands including five nationally scarce species together with an assemblages of invertebrates (spiders and odonata) and rare wetland species (three endangered insects and five other British Red Data Book species of invertebrates).



202


Sediment trapping


Aesthetic




Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

203




Recreation + + S

Research + + L





Hay meadows + S



Irrigation + L


Transport route + S





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+ L Management groups have been established at sites in multiple ownership.


204

Eutrophication + + L The overall position is broadly the same as in 1995 in that various inputs are still causing eutrophication. However, a number of actions have been taken on some of the component sites (there are 16 component sites in total). In some cases remedial work has been carried out and the wetland sites are beginning to improve. At the Mere the sewage treatment works have closed - at Wybunbury Moss and at Flaxmere inflows from septic tanks have been intercepted, and at Betley Mere silt traps have been installed. At Hatchmere the County Wildlife Trust have purchased the site which should further safeguard the interests. Other remedial actions have taken place including tree felling and heathland restoration at Brown Mere to address water levels.


Persistent drought + L Remedial actions have taken place including tree felling and heathland restoration at Brown Mere to address water levels.


205


+ L Appropriate control programmes are being continually refined and implemented.






+ + L Reduction of these anthropogenic threats is being achieved through Water Level Management Plans or Catchment Management Strategies, written to help site owners and managers better understand the complex factors influencing site dynamics.


Unspecified development: urban use

+ L As part of English Nature's Mere and Mosses Strategy, case studies were carried out in 1997 which identified options for restoration and rehabilitation.

Phased implementation of option planned.


Areas owned by the Local Authority and NNRs are used by schools and universities for site-base projects and individual dissertations. NNRs are used as sites to demonstrate management-practice and use of machinery.

206

Minsmere -Walberswick

Site code: 7UK010



General location: Nearest town/city: Southwold

Area (ha): 2018.92

Overview:

This composite, Suffolk coastal site contains a complex mosaic of habitats, notably, areas of marsh with dykes, extensive reedbeds, mudflats, lagoons, shingle, woodland and areas of lowland heath. The site supports the largest continuous stand of reed in England and Wales and demonstrates the nationally rare transition in grazing marsh ditch plants from brackish to fresh water. The combination of habitats create an exceptional area of scientific interest supporting nationally scarce plants, British Red Data Book invertebrates and nationally important numbers of breeding and wintering birds.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:



Other E F G H J M U

605.7 250.3 50.5 260.4 145.4 20.2 80.8 605.7

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

The site contains a mosaic of marine, freshwater, marshland and associated habitats, complete with transition areas in between. Contains the largest continuous stand of reedbeds in England and Wales and rare transition in grazing marsh ditch plants from brackish to fresh water.




207

Aesthetic




Livestock grazing


Tourism

208




Tourism + + S

Recreation + + S

Research + S




Flood control + S





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No factors reported + + L No information No information


Facilities at National Trust and Royal Society for the Protection of Birds reserves.

209

Morecambe Bay

Site code: 7UK104



General location: Nearest town/city: Morecambe

Area (ha): 35863.84

Overview:

Morecambe Bay lies between the coasts of South Cumbria and Lancashire, and represents the largest continuous intertidal area in Britain. Morecambe Bay comprises the estuaries of five rivers and the accretion of mudflats behind Walney Island. The area is of intertidal mud and sandflats, with associated saltmarshes, shingle beaches and other coastal habitats. It is a component in the chain of west coast estuaries of outstanding importance for passage and overwintering waterfowl (supporting the third largest number of wintering wildfowl in Britain), and breeding waterfowl, gulls and terns.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:

Man-made wetlands



6 B D E F G H J

55.0 10.0 10.0 4.0 4650.0 28100.0 3020.0 15.0

Ramsar criteria:




Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2c

The site is a staging area for migratory waterfowl including internationally important numbers of passage sanderling Calidris alba and ringed plover Charadrius hiaticula .

210

Ramsar criterion 3a


210736 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c










211











Turnstone, Arenaria interpres (Western Palearctic (wintering))











Aesthetic






Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

212

Sport hunting

Subsistence fishing

Tourism






Tourism + + L

Recreation + + L

Research + + S







Bait collection + S





Industry + + L


Harbour/port + + S



213






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Site

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+ S Positive management is being secured through management plans for non-governmental organisation reserves, English Nature Site Management Statements, a coastal wildlife enhancement scheme and, European Marine Site Management Scheme.

Management schemes are monitored and will be revised as the need arises.


+ L Restoration is being promoted and progressed through Shoreline Management Plans, the Environment Agency Local Environment Action Plan and the European Marine Site Management Scheme.


Dredging + S Good practice is being developed under LIFE funding and secured through planning permission and the European Marine Site Management Scheme.


214

Over fishing + S This is being addressed through improved fisheries management including a proposed molluscan shellfish regulatory order and management plan as well as through developing the European Marine Site Management Scheme.



+ L Being addressed through North West Water Sea change programme, to meet the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive Requirements.

Discharge consents will be reviewed as part of the European Marine Site Management Scheme.


None.

215

Nene Washes

Site code: 7UK059



General location: Nearest town/city: Peterborough

Area (ha): 1517.49

Overview:

Site is an extensive area of seasonally flooding wet grassland (washland) of importance for national and international populations of breeding and wintering waders and wildfowl. During severe winter weather elsewhere, the site can attract waterfowl from other areas due to its relatively mild climate (compared with continental Europe) and abundant food resources available. The site is also notable for the diversity of plant and associated animal life within its network of dykes.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands

Man-made wetlands


4

1517.5

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2a

The site supports an important assemblage of nationally rare breeding birds. In addition, a wide range of raptors occur through the year. The site also supports several nationally scarce plants and, two vulnerable and two rare British Red Data Book invertebrate species have been recorded.

Ramsar criterion 3c

216


Bewick’s Swan, Cygnus columbianus bewickii (Western Siberia/Northeastern & Northwestern Europe)





Aesthetic

Livestock grazing


Sport hunting

217



Nature conservation + S

Recreation + S



Hay meadows + S

Flood control + L



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Site

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+ L Demand for domestic and agricultural water may effect long term water supplies. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds have carried out extensive hydrological management across the site which has resulted in an increase in the numbers of wildfowl and wader. English Nature has agreements securing positive management of land. There is a Royal Society for the Protection of Birds management plan for the reserve. A Water Level Management Plan agreed by the Environment Agency.

Further investigations agreed between English Nature and Environment Agency. If these show a serious impact, a scheme may be subsequently prepared and costed for implementation in a future "logging up" process.

218


+ L English Nature has established a Management Strategy Group. A Management Plan was agreed by all the local water users in 1992. English Nature also has management agreements with a number of landowners.

A Water Level Management Plan is currently being produced although many issues are unresolved.


Occasional guided walks are provided by the RSPB warden, and there is a visitor centre.

219

New Forest

Site code: 7UK066



General location: Nearest town/city: Southampton

Area (ha): 28002.81

Overview:

The New Forest is an area of semi-natural vegetation including valley mires, fens and wet heath within catchments whose uncultivated and undeveloped state buffer the mires against adverse ecological change. The habitats present are of high ecological quality and diversity with undisturbed transition zones.

There are old, unenclosed, woodlands dominated by oak and beech. The shrub layer is dominated by holly, with small amounts of other species such as hawthorn and field maple. Along streams, diversity is higher, with ash, alder and sallow all frequent. Many of the oldest stands of oak and beech, dating from the 17th century, were once pollarded. The restricted age structure, and impoverished ground flora, reflect a history of use as pasture. Younger, unenclosed woodland has arisen largely since the mid 19th century. A rich epiphytic lichen, fern and bryophyte flora is present. The large amounts of dead wood provide habitats for a great many invertebrates. Internationally important wet woodlands include bog woodland and residual floodplain woodland.

A range of heathland types is present. Humid heath of heather, cross-leaved heath Erica tetralix and purple moor-grass occupies the greatest area, grading into wet heath of cross-leaved heath and purple moor-grass. These in turn may grade into mires. Acidic grasslands exist in a mosaic with the heaths, and also support patches of bracken and gorse, sometimes with colonising birch, rowan or oak.

The suite of mires is regarded as the locus classicus of this type of mire in Britain. Other wetland habitats include numerous ponds of varying size and water chemistry including several ephemeral ponds and a network of small streams mainly acidic in character which have no lowland equivalent in the UK. The plant communities in the numerous valleys and seepage step mires, show considerable variation, being affected especially by the nutrient content of groundwater. In the most nutrient-poor zones, Sphagnum mosses, cross-leaved heath Erica tetralix, bog asphodel Narthecium ossifragum, common cottongrass Eriophorum angustifolium and similar species predominate. In more enriched conditions the communities are more fen-like.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


220

Other M U W X

25930.6 112.0 1484.2 168.0 308.0

Ramsar criteria:




Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

Valley mires and wet heaths are found throughout the site and are of outstanding scientific interest. The mires and heaths are within catchments whose uncultivated and undeveloped state buffer the mires against adverse ecological change.

221

Ramsar criterion 2a

The site supports a diverse assemblage of wetland plants and animals including several nationally rare species. Seven species of nationally rare plant are found on the site, as are at least 65 British Red Data Book species of invertebrate.

Ramsar criterion 2b

The mire habitats are of high ecological quality and diversity and have undisturbed transition zones. The invertebrate fauna of the site is important due to the concentration of rare and scare wetland species. The whole site complex, with its examples of semi-natural habitats is essential to the genetic and ecological diversity of Southern England.





Aesthetic




Forestry production

Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism




Tourism + + L

Recreation + + L

Research + L

222

Commercial forestry + + L

Cutting for firewood + + S



Bait collection + S

Shifting arable + S





Hay meadows + + S



Flood control + + S






223



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+ + L Resources have been made available to arrest some of the erosion and reverse the process but this will require consultation with all interested parties including the commoning community who do not in general favour the site becoming wetter. Recent survey allows for a more complete assessment of the drainage to river.

Further resources have been made available to arrest the erosion and reverse the process. This will require consultation prior to any implementation with all interested parties including the commoning community who do not in general favour the site becoming wetter.


+ + L There are about 140 car parks throughout the forest used by walkers and cyclists. Notices are put up during the bird breeding season to advise people to prevent their dogs disturbing ground nesting birds.

The recreational facilities will be reviewed between 1998 and 2003. Some car parks, and campsites, may be closed or relocated to reduce the impact on forest habitats and vulnerable species such as ground nesting birds.


Facilities include Minstead Study Centre and the Countryside Education Trust which is available for local schools and institutions. A ranger/recreation service is provided by the Forestry Commission.

224

North Norfolk Coast

Site code: 7UK011




Area (ha): 7886.79

Overview:

This low-lying barrier coast site extends for 40 km from Holme to Weybourne and encompasses a variety of habitats including intertidal sands and muds, saltmarshes, shingle and sand dunes, together with areas of reclaimed freshwater grazing marsh and reed bed, which is developed in front of rising land. Both freshwater and marine habitats support internationally important numbers of wildfowl in winter and several nationally rare breeding birds. The sandflats, sand dune, saltmarsh, shingle and saline lagoons habitats are of international importance for their fauna, flora and geomorphology.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:



Other E G H J Tp

2178.3 145.1 998.5 16.6 923.5 3624.8

Ramsar criteria:





Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

The site is one of the largest expanses of undeveloped coastal habitat of its type in Europe. It is a particularly good example of a marshland coast with intertidal sand and mud, saltmarshes, shingle

225

banks and sand dunes. There are a series of brackish water lagoons and extensive areas of freshwater grazing marsh and reed beds.

Ramsar criterion 2a

Supports at least three British Red Data Book and nine nationally scarce vascular plants, one British Red Data Book lichen and 38 British Red Data Book invertebrates.

Ramsar criterion 3a


91536 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c


Little Tern, Sterna albifrons (Eastern Atlantic (breeding))

330 pairs representing 0.5 % of the breeding population

Common Tern, Sterna hirundo (Northern/Eastern Europe (breeding))


226

Sandwich Tern, Sterna sandvicensis (Western Europe/Western Africa)














Aesthetic





Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism





Tourism + + L

227

Recreation + + L







Bait collection + S





Harbour/port + S

Irrigation + + S










n-Si

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Site

Sc



228


+ L Investigations have been agreed between English Nature and Environment Agency. If these show a serious impact, a scheme may be subsequently prepared and costed for implementation in a future "logging up" process.

No further conservation measures proposed.


+ L The reserve management plan for Holkham is aimed at water control, dyke management, grassland management and creation.



The site is used extensively by schools and Universities for ecological and geomorphological studies. There are some interpretation facilities on the coast principally at Cley and Blakeney Point. Other activities include guided walks and leaflets.

229

Old Hall Marshes (part of Blackwater Estuary)

Site code: 7UK052




Area (ha): 627.10

Overview:

This site now forms part of Blackwater Estuary (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 4) Ramsar site (7UK087).

Old Hall Marshes are composed of a large area of grazing marsh almost completely surrounded by intertidal mudflats and saltmarsh, together with more restricted habitats such as sea wall and brackish dykes. The rich mosaic of habitat types, which also includes hedges, ponds and small areas of neglected ruderal vegetation, together with the coastal location results in a site which is used by many species of birds including passage waders and rare vagrants. A total of 219 species of bird have been recorded on the site to date.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:



Other G H K M Tp

70.2 90.9 30.7 10.0 50.2 375.0

Ramsar criteria:




Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

An area of inter-tidal flats, saltmarsh, ditches and intensified grazing marsh.

230

Ramsar criterion 2a

A total of 20 nationally scarce plant species are present within the site, which is also of national importance for the damselfly Lestes dryas, the moth Malacosoma castrensis, the mosquito Aedes flavescens, and the bug Saldula opacula .

Ramsar criterion 3c

Over winter the site regularly supports

Dark-bellied Brent Goose Branta bernicla bernicla (Western Siberia/Western Europe)

Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula (Europe/Northern Africa (wintering))

14 individuals representing 0% of the population

See Blackwater Estuary 7UK087 for appropriate count data.



231


Aesthetic




Livestock grazing


Sport fishing





Tourism + S

Recreation + + S

Research + + L




Bait collection + S



Hay meadows + + S



Harbour/port + S


232



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Erosion + + L A Shoreline Management Plan has been prepared for the Essex coast which seeks to provide a blueprint for managing the coastline sustainably.

Monitoring the possibility of managed retreat. There are proposals to construct internal flood defences to control flooding and prevent sediment loss if and when the seawalls are breached.


The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds is limited in the education facilities it can provide due to disputed access to the site with another landowner.

233

Ouse Washes

Site code: 7UK012




Area (ha): 2469.08

Overview:

This site is an area of seasonally flooded washland habitat managed in a traditional agricultural manner. The washlands support nationally and internationally important numbers of wintering waterfowl and nationally important numbers of breeding waterfowl. The site is also of note for the large area of unimproved neutral grassland communities which it holds and for the richness of the aquatic flora within the associated watercourses.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands

Man-made wetlands


4

2469.1

Ramsar criteria:





234

Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

The site is a good representative example of a natural or near-natural wetland characteristic of its biogeographic region. It is one of the most extensive areas of seasonally flooding washland of its type in Britain, and the wetland has high conservation value for many plants and animals.

Ramsar criterion 2a

The site supports appreciable numbers of nationally rare plants and animals. This includes several nationally scarce plants, including, whorled water-milfoil Myriophyllum verticillatum, greater water parsnip Sium latifolium, river water-dropwort Oenanthe fluviatilis, fringed water-lily Nymphoides peltata, long-stalked pondweed Potamogeton praelongus, hair-like pondweed P. trichoides, grass-wrack pondweed P. compressus, tasteless water-pepper Polygonum mite and marsh dock Rumex palustris. Invertebrate records indicate that the site holds good relic fenland fauna, including the National Red Data Book species, the large darter dragonfly Libellula fulva and the riffle beetle Oulimnius major.

The site also supports a diverse assemblage of nationally rare breeding waterfowl associated with seasonally flooding wet grassland.

235

Ramsar criterion 3a


64428 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c

















Aesthetic


Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting


236





Arable (unspecified) + + S


Hay meadows + S


Flood control + L

237



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Site

Sc




+ L Prolonged summer flooding has provided favourable conditions for reed grass Glyceria spp. growth at the expense of other grasses and herbs. This has prevented summer grazing. This problem is now being addressed by the Environment Agency, in conjunction with other organisations with an interest in managing The Washes, through the Ouse Washes Management Strategy.

The Environment Agency "summer flooding strategy" has been established which may alleviate the problem.



+ L Severe siltation in the Great Ouse River is a factor affecting the drainage of the Ouse Washes. This issue is currently being investigated.

Investigation by consultants for the Environment Agency have been commissioned. A review of the operation of the Denver Sluice by the Environment Agency is also proposed.


+ L Further investigations agreed between English Nature and Environment Agency.

If investigations show a serious impact a scheme may be prepared and costed for implementation in future "logging up" process.

Eutrophication + L Nutrient enrichment possibly contributing to the decrease and extinction of some plant species. The Environment Agency have commissioned research.

Awaiting results of research.

238

Reservoir/barrage/dam impact: flooding

+ L Spring and summer flooding events are a cause for concern. Flooding has adversely affected both the breeding birds and the traditional washland management regime, particularly grazing, mowing of grassland and rotational ditch clearance. This problem is now being addressed by the Environment Agency, in conjunction with other organisations with an interest in managing the Washes, through The Ouse Washes Management Strategy and the summer flooding strategy.

The construction of Welmore Lake Sluice due to be completed by June 1999, by the Environment Agency may go some way towards addressing flooding problems.


+ L In the light of factors causing concern the condition of the site is carefully monitored.



The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust have provided information centres at the site.

239

Pagham Harbour

Site code: 7UK035



General location: Nearest town/city: Chichester

Area (ha): 636.68

Overview:

Pagham Harbour comprises an extensive central area of saltmarsh and tidal mudflats with surrounding habitats including lagoons, shingle, open water, reed swamp and wet permanent grassland. The intertidal mudflats are rich in invertebrates and algae, and provide important feeding areas for birds. The lower saltmarsh is dominated by common cord-grass Spartina anglica but also includes patches of glasswort Chara spp. At higher levels sea-purslane is abundant. The area supports internationally important numbers of dark-bellied brent geese and nationally important number of wintering pintail, grey plover and black tailed godwit.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:



Other 9 A E F G H J M Sp Tp W

197.5 1.2 4.0 128.0 21.0 212.0 33.0 15.0 2.0 14.0 5.0 4

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3c





Sediment trapping

240



Aesthetic






Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism




Tourism + + L

Recreation + + L

Research + L








Flood control + + L

241

Irrigation + L

Transport route + S




n-Si

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Site

Sc




+ L Monitoring of conservation objectives has indicated adverse water quality impacts on notified interest features. This is linked to inadequate treatment of sewage discharges.

Improvements to the sewage treatment discharges should be costed to enable the discharge to meet the standards identified as being required to protect the special interest of the site.


Interpretation facilities: there is an interpretative centre for the Local Nature Reserve.

Existing Programmes: a full time Education Officer is employed, the programme being particularly directed at school children.

242

Portsmouth Harbour

Site code: 7UK084



General location: Nearest town/city: Portsmouth

Area (ha): 1248.77

Overview:

Portsmouth Harbour is a large, industrialised estuary and includes one of the four largest expanses of mudflats and tidal creeks on the south coast of Britain. The mudflats support large beds of narrow leaved and dwarf eelgrass, extensive green algae and sea lettuce. The harbour has only a narrow connection to the sea via the Solent, and receives comparatively little freshwater, thus giving it an unusual hydrology. The site supports internationally important numbers of wintering dark-bellied brent geese and nationally important numbers of grey plover, dunlin and black tailed godwit.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:



Other B E F G H J

4.0 60.0 1.0 265.0 736.0 175.0 4.0

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2b

The site is of special value for maintaining the genetic and ecological diversity of the region because of the quality and peculiarities of its flora and fauna. The inter-tidal mudflat areas possess extensive beds of eelgrass, Zostera angustifolia and Zostera noltii which support the grazing dark-bellied brent geese populations. The mud-snail, Hydrobia ulvae is found at extremely high densities, which helps to support the wading bird interest of the site. Cord-grass Spartina anglica dominates large areas of the saltmarsh and there are also extensive areas of green algae Enteromorpha spp. and sea lettuce Ulva lactuca. More locally the saltmarsh is dominated by sea purslane Halimone portulacoides which gradates to more varied communities at the higher shore levels.

243

Ramsar criterion 3c






244


Aesthetic






Sport fishing

Subsistence fishing

Tourism






Tourism + + S

Recreation + + L

Research + S



Bait collection + L

Industry + + S


Harbour/port + + L

Flood control + S



245


Urban development + + L




n-Si

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Site

Sc



Dredging + L Regular maintenance dredging of existing navigation channels and marine basins is not proven to be significant. However, new proposals for capital dredging are subject to the appropriate assessment procedures through The Conservation (Natural Habitats & c.) Regulations 1994.

Regular monitoring of intertidal areas.

Eutrophication + L Largely as a result of nutrient inputs from the Solent. The situation is being monitored.


246


+ L The Portsmouth Harbour Plan (non statutory) aims to address many of these issues. Others can be dealt with through on-going casework, joint projects with outside organisations e.g. Intertidal Sediment Recharge, monitoring of saltmarsh erosion and Site Management Statements.

More strategic issues could be addressed through the proposed Management Scheme covering European Marine Sites within the Solent complex of estuaries.


There is little at present, however there is scope for interpretation through implementation of the Harbour Plan, and Gosport and Portsmouth Millennium projects.

247

Redgrave and South Lopham Fens

Site code: 7UK045



General location: Nearest town/city: Bury St Edmunds

Area (ha): 127.09

Overview:

The site is an extensive example of lowland base-rich valley, remarkable for its lack of fragmentation. The diversity of the site is due to the lateral and longitudinal zonation of the vegetation types characteristic of valley mires, such as, dry birch woodland, scrub and carr, floristically rich fen grassland, mixed fen, wet heath and areas of reed and saw sedge. The site supports many rare and scarce invertebrates, including a population of the fen raft spider Dolomedes plantarius.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


9 9 M Tp U W X

0.5 1.0 1.0 44.7 47.8 16.0 16.0

Ramsar criteria:




Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

The site is an extensive example of a spring-fed lowland base-rich valley, remarkable for its lack of fragmentation.

248

Ramsar criterion 2a

The site supports many rare and scarce invertebrates, including a population of the fen raft spider Dolomedes plantarius.

Ramsar criterion 2b

The site supports many rare and scarce invertebrates, including a population of the fen raft spider Dolomedes plantarius. The diversity of the site is due to the lateral and longitudinal zonation of the vegetation types characteristic of valley mires,





Sediment trapping

249


Aesthetic





Livestock grazing





Tourism + + S

Recreation + + S

Research + S






Flood control + S




250



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Site

Sc




+ + L The purchase of some adjacent land has enabled protection of the water quality. Sluices have been refurbished. The banks of the River Waveney have been regraded to remove steep banks. There is extensive research of hydrology of surface and solid geology.

Another sluice is proposed adjacent to or down stream of Great Fen. Further investigation of nutrient loading planned.


+ + L Long term deterioration of the site due to groundwater abstraction from boreholes is leading to loss of specialist wetland species, wholesale scrub invasion, progressive decline in the conservation value of the site's plant communities and a decline in many of the site's 125 British Red Data Book invertebrate species. A project part-funded by the European LIFE began in 1992 to restore the hydrology of the site through measures including, moving the borehole and re-establishing fen habitat, and raising water levels in the River Waveney. Raising public awareness through education forms a substantial part of the project.

Borehole to be moved in early 1999. Work well advanced.

Dredging + + L Refurbished sluice banks regarded.

New sluice proposed next to Great Fen.

Eutrophication + + L Banks across the site have been built up to limit the spread of polluted flood water.

Catchment nutrient loading hoped to be investigate.

251

Pollution - fertilisers + S Banks across the site have been built up to limit the spread of polluted flood water.

Catchment nutrient loading hoped to be investigate.


+ S Perceived difficulty with pig slurry being combated by purchase of adjoining field. Research by the Environment Agency on levels of runoff has been carried out. Mechanisms to limit the inputs have been investigated.

More land is to be purchased. English Nature hope to investigate the nutrient issue in a joint project.


Currently used by schools but mostly by naturalists and local inhabitants. A new visitors centre is currently being constructed. The restoration programme for the site has been designated as an EC demonstration project.

252

Ribble and Alt Estuaries Phase 2

Site code: 7UK083



General location: Nearest town/city: Preston

Area (ha): 13423.41

Overview:

A large area including two estuaries which form part of the chain of west coast sites which fringe the Irish Sea. The site is formed by extensive sand and mudflats backed, in the north, by the saltmarsh of the Ribble Estuary and, to the south, the sand dunes of the Sefton Coast. The tidal flats and saltmarsh support internationally important populations of waterfowl in winter and the sand dunes support vegetation communities and amphibian populations of international importance.

Site protection:

SSSI

Wetland types:



E G H Ts

1181.3 9879.6 2174.6 187.9

Ramsar criteria:




Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2a

This site supports a nationally important population of the natterjack toad Bufo calamita.

Ramsar criterion 3a


186709 waterfowl

253

Ramsar criterion 3c
































254




Aesthetic




Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism

Livestock grazing





Tourism + + L

Recreation + + L

Research + S




Bait collection + S




Industry + L


255

Harbour/port + L

Flood control + + L

Irrigation + S








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Erosion + L Beach management practices have effectively encouraged the creation of considerable areas of embryo dunes on the upper shore elsewhere.



+ L Wider land management issues are being developed via the neighbouring Ribble and Mersey Estuary Strategies.



Existing programmes: the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton, English Nature, National Trust & Royal Society for the Protection of Birds all lead guided walks onto suitable areas of the coast at all times of the year.

Interpretation facilities: the entire site is reasonably well provided with fixed interpretation panels at many of the main public access points around the site.

256

Rockcliffe Marsh (part of Upper Solway Flats and Marshes)

Site code: 7UK031



General location: Nearest town/city: Carlisle

Area (ha): 1897.00

Overview:

This site now forms part of the Upper Solway Flats and Marshes Ramsar site (7UK058).

Rockcliffe marsh comprises intertidal sand and mudflats and coastal saltmarsh formed between the mouths of the Rivers Eden and Esk at the head of the Solway Firth. It is the largest saltmarsh in the Firth and is of national and international importance for its wintering, feeding and breeding wildfowl and wader populations and for its extensive saltmarsh vegetation. The saltmarsh consists of two distinct types, the older landward marsh which is less frequently flooded and tends to be on gravely soil and newer marsh on sandier soils. The marsh is dissected by irregular creeks or channels. There is some accretion of the marsh, but also erosion on the river banks.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:



F H

853.6 1043.3

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2a

Supports a number of rare species of animal. These include over 10% of the British population of natterjack toads Bufo calamita, and a population of the great-crested newt Triturus cristatus.

Ramsar criterion 3c

257

Over the winter the site regularly supports

Pink-footed goose Anser brachyrhynchus (Eastern Greenland/Iceland/UK)

Barnacle goose Branta leucopsis (Svalbard/Denmark/UK)

See Upper Solway Flats and Marshes 7UK058 for count data




Aesthetic


Livestock grazing

Sport fishing




Recreation + S

Research + S




Bait collection + S




Transport route + L


258



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+ L The land is presently managed under the Countryside Stewardship Scheme which places controls upon grazing and agricultural improvements.

The agreement is the subject of regular review and changes may be made should the need arise.


+ L The land is presently managed under the Countryside Stewardship Scheme which places controls upon grazing and agricultural improvements.

The agreement is the subject of regular review and changes may be made should the need arise.


Existing programmes: The Cumbria Wildlife Trust warden very occasionally takes small parties on guided walks.

259

Rostherne Mere

Site code: 7UK019



General location: Nearest town/city: Warrington

Area (ha): 79.76

Overview:

The mere is the deepest, one of the largest and the most northerly of the meres of the Cheshire Plain. It lies in a hollow surrounded by thick deposits of glacial drift overlying triassic marls and saltbeds. It is internationally important for its birds.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other O U

20.7 48.8 10.2

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

Good representative example of the meres of the Shropshire-Cheshire Plain. Rostherne Mere is one of the deepest and largest of the meres. Its shoreline is fringed with common reed Phragmites australis and a small area of peat bog has developed at the north-west end of the mere.

Ramsar criterion 3c

Over winter this site regularly supports nationally important numbers of:

Shoveler Anas clypeata

260

86 individuals

Pochard Aythya ferina

757 Individuals.




Aesthetic


261




Research + L


Transport route + L




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Eutrophication + L Reduction of anthropogenic threats is being achieved through Water Level Management Plans or Catchment Management Strategies, written to help site owners and managers better understand the complex factors influencing site dynamics. The Environment Agency began monitoring in 1994.






The NNR has no general public access but is widely used by universities and others for site based research projects and dissertations.

262

Roydon Common

Site code: 7UK060




Area (ha): 194.10

Overview:

Roydon Common is an area of lowland mixed valley mire surrounded by heathland. It sits on the Cretaceous greensand of west Norfolk, within a broad south-west facing valley basin. It has a classic sequence of vegetation types associated with valley mires of this type. The dry heath of the upper slopes is hydrologically linked with wetter lower slopes, which experience seasonal water logging and are colonised by wet heath. This grades into the valley bottom, which is permanently water-logged, and comprises acid bog and nutrient-poor fen communities, blending into more base-rich fen and carr woodland in the valley bottom.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other U

74.1 120.0

Ramsar criteria:




Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

Particularly good example of a natural or near natural wetland characteristic of its biogeographical region i.e. classic mixed valley mire.

263

Ramsar criterion 1d

An example of a specific wetland type, rare or unusual within its biogeographical region i.e. mixed valley mires.

Ramsar criterion 2b

It is of special value in maintaining the genetic and ecological diversity of the region because of the quality and peculiarities of its flora and fauna. It has a diverse and unusual invertebrate fauna supporting seven British Red Data Book invertebrates.





Aesthetic



Livestock grazing

Tourism




Tourism + + S

Recreation + + S

Research + S







264

Industry + S


Irrigation + L






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+ L Management agreement to address this. Parts of the central mire system have been cleared of invading scrub.

Intention to fence and graze the site subject to approval.


+ L None.

Review of abstraction consent to be undertaken by the Environment Agency.


None.

265

Rutland Water

Site code: 7UK046




Area (ha): 1360.34

Overview:

Rutland Water is a large eutrophic man-made pump storage reservoir created by the damming of the Gwash Valley in 1975. The reservoir is in a lowland setting receiving the majority of its water from the Nene (90%) and Welland (10%). In general the reservoir is drawndown in the summer and filled during the autumn and winter months when river levels are high. The lagoons are one of the most important areas for wintering and breeding wildfowl. The reservoir regularly supports internationally important numbers of gadwall and shoveler and nationally important numbers of eight other species of wildfowl.

Site protection:

SSSI

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands

Man-made wetlands


Other 6

110.2 1250.2

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3a


25037 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c

266







Water supply

267




Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Tourism




Tourism + + L

Recreation + + L

Research + S





Hay meadows + S





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268

Eutrophication + L Anglian Water have been dosing the pumped river input to the reservoir with ferric sulphate to reduce the potential of toxic blue-green algal blooms. The site is being monitored.

Implementation of Urban Waste Water Directive will reduce phosphate concentration.


+ + L Developing a Rutland Strategy with stakeholders to identify potential impacts on site.


Reservoir/barrage/dam impact: flow regime

+ L A revised strategy is being discussed with Anglian Water and the Environment Agency to alleviate this problem.



The site has three wardens and a dedicated education officer who works specifically with school groups. The Anglian Birdwatching Centre is used for training events in conservation management techniques, wildlife appreciation and related topics. A full range of courses and guided walks are provided seven days a week while a second centre is open daily in the summer and at weekends in the winter. Most of the reserve has full disabled access. Both of the visitor centres have a wide range of interpretation facilities including CCTV used for videoing the osprey work and watching birds nesting in nest boxes.

269

Solent and Southampton Water

Site code: 7UK125



General location: Nearest town/city: Southampton

Area (ha): 5414.61

Overview:

The area covered extends from Hurst Spit to Gilkicker Point along the south coast of Hampshire and along the north coast of the Isle of Wight. The site comprises of estuaries and adjacent coastal habitats including intertidal flats, saline lagoons, shingle beaches, saltmarsh, reedbeds, damp woodland, and grazing marsh. The diversity of habitats support internationally important numbers of wintering waterfowl, important breeding gull and tern populations and an important assemblage of rare invertebrates and plants.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:



D E G H J Sp Tp X

80.0 653.0 2595.0 1001.0 40.0 807.0 200.0 38.0

Ramsar criteria:






Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

The site is one of the few major sheltered channels between a substantial island and mainland in European waters exhibiting an unusual strong double tidal flow and has long periods of slack water at

270

high and low tide. Includes many wetland habitats characteristic of the biogeographic region: saline lagoons, saltmarshes, estuaries and reefs.

Ramsar criterion 2a

The site supports an important assemblage of rare plants and invertebrates. At least 39 British Red Data Book invertebrates and eight British Red Data Book plants are represented on site.

Ramsar criterion 2c

The site is an important staging area for migratory waterfowl.

Ramsar criterion 3a


51361 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c











Sediment trapping



Aesthetic




271



Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism






Tourism + L

Recreation + L

Research + L









Bait collection + L




272

Hay meadows + S


Industry + L


Harbour/port + L

Flood control + L

Irrigation + S




Transport route + L







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Drainage/reclamation for industry

+ L Issues being dealt with by means of Site Management Statements and joint projects with outside organisations, e.g. intertidal sediment recharge, monitoring of saltmarsh erosion. Strategic issues being dealt with by Shoreline Management Plan and Estuarine Management Plan.

Review process under Habitats Regulation. European Marine Site Management Scheme to be prepared.

Dredging + L See above

See above

273

Erosion + L See above

See above


+ L No information No information


+ L Addressed by Shoreline Management Plan and Estuarine Management Plan.

European Marine Site Management Scheme to be prepared.


+ L See above

See above


+ L See above

See above


+ L See above

See above

Disturbance from transport/roads

+ + L See above

See above


+ + L See above

See above


+ + L See above

See above


+ L See above

See above


+ + L Issue being dealt with by means of Site Management Statements and joint project with outside organisations, e.g. Intertidal Sediment Recharge, monitoring of saltmarsh erosion. Strategic issues being dealt with by Shoreline management Plan and Estuarine Management Plan.

Review process under Habitat Regulation. European Marine Site Management Scheme to be prepared.

274


Various educational programmes exist within the voluntary conservation organisations, research institutes, education centres and also Local Authorities e.g. Newtown NNR is managed by the National Trust, Medina Valley Centre, and Southampton Oceanography Centre.

There are a number of interpretation facilities present and proposed in the area e.g. NNR & Local Nature Reserve and proposed centre of coastal management on Isle of Wight.

275

Somerset Levels and Moors

Site code: 7UK113



General location: Nearest town/city: Weston-super-Mare

Area (ha): 6388.49

Overview:

The Ramsar site consists of a series of Sites of Special Scientific Interest within the largest area of lowland wet grassland and associated wetland habitat remaining in Britain. It covers about 35,000 hectares in the flood plains of the Rivers Axe, Brue, Parrett, Tone and their tributaries. The majority of the site is only a few metres above mean sea level and drains through a large network of ditches, rhynes, drains and rivers. Flooding may affect large areas in winter depending on rainfall and tidal conditions. Parts of the site in the Brue Valley include areas of former raised peat bog which have now been substantially modified by agricultural improvement and peat extraction which has created areas of open water, fen and reedbed. The site attracts internationally important numbers of wildfowl in winter and is one of the most important sites in southern Britain for breeding waders. The network of rhynes and ditches support an outstanding assemblage of aquatic invertebrates, particularly beetles.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other 4 9 O U X

185.3 5436.6 127.8 191.7 319.4 127.8

Ramsar criteria:




Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2a

Supports an outstanding assemblage of rare invertebrates, particularly beetles.

276

Ramsar criterion 3a


73014 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c










Aesthetic





Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Tourism





Tourism + + S

277

Recreation + S

Research + + S



Cutting of vegetation + + S



Livestock watering hole + + L



Hay meadows + + L



Flood control + + L

Irrigation + + L

Mining + + S

Transport route + S





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ale Conservation measures undertaken:

Conservation measures proposed but not yet implemented:

Disturbance to vegetation community through cutting/clearing

+ + L Agri-environment schemes support sympathetic management.

More extensive use of agri-environment schemes.

278


+ + L Mineral permissions are subject to review under the Environment Act 1995.

Further reviews will be necessary under The Conservation (Natural Habitats & c.) Regulations 1994.


+ + L Water level management is critical and is being addressed through the Water Level Management Plan process and the development of Raised Water Level Areas and Environmentally Sensitive Area.

Environment Agency Water Level Management Strategy being reviewed and new Action Plan to be implemented to achieve changes necessary. Major review of flood defence practices to be undertaken.

279

Erosion + + L None.

Minimum standards of water management required to sustain peat soils are to be identified. Drainage authorities will then be encouraged to adopt minimum water levels for long term protection of peat soils.

Eutrophication + + L Buffer strips with no fertiliser inputs adjacent to water courses available under agri-environment schemes.

Major review of eutrophication for 1999/2000 for 3-4 years.


+ + L Buffer strips with no fertiliser inputs adjacent to water courses available under agri-environment schemes.

Major review of eutrophication for 1999/2000 for 3-4 years.


Existing programmes: Guided walks and school group visits are available to Shapwick NNRs; students as part of CEL student scheme. Somerset Wildlife Trust run their own programme of events on Westhay Moor SSSI and likewise the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds on West Sedgemoor SSSI. English Nature's newsletter for farmers and landowners and a local magazine run regular features about the site.

Interpretation facilities: Are available at the Peat Moors visitor centre adjacent to the Shapwick NNR. Interpretation panels have been located around the Reserve where appropriate. SWT have provided interpretation boards on Westhay Moor SSSI.

280

Stodmarsh

Site code: 7UK069




Area (ha): 481.33

Overview:

Stodmarsh is a wetland site resulting from subsidence under the valley of the Great Stour in Kent. There are a range of wetland habitats including open water, reedbeds, grazing marsh and alder Alunus glutinosa carr. The site supports a number of uncommon wetland invertebrates and plants, and provides breeding and wintering habitats for important assemblages of wetland bird species, particularly waterfowl.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands



Other M O Q Tp U W X

81.3 13.0 123.2 16.9 61.1 159.8 14.0 12.0

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2a

Six British Red Data Book wetland invertebrates. Two nationally rare plants, and five nationally scarce species. A diverse assemblage of rare wetland birds.

Ramsar criterion 3c

This site regularly supports nationally important numbers of:

281

Gadwall Anas strepera

6 pairs British breeding

Bearded Tit Panurus biarmicus

42 pairs British Breeding






Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

282




Recreation + S

Research + S








Irrigation + L




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Sc




+ L Reed cutting/scrub management and ditch excavation for bittern.



+ L Water level management plan agreed to improve water supply.


283


+ L New Zealand pigmy weed Crassula helmsii recently treated with herbicide but species is already established in an area that is difficult to spray without causing harm.



English Nature provide regular guided walks. There are interpretation boards on the NNR, and reserve leaflets available. There is a small amount of use by schools and universities.

284

Stour and Orwell Estuaries

Site code: 7UK076



General location: Nearest town/city: Felixstowe

Area (ha): 3323.62

Overview:

The Stour and Orwell site is a wetland of international importance, comprising extensive mudflats, low cliffs, saltmarsh and small areas of vegetated shingle on the lower reaches. It provides wintering habitats for important assemblages of wetland birds and supports internationally and nationally important numbers of wintering wildfowl and waders, and holds several nationally scarce plants and British Red Data Book invertebrates

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands



4 E F G

23.6 10.0 658.0 2632.0

Ramsar criteria:




Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2a

Contains nationally scarce plants and British Red Data Book invertebrates.

Ramsar criterion 3a


285

65516 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c



















Sediment trapping


Aesthetic


Livestock grazing


Sport hunting

Tourism


286




Tourism + + S

Recreation + + S


Bait collection + S





Harbour/port + S

Flood control + S






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Site

Sc



Erosion + L The beneficial use of dredging is being investigated to combat erosive processes.



+ + L This has been addressed with the Estuary Management Plan.



287

None.

288

Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast

Site code: 7UK089



General location: Nearest town/city: Middlesborough

Area (ha): 942.56

Overview:

Medium-large site encompassing a range of habitats (sand and mudflats, rocky shore, saltmarsh, freshwater marsh and sand dunes) on and around an estuary which has been much-modified by human activities. Together these habitats support internationally important numbers of waterfowl.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands



D E F G H J K M Tp

62.2 386.4 31.1 245.1 47.1 4.7 7.5 7.5 150.8

Ramsar criteria:





Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2a

Supports a rich assemblage of invertebrates, including seven British Red Data Book species.

289

Ramsar criterion 2c

Qualifies as important staging area for waterfowl by regularly supporting internationally important passage numbers of sandwich tern Sterna sandvicensis and redshank Tringa totanus, and nationally important numbers of ringed plover Charadrius hiaticula and sanderling Calidris alba.

Ramsar criterion 3a


20779 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c












Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting





Recreation + + L

290

Research + + L




Bait collection + S





Industry + L


Harbour/port + + S

Flood control + + S

Irrigation + S





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Sc



Eutrophication + L Enteromorpha cover on sands monitored in 1998 by the Environment Agency.

Current development of Environment Agency "Tees Estuary Strategy" will identify measures.

Sedimentation /siltation

+ L Port authority study of patterns of movement was carried out in 1998.

Results awaited

291


+ L Addressed by site Management Statements with owners.

Hippophae removal to be addressed in proposed stewardship scheme.


+ + L Significant water quality improvements generated by Environment Agency in recent years.

Current development of Environment Agency "Tees Estuary Strategy" will identify measures.


+ S Addressed through by-laws and the Tees Estuary Management Plan.

Further recreational Tees Estuary Management Plan projects planned e.g. publication of code of conduct.

Reservoir/barrage /dam impact: flooding

+ L An extensive long-term monitoring programme is investigating the effects of the Tee Barrage.

Awaiting results of monitoring study.


+ L Industry Nature Conservation Association and other partnerships provide funds for conflict resolution. Ultimately site is protected through the planning process.

Further work to strengthen the role of the Industry Nature Conservation Association and the Teesmouth industry/wildlife partnership so as to minimise adverse industrial impacts.


The Teesmouth Field Centre is visited by c5000 school children annually on a variety of study programs. There are three public hides and five interpretative panels. English Nature, Hartlepool Countryside Warden and Tees Valley Wildlife Trust undertake regular guided walks and events. British Energy and Trioxide have provided hides which are available during guided visits.

292

Thanet Coast and Sandwich Bay

Site code: 7UK078




Area (ha): 2169.23

Overview:

A coastal site, consisting of a long stretch of rocky shore, adjoining areas of estuary, sand dune, maritime grassland, saltmarsh and grazing marsh. The wetland habitats support 15 British Red Data Book invertebrates, as well as a large number of nationally scarce species. The site attracts internationally important numbers of turnstone Arenaria interpres, as well as nationally important numbers of a breeding seabird little tern, and four waders, ringed plover, golden plover, grey plover and sanderling. The site is used by large numbers of migratory birds.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands



Other D E F G H J Tp X

542.3 336.2 19.5 17.4 1214.8 4.3 1.1 13.0 20.6

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2a

14 British Red Data Book wetland invertebrates.

Ramsar criterion 3c


293






Aesthetic




Livestock grazing


Tourism





Tourism + S

Recreation + S

Research + S




Bait collection + L





294



Industry + L


Harbour/port + L

Flood control + L


Transport route + L






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+ L Negotiations with others to secure appropriate management.

Proposing higher water levels under Water Level Management Plan.


+ L Evident problems of drying out on site as a result of water company abstraction. Costings prepared for the revision to the abstraction licence.

Abstraction licence currently being reviewed under Asset Management Plan 3.


+ L Recent enrichment of environment from a sewage plant.

A discussion with Environment Agency for inclusion in Asset Management Plan 3 process.

295


+ L Monitoring undertaken at Pegwell Bay.

Awaiting results of monitoring.


+ L A proposed leisure development on the boundary of the Sandwich Bay to Heckling Marsh SSSI may have disturbed bird species. Mitigation measures to minimise disturbance are planned.



There is interpretation at Pegwell Bay, and along the coastal path around Thanet. Guided walks are available at Pegwell Bay. Used for schemes to identify birds for members of the

public. Used by Kent Wildlife Trust for Wildlife study days.

296

The Swale

Site code: 7UK021



General location: Nearest town/city: Faversham

Area (ha): 6514.71

Overview:

A complex of brackish and freshwater, floodplain grazing marsh with ditches, and intertidal saltmarsh and mudflat. These habitats together support internationally important numbers of wintering waterfowl. Rare wetland birds breed in important numbers. The saltmarsh and grazing marsh are of international importance for their diverse assemblages of wetland plants and invertebrates.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Man-made wetlands



Other Other 4 E G H

374.0 119.0 3105.0 64.0 2038.0 324.0

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3a


65588 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c


297







298


Aesthetic





Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism






Tourism + S

Recreation + L

Research + S



Marine aquaculture + L


Bait collection + L




299

Hay meadows + L

Hunting: commercial + L



Industry + L


Harbour/port + + S

Flood control + L

Transport route + S




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Sc




+ + L Water Level Management Plans. Environmentally Sensitive Area fund for raising water levels. Natura 2000 management agreements.

Creation of new wetland as part of capital drainage schemes.

Erosion + L Research on mudflat recharge using dredging spoil.

Estuary flood defence strategies.


+ L Addressed by information dissemination as part of an Estuary Management Plan.

Continue to monitor and work with local authorities to resolve problems.


Elmley Marshes Royal Society for the Protection of Birds reserve, Swale NNR and Elmley NNR all provide viewing facilities.

300

The Wash

Site code: 7UK034




Area (ha): 62211.66

Overview:

The Wash is the largest estuarine system in Britain. It is fed by the rivers Witham, Welland, Nene and Great Ouse. There are extensive saltmarshes, intertidal banks of sand and mud, shallow waters and deep channels. It is the most important staging post and over-wintering site for migrant wildfowl and wading birds in eastern England. It supports a valuable commercial fishery for shellfish and also an important nursery area for flat fish. It holds one of the North Seas largest breeding populations of common seal Phoca vitulina and some grey seals Halichoerus grypus. The sub-littoral area supports a number of different marine communities including colonies of the reef-building polychaete worm Sabellaria spinulosa.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA

Wetland types:



A E G H

32225.6 6.2 25755.6 4224.2

Ramsar criteria:



2d - Special value for one or more endemic plant or animal species or communities.



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

301

The Wash qualifies under this criterion by being a good representative example of a near natural wetland characteristic of the biogeographical region.

Ramsar criterion 2c and 2d

The sandbanks within the Wash are important haul-out sites for one of the largest colonies of common seal Phoca vitulina in Europe. It is also an extensive nursery ground for plaice Pleuronectes platessa, cod Gadus morhua and sole Solea solea.

Qualifies also for 2c and 2d because of the inter-relationship between its various components including saltmarshes, intertidal sand and mud flats and the estuarine waters. The saltmarshes and the plankton in the estuarine water provide a primary source of organic material which, together with other organic matter, forms the basis for the high productivity of the estuary.

Ramsar criterion 3a


400367 waterfowl

302

Ramsar criterion 3c
































303


Livestock grazing


Sport hunting


304




Recreation + L

Research + L

Fishing: (unspecified) + L




Bait collection + L






Harbour/port + + L

Flood control + + L

Irrigation + L

Transport route + L






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305


+ L An Estuary Management Plan is in place.

Management scheme to be produced under the Conservation (Natural Habitats & c.) Regulations 1994.


+ L Investigations being undertaken by English Nature and The Environment Agency.

If the investigations demonstrate a serious impact, a scheme may be subsequently prepared and costed for implementation in a future "logging up" process.

Dredging + S Advice to Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries Food as licensing authority to minimise impact.

Issue will be addressed by European Marine cSAC scheme of Management if impact found to be significant. Management Scheme to be produced under the Conservation (Natural Habitats & c.) Regulations 1994.

Eutrophication + L English Nature and Environment Agency are assessing effects as part of the Local Environment Agency Plan.


306

Sedimentation/ siltation

+ L Natural process not amenable to management action.

Monitored by Environment Agency as part of Shoreline Management Plan implementation and results of monitoring will be discussed with the Environment Agency and action taken if necessary.

Pollution - fertilisers + L English Nature and Environment Agency are assessing effects as part of the Local Environment Agency Plan.



+ L English Nature and Environment Agency are assessing effects as part of the Local Environment Agency Plan.


Reservoir/barrage /dam impact: flow regime

+ S Effects of river training walls monitored by Environment Agency assessing effects as part of the Local Environment Agency Plan.

Results of monitoring will be discussed with the Environment Agency and action taken if necessary.

307

Military activities + L Covered by a Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Defence and Department of the Environment, a Declaration of Intent between the MoD and English Nature and by site management statements with English Nature. There is a Nature Conservation Management Plan and Management Committee for one of the ranges.



There are two field centres. Lincolnshire County Council run the Freiston field centre and the Lincolnshire Trust for Nature Conservation run the Gibraltar Point field centre.

308

Thursley and Ockley Bog

Site code: 7UK070



General location: Nearest town/city: Guildford

Area (ha): 265.24

Overview:

Thursley and Ockley Bogs is a valley mire complex and lies within Thursley, Hankley & Frensham Commons SSSI. The mire occurs within a matrix of heathland, where drainage is impeded, and a deep layer of peat has built up from the remains of bog-moss Sphagnum spp. which forms much of the vegetation. Several areas of open water also contribute significantly to the overall diversity of the site, ranging from acidic boggy pools and ditches to large ponds.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


U

265.2

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2a

Supports an appreciable assemblage and number of rare wetland invertebrate specie s including notable numbers of breeding dragonflies.

Ramsar criterion 2b

To maintain the ecological diversity of the area as it is one of few sites in Britain to support all six native reptile species. The site also supports nationally important breeding populations of nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus and woodlark Lullula arborea.

309





Aesthetic





310




Recreation + S

Research + S





n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ + L Mechanical scrub removal.

Low intensity grazing.


+ L Concern about the impact of abstraction. Further investigations agreed between English Nature and Environment Agency.

If investigations show a serious impact, a scheme may be subsequently prepared and costed for implementation in a future "logging up" process.

Military activities + + L A local conservation committee provides the forum for necessary liaison between English Nature and the Ministry of Defence.



Information is provided through NNR interpretation panels, a reserve leaflet and a dragonfly interpretation board. Through prior arrangement the site is used by educational groups from primary schools through to degree level students.

311

Upper Severn Estuary (part of Severn Estuary)

Site code: 7UK033



General location: Nearest town/city: Gloucester

Area (ha): 1357.00

Overview:

This site now forms part of the Severn Estuary Ramsar site (7UK088).

An extensive area of mudflats and sandflats bordered by saltmarsh which grades through to neutral pasture. It supports nationally and internationally important numbers of overwintering and passage migrant waders and wildfowl.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:



Other G H O

161.0 1088.0 104.0 4.0

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3c


Bewick's Swan Cygnus columbianus bewickii (Western Siberia/Northeastern & Northwestern Europe)

Gadwall Anas strepera (Northwestern Europe)

White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons albifrons (Northwestern Siberia/Northeastern & Northwestern Europe)

See Severn Estuary 7UK088 for count data

312


Sediment trapping



Aesthetic



Livestock grazing


Sport hunting

Tourism


313




Tourism + S

Recreation + L

Research + L





Flood control + L



n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ + S Sewage sludge spreading on adjacent fields.



+ + S Sewage Outfalls

Review of consent for European Site Contract with Environment Agency and consents review.

314


+ + L The Upper Severn Estuary is included within the remit of the Severn Estuary Strategy which has been working, since 1995, towards the sustainable management of the whole estuary and significant parts of its hinterland. An integrated approach is being developed in conjunction with a SPA/SAC Management Scheme and a Shoreline Management Plan. Part of the site is now under the Countryside Stewardship Scheme to improve grassland and water management. Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust and the Environment Agency have carried out habitat creation works to establish areas of open water, seasonally inundated freshwater wetlands and reedswamp.



There are extensive education facilities and programmes at Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge.

315

Walmore Common

Site code: 7UK050



General location: Nearest town/city: Gloucester

Area (ha): 52.85

Overview:

Walmore Common occupies a low lying area in the Severn Vale, which is subject to winter flooding. The site is a wetland overlying peat providing a variety of habitats including unimproved and improved neutral grassland, marshy grassland and open water ditches. The common is part of a series of sites within the Severn Vale which, in winter, form an important refuge and feeding area for wildfowl. The highest bird numbers are seen during the harshest winters, when Walmore Common provides an essential feeding and roosting area.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


4 9

52.4 0.5

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3c






316


Aesthetic


Livestock grazing





Research + S






n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ L Past drainage affecting water levels. Presence of intensively managed grassland. Drainage is leading to drying out of the wet grassland habitat causing a decline in long term viability and quality of wet grassland habitats and a reduction in breeding wader numbers. Silt clearance works have been carried out which may have improved drainage. The remedial works coincided with a decline in roosting numbers of Bewick's Swan. This is being monitored by Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust.

Essential changes to water level management to conserve SSSI feature and secure "wise use" proposed for inclusion in Water Level Management Plan. Initial draft failed to take English Nature, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust and Gloucester Wildlife Trust recommendation on board - Plan proposed "no change" scenario pending further research.

317

Conversion to intensive aquaculture projects

+ L Proposals for an eel-rearing lake have been in review for four years - currently awaiting agreement of essential mitigation measurers to protect wintering swans.

Mitigation measures yet to be secured.


+ L The ditch system is maintained by West Gloucestershire Internal Drainage Board.

The conservation interest of the eastern common ditches ( SSSI summer interest only) could be enhanced and it has been proposed that positive changes to current water level management practices and water management /drainage infrastructure could be introduced via a Water Level Management Plan. Such a plan could also address the potential to maintain high water levels in 'dry' winters.


None.

318

Wicken Fen

Site code: 7UK091




Area (ha): 254.39

Overview:

This site is a marginal remnant of the original peat fenland of the East Anglian basin. It has been preserved as a flood catchment area and its water level is controlled by sluice gates. The vegetation has a strongly mosaic character due to extensive peat cutting and different systems of crop exploitation. Areas of the site subjected to frequent cutting have a greater species diversity including many sedges, rushes, spike rushes and marsh orchids with corresponding insect associations. Vegetation invasion by bushes resulting in closed alder Frangula alnus carr, has occurred in the absence of mowing. The dykes, abandoned clay pits and the main lode support many aquatic angiosperms. Wildfowl interests include, mallard, teal, wigeon, shoveler, pochards and tufted duck.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


U

254.4

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

A good representative example of a near natural wetland, which is characteristic of the biogeographical region.

Ramsar criterion 2a

319

The site supports an appreciable assemblage of wetland plants and invertebrates.




Aesthetic








Research + S





n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



No factors reported + + S No information No information


School visits by arrangement are led by The National Trust education and interpretation officer. Visiting University and College groups may visit independently. Individuals engaged in research on the Fen must hold a permit.

320

Woodwalton Fen

Site code: 7UK092




Area (ha): 208.13

Overview:

The site consists of a range of wetland communities, once characteristic of large areas of the East Anglian fens but now restricted to a number of isolated sites. Due to past management the site now has several types of open fen and swamp communities. There is also a relict area of acid peat, some mixed fen and an important network of ditches. The site supports an appreciable assemblage of wetland plants and invertebrates.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


U

208.1

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

The site is within an area that is one of the remaining parts of East Anglia which has not been drained. The fen is near natural and has developed where peat digging took place in the 19th century. The site has several types of open fen and swamp communities.

Ramsar criterion 2a

The site supports two species of British Red Data Book plants, fen violet, Viola persicifolia and fen wood rush, Luzula pallescens. Woodwalton also supports a large number of wetland invertebrates

321

including 20 British Red Data Book species. Aquatic beetles, flies and moths are particularly well represented.




Aesthetic





Research + S




n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ L Water inflows and outflows are strictly controlled. In the 1980's clay sealed banks were constructed around the perimeter of the reserve, this isolated water levels on the fen from that of the surrounding area.



There is an interpretation board on site where leaflets can be obtained. A traditional thatched bungalow is used for meetings, reserve events and visiting school parties. It houses displays illustrating the history and wildlife of the fen.

322


England and Scotland

323

Upper Solway Flats and Marshes

Site code: 7UK058


Longitude: 03 25 27 N

General location: Nearest town/city: Dumfries

Area (ha): 43636.73

Overview:

The flats and marshes of the Upper Solway Firth form one of the largest continuous areas of intertidal habitat in Britain. The whole estuarine complex is a site of national and international importance for wintering wildfowl and wading birds and is a vital link in a chain of west coast estuaries used by migrating birds. The site is also noted for its populations of, breeding birds, natterjack toad Bufo calamita and invertebrates. The geomorphology and vegetation of the estuarine saltmarshes or meres is also of international importance with broad transitions to mature "upper-marsh" being particularly well represented. A number of rare plant species and geological exposures also occur within the site.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:



E G H

299.5 27854.0 1797.0

Ramsar criteria:




Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2a

Supports two rare species of animal: over 10% of the British population of natterjack toad Bufo calamita, and great crested newt Triturus cristatus.

Ramsar criterion 3a

324


133440 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c






Barnacle Goose, Branta leucopsis (Svalbard/Denmark/UK)




325

Scaup, Aythya marila (Northern/Western Europe)















Aesthetic





Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism





326

Tourism + + S

Recreation + + S

Research + S







Bait collection + S





Industry + L


Harbour/port + S

Flood control + S


Transport route + L






n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



327


+ S Grazing regimes continue to be improved on the salt marshes/meres by different management schemes.

Management schemes reviewed and changes made should the need arise.

Over fishing + S Regulated by government to ensure that it is carried out in a sustainable way and that the impact on bird feeding areas is not significant.

A management strategy, addressing all the issues is being produced by the Solway Firth Partnership (publication due 1998). It will set out the means proposed to secure the sustainable use of the estuary.


Existing programme: Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, WWT, NTS, the Hoddom & Kinmount Ranger Service and Solway Rural Initiative wardens lead guided walks, bird watching and other education events. Scottish Natural Heritage also leads guided walks and events at Caerlaverock NNR.

Interpretation Facilities: There are interpretation facilities at each of the voluntary body reserves and at Caerlaverock NNR. The voluntary organisation nature reserves on the Solway Firth are listed

on the Solway Firth Review, June 1996.

328


England and Wales

329

Midland Meres and Mosses Phase 2

Site code: 7UK108



General location: Nearest town/city: Chester

Area (ha): 1588.24

Overview:

The Meres and Mosses form a geographically discrete series of lowland open water and peatland sites in the north-west Midlands of England and north-east Wales. These have developed in natural depressions in the glacial drift left by receding ice sheets which formerly covered the Cheshire/Shropshire Plain. The 18 component sites include open water bodies (meres), the majority of which are nutrient rich with associated fringing habitats, reed swamp, fen, carr and damp pasture. Peat accumulation has resulted in nutrient poor peat bogs (mosses) forming in some sites on the fringes of the meres or completely infilling basins. In a few cases the result is a floating quaking bog or schwingmoor. The wide range of resulting habitats support nationally important flora and fauna.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other O U W X

202.0 229.0 1050.1 33.0 74.0

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2a

Supports a number of rare species of plants associated with wetlands, including the nationally scarce cowbane Cicuta virosa and, elongated sedge Carex elongata . Also present are the nationally scarce bryophytes Dicranum affine and Sphagnum pulchrum.



330



Aesthetic




Livestock grazing


Peat cutting

Sport fishing

331




Recreation + S

Research + L








Irrigation + L


Transport route + S





n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ L Prevention of vegetation succession to scrub woodland and degraded mire is being achieved through site management statements and management agreements.


332


+ L Reduction of anthropogenic threats is being achieved through Water Level Management Plans specifically hydrological restoration programmes and catchment strategies.


Eutrophication + + L Reduction of anthropogenic threats is being achieved through Water Level Management Plans or catchment strategies.






+ L Appropriate control programmes are being continually refined and implemented to control the New Zealand stonecrop, Rhododendron and self seeding pines.



+ + L Reduction of anthropogenic threats is being achieved through Water Level Management Plans or catchment strategies.



Areas owned by the Local Authority and NNRs are used by schools and universities for site-based projects and individual dissertations. NNRs are used as management-practice and machinery demonstration sites.

333

Severn Estuary

Site code: 7UK088



General location: Nearest town/city: Bristol

Area (ha): 16942.05

Overview:

The estuary's classic funnel shape, unique in Britain, is a factor causing the Severn to have the second highest tidal range in the world (after the Bay of Fundy, Canada). This tidal regime results in plant and animal communities typical of the extreme physical conditions of liquid mud and tide swept sand and rock. The species poor invertebrate community includes high densities of ragworms, lugworms and other invertebrates forming an important food source for passage and wintering waders.

A further consequence of the large tidal range is the extensive intertidal zone, one of the largest in the UK, comprising mudflats, sand banks, shingle, and rocky platforms.

Glassworts and annual sea-blite colonise the open mud, with beds of all three species of eelgrass occurring on more sheltered mud and sandbanks. Large expanses of common cord-grass Spartina anglica also occur on the outer marshes. Heavily grazed saltmarsh fringes the estuary with a range of saltmarsh types present. The middle marsh sward is dominated by common saltmarsh-grass Puccinellia maritima with typical associated species. In the upper marsh, red fescue Festuca rubra and saltmarsh rush Juncus gerardi become more prominent.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands



B D E F G H

152.5 796.3 745.5 33.9 14417.7 796.3

Ramsar criteria:

1 - Representative or unique wetlands



334



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1c

Due to immense tidal range (2nd highest in world), this affects both the physical environment and biological communities.

Ramsar criterion 2b

Due to unusual estuarine communities, reduced diversity and high productivity.

Ramsar criterion 2c

This site is important for the run of migratory fish between sea and river via estuary. Species include Salmon Salmo salar, sea trout S. trutta, sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus, river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis, allis shad Alosa alosa, twaite shad A. fallax, and eel Anguilla anguilla . It is also of particular importance for migratory birds during spring and autumn, including nationally important numbers of ringed plover Charadrius hiaticula , dunlin Calidris alpina, whimbrel Numenius phaeopus and redshank Tringa totanus.

335

Ramsar criterion 3a


65555 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c












White-fronted Goose, Anser albifrons albifrons (Northwestern Siberia/Northeastern & Northwestern Europe)



Sediment trapping



Aesthetic




Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

336

Sport hunting

Tourism



337




Tourism + L

Recreation + S

Research + S



Bait collection + S





Industry + + S


Harbour/port + L

Flood control + + L

Mining + S






n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



338


+ S Agreed conservation measures with owners and occupiers. Management Schemes in place.

Wildlife Enhancement Scheme proposed.

Dredging + L Monitoring dredging sites.

Bristol Channel Marine Aggregates resources and constraints study in preparation. This is being further developed in conjunction with a Natura 2000 management scheme.

Erosion + L Trial and permanent polders in place. Managed retreat site plan implemented.

Shoreline management plan in preparation. This is being further developed in conjunction with a Natura 2000 management scheme.

Eutrophication + S Agreed conservation measures with owners and occupiers. Review of consents being undertaken by the Environment Agency.

Discuss agricultural code of practice and Wildlife Enhancement Scheme with landowners.


+ L Review of consents being undertaken by the Environment Agency.


Pollution - oil + L Monitoring under Bristol Channel Emergency Plan.

Oil Spill Contingency Plan in preparation.


+ S Beach cleaning organised by partners.

Issue identified by the Severn Estuary Strategy, will be addressed by a Natura 2000 Management Scheme.

339


+ S Conservation measures agreed with Local Authorities on range of issues. Code of Conduct in place for water users.

Issue identified by the Severn Estuary Strategy, will be addressed by a Natura 2000 Management Scheme.


+ S Management agreements for wildfowl sanctuary. Monitoring of wildfowling. Consultation over proposed cycle paths and rights of way.

This will be further developed in conjunction with a Natura 2000 Management Scheme.


+ L Since June 1995 the Severn Estuary Strategy has been working towards the sustainable management of the site, through the involvement of local authorities, interested parties and local people. This integrated approach is being further developed in conjunction with a Natura 2000 Management Scheme for the nature conservation interest of the estuary.



There are some fixed interpretation panels and hides at Bridgwater Bay.

340

The Dee Estuary

Site code: 7UK020



General location: Nearest town/city: Birkenhead

Area (ha): 13122.00

Overview:

The Dee is a large funnel-shaped sheltered estuary and is one of the top five estuaries in the UK for wintering and passage of waterfowl populations. The estuary supports internationally important numbers of waterfowl and waders. The estuary is an accreting system and the extent of saltmarsh continues to expand as the estuary seeks to achieve a new equilibrium situation following large scale historical reclamation at the head of the estuary which commenced in the 1730s. Nevertheless, the estuary still supports extensive areas of intertidal sand and mudflats as well as saltmarsh. Where agricultural reclamation has not occurred, the saltmarshes grade into transitional brackish and freshwater swamp vegetation. On the upper shore the site includes the three sandstone islands of Hilbre with their important cliff vegetation and maritime heathland/grassland. The site also includes an assemblage of nationally scarce plants and the sandhill rustic moth Luperina nickerlii leechi, a British Red Data Book species. The two shorelines of the estuary show a marked contrast between the industrialised usage of the coastal belt in Wales and residential and recreational usage in England.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:



Other D E F G H J R

21.0 48.5 14.4 1894.8 9038.4 2049.7 10.5 44.6

Ramsar criteria:




Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

341

Extensive intertidal mud and sand flats (20km by 9km) with large expanses of saltmarsh towards the head of the estuary.

Ramsar criterion 3a


90518 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c


























342



Water supply


Aesthetic





Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism





Tourism + + L

Recreation + + L

Research + + L




Bait collection + + L



343


Hay meadows + L



Industry + L


Harbour/port + + L

Flood control + L



Transport route + L






n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



Over fishing + L The Dee Estuary fishery is managed by the Environment Agency. Since 1995 the Environment Agency have amended bylaws to manage the cockle fishery in a more sustainable way. Further controls will be promoted if necessary. Close monitoring is also being undertaken by the Environment Agency.

Moves to create a Regulatory Order are currently being examined.

344


+ L Overall the estuary would benefit from improvements to water quality. Investments by water companies are being undertaken

Existing consents for all point discharges will be reviewed under the Conservation (Natural Habitats & c.) Regulations 1994.

Pollution - mining residues

+ L Tipping at Point of Ayr Colliery has now ceased following the closure of the mine in late 1996. The colliery waste tip is now being restored to maximise its potential for the Dee waterfowl populations by contouring the tip profile and creating water features on it.



+ L Vehicle access onto the foreshore occurs at Point of Ayr. In recent years the local authority has created additional parking areas inland of the sea wall and over time it is hoped that visitors will use these facilities in preference to the foreshore. Measures have also been taken to restrict the area of foreshore over which access can be gained. Additionally, disturbance created by wind-surfing and by dog-walking has been regulated using marker buoys to cordon off areas and through liaison with users by the Voluntary Wardens to highlight the importance of the site for waders.


345


+ L The Secretary of States' decision on the Mostyn Dock proposals following the Public Inquiry in 1995 permitted the development subject to conditions. As part of the conditions of the permission the Port of Mostyn has agreed a bird monitoring programme in the development area to assess the impact of the development on estuarine bird populations. This programme began in the autumn/winter 1997.



Both public sector and non-governmental organisations are involved in interpretation and education. An educational CD ROM has just been prepared for use of primary schools around the Dee Estuary both in England and Wales (approximately 200 schools). This has been a joint/partnership initiative led by The Dee Estuary strategy (Estuarine Initiative). A booklet entitled ‘The Dee Estuary’ provides a general introduction to the site’s ecological processes is available.

346


Northern Ireland

347

Belfast Lough

Site code: 7UK117



General location: Nearest town/city: Belfast

Area (ha): 432.14

Overview:

The inner part of the lough comprises areas of intertidal foreshore, comprising of mudflats and lagoons, and land, both reclaimed and being reclaimed which form important feeding/roosting sites for significant numbers of wintering waders and wildfowl. The outer lough is restricted to mainly rocky shores with some small sandy bays and beach-head saltmarsh.

Site protection:

ASSI SPA

Wetland types:


D G J

150 260 22.14

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3c

This site regularly supports internationally important numbers of Redshank Tringa totanus in winter. The five year peak mean for the period 1991/92 to 1995/96 is 2466 which comprises 1.6% of the international population.

Ramsar criterion 3c





348



Aesthetic



Tourism


349




Tourism + S

Recreation + S

Research + S



Bait collection + L


Industry + L


Harbour/port + L

Transport route + L





n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ L No information Conservation plan in preparation

350


+ L An agreement was reached between Belfast Harbour Commissioners and various conservation groups in 1990, and finalised in early 1995, to safeguard 81 hectares of intertidal mudflats, lagoons and land for wildlife conservation purposes and to undertake appropriate management. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds have recently (1998) taken the lead management role for much of the areas included above. Much of this area had previously been earmarked for development and includes key high-tide wader roosts. Under this agreement significant funds were secured from ERDF which has led to many nature conservation initiatives for the general Belfast Harbour Estate including the Ramsar Site. These initiatives have included educational and interpretation facilities at one of the brackish lagoons within the Lough; creation of tidal inlets; the creation an area for breeding wetland birds and the capping and contouring of the nearby landfill site to include areas for nature conservation.

Conservation plan in preparation


The 'new' Royal Society for the Protection of Birds presence on the site is centred around a brackish lagoon with well developed educational facilities including observation hides and a large observation room and a warden for the site.

351

Carlingford Lough

Site code: 7UK123



General location: Nearest town/city: Newry

Area (ha): 827.12

Overview:

A narrow sea lough surrounded by mountains. The northern shore is in Northern Ireland and includes the most significant mudflats in the lough, and an area of saltmarsh. At the mouth of the lough are several small rock and shingle islands which are of importance to terns.

Site protection:

ASSI SPA

Wetland types:


D E H

10 800 17.12

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2a

Supports an important assemblage of vulnerable and endangered Irish Red Data Book bird species. The site supports nationally important breeding populations of Common Tern Sterna hirundo. The five year mean for 1993 to 1997 is 339 pairs which is 12.6% of Irish population, Roseate Terns Sterna dougallii have returned to the site after an absence of six years with 2 breeding pairs recorded for 1997. In the recent past the site has also supported nationally important numbers of Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea.

Ramsar criterion 3c



352








Aesthetic







Recreation + S








n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



353


+ L An existing Conservation Plan for the site is now under review. This review will up-date existing management prescriptions and refine existing conservation objectives.



None.

354

Larne Lough

Site code: 7UK109



General location: Nearest town/city: Larne

Area (ha): 395.94

Overview:

Larne Lough is a sea lough enclosed to the east by the peninsula of Island Magee. Much of the estuary is shallow, having become extensively infilled with sediments of fine muddy sand, and at low water the largest areas of intertidal flats are exposed in the south of the estuary. The northern parts of the estuary are wider and relatively deep, especially at the mouth where dredging is regularly carried out to maintain the shipping channel to the port of Larne. Previously, a complex spit system existed at the mouth of the estuary, formed where sediments from further along the shore were washed into the relatively calm waters of Larne Lough. Very little evidence of these natural spits remain, having been lost under port and industrial developments In the upper reaches of the estuary at Ballycarry there is an area of saltmarsh. As the effects of salinity and differing tidal inundations are not greatly felt at these upper parts of Larne Lough, the saltmarsh zonation patterns are not distinct and the main vegetational interest lies in the transition to non-saltmarsh plant communities. The vegetation is dominated by mid-upper saltmarsh communities and a Phragmites reedbed, with some saltmarsh pans.

Site protection:

NNR ASSI SPA

Wetland types:



D G H J

60 310 18 7.94

Ramsar criteria:



355

Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2a

By supporting an important assemblage of vulnerable and endangered Irish Red Data Book bird species. The site regularly supports nationally important numbers of breeding populations of the following Annex 1 species: Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii (the five year mean for the period 1992 to 1996 was 6 pairs which comprises 1.7 % of the Irish population) and Common Tern Sterna hirundo (an average of 199 pairs for the period 1992 to 1996 - 6.8 % of the Irish population).

Ramsar criterion 3c






356




Sport hunting





Tourism + S

Recreation + L

Research + S



Bait collection + S



Industry + L


Harbour/port + L


Transport route + L



n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



357


+ L Vegetation succession is affecting habitat suitability for breeding terns in the area. An existing Conservation Plan for Larne Lough in now under review. This review will up-date existing management prescriptions and refine existing conservation objectives.



An adjoining 'open farm' has developed a nature trail in close proximity to the lough shore.

358

Lough Neagh and Lough Beg

Site code: 7UK009




Area (ha): 50165.84

Overview:

Lough Neagh is situated in the centre of Northern Ireland. It is the largest freshwater lake in the United Kingdom covering an area of 383 square kilometres with a longest length of 30.5 kilometres and narrowest width of 12.1 kilometres across the middle. The lake is very shallow for its size with a mean depth of 8.9 metres. At its deepest point it extends down to 34 metres. The 125 kilometre shoreline is mostly exposed with wave beaten rocks and stones but there are also some sheltered, sandy bays with better developed marginal vegetation including some reedbeds.

This site also contains a smaller lake, Lough Beg (1,125 ha) to the north, as well as a small satellite lake, Portmore Lough (286 ha) which is situated to the east of Lough Neagh. Lough Beg (meaning "little lough") is essentially a widening of the Lower Bann River just downstream from where it leaves Lough Neagh. Lough Beg is very shallow, with a mean depth of one to two metres and a surface area of five square kilometres. About 200 hectares of the west shore is unimproved wet grassland that is largely inundated with floodwater each winter.

Rivers flowing into Lough Neagh drain about 43% of Northern Ireland, plus part of County Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland.

Site protection:

NNR ASSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Ramsar criteria:






359


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1b

A particularly good representative example of natural or near natural wetlands, common to more than one biogeographic region.

Ramsar criterion 2a

Supports an appreciable assemblage of rare, vulnerable or endangered species or sub-species of plant or animal or an appreciable number of individuals of any one of these species.

Ramsar criterion 2b

This site is of special value for maintaining the genetic and ecological diversity of a region because of the quality and peculiarities of its flora and fauna.

360

Ramsar criterion 2c

This site is of special value as the habitat of plants or animals at a critical stage of their biological cycles.

Ramsar criterion 3a


99262 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c




Pochard, Aythya ferina (Northwestern/Northeastern Europe)


Goldeneye, Bucephala clangula (Northwestern/Central Europe)





Flood water storage / desynchronisation of flood peaks


Aesthetic




Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism

361






Tourism + L

Recreation + L

Research + L






Flood control + L




362



n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ L An existing Conservation Plan for Lough Neagh and Lough Beg in now under review. This review will up-date existing management prescriptions and refine existing conservation objectives.



+ L An existing Conservation Plan for Lough Neagh and Lough Beg in now under review. This review will up-date existing management prescriptions and refine existing conservation objectives.



+ L The Lough drains some 40% of Northern Ireland and has been subject to severe eutrophication as a result of increased nutrient inputs from agricultural runoff and general domestic sewage from catchment housing and other developments. An existing Conservation Plan for Lough Neagh and Lough Beg in now under review. This review will up-date existing management prescriptions and refine existing conservation objectives.


363

Eutrophication + L The Lough drains some 40% of Northern Ireland and has been subject to sever eutrophication as a result of increased nutrient inputs from agricultural runoff and general domestic sewage from catchment housing and other developments. This problem is addressed in an existing Management Plan for this site, which is currently under review. This review will update existing management prescriptions and refine existing conservation objectives. Phosphate stripping at appropriate sewage treatment works has begun to address the issue of eutrophication.


364


+ L Introduction/invasion by non-native species such as Roach, gamerid species and potentially zebra mussels could have a deleterious effect on the conservation of the site. An existing Conservation Plan for Lough Neagh and Lough Beg in now under review. This review will up-date existing management prescriptions and refine existing conservation objectives.


Pollution - fertilisers + S The Lough drains some 40% of Northern Ireland and has been subject to severe eutrophication as a result of increased nutrient inputs from agricultural runoff and general domestic sewage from catchment housing and other developments. An existing Conservation Plan for Lough Neagh and Lough Beg in now under review. This review will up-date existing management prescriptions and refine existing conservation objectives.



The Lough Neagh Discovery Centre is located on the southern shores of Lough Neagh and is run by Craigavon Borough Council. School groups and other incidental visitors are also catered for at the nearby Environment and Heritage service Warden's office/information centre.

365

Pettigoe Plateau

Site code: 7UK105



General location: Nearest town/city: Enniskillen

Area (ha): 1264.32

Overview:

The Pettigoe Plateau is situated in Fermanagh in the west of Northern Ireland to the north of Lower Lough Erne. It abuts the International border with the Irish Republic. It is one of the largest expanses of blanket bog in Northern Ireland formed on a relatively low elevation rolling landscape interspersed with hills with mineral soil and depressions with several small lakes. The extensive blanket bog which covers most of the site exhibits the full range of characteristic vegetation and structural features associated with this type of habitat.

Site protection:

ASSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


U Other

11000 164.32

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

A particularly good representative example of blanket bog. The extensive blanket bog, which covers most of the site, exhibits the full range of characteristic vegetation and structural features associated with this type of habitat. These features include a large number of well-developed pool complexes, frequent acid flushes, basin mires and ladder fens.

Ramsar criterion 2a

366

The site supports an important assemblage of vulnerable and endangered Irish Red Data Book bird species. The site also regularly supports nationally important numbers of breeding golden plovers Pluvialis apricaria. The population is estimated as upped 12 pairs, representing 4% of the Irish population (based on 1987 and 1995 surveys).




Aesthetic

Livestock grazing

367






n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc





None.

368

Strangford Lough

Site code: 7UK116




Area (ha): 15580.79

Overview:

A shallow sea lough with an indented shoreline and a wide variety of marine and intertidal habitats. The west shore has numerous islands typical of flooded drumlin topography. The Lough contains extensive areas of mudflat, saltmarsh and rocky coastline.

Site protection:

MNR NNR ASSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:


A D G H Tp 6

9350.79 2340 3120 154 154 154

Ramsar criteria:





Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1

This site supports a variety of important wetland features. Areas of fringing saltmarsh and freshwater habitats support a diversity of wetland plant species. Strangford Lough supports one of the most extensive saltmarsh areas in Northern Ireland.

Ramsar criterion 2a This site supports an important assemblage of vulnerable and endangered wetland plants and

369

animal species. These include a number of marine sponges, marine hydroids, marine mollusc and sea urchins which are restricted to Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland or, in some cases unknown or very rare elsewhere in the British Isles. The mudflats support luxuriant beds of eelgrass; Zostera noltii, Zostera angustifolia, Zostera marina and Ruppia maritima are all present, with the latter widespread but quite local in its distribution. Such extensive 'beds' are rare in the British Isles.

370

Ramsar criterion 3a This site regularly supports in winter over 20,000 waterfowl. The five year winter peak mean for the period 1992/93 to 1996/97 was approximately 70,200 waterfowl, comprising 48,700 waders and 21,500 wildfowl.

Ramsar criterion 3c

Over winter the site regularly supports:

Light-bellied Brent Geese Branta bernicla hrota 10,527 which represents 52.6% of the population

Knot Calidris canutus 8,723 which represents 2.5% of the population

Redshank Tringa totanus 3,176 which represents 2.1%.

This site regularly supports internationally important breeding populations of :

Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis 593 pairs which is 1.2% of international population

Common Tern Sterna hirundo 603 pairs which is 1.2% of the international population




Aesthetic






Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism


371




Tourism + + L

Recreation + + L

Research + L






Bait collection + S



Harbour/port + S


372



n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ L Addressed by Marine Nature Reserve management Plan or in Nature Reserve management plans. An existing Conservation Plan for Strangford Lough is now under review. This review will up-date existing management prescriptions and refine existing conservation objectives.

A Management Scheme for this European Marine site will also add to the management prescriptions of Strangford Lough.


+ L Colonisation and spread by aggressive non-native species such as Spartina spp. and Jap weed Sargassum muticum cause current problems and pose potential threats in the future. This is addressed in a Marine Nature Reserve management plan. An existing Conservation Plan for Strangford Lough is now under review. This review will up-date existing management prescriptions and refine existing conservation objectives.



+ L Pollution loadings present significant potential threats. These are addressed in Nature Reserve management plans.



+ L Addressed by Marine Nature Reserve management Plan or in Nature Reserve management plans.



373

Strangford Lough is much used for field studies at all levels of education, with many school groups visiting interpretative centres which have been established around the Lough. In addition residential centres use the Lough for study and recreational training by Primary and Secondary school parties.

The Queen's University of Belfast Marine Biology Station at Portaferry was established in 1945 and has been used in the training in marine biology of generations of students from several higher education establishments.

Interpretative Centres - six interpret aspects of Strangford Lough

Residential Centres - five use the Lough for fieldwork

374

Upper Lough Erne

Site code: 7UK110



General location: Nearest town/city: Enniskillen

Area (ha): 5818.05

Overview:

Upper Lough Erne is a very large and complex freshwater system. A series of flooded drumlins in the course of the River Erne give rise to a complex of islands, bays and many lakes bordered by damp pastures, fens, reedswamp and alder/willow carr and oak woodland.

Site protection:

NNR ASSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


4 O U Vt

118.5 4000.0 300 400

Ramsar criteria:

1b - Good representative example of a (near) natural wetland, common to more one region.

1c - Good representative example of a wetland with a major role in ecosystem functioning.





Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1b

The site is a particularly good representative example of a eutrophic lake and associated swamp, fen and wet grassland.

375

Ramsar criterion 1c

The site is a particularly good representative example of a wetland which plays a substantial hydrological, biological and ecological system role in the natural functioning of a major river basin which is located in a trans-border position with the Republic of Ireland.

Ramsar criterion 2a

The site supports an appreciable assemblage of rare, vulnerable or endangered species or subspecies of plant and animal.

Ramsar criterion 2b

The site is of special value for maintaining the genetic and ecological diversity of Northern Ireland because of the quality and peculiarities of its flora and fauna.

Ramsar criterion 3b

The site regularly supports substantial numbers of individuals from particular groups of waterfowl which are indicative of wetland values, productivity and diversity. Wintering wildfowl species which occur in at least nationally important

376

Ramsar criterion 3c







Aesthetic






Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism






Tourism + L

Recreation + L

Research + L



377




n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



Drainage/

reclamation: (unspecified)

+ + L An existing Conservation Plan for Upper Lough Erne in now under review. This review will up-date existing management prescriptions and refine existing conservation objectives. It should be noted that a substantial part of the wetland is in the Republic of Ireland.


378

Eutrophication + L Excessive eutrophication is a threat to all the lakes which comprise the site. The problem is being addressed through a cross-border water quality management strategy. For smaller satellite loughs ASSI and Environmentally Sensitive Area management agreements will continue to offer some control of nutrient enrichment from agriculture and also offer the potential for creating additional habitat for the Whooper Swan. Water quality will be subjected to regular monitoring.



+ L For smaller satellite loughs ASSI and Environmentally Sensitive Area management agreements will continue to offer some control of nutrient enrichment from agriculture and also offer the potential for creating additional suitable habitat for Whooper Swans. Water quality will be subjected to regular monitoring.



+ + L Tourist related developments could have an effect on the structure and function of the eutrophic lake or bird populations. This pressure will be controlled through management agreements and planning policy. An existing Conservation Plan for Upper Lough Erne is now under review.



None.

379


Scotland

380

Bridgend Flats, Islay

Site code: 7UK038



General location: Nearest town/city: Bowmore

Area (ha): 331.16

Overview:

An area of saltmarsh and intertidal flats of international importance as a roosting site for wintering geese. Areas above mean high water include natural vegetation supporting high densities of breeding waders and terns along with agricultural land, frequently used by geese.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:



Other E G H

3.0 42.1 221.9 64.3

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3c


Barnacle Goose, Branta leucopsis (Eastern Greenland/Scotland/Ireland)



Sediment trapping


Aesthetic

381


Sport fishing

Tourism




Tourism + S


Bait collection + S




Transport route + S





n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ S No information. Scrub encroachment onto goose feeding areas will be monitored by Scottish Natural Heritage. A controlled grazing regime will be implemented if necessary.


+ S Bird hide provided to minimise disturbance from bird watchers.



382

A bird hide is provided for bird watchers on the site.

383

Cairngorm Lochs

Site code: 7UK014



General location: Nearest town/city: Aviemore

Area (ha): 172.98

Overview:

The Cairngorm Lochs Ramsar site consists of Lochs Etchachan, Uaine, Coire an Lochain, Avon and Einich which are amongst the highest standing waters in the UK. The first three lochs are corrie lochans at altitudes of 900-1000 m whilst the other two are much larger and occupy the upper reaches of major glacial troughs at lower altitudes. All five lochs are extremely oligotrophic. The three corrie lochans have shorelines predominately of ice polished boulders and have continuous ice cover from December to May in most years. Lochs Avon and Einich have more varied shorelines with boulders, glacial drift and storm beaches and much shorter periods of ice cover. All the lochs have an arctic -alpine nature and support specialised populations of plankton.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


O

173.0

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

The Cairngorm Lochs are the highest standing waters in Britain and are outstanding examples of arctic -alpine waters in a United Kingdom context.

Ramsar criterion 2a

384

The lochs are of considerable limnological value and support highly specialised populations of zooplankton and phytoplankton which develop below the winter ice cover, which is usually continuous from December to May.


Water supply


Aesthetic


Tourism

385




Tourism + + L

Recreation + L

Research + + L




n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



No factors reported + L No information No information


None.

386

Caithness Lochs

Site code: 7UK121



General location: Nearest town/city: Thurso

Area (ha): 241.32

Overview:

Caithness Lochs constitute the two most important roost sites for Greenland White-fronted Geese Anser albifrons flavirostris in northern Scotland. Broubster Leans is a complex area of mire and fen developed on a river floodplain, and Loch of Mey is a shallow ephemeral loch fringed by fen and marshy grassland. In winter, both areas are subject to prolonged inundation and provide sheltered undisturbed roosting sites for two separate flocks of Anser albifrons flavirostris.

Site protection:

SSSI cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other M O P Tp Ts U

23.6 3.6 7.7 23.4 21.5 1.0 160.5

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3c


Greenland White-fronted Goose, Anser albifrons flavirostris (Greenland/Ireland/UK)





387

Sediment trapping


Aesthetic


Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism

388




Tourism + S

Recreation + S








n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ L Scottish Natural Heritage is monitoring this activity and will use wider countryside measures where appropriate.



+ L Scottish Natural Heritage is monitoring this activity and will use wider countryside measures where appropriate.



+ + L Scottish Natural Heritage is liasing with local wildfowlers and shooting guides to stop unauthorised wildfowling.



None.

389

Cameron Reservoir

Site code: 7UK072



General location: Nearest town/city: St. Andrews

Area (ha): 68.76

Overview:

Cameron Reservoir is an artificial mesotrophic loch with beds of aquatic and marginal vegetation. The open water is used as a roost by an internationally important wintering population of pink-footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus that feed on the surrounding farmland.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands

Man-made wetlands


Other 6 O W

11.2 6.0 39.5 12.0

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3c





Water supply


390

Aesthetic



Sport fishing

Sport hunting

391




Recreation + S










n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ S Scottish Natural Heritage will continue to monitor the disturbance from fishing and shooting.



+ L None.

The impact of the proposed decommissioning of the reservoir will be assessed.


None.

392

Castle Loch, Lochmaben

Site code: 7UK099



General location: Nearest town/city: Lockerbie

Area (ha): 107.60

Overview:

A freshwater loch with a range of surrounding habitats including emergent vegetation, birch and alder carr, and areas of acidic, marshy grassland and plantation woodland. The site supports notable assemblages of breeding and wintering birds, nationally-scarce plants and uncommon invertebrates. The main conservation interest of the loch is that it regularly supports internationally important numbers of wintering pink-footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus.

Site protection:

SSSI

Wetland types:



Other O Tp

15.8 89.7 2.0

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3c







393

Aesthetic



Forestry production

Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism


394




Tourism + + S

Recreation + + S







Transport route + S





n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ S Current management regime appears to be successful in preventing disturbance to geese.



The Local Nature Reserve Committee (LNR) has produced a management plan, site leaflet and information boards, and has constructed a boardwalk and a hide for visitors. A youth environmental project has also produced an information board and site leaflet, and has improved access provision. Ongoing maintenance of these facilities has been the responsibility of the LNR Committee and the Council Ranger Service who are supported by Scottish Natural Heritage to deliver environmental education, enjoyment and understanding through the promotion of special events.

395

Claish Moss

Site code: 7UK016



General location: Nearest town/city: Fort William

Area (ha): 568.29

Overview:

Claish Moss consists of an extensive, linear series of patterned raised mires. Each mire has a pronounced surface pattern consisting of linear ridges following the contours of the mire surface. The vegetation is very similar to that of western Scottish blanket mire (Trichophoreto-Eriphoretum) but unusual floristic elements are well developed. Numerous hummocks of Rhacomitrium lanuginosum occur, especially on islands. Suitable conditions appear to be produced by the local lowering in the water table caused by down-slope coalescing of pool systems. The species diversity with in this site is high, with 14 species of Sphagnum and nine species of Odonata having been recorded.

Site protection:

SSSI cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other U

113.1 455.2

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

Claish Moss is one of the best areas of active blanket bog in the United Kingdom. This habitat is restricted in Europe to the UK, Ireland & limited areas of Norway. It is one of only three known examples of `eccentric` mire in Britain.

Ramsar criterion 2b

396

The site supports an outstanding assemblage of 14 Sphagnum species and an outstanding assemblage of 9 dragonfly species. Two nationally scarce wetland plants are also supported (brown beak-sedge Rhynchospora fusca & bog orchid Hammarbya paludosa).






397




Research + S

Commercia l forestry + L



n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



No factors reported + L No information No information


None.

398

Coll

Site code: 7UK086



General location: Nearest town/city: Oban

Area (ha): 2208.49

Overview:

The site supports substantial areas of maritime heath, blanket mire and open water. The occurrence and botanical composition reflect the long interaction between landforms and low-intensity agriculture. The site supports internationally important numbers of geese, together with several nationally rare and nationally scarce wetland plant species.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


D E O U

220.8 110.4 662.5 1214.7

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2b

The site qualifies by supporting a diverse community of wetland plants including several nationally scarce species.

Ramsar criterion 3c




399




Aesthetic



Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Tourism


400




Tourism + + S

Recreation + + S

Research + + S





Hay meadows + S





n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



Habitat burning + L Environmentally Sensitive Area payments to encourage traditional land use practices.

Scottish Natural Heritage will advise on any future muirburn activity. (Uncontrolled burning has occurred in recent years).


None.

401

Din Moss - Hoselaw Loch

Site code: 7UK040



General location: Nearest town/city: Galashiels

Area (ha): 50.59

Overview:

This is a mid-altitude loch that is a wintering roost for Icelandic/Greenland pink-footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus and Icelandic greylag geese Anser anser.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other O U

6.8 13.4 30.4

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3c









402

Aesthetic






Tourism + + S

Research + + L







n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



No factors reported + S No information No information


Informal and occasional use by Countryside Rangers and Scottish Wildlife Trust.

403

Dornoch Firth and Loch Fleet

Site code: 7UK111



General location: Nearest town/city: Inverness

Area (ha): 7836.33

Overview:

A large area covering the two northern most estuaries in the Moray Basin ecosystem. The Dornoch Fleet is one of the best examples in northwest Europe of a large complex estuary which has been relatively unaffected by industrial development, whilst Loch Fleet is an example of a shallow, bar-built estuary. Extensive sandflats and mudflats are backed by saltmarsh and sand dunes with transitions to dune heath and alder Alnus glutinosa woodland. The tidal flats support internationally important numbers of waterfowl in winter and are the most northerly and substantial extent of intertidal habitat for wintering waterfowl in Britain, as well as Europe. The sand dune, saltmarsh and estuary habitats are of international importance for their flora and geomorphology.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA

Wetland types:



D E F G H J M O Tp Ts X

47.0 399.6 70.5 6339.6 634.7 23.5 15.7 23.5 15.7 23.5 242.9

Ramsar criteria:





Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

The site supports a variety of wetland features. Mound Alderwoods at the head of Loch Fleet is the largest estuarine alder Alnus glutinosa wood in Britain. The Dornoch Firth is a particularly good example of an east coast firth. Morrich More is one of the most outstanding coastal sites in Britain. It

404

is especially noteworthy for the development of an extensive low-level sandy plain on which a set of parabolic dunes are superimposed.

Ramsar criterion 2a

The site regularly supports nationally-scarce aquatic plants and British Red Data Book invertebrates.

Ramsar criterion 3a


35202 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c




405








Aesthetic





Forestry production

Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism






Tourism + S

Recreation + S




406

Freshwater aquaculture + S


Bait collection + S




Hydro-electricity + S

Industry + L


Harbour/port + S


Transport route + S





n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



Erosion + L No information Controls on vehicle use on dune systems.

Over fishing + L A Nature Conservation Order controls shellfish collection (except mussels).


407

Pollution - oil + L The nearby Beatrice oil field and pipeline have oil spill contingency plans.


Military activities + L Regular liaison between MoD and Scottish Natural Heritage.



+ L Monitoring of pipeline construction activities is carried out as a condition of planning permission and a management group meets annually to review the impact to the site.



The site is well provided with fixed interpretation panels at all the main public access points around the site.

The Scottish Wildlife Trust warden and Highland Council ranger service also lead guided walks in the less sensitive parts of the site, mainly during the summer months.

408

East Sanday Coast

Site code: 7UK115



General location: Nearest town/city: Kirkwall

Area (ha): 1515.23

Overview:

A 55 km stretch of coast on the island of Sanday, Orkney. The coastline consists of rocky and sandy sections and is notable for its presence of sand dune and machair habitats, rare outside the Hebrides, as well as extensive intertidal flats and saltmarsh. The site is further characterised by a series of tombolas, bars, spits and shingle ridges. The coastline supports internationally important populations of wintering waders.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands



Other D E G H Tp

33.3 383.4 600.0 478.8 12.1 7.6

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3c


Purple Sandpiper, Calidris maritima (Eastern Atlantic (wintering))





409



Aesthetic



Subsistence fishing

Tourism


410




Tourism + + S






Hay meadows + S




n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



No factors reported + S No information No information


None.

411

Eilean na Muice Duibhe (Duich Moss), Islay

Site code: 7UK037




Area (ha): 576.42

Overview:

The site is the southwestern extremity of patterned mire in Britain. The site has a wide range of physical features in its hummocks, ridges and deep watershed pools and includes an unusual transition from blanket bog to raised mire habitats. Additionally, the site provides a roost for a population of Greenland White-fronted Geese Anser albifrons flavirostris.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


M Tp U

5.8 12.1 558.5

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2b

Represents the largest area of patterned mire at its south-west extremity in Britain. The range of patterns, including hummocks, ridges, hollows and deep watershed pools not only provides the required conditions for the Greenland White-fronted Goose, but also characterises the site as highly oceanic mire. The site is particularly unusual in representing a transitional mire type, combining both blanket mire and raised mire elements. As such, its nearest equivalent is the Silver Flowe Ramsar site, in Galloway. However, Eilean na Muice Duibhe is the only transitional mire known to support the extreme oceanic features of watershed pools; all other known examples of true blanket mire occur at higher latitudes.

412

Ramsar criterion 3c









Peat cutting

413









Transport route + S



n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



Drainage/

reclamation: (unspecified)

+ L Threat addressed through installation of oaken dams. Mire vegetation is recovering.



+ L No information A scrub clearance programme is planned to control Rhododendron spp. and Pinus spp. invasion.


Site used regularly by the Islay and Jura Environmental Education Project.

414

Fala Flow

Site code: 7UK041



General location: Nearest town/city: Edinburgh

Area (ha): 318.04

Overview:

Fala Flow (325 m) is in the Lammermuir Hills to the south-east of Edinburgh. It is a blanket mire, with some pools, developed at a lower altitude than most blanket mires in Midlothian. The vegetation comprises heather/cottongrass, with other characteristic species including cowberry and Sphagnum mosses. Such mires are scarce and declining in Midlothian and this example is relatively undisturbed. The mire and pools support an internationally important goose roost.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other O U

22.3 1.3 294.5

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3c







415

Aesthetic

Livestock grazing


Sport hunting




Recreation + S

Research + S








n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ L SSSI procedures


Habitat burning + L SSSI procedures



+ L SSSI procedures



416

None.

417

Feur Lochain (part of Rinns of Islay)

Site code: 7UK043

Latitude: 55 50 20 W



Area (ha): 376.18

Overview:

This site now forms part of the Rinns of Islay Ramsar site (7UK094).

The site is an ombrotrophic blanket mire with a strong Atlantic influence in an extreme southwesterly location. Its deep watershed pool surface patterning provides roosting habitat for an internationally important wintering population of Greenland White-fronted geese Anser albifrons flavirostris, and is one component of a home range used by geese also occurring on the Rinns of Islay and Glac na Criche Ramsar sites. Extensive areas of fen seepage contain important invertebrate communities.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


M U

9.0 367.1

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2b

Feur Lochain is a particularly notable in supporting the full range of oceanic mire patterns in such an extreme south-westerly location. The ombrotrophic elements of the mire are dominated by well-developed watershed pools typical of northern oceanic blanket mire. Feur Lochain is the most southerly known example of such a patterned blanket mire in the UK.

Ramsar criterion 3c

418

Greenland White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons flavirostris (Greenland/Ireland/UK)

See Rinns of Islay 7UK094 for count data












n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ S Addressed through medium term management agreements.



+ L Management agreements in place to dam up the remaining active ditches and remove pressures from grazing and burning.



None.

419

Glac na Criche (part of Rinns of Islay)

Site code: 7UK042




Area (ha): 265.33

Overview:

This site forms part of the Rinns of Islay Ramsar site (7UK094).

This site is the most southerly of only four hyper-oceanic blanket bogs in Britain where Black bog rush Schoenus nigricans comprises a significant part of the vegetation. The site is an internationally important roosting site for Greenland White-fronted geese Anser albifrons flavirostris and is one component of a home range used by geese also occurring at the Rinns of Islay, and Feur Lochain Ramsar sites.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands



Other D U W

96.0 5.0 119.1 45.1

Ramsar criteria:



3c – Regularly supports at least 1% of all the individuals in a waterfowl population.

Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

The site is an outstanding example of hyperoceanic blanket mire.

420

Ramsar criterion 2a

Only four sites are known from the British mainland where black bog rush Schoenus nigricans forms an integral part of a blanket mire community. This species is characteristic of relatively rich fen conditions across the majority of Britain, but in western Ireland is found on a few examples of hyper-oceanic blanket mire. The four British locations also fall into the category of hyper-oceanic, with one site on the north-west coast of Sutherland, two in the Outer Hebrides, and Glac na Criche on Islay. Glac na Criche is the most southerly of the British Locations.

Ramsar criterion 3c


Greenland White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons flavirostris (Greenland/Ireland/UK)

See Rinns of Islay 7UK094 for count data




Livestock grazing




Research + S




n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc

ale Conservation measures undertaken:

Conservation measures proposed but not yet implemented:

Habitat burning + L Addressed through management agreements.



None.

421

Gladhouse Reservoir

Site code: 7UK039




Area (ha): 186.41

Overview:

A reservoir, built for public water supply, with limited aquatic and emergent vegetation. The reservoir is the largest freshwater body in the Lothians and is surrounded by both coniferous and mixed woodland and grassland. The site is an internationally important winter roost for Pink-footed goose Anser brachyrhynchus.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands

Man-made wetlands


Other 6 U

22.7 153.6 10.1

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3c





Water supply


422

Aesthetic


Sport fishing

Sport hunting




Recreation + + S









n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ + S Agreement to control mink.



+ + S Scottish Natural Heritage is working with an advisory committee that has agreed to manage shooting/angling levels in order to avoid adverse impact on roosting birds. Council Ranger monitors recreational use of the site.


423

Reservoir/barrage/ dam impact: flow regime

+ L Scottish Natural Heritage is working with an advisory committee that has agreed to manage water levels in order to avoid adverse impact on roosting birds.



None.

424

Greenlaw Moor

Site code: 7UK098




Area (ha): 247.59

Overview:

This area consists of heather moorland to the east, and raised mire to the west. The heather is the largest remaining example of moorland at mid altitude in the Borders. There are two pools at Hule Moss which support an internationally important wintering population of pink-footed geese. The area of raised moss is well developed with a fairly typical flora, including some regionally uncommon bryophytes.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


O U

239.7 7.9

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3c







425

Aesthetic




Sport hunting

426




Tourism + S

Recreation + + S

Research + + S









Hunting: commercial + + S





n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ S None.

Disturbance from birdwatchers whilst not currently known to be a problem, could easily be reduced if necessary through improved screening up to the hide.


427

An informal moorland management demonstration. Local gamekeeping course is held on site. A bird hide is situated on the site.

428

Gruinart Flats, Islay

Site code: 7UK036




Area (ha): 3261.32

Overview:

Estuarine sand flats, saltmarsh and ombrogenous bog habitats are the main wetland habitat types, supporting roosting, breeding and feeding waterfowl populations.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands



Other 4 E G H O U

942.5 101.1 296.8 1183.9 55.4 68.5 613.1

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3c








429





Aesthetic




Livestock grazing


Religious

Sport fishing

Sport hunting




Recreation + + L

Research + L

Subsistence - non timber + S







Hay meadows + S


430





n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



Habitat burning + + S Scottish Natural Heritage provides guidance on muirburn to discourage damaging heath fires.



+ L Drainage of improved fields has caused some areas to dry out in spring and summer. The main drain has now been dammed to counteract this. A small number of rush Juncus spp. dominated fields have experienced shallow flooding from a diverted stream. Hydrological management work has resulted in increased wader population.



+ + S Disturbance to feeding geese is avoided through existing management agreements.


Unspecified development: agriculture

+ L Management agreements and the Environmentally Sensitive Area Scheme agreements encourage the maintenance of existing sympathetic practices.



The site is used as a resource by local schools, assisted with information and guidance from Scottish Natural Heritage and Royal Society for the Protection of Birds who run guided walks for all-comers all year for the general public.

431

Kintyre Goose Roosts

Site code: 7UK126



General location: Nearest town/city: Campbeltown

Area (ha): 310.84

Overview:

The Kintyre Goose Roosts Ramsar site comprises five hill lochs (Loch Garasdale, Loch an Fhraoich, Loch Lussa, Tangy Loch and Black Loch (north)) on the Kintyre peninsula. The site supports an internationally important population of Greenland White-fronted geese Anser albifrons flavirostris.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:


6 O

174.1 136.8

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3c


Greenland white-fronted goose Anser albifrons flavirostris (Greenland/Ireland/UK population)

2300 individuals representing 8% of the population




Aesthetic


432

Forestry production

Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

433




Recreation + + L


Fishing: (unspecified) + L


Freshwater aquaculture + L





Hydro-electricity + L





n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc





None.

434

Loch an Duin

Site code: 7UK044

Latitude: 57 38 30 W


General location: Nearest town/city: Stornoway

Area (ha): 2598.82

Overview:

This site is important in the British Isles for its complex system of freshwater, brackish and sea lochs, and tidal channels. It includes part of the north-east coastland of North Uist and some of the adjacent islands and skerries. The comprehensive range of salinities, from freshwater to brackish and saltwater, is reflected in the associated plant and animal communities, which include the northern forms of some seaweeds. The habitat types of the coastland and islands range from moorland to maritime grassland. The site is also important for its geomorphology, as it is one of the best fjardic loch systems in Great Britain.

Site protection:

SSSI

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands



D E G H J Tp U Other

390.0 130.0 130.0 51.0 312.0 312.0 520.0 754.0

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

The largest fjardic loch system in Britain, featuring a complex system of freshwater, brackish and sea lochs, and tidal channels.

435

Ramsar criterion 3b

Breeding birds include an internationally important breeding population of North Scottish greylag geese Anser anser (about 50 pairs 8% of biogeographic).




Aesthetic



Livestock grazing


Peat cutting

Sport fishing

Tourism




Tourism + + S

Recreation + + S

Unspecified. Non-timber + + S



Fishing: (unspecified) + + S



Marine aquaculture + + S


436




Hunting: commercial + + S



Harbour/port + S





n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ + S Ongoing monitoring









None.

437

Loch Druidibeg, Loch a` Machair and Loch Stilligarry

Site code: 7UK006



General location: Nearest town/city: Benbecula

Area (ha): 1665.06

Overview:

This site is of outstanding interest for its range of wetland habitats which show a transition from freshwater through to saltwater habitats. The site features moorland and blanket bog, machair, oligotrophic and eutrophic lochs, freshwater marsh, coastal dunes and rocky shore. The site is also important for its physiography and coastal geomorphology.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands



Other E O U

340.0 211.0 414.0 700.0

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

The site supports an outstanding example of a transition in wetland habitats from inland freshwater to coastal saltwater.

Ramsar criterion 3c


438

Greylag Goose, Anser anser (Northwestern Scotland)





Aesthetic




Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism





Tourism + + S

Recreation + + S


Subsistence - non timber + + S




Shifting arable + S


439


Hay meadows + + S






n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ L The decline in extent of active arable land under cultivation has been reduced by Environmentally Sensitive Area agreements with owner/occupiers to cultivate a minimum of 15% of machair. This has follow on benefits for the rotation cultivation, grazing and fodder production.


Erosion + L Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus densities causing erosion through overgrazing and loss of vegetation cover. Close liaison between Scottish Natural Heritage, crofters, estate and local authority to minimise problems. Sympathetic management encouraged through Environmentally Sensitive Area payments.

Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus/ hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus exclusion zone planned.


+ + L Research is at an advanced stage to identify the impacts of hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus predation on ground-nesting waders and to investigate measures to address this issue.

Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus exclusion zone planned.

440


+ L Ongoing Rhododendron clearance programme.


441


+ L Close liaison between Scottish Natural Heritage, crofters, estate and local authority to minimise problems. Sympathetic management encouraged through Environmentally Sensitive Area payments.


Pollution - fertilisers + L Close liaison between Scottish Natural Heritage, crofters, estate and local authority to minimise problems. Sympathetic management encouraged through Environmentally Sensitive Area payments.



There are interpretative panels, a reserve leaflet, and a limited number of guided walks for visitors and organised parties.

442

Loch Eye

Site code: 7UK030




Area (ha): 205.14

Overview:

Loch Eye is a relatively large, shallow, nutrient-rich inland water body located between the Cromarty and Dornoch Firths. In winter the loch acts as an important roosting site for internationally important numbers of waterfowl. The loch and surrounding area also supports a diverse range of higher plant communities.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other O Ts U

30.4 139.9 17.4 17.4

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3c








443


Aesthetic





Livestock grazing

Sport fishing

Tourism

444




Tourism + S

Recreation + S

Research + S





Irrigation + S



n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



Eutrophication + L Research has demonstrated that agricultural runoff and wildfowl faeces have led to increased phosphate, which is associated with algal blooms. The frequency of blooms appears to be declining but the situation is still being monitored.



None.

445

Loch Ken and River Dee Marshes

Site code: 7UK055



General location: Nearest town/city: Kirkcudbright

Area (ha): 769.11

Overview:

The Loch Ken and River Dee Marshes is a long linear loch and river system which is the southernmost of its type in Scotland. It contains areas of swamp, fen, grassland and carr woodland and is one of the best examples of a semi-natural freshwater system in north-west Europe. The site supports internationally important roosting numbers of Greenland White-fronted geese Anser albifrons flavirostris and Icelandic greylag geese Anser anser. There are nine nationally important aquatic plants and three nationally important aquatic invertebrates found within the wetland complex. The site is a diverse and complex water system with opportunities for environmental education and research.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other 4 M Tp U W X

57.7 72.3 320.7 156.1 112.3 33.8 16.1

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2a

Supports an assemblage of at least five nationally scarce species of aquatic plant and an assemblage of at least three British Red Data Book aquatic invertebrates

Ramsar criterion 3c


446







447


Aesthetic




Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Subsistence hunting

Tourism






Tourism + + S

Recreation + + L

Research + S






Fishing: subsistence + + S



448





Hydro-electricity + + L





n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ L Site vulnerable to acidification from catchment runoff, which could be exacerbated by further afforestation.



+ S Scottish Environment Protection Agency carry out routine monitoring.


449


+ L Scottish Environment Protection Agency through carrying out routine monitoring of the Loch Ken and River Dee system have identified four sources of pollution input, forestry, diffuse agriculture inputs, fish farms and sewage discharge. To address these pollution inputs a number of initiatives are in place: adoption of the Forest and Water Guidelines by FE in forest design plans located around the catchment, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Farming and Wildlife Advisory Group and Scottish Natural Heritage promoting environmentally friendly farming in the Environmentally Sensitive Area and monitoring by Scottish Environment Protection Agency of phosphate loadings and other nutrient inputs from sewage discharges, agriculture and fish farms. The monitoring is intended to determine the significance of inputs and the trophic status of Loch Ken.



+ S The Loch Ken Management Committee is addressing this issue. Water skiing is subject to restrictions of times and zones to prevent disturbance to birds. Wildfowling is monitored to ensure compliance with legal and other restrictions. All other recreational activities are monitored by the ranger service.


450


+ L In 1996 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds entered into an agreement with Scottish Power to maintain favourable water levels in the Loch Ken and River Dee Marshes SPA/Ramsar site and Royal Society for the Protection of Birds reserve. This agreement is reviewed annually.



+ S Scottish Environment Protection Agency carry out routine monitoring.



+ S The Loch Ken and River Dee Marshes Advisory Group meet biannually to address issues relating to the area. A management plan is in place.



The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and the Dumfries and Galloway Ranger Service carry out a series of educational activities, including guided walks, talks, and environmental projects within the area. The local community are also involved with a number of local environmental initiatives in the area. There are a number of hides for birdwatching and a reserve leaflet provides information on the site. Local school groups are encouraged to use the reserve for environmental education.

451

Loch Leven

Site code: 7UK007



General location: Nearest town/city: Kinross

Area (ha): 1611.93

Overview:

Loch Leven is the largest naturally eutrophic loch in the British Isles. It is relatively shallow and is surrounded by farmland, with a diverse aquatic flora and shoreline vegetation. The site supports internationally important wintering populations of waterfowl and the largest breeding waterfowl population in Britain.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other O Tp

258.0 1225.0 129.0

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3a


32116 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c




452











453


Aesthetic




Forestry production

Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism




Recreation + L

Research + S








n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



454


+ S Scottish Natural Heritage are using contractors to cut back the scrub which is encroaching on wetland habitats.


Erosion + S A gabion reef is being used to prevent further erosion.


Eutrophication + L Addressed through the Loch Leven Catchment Management Project which is aiming to reduce nutrient input from the catchment. Research is being undertaken into the loch hydrology. The water quality is being monitored.



+ L There is a threat from invasive aquatic plants such as Polytrichium spp which could disrupt the ecology of the loch. Scottish Natural Heritage are monitoring the spread of such species and will take action where necessary.


455


+ L Addressed through the Loch Leven Catchment Management Project which is aiming to reduce nutrient input from the catchment. Research is being undertaken into the loch hydrology. The water quality is being monitored.


Pollution - fertilisers + L Addressed through the Loch Leven Catchment Management Project which is aiming to reduce nutrient input from the catchment. Research is being undertaken into the loch hydrology. The water quality is being monitored.



+ + S The loch is heavily used for recreation, mainly for fishing, birdwatching and wildfowling. Disturbance to the interest is controlled by limiting the number of fishing boats and by encouraging birdwatchers to use hides provided at certain locations along the shore. Wildfowling and fishing at the loch are controlled by the estate under an agreed regime, and numbers of birds shot are monitored by Scottish Natural Heritage.



The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds have a Reserve and visitors centre at Vane Farm, providing interpretation and birdwatching facilities. Scottish Natural Heritage have an office at Kinross Pier and employ a warden to both monitor and provide information about the site.

456

Loch Lomond

Site code: 7UK008



General location: Nearest town/city: Glasgow

Area (ha): 236.89

Overview:

The site consists of the marshy hinterland around the lower reaches of the River Endrick where it flows into Loch Lomond and there are five islands in the loch. The marshy loch shore portion of the site comprises low-lying regularly flooded wetlands, woodland fringes and rough pasture. The site supports several species of nationally scarce plants, and the slow-moving river and lagoons are especially rich in aquatic invertebrates.

The area is noted for its wintering waterfowl and supports an internationally important population of Greenland White-fronted geese Anser albifrons flavirostris.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other M Tp Ts

71.5 3.1 5.0 157.3

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2b

The site supports several scarce and one British Red Data Book wetland plants and also three rare species of invertebrates.

457

Ramsar criterion 3c







Aesthetic



Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism





Tourism + + L

Recreation + + L

Research + + S







458


Hay meadows + S


Industrial water supply + + S


Domestic water supply + + S




n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ S Scottish Natural Heritage is commissioning research into impact of the shore erosion caused by fluctuating water levels.



+ + S The site receives high numbers of visitors but disturbance to the interest is reduced by the control of visitor numbers through the operation of a permit system. Inchcailloch is owned by Scottish Natural Heritage and is the only part of the site where access for visitors is actively promoted. The loch is very popular for water sports and fishing and the impact of this disturbance to wintering waterfowl is being monitored by Scottish Natural Heritage.

Being considered as priority for National Park status, Loch Lomond and The Trossachs.


Loch Lomond Park Authority Rangers provide occasional guided walks. There is a general information leaflet for Inchcailloch.

459

Scottish Natural Heritage staff give occasional talks to public groups on general conservation projects around Loch Lomond. The summer warden on Inchcailloch acts as an information source for visitors.

460

Loch Maree

Site code: 7UK080



General location: Nearest town/city: Ullapool

Area (ha): 3173.66

Overview:

Loch Maree is a large (2875 ha) oligotrophic loch in north west Scotland, with a mean depth of 38 m and a volume of 1091 million cubic metres. Loch Maree supports five nationally scarce wetland and aquatic plant species (brown neak sedge Rhynchospora fusca, bog hair grass Deschampsia setacea, marsh club moss Lycopodiella inundata , waterwort Elatine hexandra & spring quillwort Isoetes echinspora). The site also supports a nationally outstanding assemblage of dragonflies (12 species); including the British Red Data Book species northern emerald Somatochlora arctica, and two nationally scarce species (azure hawker Aeshna caerulea & whitefaced dragonfly Leucorrhinia dubia); and a population of char (Salvelinus alpinus), which may belong to a genetically distinct 'race'. Loch Maree is the single most important breeding site for the black-throated diver Gavia arctica in Britain.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other O U

298.3 2659.5 215.8

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

Loch Maree is a particularly good example of a large oligotrophic freshwater loch characteristic of upland N.W. Europe.

461

Ramsar criterion 2a

Loch Maree supports outstanding assemblages of wetland plants and animals including five nationally scarce aquatic plants, a nationally rare dragonfly and is the single most important breeding population of black-throated diver Gavia arctica in Britain.



462


Aesthetic





Sport fishing

Tourism






Tourism + + S

Recreation + + S

Research + + S





n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ S Disturbance primarily arises from water sports. This is being addressed through the management of visitor activity.



463

Education: Limited use made of the islands by local primary school and specialist groups. Potential to be developed with local schools.

464

Loch of Kinnordy

Site code: 7UK074



General location: Nearest town/city: Dundee

Area (ha): 85.09

Overview:

A eutrophic loch with associated wetland communities, notably basin mire, swamp and fen. Submerged aquatic plant communities are absent and the grassland and woodland fringe is incomplete. The loch was formerly much larger in extent, but a series of drainage attempts were made, initially to facilitate marl removal. However it has been increasing in extent in recent years due to the silting of the loch's current outflow stream.

Many fen communities have been identified including those dominated by common reed Phragmites australis and yellow iris Irises pseudaccoruc in place. A stand of bogbean Menyanthes trifoliata is found in the main lochan. Scarce plant species present include cowbane Cicuta virosa, water sedge Carex aquatilis, lesser tussock-sedge Carex diandra and swamp meadow-grass Poa palustris. Carr woodlands include willow, alder and birch communities, which are thought to be natural. The remainder of the woodland is planted.

A range of grassland types are also present, including species rich damp Molinia-dominated area. Northern brown argus and pearl-bordered fritillary butterflies have been recorded at this site. Mammalian interests include otters Lutra lutra and red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris. The loch is also a roost for internationally important numbers of geese.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other O Tp U X

8.8 25.8 4.8 29.8 15.8

Ramsar criteria:




465

Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

The site supports particularly good examples rich swamp, fen, grassland and carr communities, which are increasingly rare nationally.

Ramsar criterion 2a

Supports a number of rare species of wetland plants and an assemblage of rare breeding migratory waterfowl.

Ramsar criterion 3c












Sport fishing

Sport hunting




Recreation + S

Research + S


466





n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



Eutrophication + L Scottish Natural Heritage will monitor water quality data to determine if the interests are threatened.



+ L Fishing is regulated through the restriction of fishing to certain areas.


Flooding + L Water levels controlled by a sluice and clearance of debris from the main outflow.



The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds occasionally take supervised school groups to the loch, and provide three bird watching hides.

467

Loch of Lintrathen

Site code: 7UK015



General location: Nearest town/city: Dundee

Area (ha): 216.81

Overview:

Loch of Lintrathen is a mid-altitude oligotrophic-mesotrophic loch occupying a glacial basin and now used as a water supply reservoir, located in the Angus District of South East Scotland. In winter, the site is a roost for internationally important numbers of greylag geese Anser anser.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands

Man-made wetlands


Other 6 Tp W

21.7 172.8 17.3 5.0

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3c





Water supply


468

Aesthetic




Sport fishing

469




Recreation + S

Research + S





Transport route + S




n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ + L Fishing and access (e.g. for birdwatching) are controlled by bylaws covering the site and monitored by North of Scotland Water Authority, Scottish Natural Heritage and the Scottish Wildlife Trust.

Scottish Natural Heritage will investigate and monitor unregulated sport shooting which occurs on adjacent land.


Scottish Wildlife Trust members are allowed access to a hide for bird watching

470

Loch of Skene

Site code: 7UK029



General location: Nearest town/city: Aberdeen

Area (ha): 120.89

Overview:

Loch of Skene is a eutrophic lowland loch which supports an internationally important population of roosting Icelandic greylag geese Anser anser, and nationally important populations of other wintering and breeding waterfowl.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other O Tp X

5.0 105.9 7.0 3.0

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3c







Aesthetic

471



Sport fishing

Sport hunting




Recreation + L

Research + S






Horticulture + S



n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



Eutrophication + + S Best management practices for control of surface water in residential development.



+ S Scottish Natural Heritage is advising on sewage management in residential developments.


472

Pollution - fertilisers + L No information Wider countryside scheme (e.g. Countryside Premium) being considered within the catchment.


+ + S No information No information


+ S No information Wider countryside scheme (e.g. Countryside Premium) being considered.


None.

473

Loch of Strathbeg

Site code: 7UK093



General location: Nearest town/city: Fraserburgh

Area (ha): 615.94

Overview:

This is a shallow eutrophic loch with adjoining reedbeds, freshwater marshes, and alder and willow carr. The calcareous dunes and dune slacks within this site are relatively undisturbed and contain a rich flora. The diversity of plant communities supports a correspondingly diverse invertebrate fauna. This site provides wintering habitat for a number of important wetland bird species, particularly wildfowl, and is also an important staging area for migratory wildfowl from Scandinavia and Iceland/Greenland.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands



Other E O U

98.5 147.8 215.6 154.0

Ramsar criteria:




Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

The loch constitutes the largest dune slack pool in Britain and the largest water body in the north-east Scottish lowlands.

474

Ramsar criterion 3a


40900 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c











Aesthetic



Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism




Tourism + + S

Recreation + + S

Research + S



475





n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ L Goose management scheme implemented to reduce goose damage to fields. This proved to be successful, and cost effective, in reducing the conflict between farming and conservation interests.


Eutrophication + L Scottish Natural Heritage is encouraging farmers in the catchment to reduce inputs, by improving the efficiency of fertiliser use and carry out sound management of watercourses and wetlands (e.g. Ugie Wetlands project).



There is a Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Visitor centre at Starnafin and a network of hides around loch.

476

Loch Ruthven

Site code: 7UK101




Area (ha): 209.55

Overview:

Loch Ruthven is a mesotrophic loch with rocky margins, and stands of bottle sedge around much of the perimeter. A marshy zone is found at the west end of the loch where there is a transition from open water, through swamp and fen, to sedge-rich acidic grassland. This site is largely surrounded by birchwood and the catchment supports a range of other habitats such as upland heath and grassland, upland mire, swamp/fen/carr, wet lowland, grassland, rivers and streams.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other M O

68.1 5.2 136.2

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2b

On this site there are two nationally scarce species of orchid growing in boggy areas surrounding Loch Ruthven, the coralroot orchid Corallorhiza trifida, and the bog orchid Hammarbya paludosa.

Ramsar criterion 3b

The site forms a core part of the breeding range, and one of the most productive breeding populations in Britain of slavonian grebe Podiceps auritus.

477




Aesthetic




Sport fishing

Tourism

478




Tourism + + S

Recreation + + S

Research + S







n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



No factors reported + + L No information No information


The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds provides interpretative facilities on its reserve and organises educational visits for local schools and visiting groups

479

Loch Spynie

Site code: 7UK056



General location: Nearest town/city: Elgin

Area (ha): 93.62

Overview:

Loch Spynie is one of the few large and naturally eutrophic waterbodies in northern Scotland. It supports a diverse aquatic flora with extensive reedbeds fringing and adjacent to the open water body and various stages of hydroseral succession including mesotrophic fen, willow scrub and swamp alder woodland. The reedbeds and fen support a number of regionally scarce species of southern distribution. The abundance of yellow flag Iris pseudacorus in the fen and in the adjacent fen-meadow is an unusual feature in the Moray Firth and Grampian area. It is also one of the few Scottish localities for alder swamp woodland. The loch itself contains a nationally uncommon aquatic community and a nationally scarce pondweed species. Loch Spynie regularly supports internationally important numbers of roosting Icelandic greylag geese Anser anser.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other 9 O Tp U X

5.1 6.2 25.1 30.1 6.2 21.1

Ramsar criteria:




480

Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

Loch Spynie is one of very few large and naturally eutrophic waterbodies in northern Scotland. It contains extensive areas of water-fringing vegetation and all stages of succession, through swamp and fen to willow and alder woodland.

Ramsar criterion 2a

Loch Spynie supports three nationally scarce wetland vascular plants and several wetland species which are rare in northern Scotland.

Ramsar criterion 3c






481


Aesthetic




Sport fishing




Recreation + S

Research + S




Irrigation + S

Transport route + S



n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ S Scrub clearance and pond digging.


Eutrophication + S Best management practices for control of surface water in residential development.

Wider Countryside Schemes (e.g. Countryside Premium Scheme) being considered

482


+ S Best management practices for control of surface water in residential development.



+ L The risk of lead poisoning from lead shot has been reduced by the installation of a new embankment and sluice to control the water level in the loch. There is also “best management practices” for control of surface water in residential developments.



+ + S Best management practices for control of surface water in residential developments.



A limited amount of interpretation is provided in the bird hide.

483

Montrose Basin

Site code: 7UK082



General location: Nearest town/city: Montrose

Area (ha): 984.61

Overview:

Enclosed estuary of the South Esk containing areas of mudflat, marsh and agricultural land and Dun's Dish, a small eutrophic loch. It is a good natural example of an estuary, relatively unimpacted by development, a high species diversity in the intertidal zone and supporting a large population of wintering waterfowl. The site is also important internationally for wintering populations of pink-footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus, greylag geese Anser anser and redshank Tringa totanus.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands



Other B E F G H M O Q Sp Tp

130.9 52.2 4.9 101.4 394.8 52.2 70.9 70.9 22.6 12.8 70.9

Ramsar criteria:





Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1b

A particularly good example of an estuary, being relatively unaffected by land reclamation, industrial development or pollution.

484

Ramsar criterion 1d

Montrose Basin has a remarkably high species diversity in the intertidal zone when compared with other sites. The site hydrology is unusual, although the main mudflat is exposed for a long period during each tidal cycle, it remains wet, and therefore supports this high diversity. The complete exchange of water in the Basin with each tide gives the site a high overall water quality.

Ramsar criterion 3a


54930 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c




485








Aesthetic





Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Subsistence fishing

Tourism




Tourism + + S

Recreation + L

Research + S





486

Bait collection + S

Arable (unspecified) + + L





Industry + S


Harbour/port + S

Flood control + S





n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



Eutrophication + L Scottish Natural Heritage liases with other authorities, e.g. The Scottish Environmental Protection Agency, over effluent discharges. Mudflat invertebrate populations are being monitored in order to detect any impacts.


487


+ L Controlled through by-laws and permits. Wildfowling is also controlled by zonation and consents by Scottish Natural Heritage.



The Scottish Wildlife Trust have a Visitor's Centre at the site, and also provide several bird watching hides.

488

Moray and Nairn Coast

Site code: 7UK106



General location: Nearest town/city: Elgin

Area (ha): 2410.25

Overview:

The Moray and Nairn Coast site is comprised of two areas: the intertidal flats, saltmarsh and sand dunes of Findhorn Bay and Culbin Bar, and the alluvial deposits and associated woodland of the Lower River Spey and Spey Bay. It is of outstanding nature conservation and scientific importance for coastal and riverine habitats, migrating geese and overwintering waders.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:



Other E F G H Q

144.6 192.8 72.3 1566.7 409.7 24.1

Ramsar criteria:





Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1b

The site supports a variety of important wetland features, including particularly good examples of intertidal flats, saltmarsh and floodplain alder Alnus glutinosa woodland.

489

Ramsar criterion 2a

At least four nationally scarce aquatic plants are present, sea century Centarium littorale, and the eelgrasses Zostera noltii, Z. angustifolia and Z. marina. The British Red Data Book invertebrates, a small water beetle Octhebius lenensis and a snail-killing fly Tetanocera freyi are also found. The mammal fauna includes the common seal Phoca vitulina, and otter Lutra lutra and the fish fauna includes salmon Salmo salar and sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus.

Ramsar criterion 3a


24000 waterfowl

490

Ramsar criterion 3c











Aesthetic



Forestry production

Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Tourism




Tourism + + S

Recreation + + L

Research + + S




491

Bait collection + S




Harbour/port + L

Transport route + L




492



n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ + S No information Will be addressed on part of the site through the Local Nature Reserve management plan.

Over fishing + L Commercial cockle Cerastoderma edule harvesting is prohibited by a Nature Conservation Order.



+ S Findorn Bay is well used for recreation activities including sailing and water sports.

Will be addressed through Local Nature Reserve designation, and implementation of Local Nature Reserve management plan.


There is an ice house at Spey Bay used as a museum run by the Moray Authority centering on the salmon fishing industry. At Findhorn Bay there is a small museum run by the local community post funded by Scottish Natural Heritage which provides information on the history and conservation interest of the village and Bay. Both are only open during the summer.

493

Rannoch Moor

Site code: 7UK013



General location: Nearest town/city: Perth

Area (ha): 1519.43

Overview:

Rannoch Moor is a relatively level, previously glaciated area surrounded by uplands, and represents the most extensive complex of western blanket and soligenous/valley mire in Britain. It is of particular importance for its range of northern mire types. The site also contains part of the open water and shore of Loch Laidon, which runs along the site's north-east boundary. Rannoch Moor is the only remaining British locality for a nationally rare vascular plant species, and contains several other nationally and locally rare plants.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other Other O Tp U

9.1 24.3 159.5 129.2 1197.3

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

This site is an excellent example of a complex system of oligotrophic mires, and for its range of northern mire types. It is a particularly good example of a western-type blanket bog and soligenous mire.

494

Ramsar criterion 2a

This is the only British locality for a wetland vascular plant, the Rannoch rush Scheuchzeria palustris. It also supports the nationally scarce dwarf birch Betula nana, as well as several nationally rare beetles, flies and moths.




Aesthetic



Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism




Recreation + S

Research + + S





Transport route + S

495



n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



Erosion + + L No information Scottish Natural Heritage will undertake monitoring of peat erosion.


Public information boards are presently being improved and will replace old signs.

496

Rinns of Islay

Site code: 7UK094




Area (ha): 3586.99

Overview:

The site is composed of a mosaic of natural and semi-natural habitats including bog, moorland, dune grassland, maritime grassland, marsh, and farmland. Much of the natural vegetation is utilised as rough grazing for sheep and cattle and is managed extensively. These habitats are used by an extremely rich assemblage of scarce bird species.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands



Other D E M O U

864.0 182.0 952.0 91.0 952.0 546.0

Ramsar criteria:





Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

The site contains peatlands and wetlands of outstanding scientific interest including blanket mires of extreme oceanic character. Cultoon Bog has a high potential for reconstructing Late Quaternary environmental conditions.

497

Ramsar criterion 2a

The site supports a diverse assemblage of breeding waders on wet grassland and peatland.

Ramsar criterion 2b

The site supports a peatland flora of exceptional interest which includes several nationally-scarce wetland species.

Ramsar criterion 3c






On passage the site regularly supports:






Aesthetic



Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting




Recreation + S

498

Unspecified. Non-timber + + S






Hay meadows + S






n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ L Addressed through SSSI management agreements and the Environmentally Sensitive Area scheme.



+ + L Addressed through SSSI management agreements and the Environmentally Sensitive Area scheme.


Habitat burning + + L Addressed through SSSI management agreements and the Environmentally Sensitive Area scheme.


499

Drainage/reclamation: (unspecified)

+ + L Addressed through SSSI management agreements and the Environmentally Sensitive Area scheme.


Eutrophication + S Addressed through SSSI management agreements and the Environmentally Sensitive Area scheme.


500


+ + S Addressed through SSSI management agreements and the Environmentally Sensitive Area scheme.


Pollution - fertilisers + S Addressed through SSSI management agreements and the Environmentally Sensitive Area scheme.



+ S Addressed through SSSI management agreements and the Environmentally Sensitive Area scheme.









The field centre has a developing programme of conservation education. Scottish Natural Heritage is also funding a programme of conservation education in local schools.

501

River Spey-Insh Marshes

Site code: 7UK107



General location: Nearest town/city: Aviemore

Area (ha): 1158.87

Overview:

The Insh Marshes lie either side of the River Spey upstream of Loch Insh. Partly due to seasonal flooding there is a very large area of swamp, fen and carr which together form the largest single unit of poor fen floodplain mire in Britain. The site includes Loch Insh and the River Spey between Newtonmore and Kingussie which support large numbers of wintering wildfowl, as well as a significant assemblage of rare breeding waterfowl. The Feshie -Spey confluence has extensive river shingles which support a large number of rare invertebrates.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands

Man-made wetlands


Other 4 9 L M O Tp Ts U W X

24.3 297.8 9.3 24.3 89.2 97.3 118.2 118.2 317.5 33.6 29.0

Ramsar criteria:






Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

502

Holds outstanding examples within a UK context of a large, high altitude slow flowing river, a mesotrophic loch (a type that is uncommon in Britain and is also notable for its exceptionally high turnover rate), a floodplain mire and a gravel fan.

Ramsar criterion 2a

Supports a large assemblage of nationally-rare and nationally-scarce aquatic plants and invertebrates (including species with a boreal pine distribution), and is one of the best freshwater sites in Britain for otter Lutra lutra.

Ramsar criterion 2b

A nationally important genetic resource for floodplain mires.

Ramsar criterion 3b

Supports an assemblage of breeding birds indicative of high wetland value and diversity.

503

Ramsar criterion 3c







Aesthetic




Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism




Tourism + + S

Recreation + + L

Research + + S






504



n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ S Summer grazing on the site helps to contain scrub development.



The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds provides guided walks for visitors, and their birdwatching hides provide interpretative display. The site is visited by university and school groups.

505

Ronas Hill - North Roe and Tingon

Site code: 7UK114



General location: Nearest town/city: Lerwick

Area (ha): 5470.20

Overview:

Ronas Hill - North Roe and Tingon Ramsar site comprises two adjacent headlands separated by Ronas Voe in the North Mainland of Shetland. Most of the site is composed of active blanket bog with numerous lochans and pools that support a typical peatland avifauna.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands



Other D M O Tp U

3282.1 125.8 5.5 136.8 164.1 1755.9

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

Supporting outstanding examples of blanket bog with extensive pool systems. The lower ground at North Roe and most of Tingon is covered by deep peat with some of the best preserved active blanket bog in Shetland. The peat layer has remained intact at Tingon with none of the erosion seen in other typical sites on Shetland. Further patches of wet heath and mire are found on the higher ground. The site also contains many oligotrophic lochs and dystrophic lochans and has an unusual formation of peat moulds.

506

Ramsar criterion 2a

Supports a number of rare species of animal and plant. The mammal fauna includes common seal Phoca vitulina and otter Lutra lutra and the invertebrate fauna includes the arctic water flea Eurycercus glacialis found at only one other site in Britain.


Water supply


Aesthetic




Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Tourism





Tourism + S

Recreation + L

Research + L



Hydro-electricity + S



507





n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ L Management agreement in place with Scottish Natural Heritage to control sheep numbers.



+ S No information Scottish Natural Heritage to investigate effects of angling.


None.

508

Silver Flowe

Site code: 7UK017



General location: Nearest town/city: Dumfries

Area (ha): 619.54

Overview:

This series of patterned blanket mires constitutes the least disturbed and most varied extent of acid peatland in southern Scotland and is one of the most important systems of blanket mire in Great Britain. These mires, which have developed on the floor of a broad glacial valley in the Galloway Hills, exhibit a complete gradation from discrete mires along the valley bottom which, in their external features, have obvious affinities with raised mire topography to others at the head of the valley which are indisputably blanket mire.

Site protection:

SSSI cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


M O U

5.0 9.9 604.7

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

Contains one of the most outstanding examples of patterned mire and blanket bog in Great Britain.




Aesthetic

509






Tourism + S

Recreation + L

Research + S









n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



Habitat burning + L Shortly after a fire in 1994, Scottish Natural Heritage peatland specialists visited the site to ascertain the extent of damage and establish a likely timescale for recovery. The site is being monitored as part of the UK Site Condition Monitoring trial currently underway.


510


+ L Scottish Environment Protection Agency have an ongoing monitoring programme in place in the Loch Dee area (which encompasses Silver Flowe). They have noted a decrease in sulphur emissions in the last two years in this area.



Very occasional guided walks by Forest Enterprise or Scottish Natural Heritage staff.

511

South Tayside Goose Roosts

Site code: 7UK062



General location: Nearest town/city: Stirling

Area (ha): 331.01

Overview:

The South Tayside Goose Roosts Ramsar site comprises seven lochs, a number of smaller water bodies and other wetland habitats. The site is internationally important as a roost for Greylag Geese Anser anser and Pink-footed Geese Anser brachyrhyncus.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other O U W

157.9 128.1 19.9 25.2

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3c









512


Forestry production


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

513




Recreation + S

Research + S









n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ + S Public access has lead to some bird disturbance, mainly from dog walking. The local council have erected signage to help alleviate this problem. Scottish Natural Heritage will monitor the situation.


Reservoir/barrage/ dam impact: flooding

+ L At Drummond Lochs Scottish Natural Heritage have contributed to the cost of dam maintenance work, thereby ensuring suitable water levels (subject of management agreement).



514

Perth and Kinross Council have erected signage to inform visitors about responsible access to the site.

515

South Uist Machair and Lochs

Site code: 7UK118



General location: Nearest town/city: Benbecula

Area (ha): 3352.28

Overview:

South Uist Machair and Lochs Ramsar site is a complex site along the west coast of South Uist. This area is of outstanding importance for its transition of habitats from acidic moorland to the calcareous coastal plain, and for the transition from freshwater habitats to saltwater habitats. This complex includes outstanding examples of, moving seawards, relict woodland, moorland and blanket bog, large oligotrophic lochs, acidic blacklands, wet and dry machair with eutrophic machair lochs, freshwater marsh, saltmarsh, coastal dunes and sandy rocky shores. These areas are of outstanding importance for their populations of wintering and breeding waterfowl.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands



Other E F Q Tp U

831.4 1166.6 6.7 499.5 398.9 449.2

Ramsar criteria:

1a - Representative or unique wetlands



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

This site supports outstanding examples of a range of wetland habitats. Loch Druidibeg is a large oligotrophic loch whose fauna and flora are distributed according to the variety salinity and alkalinity of the waters. Loch Bee is the largest brackish water loch in the Western Isles.

516

Ramsar criterion 2a

The site supports an assemblage of rare wetland plants and animals. The flora includes at least three Nationally Scarce vascular plants, slender naiad Najas flexilis, cowbane Circuta virosa, slender-leaved pondweed Potamogeton filiformis and Baltic rush Juncus balticus. The fauna includes otter Lutra lutra and salmon Salmo salar.

Ramsar criterion 3c


Dunlin, Calidris alpina schinzii (Baltic/UK/Ireland)


Greylag Goose, Anser anser (Northwestern Scotland)







Aesthetic





Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism


517




Tourism + + L

Recreation + + S


Subsistence - non timber + + S



Shifting arable + S



Hay meadows + + S





n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



Erosion + L Problems are monitored and controlled through SSSI/NNR mechanisms and through close liaison with local authority, crofters and land owners.


518


+ + L Research is at an advanced stage to identify the impacts of hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus predation on ground-nesting waders and to investigate measures to address this issue. Some Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus grassing/exclusion has taken place.



+ S Ongoing Rhododendron and Canadian pond weed Elodea canadensis clearance programme.


519


+ S Problems are monitored and controlled through SSSI/NNR mechanisms and through close liaison with local authority, crofters and land owners.


Pollution - fertilisers + L Problems are monitored and controlled through SSSI/NNR/Environmentally Sensitive Area mechanisms and through close liaison with local authority, crofters and land owners.



+ S Problems are monitored and controlled through SSSI/NNR mechanisms and through close liaison with local authority, crofters and land owners.


Military activities + L Scottish Natural Heritage liases with MoD Range Command to minimise any potential conflict on the site.



+ L Sympathetic management of the machair is encouraged through Environmentally Sensitive Area payments.



There are interpretative panels, a reserve leaflet, and a limited number of guided walks for visitors and organised parties on the Loch Druidibeg NNR section of the site.

520

Westwater

Site code: 7UK095




Area (ha): 49.77

Overview:

Westwater reservoir is located 320m above sea level in the Pentland Hills. It is an artificial reservoir forming part of the Lothian Region water supply. Westwater regularly provides a winter roost for large numbers of wildfowl. In winter it also supports in winter large numbers pink-footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus.

Site protection:

SSSI SPA

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other 6 O U

1.0 1.0 35.8 11.9

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3a


24685 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c




521


Water supply


Aesthetic


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

522




Recreation + S







n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ S Agreement to maintain current levels of wildfowling.



+ L Access is maintained at a low level



East of Scotland Water and Scottish Ornithological Club arrange one or two geese watch events a year at the site, during October and November.

523

Ythan Estuary and Meikle Loch

Site code: 7UK112



General location: Nearest town/city: Aberdeen

Area (ha): 314.16

Overview:

This site comprises the long, narrow estuary of the River Ythan and the eutrophic Meikle Loch. Extensive mud flats in the upper reaches of the estuary are replaced by coarser gravels with mussel beds closer to the sea. The margins of the estuary are varied, with areas of saltmarsh, reedbeds and poor fen. Meikle Loch is an important roost site for geese which feed on surrounding farmland in winter. It is a eutrophic loch supporting limited aquatic vegetation. It is joined by a burn to the smaller Little Loch.

Site protection:

SSSI

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands



Other E F H O U

33.0 20.1 166.2 21.1 72.0 2.0

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3a


22817 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c

524









525


Aesthetic






Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism




Recreation + + L



Shifting arable + L





n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



526

Eutrophication + L None.

The continuing build up of algal mats had apparently lead to a reduction on the population of invertebrates which are the prey of waterfowl such as redshank Tringa totanus and shelduck Tadorna tadorna. As a result of these concerns, the River Ythan has been proposed as a Nitrate Vulnerable Zone under the EC Nitrates Directive. This should result in measures to reduce the input of nitrate into the estuary.


+ L The site lies within the Forvie NNR which is managed for its nature conservation interest under an agreed management plan. The reserve agreement restricts management activities such as burning which would damage sensitive habitats and species. Bylaws are in force to prevent visitors to the reserve from carrying out damaging activities and disturbance to tern colonies.


Predation (e.g. by foxes)

+ L Fox control measures are in place to reduce predation and it is expected that the tern population will increase in response to this.



There is a visitor centre in the adjacent part of the NNR with a comprehensive environmental education programme targeting all ages - from early stages to adults, and specialist to general interest groups.

527


Wales

528

Burry Inlet

Site code: 7UK054



General location: Nearest town/city: Swansea

Area (ha): 6597.94

Overview:

Burry Inlet is a large estuarine complex located between the Gower Peninsula and Llanelli in South Wales. It includes extensive areas of intertidal sand and mud flats, together with large sand dune systems at the mouth of the estuary. The site contains the largest continuous area of saltmarsh in Wales (2,200 ha). The Burry Inlet regularly supports large numbers of wildfowl and waders.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI SPA cSAC

Wetland types:



D E F G H

9.9 148.4 9.9 2141.0 4288.7

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 3a


34962 waterfowl

Ramsar criterion 3c




529










530


Aesthetic





Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Subsistence fishing

Tourism




Tourism + + S

Recreation + + S

Research + + S




Bait collection + S



Industry + S


Harbour/port + S

531

Flood control + S



n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ L In conjunction with the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, the Countryside Council for Wales has monitored and is currently reviewing saltmarsh grazing levels on the south side of the estuary.



+ L The Countryside Council for Wales advises and comments to the local planning authority to ensure minimal impact or mitigation measures as necessary on all development proposals which may affect the site.



+ L Relevant Authorities Management group established which will progress management scheme for the site.



North shore: Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust have education centre at Penclacwydd, Llanelli with a full time education officer. School parties form major element of the conservation education programme.

South shore: Guided walks and a bird hide are available at Whiteford NNR.

532

Cors Caron

Site code: 7UK057



General location: Nearest town/city: Tregaron

Area (ha): 865.56

Overview:

Cors Caron is an extensive complex of raised mires which lie alongside the Afon Teifi, developed over a late-glacial lake. Three distinct raised bog domes lying along the river valley, display a full sequence of zones from the central mire expanse, through the mire margin, to the surrounding lagg fen. The largest of the mires was the first true raised mire to be described in detail from Britain by Godwin & Conway (1939), and is thus regarded as a classic site where the development sequence from aquatic conditions, through flood plain fen, to an ombrotrophic mire surface is well demonstrated. The vegetation and surface features of the mire expanse display a fine range of variation, typical of natural mire formed within this climatic zone. The site supports a diverse flora and is important for its bird and invertebrate fauna.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other M Tp U X

17.0 10.0 145.0 663.6 29.9

Ramsar criteria:




Justification:

Ramsar criterion 2a

The site supports an important population of the butterfly Coenonympha tullia , occurring at the southern limit of its range in Britain.

533

Ramsar criterion 2b

Supports a rich vegetation assemblage and possesses a surface pattern characteristic of this mire habitat type.

Ramsar criterion 3c






534


Aesthetic




Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism





Tourism + S

Recreation + S

Research + S







535



n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ L None.

Negotiations with tenants will begin once detailed objectives for each area affected have been established during 1998/1999.

Habitat burning + L Close liaison with neighbouring landowners mitigates this factor.



+ L There is a continuing programme to retain water on-site by blocking off old drainage ditches.



+ L No information The issue of agricultural tenancies and legal right is problematical: the options for satisfactory resolution will be presented in the revised site management statement/plan.


There is a boardwalk system and accompanying handbook for the southeast bog. Colleges undertake vegetation surveys and peat core sampling within specified areas. The site is significant for university research and teaching because it demonstrates a classic mire habitat type.

536

Cors Fochno and Dyfi

Site code: 7UK001



General location: Nearest town/city: Aberystwyth

Area (ha): 2492.24

Overview:

A bar-built estuarine complex, comprising the Dyfi estuary, two calcareous dune systems, and a large raised mire. The Dyfi is one of the best examples in northwest Europe of a small, drying, nutrient poor estuary, which has been relatively unaffected by industrial development. A wide range of estuarine habitats are present including rare transitions to peatland. Cors Fochno is of international importance being the type locality for estuarine raised mire and one of the largest active raised mires in the United Kingdom. The geomorphology, flora and invertebrate faunas are of national importance. The site supports significant tourist trade, recreational and educational usage.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI cSAC

Wetland types:



E G H U

97.2 1213.7 548.3 633.0

Ramsar criteria:


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

The site contains the largest estuarine raised mire, and third largest `active` raised mire in Britain.



537



Aesthetic





Livestock grazing


Sport fishing

Sport hunting

Tourism


538




Tourism + + L

Recreation + + L

Research + S





Bait collection + S



Industry + S


Harbour/port + S

Flood control + L


Transport route + S






n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



539


+ L Addressed by a management agreement direct action includes monitoring by conservation bodies.

Further management agreements.


+ L Acquisition of the greater part of the remaining mire as NNR has enabled restorative work. Rehabilitation of the mire margins and transitions is greatly constrained by regional land drainage pressures. The Countryside Council for Wales is liasing with the Environment Agency on this matter.

Further land acquisition and or management agreements.


+ L Management measures are in place or under consideration in order to prevent localised damage to dunes from vehicle use and excessive trampling.

Maintenance of site infrastructure and wardening.


+ L Coastal engineering works, dredging of sand and proposals for a marina development are each giving concern over potential impact on the dune and estuarine features. Consultations with the planning authorities is on going.


540


+ L Oil and gas exploration and shellfish harvesting may be affecting the site. Countryside Council for Wales is advising on safeguards with respect to oil and gas exploration and is in dialogue with the Sea Fisheries Authority concerning shellfish harvesting.



Existing programmes: Countryside Council for Wales and Royal Society for the Protection of Birds each operate an events programme of guided walks. Countryside Council for Wales also runs an educational play scheme for children and employ and train four Summer Wardens annually.

Interpretation/education facilities: Countryside Council for Wales operates a seasonal centre at Ynyslas dunes with displays, audio visual show, and site interpretation publications and conservation shop. Interpretative panels are provided on the dunes. 6-7000 students visit per annum, c2000 receiving introductory talks. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds run an educational service at Ynys-hir where c1500 students a year are given guided tours. Ynys-hir also has a centre with interpretative displays and shop. Major research and educational use by University College of Wales, Aberystwyth (as well as other universities).

541

Corsydd Môn a Llyn /Anglesey and Llyn Fens

Site code: 7UK119



General location: Nearest town/city: Bangor

Area (ha): 624.90

Overview:

An internationally important suite of base-rich fens comprised of six component sites, supporting a range of associated floral and faunal rarities. The six wetlands occupy former lake basins which have mostly infilled with marl and peat deposits, with open water persisting at two of the sites. Calcareous springs, predominantly from limestone aquifers, irrigate the fen and result in a distinctive vegetation. These fens are notable as the best sites in Wales for stoneworts Chara spp.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


Other Other O Tp Ts U

1.9 0.4 1.3 0.5 0.2 620.6

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1d

The site supports a suite of base-rich, calcareous fens which is a rare habitat type within the United Kingdom's biogeographical zone.

Ramsar criterion 2b

The site supports a diverse flora and fauna with associated rare species and is of special value for maintaining the genetic and ecological diversity of the region.

542





Aesthetic




Livestock grazing

Sport hunting

543




Tourism + + S

Recreation + + S

Research + + S








Hay meadows + + S


Industry + S

Flood control + + S

Transport route + S



n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



544


+ L Cutting of scrub, restoration of grazing and re excavation of old peat cuttings has gone much of the way to overcoming this problem on parts of the site.

Management agreements or direct management by nature conservation agencies (Countryside Council for Wales and North Wales Wildlife Trust) are seeking to reinstate grazing, scrub and reed cutting and possibly peat cutting, to slow down successional change.


+ L Restoration of water levels by sluices or in one case lowering of ground level by excavation, has resolved this problem on parts of two sites.

Management agreements and acquisitions are being pursued to try and resolve this problem.

Pollution - fertilisers + L Pollution of aquifers from agricultural operations, including the disposal of agricultural wastes, is being investigated.

Methods to control the problem are being explored.


+ L Pollution of water supplies, especially by agricultural run-off of nitrate and phosphate threatens the site with eutrophication. The scale of the problem is being investigated.

Methods to control the problem will be investigated when we know the scale of the problem.


+ L The NNR sections of this site have management plans. Minimum format management plans are being prepared for all SSSIs in Wales.



Four of the sites are used by local schools and community groups for environmental education. There are boardwalks and interpretative boards at Cors Goch NNR.

545

Crymlyn Bog

Site code: 7UK064



General location: Nearest town/city: Swansea

Area (ha): 264.18

Overview:

Crymlyn Bog comprises a floodplain-valley mire located within a lowland coastal context and is the most extensive wetland of its type in Wales. The mire features a complex mosaic of vegetation types, supporting examples of swamp, tall herb fen, fen meadow and carr communities. The site supports an exceptionally wide range of rich and poor fen communities, some of which bear a close floristic affinity to certain floodplain mires in East Anglia. The presence of significant areas of saw sedge Cladium mariscus swamp is notable in extensive stands of this uncommon vegetation type only occurring at three other sites in Wales.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands

Man-made wetlands


Other 9 Tp U W

24.3 1.9 1.1 211.1 25.9

Ramsar criteria:




Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1b

Largest example of valley floodplain topogenous mire in South Wales, and one of the largest surviving fens in the west of Britain. Very few other sites are known to support a comparable complexity and diversity of vegetation.

546

Ramsar criterion 2a

Supports a substantial population of the nationally-rare slender cotton-grass Eriophorum gracile , and a rich invertebrate fauna including many rare and highly localised species.

Ramsar criterion 2b

The site supports 199 vascular plant species including 17 regionally-uncommon and one nationally-rare.



547


Aesthetic




Livestock grazing


Sport fishing




Tourism + + S

Recreation + + S

Research + + L



Fishing: subsistence + + S





Industry + + L

Flood control + + S

Oil/gas production + + L


Urban development + + S

548



n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ L Long term scrub encroachment has accelerated in recent years and scrub now covers approximately 50% of the site. Now being addressed by scrub cutting and stump treatment, as set out in the NNR management plan.


Eutrophication + + L The fen flora and fauna is susceptible to changes in the nutrients status of water caused by industrial effluent sources from the surrounding area, including oil, pulverised fuel ash and iron rich leachate from former coal mine workings. However, these sources are currently being monitored in order to evaluate the likely detrimental impacts on the special interest of the site. A hydrological evaluation is currently underway which will inform future maintenance and monitoring requirements.



+ + L These are currently subjected to control measures.

Further control measures to be proposed.


+ + L These are currently subjected to control measures.


549


+ L Sources are currently being monitored in order to evaluate the likely detrimental impacts on the special interests of the site. A hydrological evaluation is currently underway which will inform future maintenance and monitoring requirements.



+ L Countryside Council for Wales advises and makes comments to the local planning authority to ensure minimal impact or mitigation measures as necessary on all development proposals which may affect the site. A 1.5 km wide SSSI Consultation Area around the site has been agreed with the local planning authority.



+ L Countryside Council for Wales advises and makes comments to the local planning authority to ensure minimal impact or mitigation measures as necessary on all development proposals which may affect the site. A 1.5 km wide SSSI Consultation Area around the site has been agreed with the local planning authority.



Used by visiting university groups for studies on entomology, peat stratigraphy and fenland communities; used by local school groups for studies relevant to the National Curriculum. Crymlyn Visitors Centre houses a permanent exhibition and is a focal point for field study groups. Meetings and guided walks, focused on the visitors centre. Annual open days. Research topics at the Universities of Wales Swansea and Cardiff, include site development by peat core analysis; vegetational changes since the industrial revolution and the biology of the water rail Rallus aquaticus.

550

Llyn Idwal

Site code: 7UK047



General location: Nearest town/city: Bangor

Area (ha): 13.53

Overview:

A relatively shallow oligotrophic lake, with a species rich flora with nearly all species typical of such waters in Britain being represented. These include six stamened waterwort Elatine hexandra, pillwort Pilularia globulifera and awlwort Subularia aquatica. There are small areas of emergent vegetation. It is biologically, a relatively rich lake.

Site protection:

NNR SSSI cSAC

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


O

13.5

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

A small, shallow, oligotrophic corrie lake. The semi-circular rock basin (or cwm) containing the lake is one of the finest examples in Snowdonia.

Ramsar criterion 2a

Species-rich plant community, including almost all of the species typical of oligotrophic waters in Britain. Notable species include Elatine hexandra and Subularia aquatica (both nationally scarce) and Pilularia globulifera (vulnerable at a European level).

551




Aesthetic





Sport fishing

Tourism

552




Recreation + L

Research + + S





n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc




+ L Recent agreement to remove grazing for an initial 10 year period has cut this dramatically, thus helping reduce any erosion and nutrient input around the lake.

The result of long term monitoring will determine future conservation measures.


Site is provided with interpretative material and educational groups often use the surrounding land for geology, geography and biology studies. Limited guided walks given by Countryside Council for Wales/National Trust/Snowdonia National Park wardens/staff.

553

Llyn Tegid

Site code: 7UK048



General location: Nearest town/city: Dolgellau

Area (ha): 478.08

Overview:

Llyn Tegid is the largest natural lake in Wales. The lake bed is owned by Snowdonia National Park Authority although the water is the property of the Environment Agency. It is important for its internationally rare plant species, particularly floating water plantain Luronium natans and its unique fish fauna, including the endemic whitefish or gwyniad, Coregonus lavaretus. The glutinous snail Myxas glutinosa was considered to have been lost from this locality, as it had not been found in Llyn Tegid since 1953. However it was rediscovered in the lake in summer 1998.

Site protection:

SSSI

Wetland types:

Inland wetlands


O

478.1

Ramsar criteria:



Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1a

Largest natural lake in Wales, lying deep in a formerly glaciated trough.

Ramsar criterion 2a

Plant species growing in or besides the lake are mudwort Limosella aquatica, six stamened waterwort Elatine hexandra, water sedge Carex aquatilis and floating water plantaine Luronium natans, all of which are scarce in Britain. The latter species is regarded as vulnerable on a global

554

scale. This site is also one of only six sites in Britain for the fish white fish or gwyniad Coregonus lavaretus and the Welsh population of this fish is genetically distinct. Llyn Tegid is also an unusual habitat for the normally riverine fish grayling Thymallus thymallus.



Water supply


Aesthetic





Sport fishing

Tourism




Tourism + L

Recreation + L





Flood control + L


555



n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



Dredging + L In the past dredging may have been a source of nutrients into the lake contributing to the eutrophication problem. This dredging is only undertake occasionally in order to allow access for boats for recreation. There has been no dredging on the site in the recent past.

Countryside Council for Wales would have discussions with the Environment Agency if a proposal for further dredging was put forward.

Eutrophication + L The Countryside Council for Wales is contributing to a working group led by the Environment Agency addressing this problem. At the present time it appears that 70% of phosphate entering the lake comes from diffuse sources within the catchment whilst 30% can be ascribed to known inputs such as sewage works. The Environment Agency have recently instigated a project to address this issue of management in the wider catchment and the Countryside Council for Wales is contributing to this.


556


+ L The Countryside Council for Wales is contributing to a working group led by the Environment Agency addressing this problem. At the present time it appears that 70% of phosphate entering the lake comes from diffuse sources within the catchment whilst 30% can be ascribed to known inputs such as sewage works. The Environment Agency have recently instigated a project to address this issue of management in the wider catchment and the Countryside Council for Wales is contributing to this.


557

Pollution - fertilisers + L The Countryside Council for Wales is contributing to a working group led by the Environment Agency addressing this problem. At the present time it appears that 70% of phosphate entering the lake comes from diffuse sources within the catchment whilst 30% can be ascribed to known inputs such as sewage works. The Environment Agency have recently instigated a project to address this issue of management in the wider catchment and the Countryside Council for Wales is contributing to this.



+ L The Countryside Council for Wales is contributing to a working group led by the Environment Agency addressing this problem. At the present time it appears that 70% of phosphate entering the lake comes from diffuse sources within the catchment whilst 30% can be ascribed to known inputs such as sewage works. The Environment Agency have recently instigated a project to address this issue of management in the wider catchment and the Countryside Council for Wales is contributing to this.



+ L This has an impact in so far as visitors to the area may increase the eutrophication problem.


558


+ L In the 1950s the level of Llyn Tegid was reduced by some 2 metres as part of the scheme to regulate the River Dee. The level of the lake is now held within defined limits and is most unlikely that changes in water level will be a significant factor in the future.



Leaflet produced. Symposium of environmental history of the lake was held November 1997 the proceedings will be published in 1999.

559


Overseas Territories

560

Booby Pond and Rookery

Site code: 6UK002

Latitude: 19 40 N

Longitude: 80 04 W

General location: General Location: Nearest town/city George Town, Grand Cayman

Area (ha): 82.00

Overview:

The Booby Pond and Rookery Ramsar site on Little Cayman is a wetland of international importance, comprising a mangrove fringe saline lagoon which supports a major breeding colony of red-footed boobies Sula sula in trees along its northern margin. It is 1800 m long and varies around 250 m wide, separated from the sea to the south by a narrow barrier of land 100 m to 225 m wide. Water in the pond is brackish to hypersaline depending on the season, and is derived from rainfall and groundwater seepage. The pond may dry out completely in the spring. The pond itself provides seasonally important habitat for resident and migratory waders and other waterfowl.

The boundary of the site is defined to include the saline lagoon, its mangrove fringe (except those sections which were cleared and built upon before protection of this area), the mangroves and dry thickets occupied by the red-footed booby colony, and a 30 metre buffer zone to the north of the colony. The entire site is protected under local legislation, through the Animals Law 1976, and the Animal (Sanctuaries) Regulation 1982 as amended by Gazette No. 24 of 1993.

Site protection:

Animal sanctuary

Wetland types:



I J

Ramsar criteria:




Justification:

561

Ramsar criterion 1a

This site is a representative example of a coastal, landlocked, mangrove fringed lagoon system of a kind that is widespread among low-lying islands in the region. The lagoon fringe vegetation is dominated by Avicennia germinans and Laguncularia racomosa with some Rhizophora mangle , with a transition through Conocarpus erectus and Thespesia populnea to dry evergreen thicket on rock pavement at the northern margin of the site. The dry evergreen thicket is floristically diverse: major components of the vegetation include the Cayman Islands endemics Cordia sebestena caymanensis and Coccothrinax protorii, with Bursera simaruba, Canella winterana, Guapira discolor, Fictus aurea, Myrcianthes fingrans Pilosocercus sp. and Plumeria abtusa.

Ramsar criterion 2b and 2c

This site contains a breeding colony of approximately 7,000 red-footed boobies Sula sula . This is the only breeding site for Sula sula in the Cayman Islands, and is one of the largest colonies of this species in the region, probably accounting for at least 30% of the total Caribbean population. Colonies of this species are known to have a decline in the Caribbean as a whole, but indications are that the Little Cayman colony has been numerically stable for at least the last 20 years.




Aesthetic

Sport fishing

Tourism



Tourism + L





n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



562


+ L Illegal taking of eggs of Sulidae and nestlings of Ardeidae for food.

Proposal to incorporate heronry into Animal Sanctuary by Crown or private land purchase.

Pollution – unspecified

+ L Asphalt drums and rubbish are being dumped into the lagoon.

Booby pond and fringing mangrove plus a 30 m buffer zone declared an Animal Sanctuary.

No information


None.

563

North, Middle and East Caicos Islands

Site code: 6UK001

Latitude: 21 45N

Longitude: 71 45 W

General location: Nearest town/city: Kew, North Caicos Island

Area (ha): 54400.00

Overview:

A wetland site of international importance containing a variety of marine and coastal habitat types. Noteworthy are mangrove swamps, diverse bird life, numerous arawak sites and several inlet cays. The whole area is a particularly good example of coastal wetland habitat in the Caribbean, providing shelter and nursery locations for various species of waterfowl, turtles and commercial fish species.

Site protection:

Nature reserve

Wetland types:



B G H I

Ramsar criteria:



2d - Special value for one or more endemic plant or animal species or communities.


Justification:

Ramsar criterion 1b, 2c, 2d and 3b

The North, Middle and East Caicos wetlands comprise natural interrelated ecosystems complete with submerged mangroves, algal flats and seagrass beds. The area, however, is not unique to the Turks and Caicos Islands. The wetland are thought to play a major role in providing a nursery and feeding grounds for numerous fauna and avifauna. Additionally, submerged mangroves and algal flats are important in contributing suspended material to nearby sand banks and by virtue of circulation to and from the cuts and creeks, the mangroves also contribute materials to the coral reefs.

The shallow flats where the seagrasses grow serve as major nursery areas of the inshore marine environment. They are the immediate recipient of nutrients produced from the mangrove areas

564

themselves. These areas often do not contain many species, but some species exist in high numbers. Thus, the economic value of these areas, particularly with regard to edible species such as mullets and shrimp and sport species such as bonefish, is high.

The site regularly supports 1% of the population of the threatened West Indian whistling duck which favours the larger and more isolated swamps. These areas also provide feeding and nesting sites for a variety of water birds including the scarce reddish egret and other resident and migrant waders, herons and ducks.




Aesthetic

Sport fishing

Tourism









n-Si

te

Off-

Site

Sc



565


+ S The North, Middle and East Caicos wetlands have been designated a Nature Reserve, under the National Parks Ordinance (1975). Any agricultural landuse, fishing or recreational activities are subject to restrictions to ensure sustainable use of the area. Licences for development within the Nature Reserve are granted by the governor only in circumstances which complement the permissible activities.

There have been discussions surrounding the preparation of management plan; however, no formal proposal has been submitted in this regard. A formal proposal to conduct a wetland survey has been submitted to the Foreign Commonwealth Office in the UK.


None.

359

List of abbreviations and acronyms

ASSI Area of Special Scientific Interest CCW Countryside Council for Wales CoP Conference of the Parties DETR Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions DoE(NI) Department of Environment, Northern Ireland DoENI(EHS) Environment and Heritage Service, an agency with the Department of

Environment, Northern Ireland EA Environment Agency EC European Commission EN English Nature EU European Union GIS Geographical Information System IDD International Designations Database JNCC Joint Nature Conservation Committee JWP Joint Working Party MNR Marine Nature Reserve NNR National Nature Reserve RIS Ramsar Information Sheet SAC Special Area of Conservation SEPA Scottish Environmental Protection Agency SNH Scottish Natural Heritage SO Scottish Office SOAEFD Scottish Office Agriculture, Environment and Fisheries Department SPA Special Protection Area SSSI Site of Special Scientific Interest WeBS Wetland Bird Survey WO Welsh Office {Insert acronyms lifted from site accounts e.g. LEAP etc.}

360

References

Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. 1998. Convention on Wetlands: UK targets for the Strategic Plan 1997-2002. Bristol, DETR

Brown, A.E., Burn, A.J., Hopkins, J.J. & Way, S.F., eds. 1998. The Habitats Directive: selection of Special Areas of Conservation in the UK. JNCC Report No. 270. Peterborough, JNCC.

Chandler, T.J. & Gregory, S., eds. 1976. The climate of the British Isles. London, Longman.

Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. 1998. UK National Report to the 7th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties. Peterborough, JNCC.

DGXI. Interpretation manual of European Union habitats HAB96/2 Final, Brussels, DGXI.

Ramsar Convention Bureau. 1996. Proceedings of the 6th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties, Brisbane, Australia, 19-27 March 1996.

Pritchard, D.E., Housden, S.D., Mudge, G.P., Galbraith, C.A. & Pienkowski, M.W., eds. 1990. Protecting Internationally Important Bird Areas in the United Kingdom including the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. Sandy, RSPB.

Rose, P.M. & Scott, D.A. 1997. Waterfowl Population Estimates Second edition. Wageningen, Wetlands International.

The Meteorological Office. 1989. The climate of Scotland: some facts and figures. London, HMSO.

361

Appendix 1: Overview of ecological character at UK Ramsar sites

Ramsar site name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5

Abberton Reservoir * * * Alde-Ore Estuary * * Alt Estuary * Avon Valley * * Belfast Lough * * Benfleet and Southend Marshes * * * * Blackwater Estuary (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 4)

* * * * * *

Booby Pond and Rookery * * Breydon Water * Bridgend Flats, Islay * * Bridgwater Bay (part of Severn Estuary) * * * * * Broadland * * * * * * Bure Marshes (part of Broadland) * * * * * Burry Inlet * * * Cairngorm Lochs * Caithness Lochs * * * Cameron Reservoir * * Carlingford Lough * Castle Loch, Lochmaben * Chesil Beach and The Fleet * * * * * * * * * Chichester and Langstone Harbours * * * * * * * * Chippenham Fen * * * Claish Moss * Coll * Colne Estuary (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 2) * * * * * * * * * * * * Cors Caron * * * * Cors Fochno and Dyfi * * * * * Corsydd Môn a Llyn /Anglesey and Llyn Fens

* * * * *

362

Crouch and Roach Estuaries (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 3)

* * * * * *

Crymlyn Bog * * * * * * * Ramsar site name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5

Deben Estuary * Dengie (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 1) * * Dersingham Bog * * * * * Derwent Ings (part of Lower Derwent Valley)

* * *

Din Moss - Hoselaw Loch * Dornoch Firth and Loch Fleet * * * * * Dorset Heathlands * * * * * * * Duddon Estuary * * * East Sanday Coast * Eilean na Muice Duibhe (Duich Moss), Islay

* *

Esthwaite Water * * * * * Exe Estuary * * * * * Fala Flow * * * Feur Lochain (part of Rinns of Islay) * * Foulness (Mid-Essex Coast Phase 5) * * * Gibraltar Point * * Glac Na Criche (part of Rinns of Islay) * Gladhouse Reservoir * * * Greenlaw Moor * Gruinart Flats, Islay * * * * Hamford Water * * * * * * * Hickling Broad and Horsey Mere (part of Broadland)

* * * * * *

Holburn Lake and Moss * * * * Humber Flats, Marshes and Coast (Phase 1) * * * Irthinghead Mires * * Kintyre Goose Roosts * Larne Lough *

363

Leighton Moss * * Lindisfarne * * * * * * * Llyn Idwal * Llyn Tegid * * * * * * * Loch an Duin * * * Ramsar site name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5

Loch Druidibeg, Loch a` Machair and Loch Stilligarry

* * * * * *

Loch Eye * Loch Ken and River Dee Marshes * * * * * * * Loch Leven * * * * * * * Loch Lomond * * Loch Maree * Loch of Kinnordy * * * Loch of Lintrathen * Loch of Skene * * * * * Loch of Strathbeg * * Loch Ruthven * Loch Spynie * * * * * Lough Neagh and Lough Beg * * * * * * Lower Derwent Valley * * * * * * Malham Tarn * * * Martin Mere * * * * * Medway Estuary and Marshes * * * * * Mersey Estuary * * * Midland Meres and Mosses Phase 1 * * * * * * * * Midland Meres and Mosses Phase 2 * * * * * * Minsmere-Walberswick * Montrose Basin * * Moray and Nairn Coast * * * Morecambe Bay * * * * * Nene Washes * * New Forest * * North Norfolk Coast * *

364

North, Middle and East Caicos Nature Reserve

*

Old Hall Marshes (part of Blackwater Estuary)

*

Ouse Washes * * * * * * Pagham Harbour * Pettigoe Plateau * Ramsar site name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5

Portsmouth Harbour * * * Rannoch Moor * Redgrave and South Lopham Fens * * * * * * Ribble and Alt Estuaries Phase 2 * * Rinns of Islay * * * * * * * * * * River Spey-Insh Marshes * Rockcliffe Marsh (part of Upper Solway Flats and Marshes)

* *

Ronas Hill - North Roe and Tingon * * Rostherne Mere * * Roydon Common * * Rutland Water * * * Severn Estuary * * * * * * * * * * Silver Flowe * * Solent and Southampton Water * * * * * * * * * * * * * Somerset Levels and Moors * * * * * * South Tayside Goose Roosts * * South Uist Machair and Lochs * * * * * * * * Stodmarsh * * * Stour and Orwell Estuaries * * Strangford Lough * * * * Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast * * * * * * * Thanet Coast and Sandwich Bay * * * * * The Dee Estuary * * * * * The Swale * * * The Wash * * * * * * * * *

365

Thursley and Ockley Bog * * * Upper Lough Erne * * * * Upper Severn Estuary (part of Severn Estuary)

* * *

Upper Solway Flats and Marshes * * Walmore Common * * * Westwater * * Wicken Fen * Woodwalton Fen * Ramsar site name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5

Ythan Estuary and Meikle Loch * * *

366

Adverse factors

1 Acid rain 2 Coastal engineering 3 Commercial scale forest 4 Conversion to intensive aquaculture 5 Direct loss of fauna through hunting or capture 6 Disturbance from transport/roads 7 Disturbance to vegetation community through cutting / clearing 8 Drainage/reclamation for agriculture 9 Drainage/reclamation for industry 10 Drainage/reclamation for urban development 11 Drainage/reclamation: (unspecified) 12 Dredging 13 Erosion 14 Eutrophication 15 Flooding 16 General disturbance from human activities 17 Habitat burning 18 Habitat change through new afforestation of open habitats 19 Introduction/invasion of exotic animal species 20 Introduction/invasion of exotic plant species 21 Measures not linked to specific factors 22 Military activities 23 Mining exploitation/exploration 24 No factors reported 25 Over fishing 26 Overgrazing by domestic livestock 27 Peat cutting/extraction 28 Persistent drought 29 Pollution - associated with aquaculture 30 Pollution - domestic sewage

367

31 Pollution - fertilisers 32 Pollution - industrial waste 33 Pollution - mining residues 34 Pollution - oil 35 Pollution - pesticides/agricultural runoff 36 Pollution - unspecified 37 Predation (e.g. by foxes) 38 Recreational/tourism disturbance (unspecified) 39 Reservoir/barrage/dam impact: flooding 40 Reservoir/barrage/dam impact: flow regime 41 Reservoir/barrage/dam impact: other impact 42 Salination of groundwater 43 Sedimentation/siltation 44 Transport infrastructure development 45 Unspecified development: agriculture 46 Unspecified development: industry 47 Unspecified development: urban use 48 Vegetation succession 49 Water diversion for irrigation/domestic/industrial use 50 Water extraction (not covered elsewhere)

368

Appendix 2: Statement on Common Standards for monitoring designated sites

IntroductionOne of the special functions of the three country agencies (Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage) is the establishment of common standards throughout Great Britain for the monitoring of nature conservation. This information note describes the basic standards which relate to the monitoring required on statutory sites. The standards have been developed by these agencies, together with the Environment and Heritage Service in Northern Ireland and have been agreed by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee.

The standards apply to statutory sites designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) and Areas of Special Scientific Interest (ASSIs). They will also apply to areas designated as part of the Natura 2000 series, (Special Protection Areas (SPAs) under the EC Birds Directive and Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) under the EC Habitats Directive), together with Ramsar sites designated under the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance.

The standards set out below provide the basic framework required to ensure consistent monitoring throughout the UK. A glossary of the terms associated with common standards monitoring is provided in Annex I. Further guidelines are being produced by the country agencies to assist with the practical interpretation and application of these standards. Once agreed they will be published by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee. The detailed implementation of the standards is the responsibility of the individual country agencies.

The need for common standards for site monitoring

There are several benefits to be derived from having an agreed set of common standards for site monitoring:

• At a local level, staff have a framework within which they can develop their programme of site monitoring with the confidence that this is supported and being implemented throughout the country. The standards enable staff to make consistent judgements about site condition and help to ensure that judgements are comparable from one person to another and from one site to another.

• If data are collected, managed and exchanged following accepted standards the costs of data exchange are substantially reduced. Less time is spent interpreting and reconciling data from different sources and consistent data facilitates the comparison of results in time and space.

• Common standards allow individual agencies to establish procedures to ensure data is provided at the right time, in the right format. The data can then be aggregated and information produced at a range of geographical scales. This will enable obligations to report on the condition of designated sites at a country level and at a United Kingdom level to be met.

The basic approach

In developing common standards for site monitoring it is important to define what is meant by monitoring. In these standards we distinguish between surveillance and monitoring.

Surveillance relates to a continued programme of surveys systematically undertaken to provide a series of observations over time. Such programmes of repeated observations are very valuable for establishing the trends in the components of nature conservation at different geographic scales. Surveillance programmes and survey information both contribute to the national audit of wildlife which serves a range of different purposes including informing decision making, policy development and

369

empowering individuals and groups to make wise choices about the natural environment. Surveillance programmes can benefit from agreed standards but this is not dealt with further in this paper.

Monitoring is, in contrast to surveillance, the making of an observation to establish whether a standard is being met. This can be established in a single visit or observation and does not require information collected over time.

The purpose of site monitoring is essentially to:

• Determine whether the desired condition of the feature(s) of interest for which the site was designated is being achieved. This can enable judgements to be made about whether the management of the site is appropriate, or whether changes are necessary.

• To enable managers and policy makers to determine whether the site series as a whole is achieving the required condition, and the degree to which current legal, administrative and incentive measures are proving effective.

Standards for site monitoring need to be sufficiently robust so that they can be implemented consistently across the UK by the different agencies, yet also be able to cater for the different operational practices and systems that have evolved in each country. The framework of standards ensures that the minimum requirements are defined and are able to be delivered within the resources available. The detailed operational development of these standards is the responsibility of each of the country agencies. The standards must enable us to monitor all of the habitats, species and earth science features protected within the SSSIs and ASSIs, including those of importance in the Natura 2000 network and Ramsar sites.

The bulk of the monitoring effort is likely to be undertaken by local conservation officers in the course of their day to day duties although in some situations, for example in the marine environment, other specialists may be required. The framework is designed to enable staff to undertake the assessments required bearing in mind the wide variation in types of site, interest features, knowledge of natural changes which occur and even the variation in the expertise and experience of staff. The standards facilitate quick and simple judgements but are also sufficiently robust to provide the required level of quality control and assurance that the assessments of site condition are accurate and consistent across the country.

The common standards

The basic framework of common standards for monitoring covers:

• Features to be monitored

• Conservation objectives

• Judging the condition of site features

• Recording activities and management measures

• Monitoring cycle

• Reporting arrangements

Features to be monitored

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The features to be monitored are known as the interest feature(s) for which the site has been notified or, in the case of Natura 2000 and Ramsar sites, the features for which the site is designated.

In monitoring, the special interest of the site may not always be dealt with as a single entity since many sites have a complex mix of species, habitats or earth science features which provide the justification for the designation of the site. However, the individual interest features can be identified, monitored and reported separately. These interest features are described in the notification documents and are the reasons why the site was designated. In the case of SPAs and Ramsar sites the interest features which justify the designation are recorded in the site documentation. Until SACs are formally designated the interest features are those for which the site has been selected.

Conservation Objectives

Conservation objectives will be prepared for interest features on all sites. These objectives will define what constitutes favourable condition of each feature by describing broad targets which should be met if the feature is to be judged favourable.

Each interest feature of a site will have one or more attributes that can be used to help define favourable condition. For species these may include population size, structure, habitat requirements and distribution. Attributes of habitats may include area covered, key species, composition and structure and supporting processes. Attributes for earth science features include the Geological Conservation Review selection criteria and accessibility for education and research purposes.

Broad targets will be identified for those attributes that most economically define favourable condition of the interest feature. Because all features are subject to some degree of change the targets may express how much change we would accept while still considering the feature to be in a favourable condition. If a feature changes to the extent that it falls outside the thresholds expressed then this acts as a trigger for remedial action or further investigation.

In some cases relatively little may be known about the interest feature so it may be difficult to define favourable condition. In such circumstances we will consider using the current condition as our definition of favourable condition, in the absence of any evidence that the current condition was unfavourable.

Judging the Condition of Sites

The condition of site features will be assessed against the following categories:

• Favourable - maintained. An interest feature should be recorded as maintained when its conservation objectives were being met at the previous assessment, and are still being met.

• Favourable - recovered. An interest feature can be recorded as having recovered if it has regained favourable condition, having been recorded as unfavourable on the previous assessment.

• Unfavourable - recovering. An interest feature can be recorded as recovering after damage if it has begun to show, or is continuing to show, a trend towards favourable condition.

• Unfavourable - no change. An interest feature may be retained in a more-or-less steady state by repeated or continuing damage; it is unfavourable but neither declining or recovering. In rare cases, an interest feature might not be able to regain its original condition following a damaging activity, but a new stable state might be achieved.

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• Unfavourable - declining. Decline is another possible consequence of a damaging activity. In this case, recovery is possible and may occur either spontaneously or if suitable management input is made.

• Partially destroyed. It is possible to destroy sections or areas of certain features or to destroy parts of sites with no hope of reinstatement because part of the feature itself, or the habitat or processes essential to support it, has been removed or irretrievably altered.

• Destroyed. The recording of a feature as destroyed will indicate the entire interest feature has been affected to such an extent that there is no hope of recovery, perhaps because its supporting habitat or processes have been removed or irretrievably altered.

These categories will be used to assess and report on the condition of features of interest and will replace the old loss and damage categories previously used.

Judgements on the overall condition of a feature will be influenced by a variety of factors and in some cases a feature may be assessed as being in favourable condition when only some of the targets set for it have been met.

Recording Activities and Management Measures

Activities on, or near, the site and practical management measures affecting the condition of interest features will be included in the monitoring process. This information will be reported using a set of agreed categories.

An important part of monitoring is the potential of relating observed changes in the condition of the interest features to the reasons for such changes. Activities being carried out on, or near, the site may be causing the feature to decline in condition, or may be constraining desired improvements. Conversely, management measures may result in improvements to the condition of features and the identification of such measures will demonstrate their value and influence future management actions. The result of such compliance monitoring will help inform views on whether existing legal, administrative, practical management and incentive measures are proving effective. Data from other sources may also provide contextual information and help inform our views on the success or otherwise of measures.

Monitoring Cycle

The overall cycle will ensure that the interest features for all statutory sites will be monitored at least once within six years. However, for any particular site all the interest features should be monitored within a three year period.

There is a need to monitor statutory sites and their interest features within an agreed cycle. This cycle needs to take account of the scale of monitoring required, the likely rate of change and the national and international reporting needs. As key reports on European Directives and international agreements and Conventions operate on a six year cycle this has been chosen as the overall cycle for monitoring in the UK. Within the overall monitoring cycle, it will be useful to form a view of the overall condition of the features within a proportion of the statutory sites on a more frequent basis. Each interest feature within a site should therefore be monitored, preferably within the same year, but certainly within a three year period. This will enable an interim UK wide report on a proportion of the statutory site network to be produced every three years.

Reporting Arrangements

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Information on the SSSI and ASSI series will be presented, at the UK level, on the basis of the biodiversity broad habitat types originally described in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (1994) and on categories appropriate to the Geological Conservation Review. Reporting on species is for an agreed set of species categories. A full report will be produced once every six years with an interim report produced between full reports. The monitoring framework will generate information on the condition of features across the statutory site network as a whole, or on the status of features within individual sites, and will be used to fulfil reporting requirements under European Directives and International Conventions.

Reports on the condition of features are required for a variety of purposes and on a variety of scales. The common standard is to allow the separate country accounts to be compared and aggregated to produce a UK account on the overall condition of features and the activities and practical management measures affecting them. The standard must also enable more specific accounts to be produced on the important habitats and species covered by the Biodiversity Action Plan, the Annex 1 habitats and Annex II species listed in the Habitats Directive, Annex I birds in the Birds Directive and species and habitats covered by the Ramsar Convention. It may also be necessary to aggregate information on features to produce site based reports. Individual country agencies may report in more detail than these categories and may wish to report on a more frequent basis.

Further information

The JNCC is a committee of the Countryside Council for Wales, English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage, together with independent members and with representatives from the Countryside Commission and Northern Ireland. The Committee is supported by staff from the three agencies.

For further information on the programme of work associated with common standards monitoring and reporting contact:

Susan Davies, (Acting) Head of Habitats Advice, Advisory Services, JNCC, Monkstone House, City Road, Peterborough, PE1 1JY. Tel: 01733 866852, Fax: 01733 555948, E-mail: [email protected]

For further details on operational implementation in each of the four countries contacts are as follows:

England: Dr Keith Porter, English Nature, Northminster House, Peterborough PE1 1UA. Tel: 01733 455146, Fax: 01733 568834, E-mail: [email protected]

Scotland: Dr Phil Shaw, Scottish Natural Heritage, 2 Anderson Place, Edinburgh, EH6 5NP. Tel: 0131 446 5549797, Fax: 0131 4462277, E-mail: [email protected]

Wales: Dr Terry Rowell, Countryside Council for Wales, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EE. Tel: 01970 821124, Fax: 01970 828314, E-mail: [email protected]

Northern Ireland: Dr Paul Corbett, Environment and Heritage Service, Commonwealth House, 35 Castle Street, Belfast, BT1 1GU. Tel: 01232 251477, Fax: 01232 254700.

Glossary of terms used in Common Standards Monitoring and Reporting

This glossary defines the main terms used in common standards monitoring and reporting. It explains the specialist technical terms used by the conservation agencies. The glossary is not, however, exhaustive. Only terms that are directly relevant to the Statement On Common Standards Monitoring have been listed. Consistent terminology should be used in relation to all SSSIs, ASSIs, Natura 2000 and Ramsar sites.

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Terms

Attribute: A characteristic of a habitat, biotope, community or population of a species which most economically provides an indication of the condition of the interest feature to which it applies.

Biodiversity Broad habitats: A framework classification of habitats contained in Biodiversity: The UK Steering Group Report (as amended by the Targets Group) which can be used to describe the whole land surface of the UK, and the surrounding sea to the edge of the continental shelf in the Atlantic ocean.

Compliance monitoring: Monitoring to determine whether the management measures agreed for particular designated sites are in place and operating.

Condition categories: The generic term describing the categories used for judging and reporting on the condition of an interest feature.

Condition monitoring: Monitoring to determine the conservation status of interest features on statutory sites and to determine whether the conservation objectives for particular sites are being met.

Conservation objective: A statement of the nature conservation aspirations for the features of interest on a site, expressed in terms of the favourable condition that we wish to attain for each interest feature.

Destroyed: Recording of the condition of an interest feature as destroyed indicates that an entire interest feature has been affected to such an extent that there is no hope of recovery, perhaps because its supporting habitat or processes have been removed or irretrievably altered.

Favourable - maintained: An interest feature is recorded under the condition category favourable - maintained when its conservation objectives were being met at the previous assessment, and are still being met.

Favourable - recovered: An interest feature can be recorded in the condition category favourable - recovered if it has regained ‘favourable condition’, having been recorded as ‘unfavourable’ on the previous assessment.

Favourable condition: The target condition for an interest feature in terms of the abundance, distribution and/or quality of that feature within a site, that we aim the feature to attain.

Favourable conservation status: A range of conditions for a natural habitat or species at which the sum of the influences acting upon that habitat or species are not adversely affecting its distribution, abundance, structure or function throughout the EU in the long term. The condition in which the habitat or species is capable of sustaining itself on a long-term basis.

Feature Monitoring Cycle: The period within which each individual interest feature on a site should be monitored. Set in the Common Standards Statement as 3 years.

Interest feature: A habitat, habitat matrix, geomorphological or geological exposure, a species or species community or assemblage which is the reason for notification of the site under the appropriate selection guidelines or, in the case of Natura 2000 and Ramsar areas, the features for which the site will be designated.

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Monitoring: Surveillance undertaken to ensure that formulated standards are being maintained. The term is also applied to compliance monitoring against accepted standards to ensure that agreed or required measures are being followed.

Overall Monitoring Cycle: The period within which all designated sites and their interest features will be monitored. Set as 6 years in the Common Standards Statement.

Partially destroyed: Where sections or areas of certain interest features are destroyed or parts of sites are destroyed with no hope of reinstatement because the interest feature itself, or habitat or processes essential to support it, have been removed or irretrievably altered. Such cases would be recorded under the condition category partially destroyed.

Potentially damaging activities: Any activity occurring in an SSSI that has the potential to damage the interest features for which the site has been designated.

Reporting categories: The generic term which refers to the categories that will be used to report the results of SSSI/ASSI monitoring at the GB/UK level.

Reporting cycle: The period within which a definitive report on the condition of features protected within the SSSI/ASSI series will be produced. Set as once in every 6 years in the Common Standards Statement.

Surveillance: A continued programme of (biological) surveys systematically undertaken to provide a series of observations in time.

Survey: A set of standard observations, usually obtained with a standard method and within a restricted time period (see Surveillance and Monitoring).

Target: Broad targets which describe the fluctuation of the attributes of an interest feature under prevailing conditions. Because all features are subject to some change the targets may express how much change we would accept whilst still considering the feature to be in favourable condition. These will serve as a trigger mechanism so that when changes that fall outside the thresholds expressed are observed or measured some further investigation or remedial action is taken.

Unfavourable - declining: Decline is another possible consequence of a damaging activity. In this case, recovery is possible and may occur either spontaneously or if suitable management input is made. This condition category can be recorded more than once for a particular interest feature in relation to a single damaging activity.

Unfavourable - no change: An interest feature may be retained in a more-or-less steady state by repeated or continuing damage; it is unfavourable but neither declining or recovering. In rare cases, an interest feature might not be able to regain its original condition following a damaging activity, but a new, stable state might be achieved.

Unfavourable - recovering: An interest feature can be recorded under the condition category recovering after damage if it has begun to show, or is continuing to show, a trend towards favourable condition. This category can be recorded more than once for a particular feature in relation to a single damaging activity.

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Appendix 3: Ramsar wetland types

The Ramsar Classification System for ‘Wetland Type’ as approved by Recommendation 4.7 and amended by Resolution VI.5 of the 6th Conference of the Contracting Parties is listed below.

Marine and coastal

A Permanent shallow marine waters less than six metres deep at low tide; includes sea bays and straits.

B Marine subtidal aquatic beds; includes kelp beds, sea-grass beds, tropical marine meadows.

C Coral reefs.

D Rocky marine shores; includes rocky offshore islands, sea cliffs.

E Sand, shingle or pebble shores, includes sand bars, spits and sandy inlets; includes dune systems.

F Estuarine waters; permanent water of estuaries and estuarine systems of deltas.

G Intertidal mud, sand or salt flats.

H Intertidal marshes; includes salt marshes, salt meadows, saltings, raised salt marshes; includes tidal brackish and freshwater marshes.

I Intertidal forested wetlands; includes mangrove swamps, nipah swamps and tidal freshwater swamp forests.

J Coastal brackish/saline lagoons; brackish to saline lagoons with at least one relatively narrow connection to the sea.

K Coastal freshwater lagoons; includes freshwater delta lagoons.

Inland Wetlands

L Permanent inland deltas.

M Permanent rivers/streams/creeks; includes waterfalls.

N Seasonal/intermittent/irregular rivers/streams/creeks.

O Permanent freshwater lakes (over 8 ha); includes large oxbow lakes.

Q Permanent saline/brackish/alkaline lakes.

R Seasonal/intermittent saline/brackish/alkaline lakes and flats.

Sp Permanent saline/brackish/alkaline marshes/pools.

Ss Seasonal/intermittent saline/brackish/alkaline marshes/pools.

Tp Permanent freshwater marshes/pools; ponds (below 8 ha), marshes and swamps on inorganic soils; with emergent vegetation water-logged for at least most of the growing season.

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Ts Seasonal/intermittent freshwater marshes/pools on inorganic soil; includes sloughs, potholes, seasonally flooded meadows, sedge marshes.

U Non-forested peatlands; includes shrub or open bogs, swamps, fens.

Va Alpine wetlands; includes alpine meadows, temporary waters from snowmelt.

Vt Tundra wetlands; includes tundra pools, temporary waters from snowmelt.

W Shrub-dominated wetlands; Shrub swamps, shrub-dominated freshwater marsh, shrub cart, alder thicket; on inorganic soils.

Xf Freshwater, tree-dominated wetlands; includes freshwater swamp forest, seasonally flooded forest, wooded swamps; on inorganic soils.

Xp Forested peatlands; peatswamp forest.

Y Freshwater springs; oases.

Zg Geothermal wetlands.

Zk Subterranean karst and cave hydrological systems.

Note: ‘floodplain’ is a broad term used to refer to one or more wetland types, which may include R, Ss, Ts, W, Xf, Xp, or other wetland types. Some examples of floodplain wetlands are seasonally inundated grassland (including natural wet meadows), shrublands, woodlands and forest. Floodplain wetlands are not listed as a specific wetland type herein.

‘Man-made’ wetlands

1 Aquaculture (eg. fish/shrimp) ponds.

2 Ponds; includes farm ponds, stock ponds, small tanks; (generally below 8 ha).

3 Irrigated land; includes irrigation channels and rice fields.

4 Seasonally flooded agriculture land.*

5 Salt exploitation sites; salt pans, salines, etc.

6 Water storage areas; reservoirs/barrages/dams/impoundments; (generally over 8 ha).

7 Excavations; gravel/brick/clay pits; borrow pits, mining pools.

8 Wastewater treatment areas; sewage farms, settling ponds, oxidation basins, etc.

9 Canals and drainage channels, ditches.

Note: * To include intensively managed or grazed wet meadow or pasture.

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Appendix 4: Criteria for Identifying Wetlands of International Importance

The Ramsar criteria, as adopted by the 4th and 6th Meetings of the Conferences of the Contracting Parties, are outlined below.

Criteria for representative or unique wetlands

A wetland is identified as being internationally important if:

1 a. it is a particularly good representative example of a natural or near-natural wetland, characteristic of the appropriate biogeographical region;

or

1 b. it is a particularly good representative example of a natural or near-natural wetland, common to more than one biogeographical region;

or

1 c. it is a particularly good representative example of a wetland which plays a substantial hydrological, biological or ecological role in the natural functioning of any major river basin or coastal system, especially where it is located in a trans-border position;

or

1 d. it is an example of a specific type of wetland, rare or unusual in the appropriate biogeographical region.

General criteria based on plants or animals

A wetland should be considered internationally important if:

2 a. it supports an appreciable assemblage of rare, vulnerable or endangered species or subspecies of plant or animal, or an appreciable number of individuals of any one or more of these species;

or

2 b. it is of special value for maintaining the genetic and ecological diversity of a region because of the quality and peculiarities of its flora and fauna;

or

2 c. it is of special value as the habitat of plants or animals at a critical stage of their biological cycle;

or

2 d. it is of special value for one or more endemic plant or animal species or communities.

Specific criteria based on waterfowl


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3 a. it regularly supports 20,000 waterfowl;

or

3 b. it regularly supports substantial numbers of individuals from particular groups of waterfowl, indicative of wetland values, productivity or diversity;

or

3 c. where data on populations are available, it regularly supports 1% of the individuals in a population of one species or subspecies of waterfowl.

Specific criteria based on fish


4 a. it supports a significant proportion of indigenous fish subspecies, species or families, life-history stages, species interactions and/or populations that are representative of wetland benefits and/or values and thereby contributes to global biological diversity;

or

4 b. it is an important source of food for fishes, spawning ground, nursery and/or migration path on which fish stocks, either within the wetland or elsewhere, depend.

Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially

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