Convention & Convention & CompromiseCompromise

American leaders fix the American leaders fix the problems of the Articles problems of the Articles

of Confederationof Confederation

Revising the ArticlesRevising the Articles

The Confederation was not The Confederation was not working.working.

In 1787, delegates from 12 In 1787, delegates from 12 states gathered in states gathered in Philadelphia.Philadelphia.

The sole purpose was to The sole purpose was to revise the Articles of revise the Articles of Confederation. Confederation.

Economic DepressionEconomic Depression

The U.S. went through a The U.S. went through a depressiondepression when when the war ended:the war ended: Unemployment increasedUnemployment increased Trade fellTrade fell Little $ to pay foreign debtLittle $ to pay foreign debt Farmers could not sell their goodsFarmers could not sell their goods Each state printed its own $ and did not accept $ Each state printed its own $ and did not accept $

from other statesfrom other states

ShaysShays’’ Rebellion RebellionFarmers unable to pay their debts had Farmers unable to pay their debts had

their land taken away and were their land taken away and were imprisoned.imprisoned.

Daniel ShaysDaniel Shays led farmers & forced the led farmers & forced the courts in Massachusetts to close.courts in Massachusetts to close.

This kept the state from taking their This kept the state from taking their farms.farms.

The state militia ordered farmers to stop The state militia ordered farmers to stop but they refused.but they refused.

The militia fired, 4 rebels diedThe militia fired, 4 rebels died

The Issue of SlaveryThe Issue of Slavery Slavery was important Slavery was important

to the plantation to the plantation system in the south.system in the south.

The southern The southern economy could not economy could not survive without it.survive without it.

In the North, free In the North, free African Americans African Americans faced discrimination faced discrimination and were barred from and were barred from public places.public places.

Free BlacksFree BlacksVirginia issued a law called Virginia issued a law called

manumission manumission that encouraged the that encouraged the freeing of individual enslaved persons.freeing of individual enslaved persons.

The abolition of slavery in the North The abolition of slavery in the North divided the new countrydivided the new country

A Call for ChangeA Call for Change

The American Revolution created a union The American Revolution created a union of 13 states, it did of 13 states, it did notnot create a strong create a strong national government.national government.

Leaders demanded a reform of the Articles Leaders demanded a reform of the Articles of Confederation of Confederation

September 1786, leaders met in September 1786, leaders met in Philadelphia to discuss trade issues and Philadelphia to discuss trade issues and possible changes to the Articles.possible changes to the Articles.

The Effects of ShaysThe Effects of Shays’’ Rebellion Rebellion

Leaders worried that the Leaders worried that the government could not government could not control unrest and prevent control unrest and prevent violence.violence.

George Washington = not George Washington = not happy w/ ideas of revising happy w/ ideas of revising the Articles of the Articles of Confederation.Confederation.

He changed his mind after He changed his mind after ShaysShays’’ Rebellion Rebellion

The Constitutional ConventionThe Constitutional Convention

Many delegates @ Many delegates @ Convention in Convention in Philadelphia were well Philadelphia were well educatededucated

James MadisonJames Madison: known : known as the as the ““Father of the Father of the ConstitutionConstitution””

He was the author of the He was the author of the basic plan of basic plan of government.government.

OrganizationOrganizationGeorge Washington was George Washington was

unanimously chosen to run unanimously chosen to run meetingsmeetings

Each state had 1 vote on Each state had 1 vote on all questions.all questions.

The majority vote would The majority vote would make decisions.make decisions.

The Virginia PlanThe Virginia Plan Instead of revising Instead of revising

the Articles, the Articles, Edmund RandolfEdmund Randolf proposed that they proposed that they create a strong create a strong national national government.government.

Virginia PlanVirginia Plan was was based largely on based largely on the work of the work of James James MadisonMadison

What was the Virginia Plan?What was the Virginia Plan? The plan called for a two-house legislatureThe plan called for a two-house legislature

1) 1) Chief ExecutiveChief Executive 2) 2) Court SystemCourt System

Lower house legislature elected by the people Lower house legislature elected by the people

Upper house legislature chosen by the lower Upper house legislature chosen by the lower househouse

The number of representatives would be The number of representatives would be proportionate to the population of each stateproportionate to the population of each state

The New Jersey PlanThe New Jersey PlanHad a one house Had a one house

legislature and one vote legislature and one vote for each state.for each state.

Congress would be able to Congress would be able to set taxes and regulate set taxes and regulate trade.trade.

Congress would elect an Congress would elect an executive branch made executive branch made up of more than one up of more than one person.person.

Compromise Wins OutCompromise Wins Out

The States voted for a government based The States voted for a government based on the on the Virginia PlanVirginia Plan

Roger Sherman proposed what came to be Roger Sherman proposed what came to be known as the known as the Great CompromiseGreat Compromise..

CCompromiseompromise: agreement between 2 or : agreement between 2 or more sides in which each side gives up a more sides in which each side gives up a little.little.

What was the Great What was the Great Compromise?Compromise?

2 senators for each state.2 senators for each state.# of Reps in the HoR = state population# of Reps in the HoR = state populationEqual amount # of Reps in Senate Equal amount # of Reps in Senate Slaves counted as three-fifths of a Slaves counted as three-fifths of a

person.person.Majority vote in House and Senate Majority vote in House and Senate

needed to pass a law.needed to pass a law.Balanced powers between executive, Balanced powers between executive,

judicial, and legislative branches judicial, and legislative branches

Objections Are RaisedObjections Are RaisedWhat about slaves? What about slaves?

Were they population or property?Were they population or property?

South said: slaves = Population (so South said: slaves = Population (so they could get more representation)they could get more representation)

North said: Property (so they had a North said: Property (so they had a chance at better representation)chance at better representation)

The The Three-Fifths CompromiseThree-Fifths Compromise: an : an enslaved person counted as three-enslaved person counted as three-fifths of one free person for both fifths of one free person for both taxation and representation.taxation and representation.

Slave TradeSlave Trade

Northern delegates Northern delegates wanted to slow and wanted to slow and eventually stop the eventually stop the spread of slavery.spread of slavery.

Since the slave trade Since the slave trade was essential to was essential to Southern states, Southern states, Northerners agreed Northerners agreed that Congress could that Congress could not interfere with the not interfere with the slave trade until 1808.slave trade until 1808.

Approval of the Constitution Approval of the Constitution

Some delegates did not want to sign the Some delegates did not want to sign the Constitution Constitution

They worried that without the protection of They worried that without the protection of the bill of rights, the new national the bill of rights, the new national government might abuse its powersgovernment might abuse its powers

Only 9 out of 13 states had to approve the Only 9 out of 13 states had to approve the Constitution Constitution