Convegno Pezzi Scelti - Abstracts

Distruzione e manipolazione di beni tra et del Bronzo e del Ferro : dal riciclo al sacrificio

PEZZI SCELTI

The destruction and manipulation of goods in the Later Bronze Age: from reuse to sacrificeConvegno internazionale Roma, 16-18 febbraio 2012 International conference Rome, 16-18 February 2012

CHOICE PIECES

PREATTI ABSTRACTS

Academia Belgica | Via Omero, 8 | 00197 RomaB I

CReA

HRI B

PrefazioneJoseph Dchelee, di cui commemoremo presto la morte assurda nelle trincee della Grande Guerra, notava un secolo fa che il maggior numero di oggei metallici dellet del bronzo proviene da ritrovamenti designati come ripostigli . Certo. Un ripostiglio, precisava, si compone di oggei che non appartengono ad una sepoltura, ma il cui raggruppamento in uno spazio limitato partecipa tuavia di un uguale seppellimento intenzionale. In alcuni casi, daltronde assai rari, aggiungieva, pu essere dicile distinguere tra un ripostiglio e un corredo funerario, ma il pi delle volte, la loro composizione toglie ogni incertezza a questo proposito . La natura frammentaria degli oggei, invece, non permee di decidere della natura del ritrovamento. Molto prima di Joseph Dchelee, infai, era stata notata la ripetuta presenza in questi ripostigli di oggei frammentati , interpretati in generale come oggei preparati per il riciclaggio. Era pure largamente acceato che questi depositi, con rare eccezioni, fossero stati abbandonati da artigiani, bronzisti, che passavano per essere itineranti, continuamente costrei a nascondere e seppellire i loro beni, ambiti dai malfaori. Il fao che le sepolture svelino anche oggei deliberatamente roi, denitivamente adati alla terra, decisamente fuori dal circuito commerciale, avrebbe dovuto indurre gli archeologi a leure meno materialiste. Ormai non c dubbio che gli assemblaggi di oggei metallici dellet del Bronzo trovati oggi siano stati sepolti per vari motivi, che la loro composizione possa essere molto diversa, da uno allaltro, a seconda i Pensieri e gli Uomini di cui sono i riessi. Ormai non c dubbio che gran parte dei ripostigli rieono una realt molto pi complessa di quanto riconosciuto dalle generazioni precedenti, che avevano probabilmente la fastidiosa tendenza a pensare in termini di opposizioni, dove il profano inutilmente contrapposto al sacro. Si traa ora di ritrovare i gesti che hanno portato oggei metallici in contesti particolari, nei depositi cosidei terrestri, ma anche in altri contesti, perch solo lidenticazione di questi gesti permeer di formulare ipotesi sulla loro motivazione. Coloro che deliberatamente rendono un oggeo inutilizzabile, di questi ci occuperemo in particolare, anche perch, si traa spesso di pezzi di eccezionale valore. Un gesto unico, o una serie frenetica, provoca cos la distruzione di un oggeo prezioso, prodoo di tanti gesti precisi : questo , per i borghesi occidentali quali noi siamo qualcosa di profondamente sconcertante, che pu essere acceato soltanto dopo averlo capito. Dobbiamo dimostrarne il valore, laspeo non gratuito, altrimenti bisogner optare per il vandalismo ...

Eugne Warmenbol Chaire de protohistoire Universit libre de Bruxelles

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ForewordAs Joseph Dchelee, whose absurd death in the trenches of the Great War will we commemorated soon, wrote a century ago, the majority of metallic objects of the Bronze Age has been discovered in what is commonly called hoards . Indeed. A hoard, he explained, is made of objects that are not part of a grave, but were nevertheless intentionally buried in a restricted space. It can be dicult, rather exceptionally, to make a distinction between a hoard and grave goods, but, usually, the nature of the objects leaves no doubt . e presence of fragmentary objects, actually, does not allow us to decide about the nature of the nd. Long before Joseph Dchelee, indeed, scholars had observed the occurrence of fragmented objects in these hoards, generally described as material prepared for recycling. It was then generally admied hoards had been abandoned, bar a few exceptions, by wandering artisans, smiths criss-crossing Europe, constantly having to hide their stocks from the bad and the ugly. e fact tombs are also producing objects deliberately broken, buried for ever, their economic life ended, should have brought archaeologists to a less materialistic reading of the evidence. ere is no doubt anymore now that hoards and other assemblages of bronze artefacts of the Bronze Age have been buried for very dierent reasons, that these assemblages are extremely varied, and obviously deposited by men and women with very dierent backgrounds. ere is no doubt anymore anyway that there are a lot more realities behind the depositions than previous generations recognized, especially because their reasoning was quite black and white, the profane being wrongly considered as the opposite of the sacred. Our task is now to recognize the steps that brought metallic objects in their nd-contexts, hoards and others, because its only through following these up that we will be able to hypothesize on their motivation. ose steps that led to the deliberate destruction of an object will be particularly interesting to us because they very oen lead to the mutilation of a particularly precious object. A single blow, or a frenetic succession of blows, thus leads to the annihilation of a precious thing, made with care, taking time. is is for the bourgeois westerners we are, something profoundly disturbing, that we can only accept aer understanding the why. One has to demonstrate the value of this act, its non-gratuitous side, if one does not want to call it vandalism...


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Avant-proposJoseph Dchelee, dont on commmorera bientt la mort absurde dans les tranches de la Grande Guerre, notait voil un sicle, que le plus grand nombre des objets mtalliques de lge du bronze provient de trouvailles dsignes sous le nom de dpts . Certes. Un dpt, prcisait-il, se compose dobjets nappartenant pas une spulture, mais dont le groupement dans un espace restreint rsulte cependant dun mme enfouissement intentionnel. Dans quelques cas, dailleurs assez rares, ajoutait-il, il peut tre dicile de distinguer entre un dpt et un mobilier funraire, mais le plus souvent, leur composition lve cet gard toute incertitude . La nature fragmentaire des objets, par contre, ne permet de dcider de la nature de la trouvaille. Bien avant Joseph Dchelee, en eet, avait t not la rcurrence dobjets fragments dans ces dpts, trs gnralement interprts comme des objets ainsi prpars pour le recyclage. Il tait aussi trs largement accept que les dpts, de rares exceptions prs, avaient t abandonns par des artisans, des bronziers qui passaient pour ambulants, sans cesse obligs de cacher, denfouir leur marchandise convoite par des mchants. Que les spultures livrent aussi des objets dlibrment casss, dnitivement cons la terre, dnitivement sortis du circuit commercial, aurait d amener les archologues des lectures moins matrialistes. Il ne fait aujourdhui plus aucun doute que les assemblages dobjets mtalliques de lge du Bronze retrouvs de nos jours ont t enterrs pour des raisons trs diverses, que leur composition peut tre trs dirente, de lun lautre, selon les Penses et les Hommes dont ils sont le reet. Il ne fait aujourdhui plus aucun doute quune bonne partie des dpts rete une ralit autrement complexe que celle reconnue par les gnrations prcdentes, qui avaient sans doute la fcheuse tendance de raisonner en termes doppositions, o le profane se retrouve inutilement le contraire du sacr. Il sagit dsormais de retrouver les gestes qui ont amen des objets mtalliques dans des contextes particuliers, dans les dpts dits terrestres , mais aussi dans dautres contextes, parce quil ny a que lidentication de ces gestes qui permera davancer des hypothses sur leur motivation. Ceux qui ont dlibrment rendu un objet inutilisable nous retiendront particulirement, parce que, de plus, touchant souvent des pices exceptionnellement prcieuses. Un geste unique, ou une suite frntique, provoque ainsi la destruction dun objet prcieux, produit de tant de gestes prcis : cela a pour les bourgeois occidentaux que nous sommes quelque chose de profondment drangeant, qui ne peut tre accept quune fois compris. Il faut en dmontrer la valeur, le ct non gratuit, sinon il faudra conclure au vandalisme...


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RemerciementsNous voudrions remercier ici tout dabord lAcademia Belgica, en la personne de son directeur Walter Geerts, qui a gentiment accept de nous recevoir en ses murs. Ce colloque international naurait certainement pu voir le jour sans laide nancire de la Facult de Philosophie et Leres de lUniversit Libre de Bruxelles, du Fonds de la Recherche Scientique - F.N.R.S., du Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen, de lInstitut Historique Belge de Rome et de la Faculteit Leeren en Wijsbegeerte de lUniversit de Gand. Nous leur en sommes particulirement reconnaissants. Merci galement au Centre de Recherches en Archologie et Patrimoine, qui nous soutient depuis Bruxelles. Lache et la couverture du programme sont loeuvre de Nathalie Bloch, infographiste de talent du CReA-Patrimoine. Que soient galement remercis Walter Leclercq, Sophie Glansdor et Ewa Wyremblewski pour leur aide dans lorganisation.

Un sentito grazie anche al personale dellAcademia Belgica per il loro aiuto prima e durante questi tre giorni : Dianne Michiels, Pamela Anastasio, Charles Bossu, Marco Buonomo, Pina e Rocco Pescuma e Jerope Fuentes.Merci enn aux auteurs pour leurs textes et illustrations.

Eugne Warmenbol et Bastien Toune

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Pezzi scelti / Choice pieces

Pre-ai / Abstracts

Anna Maria Bietti Sestieri - Universit del Salento Luciano Salzani - gi Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Veneto & Claudio Giardino - University of Arkansas Rome Center Cambiamenti ideologici e rituali e processi di trasformazione socio-politica nella Tarda Et del Bronzo italiana: il gruppo di bronzi di Pila del Brancn (Verona).A Pila del Brancn, una torbiera originariamente in corrispondenza della sponda destra del ume Tartaro, stato trovato un gruppo consistente di bronzi, quasi tui armi (almeno 10 spade, circa 40 punte di lancia/giavelloo, unascia, frammenti di un corredo di armi difensive e di una situla tipo Kurd), databile al passaggio fra et del bronzo recente e nale (ca. 1200 a.C.). Gli oggei sono stati danneggiati intenzionalmente prima della deposizione in acqua, come mostrano le tracce di esposizione al fuoco e la presenza sistematica di roure e deformazioni. Lanalisi della composizione del gruppo e dello stato dei materiali ci permee di considerare questo complesso come un indicatore particolarmente importante e signicativo dei profondi cambiamenti nel rituale funerario e nellorganizzazione delle comunit che si riconoscono in questo periodo e che continuano nellet del bronzo nale e nella I et del ferro su gran parte del territorio italiano seentrionale e centrale.

Ideological and ritual change, and socio-political transformation in the Italian Later Bronze Age: the evidence of the group of bronzes from Pila del Brancn (Verona, Veneto).A group of bronze weapons including at least 10 swords, about 40 spear/javelin heads, an axe, fragments of a set of defensive armour, and of a Kurd situla, has been found recently in a peat-bog originally located on the right bank of the river Tartaro. e group dates from the Recent - Final Bronze Age transition (c. 1200 BC). e bronzes have been intentionally damaged by re, as well as broken and deformed prior to being laid down in the river. Based on a thorough analysis of the dierent classes of artifacts which make up the group, and of the actual state of the objects, this archaeological complex provides some signicant data relative to the changes in funerary ideology and ritual, and socio-political organization, which began in this moment and continued throughout the Final Bronze and Early Iron Ages in northern and central Italy.

Anna Maria Bietti Sestieri Universit del Salento Dipartimento di Beni Culturali Via Birago, 64 I-73100 Lecce [email protected] Luciano Salzani gi Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Veneto [email protected] Claudio Giardino University of Arkansas - Rome Center [email protected]

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Andrea Cardarelli - Universit degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza Claudio Cavazzuti - Doorato di ricerca Universit degli Studi di Ferrara Gianluca Pellacani - Museo Civico Archeologico Etnologico di Modena & Loretana Salvadei - Museo Nazionale Preistorico Luigi Pigorini Manipolazione e frammentazione rituale nelle necropoli ad incinerazione dellet del bronzo dellItalia seentrionale.Partendo dai risultati dello scavo della necropoli della terramara di Casinalbo (Modena), dove oltre seicento tombe ad incinerazione sono state portate alla luce e dove stato possibile accertare forme di ritualit funeraria che prevedono la defunzionalizzazione e la frammentazione di armi ed ornamenti, ma anche la loro dislocazione in aree particolari della necropoli, in associazione con vasellame destinato probabilmente a contenere e a eeuare libagioni e/o oerte ai defunti, ci si propone di analizzare il fenomeno della manipolazione, defunzionalizzazione e frammentazione in altri contesti coevi dellItalia seentrionale. A Casinalbo tale pratica chiaramente correlata alla mancanza oggei di accompagno nelle tombe, pressoch totale per le sepolture maschili e comunque rara per quelle femminili. Quanto rilevato dagli scavi, gi in parte noto, pu ora essere integrato e con i risultati dello studio sistematico di un consistente campione di analisi antropologiche e di altre evidenze rituali dalla stessa necropoli. I dati di Casinalbo saranno poi confrontati con aestazioni di altri sepolcreti ad incinerazione e con alcuni contesti di ambito rituale dellItalia seentrionale databili fra media e tarda et del bronzo

Ritual manipulation and fragmentation in Northern Italy cremation cemeteries of the Bronze Age.e excavations of the Middle and Late Bronze Age cemetery of Casinalbo (Modena) have pointed out several rituals concerning the manipulation/fragmentation/displacement of both artifacts (mainly bronze objects, but also vessels) and cremated bones. In this general perspective the anthropological study on a sample of 349 cremation burials from Casinalbo has emphasized some post-cremation treatment of human bones, namely: intentional fragmentation and washing processes; selection of body parts and sequential deposition inside the urn; displacement of a variable portion of the cremated remains (relics) in some specic areas of the cemetery. Furthermore, in many cases the presence of greenish stains on the cortical tissue of cremated bones has been observed, which can be considered the result of the contact between bronze objects accompaining the dead and bones on the pyre. is is quite interesting, due to the rarity of bronze grave goods, especially among adult male burials. Bronze artifacts are instead found as pyre goods fragmented and dispersed on the cemetery ground in specic areas. A similar evidence has been noticed in other cultual contexts from northern Italy, not strictly related to funerary use. In Casinalbo the spread of archaological material (bronze and ceramics) and osteological elements is concentrated in two main spots. ese two areas are not to be interpreted as ustrina (pyre sites), because of the total absence of combustion residuals (charcoal, ashes, rubyed clay, etc.). Moreover, the position of the objects is not random: a central position is given to sword fragments, while daggers/arrowheads and ornaments fragments are placed all around. Ceramic fragments derive mostly from cups and bowls, which could have been used over time during funerary ceremonies in situ. Such evidence is not so commonly observed in other contemporary cemeteries from Northern Italy (including inumation and/or cremation rite), due to worse conditions of the deposits. Nevertheless, some other archaeological nds could be interpreted in a similar way. Manipulation and displacement of human bones (especially skulls), for instance, are not rare and even found in Late Eneolithic and Ancient Bronze Age and during the Middle Bronze age inhumation contexts. e transition to the cremation ritual, therefore, does not imply the complete abandonment of some ritual practices and meanings, involving both items and bones, but may have determined a change in their exterior forms.

Andrea Cardarelli Universit degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza Via Palestro, 63 I-00185 Roma [email protected]

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Pre-ai / Abstracts

Claudio Cavazzuti Via Donatori di Sangue, 24 I-41126 Modena [email protected] Gianluca Pellacani Museo Civico Archeologico Etnologico di Modena [email protected] Loretana Salvadei Museo Nazionale Preistorico Luigi Pigorini Piazzale Guglielmo Marconi, 14 I-00144 Roma [email protected]

Arianna Bruno - University of Manchester Memories in pieces: spearhead fragmentation in the Final Bronze Age hoards in central Italy.is paper, based on my Phd thesis, examines a range of practices involving the deliberate fragmentation of metal objects in the Final Bronze Age Italy. e visual examination of the surface of a conspicuous number of spearheads from hoards in central Italy revealed that, at least in some cases, there is evidence of damage unrelated with the fragmentation of objects to be placed in the melting pot. Accordingly, it is suggested that objects are the means by which people confront the world and as such each of them bears visible traces of past events. In this perspective, the status of objects is not xed, but actively relational as they are deployed by people and communities to convey messages in a particular context of interaction. Focusing on the specic case study of the Piediluco hoard (Terni Umbria), the paper will comment on the metaphorical link between people and some spearheads contained in it. Building on these points, it is argued that the traditional models which primarily analyzed Final Bronze Age hoards in economic terms are no longer satisfactory. At the light of the new evidence provided by the macro edge-wear study of the Italian spearheads, this paper will also challenge the recurrent and over-emphasized clich of weapons suggesting warrior identity and status, as if warriors were the only agents of signicance. Are there further nuances of meaning in decoding the messages that particular selected pieces give out?

Memorie in pezzi: la framentazione delle punte di lancia nei ripostigli del Bronzo Finale dellItalia centrale.Questo contributo, trao dalla mia tesi di doorato, esplora una serie di pratiche riguardanti le frammentazione intenzionale di oggei di bronzo nel corso del Bronzo Finale in Italia. Lanalisi visuale delle macro evidenze sulla supercie di un cospicuo numero di punte di lancia dai ripostigli dellItalia centrale ha rivelato che, almeno in alcuni casi, sembra ci sia evidenza di un traamento degli oggei che non si ricollega alla sola pratica di ridurre in frammenti il materiale destinato alla rifusione. Di conseguenza, il lavoro prende spunto dallidea che gli oggei diventano gli strumenti araverso i quali gli individui si confrantono con il mondo che li circonda e come tali, ognuno di loro porta le tracce visibili di eventi passati. In questo senso, lo status degli oggei non sso, ma interrelato alle vicende di individui e comunit, in quanto viene utilizzato aivamente per trasmeere messaggi in un particolare contesto dinterazione. Ponendo laenzione sullo specico caso del ripostiglio di Piediluco (Terni Umbria), questo lavoro discuter il link metaforico tra individui e alcune punte di lancia dal suddeo ripostiglio. Partendo da questi presupposti, si ritiene che i tradizionali modelli

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Pre-ai / Abstracts

interpretativi che comunemente analizzano il fenomeno dei ripostigli dellet del Bronzo Finale in chiave economica non sono pi soddisfacienti. Alla luce delle nuove evidenze oenute dallo studio delle macro tracce sulle lance italiane, questo lavoro ha anche lo scopo di rivalutare il ricorrente tema delle armi come simboli di identit e status del guerriero, proponendo prospeive alternative al clich che troppo spesso vede i guerrieri come aori unici nelle pratiche e aivit connesse con le armi. E possibile individuare ulteriori sfumature di signicato nel decodicare i messaggi che particolari pezzi scelti trasmeono?

Arianna Bruno University of Manchester 51, Lytham Road, Flixton, Manchester M41 6NN [email protected]

Bastien Toune - Universit Libre de Bruxelles Seppellire lascia... storie dei ripostigli dellItalia centrale tra et del Bronzo e del Ferro.On connat actuellement une cinquantaine de dpts en Italie centrale pour la n de lge du Bronze et le dbut de lge du Fer (c. 1300 700 avant notre re). Bon nombre dentre eux sont issus de dcouvertes anciennes et prsentent des lacunes documentaires importantes : certains ensembles sont aujourdhui perdus, dautres ne sont arrivs que partiellement jusqu nous ou sans quon puisse en estimer la composition et la consistance prcise. Pour beaucoup, enn, les indications de contexte sont trs rduites ou font totalement dfaut. Malgr ces cueils, ces dpts nous orent une image au demeurant dle de la richesse, mais surtout de la diversit et de la complexit, qui caractrisent ce phnomne travers toute lEurope. Les nombreuses questions que continuent nous poser ces dpts de bronzes se cristallisent en premier lieu sur les causes et les nalits de telles pratiques. Pour y revenir encore et toujours, jai choisi de me focaliser dans le cadre de cee communication sur un objet en particulier, la hache ailerons, et ce, sous langle privilgi de la fragmentation et des manipulations. Pendant longtemps, les fragments ont simplement t considrs comme des dbris bons refondre. Tout au plus, ils se voyaient intgrs des reconstructions de systmes pondraux (par ex. : Peroni 1966, 2001). Les options dites rituelles taient ainsi gnralement rserves aux seuls objets dcouverts dans les tombes ou dans les sanctuaires. Or, ces vingts dernires annes, les tudes et les rexions thoriques autour de la fragmentation se sont cependant multiplies (par ex. : Verger 1992, Chapman 2000, Nebelsick 2000, Gabillot 2004, Bradley 2005, Brck 2006, Briain & Harris 2010), avec des rsultats et des perspectives plus quintressantes. Aux fragments viennent sajouter dans cee recherche les objets manipuls . Terme repris Valentin Rychner, qui lintroduisit propos dobjets partiellement refondus trouvs dans les palaes suisses (2001), on regroupera sous ce concept les bronzes plis, tordus, passs au feu, dcoups ou encore assembls avec dautres. Par ailleurs, la fragmentation en elle-mme pourrait tre vue comme un niveau premier presque trop vident ? de manipulation. En cherchant dgager un dnominateur commun de ces dpts, le choix des haches ailerons sest quasiment impos de lui-mme. En eet, elles se retrouvent non seulement dans prs de 80 % des ensembles, mais il sagit galement de la classe la plus reprsente dans le corpus tabli. Une aention particulire sera ici apporte au rexamen du dpt dArdea (Latium) et du groupe du bassin de Piediluco (Ombrie). Ceux-ci livrrent, en eet, plus de la moiti des eectifs retrouvs ce jour en dpts en Italie centrale.

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Pre-ai / Abstracts

La hache en gnral est loin dtre un objet anodin. Hritire dune longue volution, la fois arme, outil, voire mme lingot, elle fait partie des premiers instruments raliss en bronze et est prsente dans tous les contextes. De plus, dans les dpts, les haches se retrouvent parmi les principaux objets dposs en srie, comme rserves de mtal, et parfois accompagns de panoplies (Verger 1992, Lehor 2005). A plusieurs reprises galement, elles servent dindicateur de la diusion du mtal et de sa circulation (par ex. : Burgess 1988, Mordant et al. 2004). Comme avant dinterprter, il convient dexpliquer, et parce que souvent le contexte prcis nous manque, il est ncessaire de chercher les rponses sur les pices mmes, en scrutant cassures et stigmates. Cee recherche, dont les premiers rsultats seront prsents ici, sest donc aele relever prcisment ce qui est dpos, dans quel tat et dans quelles conditions, en terme de prsence bien tendu mais galement en tchant dvaluer la part manquante de ces fragments de haches ou de ces pices tronques. De plus, les objets ont t envisags dans toutes leurs biographies autant que nous les laisse entrevoir leur ultime destination du moins, pour la ralit archologique que sont les dpts.

Piediluco, n inv. 115881. Traces de coups rpts sur les deux cts... volont de briser ou de marquer ? / Repeated blows on both sides ... will to break or to mark? ( Roma, Museo Nazionale Preistorico Etnograco L. Pigorini. Photo : B. Toune).

For the time being, about y hoards of Late Bronze / Early Iron Age bronze artifacts have been found in central Italy (i. e. 1300-700 BC). Most of them are ancient discoveries for which excavation reports or archaeological data remain unfortunately unprecise. Indeed, some deposits have been lost, others are partially preserved. Detailed knowledge of nd spots or artifact paerning is oen lacking and deposition contexts is oen widely or even totally unknown. Nevertheless, those gaps do not hide the archaeological potential, diversity and complexity that arise from this extensive phenomenon of bronze artifacts hoards through Prehistoric Europe. Archaeological inquiries and question-maers are particularly focused around the causes and purposes of bronze deposit practices. My paper aims to investigate once again the very specic situation of the agged axes; the analysis will be led from the viewpoint of the fragmentation and manipulation processes. For a long time, bronze fragments have been simplistically considered as scrap material to be recycled. At the very most, hypotheses of weight units entering well-dened systems have been addressed (e. g. Peroni 1966, 2001). Ritual explanations have generally been conned to the only objects discovered in funerary or sanctuary contexts. However, during the last 20 years, there has been an increase and renewed interest in analytical studies and theoretical reexions about fragmentation (e. g. Verger 1992, Chapman 2000, Nebelsick 2000, Gabillot 2004, Bradley 2005, Brck 2006, Briain & Harris 2010).

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I will consider here bronze fragments as going hand-in-hand with manipulated artifacts. is concept, proposed by Valentin Rychner about pieces remelted from Swiss palate, is enlarged to artifacts which have been bended, passed through the re, cut in small pieces or assembled with others. Moreover, the fragmentation itself could be considered as a rst level almost too obvious, perhaps ? of manipulation. Among the diverse artifact categories that have been recognized in the deposits of Late Bronze / Early Iron Age central Italy, the winged axe appears unequivocally as one of the lowest common denominators. Indeed, this artifact is aested in approximately 80% of the discoveries and it happens to be the most-oen quoted element among the whole archaeological evidence. Particularly, this paper will reexamine more precisely the case of Ardea (Latium) and of the group of Piediluco basin (Umbria), which gather more than half of the agged axes that have been discovered in central Italy so far. e axe is far from being a meaningless object. As weapon, tool and even ingot, it is nded in all types of contexts and is one of the earliest bronze-cast implement. Moreover, in hoards, axes gure among the main objects deposited in series, such as metal reserves, and sometimes accompanied by panoply or personal equipment (Verger 1992, Lehor 2005). Besides, they were repeatedly considered as indicators of the metal diusion and circulation (e. g. Burgess 1988, Mordant et al. 2004). Explanation must precede interpretation. Because contextual informations are oen missing, answers must be found at the heart of the archaeological remains. Cracks and scars are testimonies susceptible in themselves to provide detailed information. My communication is a preliminary report for such an in-depth research which focuses on artifacts categories, state and conditions of hoarding. e missing part of these assemblages will also be considered as far as possible. Finally, the agged axes whole, truncated or in fragments were considered in all their biographies as much as let glimpse their ultimate destination - at least for the archaeological reality: the hoards.

Bibliographie / Bibliography : BRADLEY R., 2005. Multiplication and division : the problem of utilitarian bronze hoards, in Ritual and Domestic Life in Prehistoric Europe, Londres - New York, 145-164. BRITTAIN M. et HARRIS O., 2010. Enchaining arguments and fragmenting assumptions: reconsidering the fragmentation debate in archaeology, World Archaeology 42(4), 581-594.

Piediluco, n inv. 115809 ( Roma, Museo Nazionale Preistorico Etnograco L. Pigorini. Photo : B. Toune).

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BRCK J., 2006. Fragmentation, Personhood and the Social Construction of Technology in Middle and Late Bronze Age Britain, Cambridge Archaeological Journal 16 (3), 297-315. BURGESS C., 1988. Britain at the Time of the Rhine-Swiss Group, in P. BRUN et Cl. MORDANT (d.), Le groupe RhinSuisse-France orientale et la notion des Champs dUrnes. Actes du colloque international de Nemours 1986, Paris, 559-573. CHAPMAN J., 2000. Fragmentation in archaeology : people, places and broken objects in the prehistory of south-eastern Europe, Londres. GABILLOT M., 2004. La fragmentation des objets : critre dtude des dpts de lge du Bronze, in P. BODU et Cl. CONSTANTIN (d.), Approches fonctionnelles en Prhistoire. Actes du XXVe Congrs prhistorique de France, Nanterre, 24-26 novembre 2000, Paris, 193-201. LEHORFF A., 2005. Mtal produit et mtal abandonn dans les dpts dItalie centrale la n du deuxime millnaire avant notre re, in AA. VV., Papers in Italian Archaeology VI : Communities and Selements from the Neolithic to the Early Medieval Period. Proceedings of the 6th Conference of Italian Archaeology held at the University of Groningen; Groningen Institute of Archaeology, e Netherlands, April 15-17, 2003. Volume II (BAR International Series, n 1452), Oxford, 673-682. MORDANT Cl., SALIGNY L., GABILLOT M. et KROLOKOWSKI F., 2004. Approches de la notion de ux de mtal et de recyclage au sein des socits europennes de lge du Bronze, in A. LEHORFF (dir.), Lartisanat mtallurgique dans les socits anciennes en Mditerrane occidentale, (Collection de lEcole franaise de Rome 332), Rome, 263-284. NEBELSICK L., 2000. Rent Asunder : Ritual Violence in Late Bronze Hoards, in C. F. E. PARE (d.), Metal Make the World Go Round. e Supply and Circulation of Metals in Bronze Age Europe. Proceedings of a Conference Held at the University of Birmingham in June 1997, Oxford, 160-175. PERONI R., 1966. Considerazioni ed ipotesi sul ripostiglio di Ardea, Bulleino di Paletnologia Italiana 75, 175-197. PERONI R., 2001. Sistemi ponderali nella circolazione dei metalli nellet del Bronzo europea, in C. CORTI et N. GIORDANI (d.), Pondera : pesi e misure nellantichit, Modne, 21-27. RYCHNER V., 2001. Objets manipuls des palaes de Suisse occidentale au Bronze nal : une premire approche, Revue archologique de lOuest. Supplment 9, 217-224. TOUNE B, 2009. Fragmentation et objets manipuls dans le dpt de Rimessone (Latium). Pour une autre approche des dpts de la n de lge du Bronze en Italie centrale, in S. BONNARDIN, C. HAMON, M. LAUWERS et B. QUILLIEC (ds), Du matriel au spirituel : Ralits archologiques et historiques des dpts de la Prhistoire nos jours. Actes des Rencontres internationales darchologie et dhistoire dAntibes, Antibes-Juan-les-Pins, 16-18 octobre 2008, Antibes, 195-202. VERGER S., 1992. Lpe du guerrier et le stock de mtal : de la n du Bronze ancien lge du Fer, in G. KAENEL et Ph. CURDY, LAge du fer dans le Jura. Actes du 15e colloque de lAssociation franaise pour ltude de lge du Fer, Pontarlier (France) et Yverdon-les-Bains (Suisse), 9-12 mai 1991, Lausanne, 135-151.

Bastien Toune Aspirant F.R.S.-FNRS Universit Libre de Bruxelles Centre de Recherches en Archologie et Patrimoine (CReA-Patrimoine) Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50 - CP 175/01 B-1050 Bruxelles [email protected]

Piediluco, n inv. 115916. ( Roma, Museo Nazionale Preistorico Etnograco L. Pigorini. Photo : B. Toune).

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ALS ARD BAM BSF CAM CAS CDF CET CDM CIN CLB CON CPI ECR EPI ESM

Ascoli, localit sconosciuta Ardea Bambolo Bologne, San Francesco Campese Casalecchio Chiuse di Frontone Belverde di Cetona Coste del Marano Cinigiano Colle le Banche Controguerra territoire de Chiusi Elba - Colle Reciso Elba - provenance inconnue Elba - San Martino

EVG FDG FOR FUC GAC GOL GSS GUB GUT LIM LPI LSE MAR MEN MPR MRO

Elba - Valle Gneccarina Falda della Guardiola (Populonia) Forlimpopoli Fucino, dintorni del lago Gabbro - Colognole Goluzzo Groe Santo Stefano Gubbio, Monte Ingino et Monte Ansciano Gualdo Tadino Limone XXX - Latium, prov. inconnue La Selvicciola Marsia Menaforno Monte Primo Monte Rovello

OLT ORT PAR PCM PCO PIE PIT POB PON PTE RIM SMA SOD TOL URB VAL

Orvieto - Lascito Tordi Ortucchio Pariana Piediluco III - Cascate delle Marmore Piediluco II - Contigliano Piediluco Piano di Tallone Poggio Berni Pontecorvo Piediluco IV - Terni Rimessone Santa Marinella Sodo Tolfa Urbino Valentano

Liste et carte des dpts contenant des haches ailerons (en gras, ceux repris dans le corpus en tude ; les autres sites, en italique ou non, sont repris ici titre de comparaison). Les surfaces grises reprsentent les eectifs de haches ailerons dans le dpt dArdea et dans ceux du groupe du bassin de Piediluco, par rapport au total des individus documents dans les ensembles dItalie centrale. Le dpt exceptionnel de San Francesco Bologne surpassent trs largement ce cadre avec, au minimum, plus de 1800 exemplaires aests.

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Fulvia Lo Schiavo - ICEVO-CNR Pezzi scelti e produzione destinata all'oerta in ripostigli e santuari della Sardegna nuragica.E ben noto che nella protostoria mediterranea la Sardegna spesso un mondo a parte. Infai, nellet del bronzo nuragica e soprauo nel Bronzo Recente e Finale (XIV-X sec. a.C.), quando templi e santuari venivano arricchiti di oerte quasi esclusivamente di bronzo, non ne documentata la fraura rituale, altro che raramente. Le armi ed i lunghi e robusti spilloni, concepiti come stilei, venivano invece defunzionalizzati araverso lao di conggerli orizzontalmente fra le pietre della struura. In alcuni casi, spade, daghe e pugnali venivano prodoi per essere oerti, com dimostrato dalla mancata rinitura e dallutilizzo del boone e del peduncolo di colata del metallo; larma, con la punta in su, veniva ssata con il piombo sulle Tavole dOerta o nelle spaccature naturali delle pietre, come avveniva di norma con i bronzi gurati. Si prender in esame un caso di studio particolarmente interessante, costituito dai reperti bronzei rinvenuti nel Pozzo Sacro del Camposanto di Olmedo (Sassari) e si far un confronto con la produzione di mezze forme di strumenti in un ripostiglio della Sardegna meridionale, quello di Monte Arrubiu di Sarroch (Cagliari), proponendo qualche ipotesi sui pezzi scelti e deliberatamente prodoi per loerta e/o per la tesaurizzazione, e sulle diverse caraeristiche di questi.

Choice pieces and production devoted to oerings in hoards and sanctuaries of Nuragic SardiniaIt is well known in Mediterranean protohistory how much and how oen Sardinia is a world by itself. In Nuragic Bronze Age and mostly in Recent and Final Bronze Age (XIV-X cent. BC), when temples and sanctuaries were lled up with oerings almost exclusively made of bronze, ritual fragmentation is not practised, save rarely. On the contrary, weapons and thick pins used also as stylets (stileos) were defunctionalised and stuck in the walls. In some cases, swords and daggers were made on purpose to be oered, as it is shown by the missing nishing and by the use of the melting cones and channels: the weapons, pointing upward, were xed with lead on the Oering Tables (Tavole dOerta) or in holes on rough stones, as it was the case also with the bronze gurines. e aim of the paper is to examine a particularly interesting case-study, the bronzes found in the Sacred Well of the Camposanto of Olmedo (Sassari), in comparison with the production of half shaped instruments in a hoard of southern Sardinia, the Monte Arrubiu of Sarroch (Cagliari) hoard, suggesting some hypotheses on choice pieces, produced intentionally to be oered and/ or to be hoarded, and on their dierent peculiarities.

Olmedo-Camposanto. Esempio dei bronzi rinvenuti nel pozzo sacro Olmedo-Camposanto. Examples of the bronzes found in the Sacred Well (dis. G. Dore, elab. M. Millei).

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Bibliograa / Bibliography : A. Taramelli, Tempieo protosardo del Camposanto di Olmedo, Bulleino di Paletnologia Italiana LIII, 1933, pp. 110-122. A. Taramelli, Ripostiglio di bronzi nuragici di Monte Arrubbiu (coll. 446-456), in A. Taramelli, Sarrok. Scavi nel nuraghe Sa Domu e SOrcu, Monumenti Antichi dei Lincei XXXI, 1926, coll. 405-456.

Fulvia Lo Schiavo ICEVO-CNR Via Giano della Bella, 18 I-00163 Roma [email protected]

Sarroch-Monte Arrubiu. Esempio dei bronzi rinvenuti nel ripostiglio. Sarroch-Monte Arrubiu. Examples of the bronzes found in the hoard (elab. M. Millei).

Stphane Verger - cole Pratique des Hautes tudes Des dpts en cascades. Circulation, stockage, conservation et utilisation des lots de fragments dobjets de bronze en Mditerrane orientale aux VIIe-VIe sicles avant J.-C.

Stphane Verger cole Pratique des Hautes tudes [email protected]

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Holger Baitinger - Deutsche Forschungsgemeinscha, Rmisch-Germanische Kommission, Frankfurt a.M. e metal objects from the Agora of Selinunte (prov. Trapani, Sicily).From 1995 to 2007 the Department Rome of the German Archaeological Institute carried out large-scale excavations under the direction of D. Mertens in the Agora of Selinunte, a Greek colony on the south-western coast of Sicily, where a large number of metal small nds were brought to light. Up to now it is the largest complex of this kind in the western part of the Greek world and most of the pieces can be inserted into the stratigraphy and dated precisely by their nd context. A considerable part of the metal nds can be dated to the late 7th and 6th centuries BC, while material from the Classical and Hellenistic periods remains rare. e spectrum of metal nds, among which pieces of bronze are much more numerous than those of iron, is very broad. eir areas of origin are widespread and cover a zone from Southern and Central France in the west to the Caucasus Mountains and Cyprus in the east. In contrast, metal nds of Greek origin remain scarce. Pieces from the indigenous Iron Age cultures of Sicily and from the area of present-day France are particularly well represented, but there are also items from Etruria, the Central Italian-Adriatic area and from Asia Minor. e majority of metal nds from Selinunte are strongly fragmented and traces of deliberate damage may oen be observed. e pieces were found scaered all over the agora, especially inside the houses along its eastern edge, but not concentrated in a hoard. With regard to their composition and state of preservation they strongly resemble fragments from scrap hoards of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age such as the ones of the Launacien in the Languedoc. erefore it seems that in Selinunte we are not dealing with ordinary selement nds, but rather with accumulated scrap metal that might have served as a medium of asset protection and of exchange on the one hand, and as raw material for metal working on the other hand.

Die Metallobjekte von der Agora in Selinunt (Prov. Trapani, Sizilien).Zwischen 1995 und 2007 hat die Abteilung Rom des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts unter der Leitung von D. Mertens grochige Ausgrabungen auf der Agora der griechischen Koloniestadt Selinunt an der Sdwestkste Siziliens durchgefhrt, bei denen eine groe Zahl metallener Kleinfunde zutage kam. Dies ist der bislang umfangreichste Komplex dieser Art aus dem griechischen Westen; die meisten Stcke knnen in die Stratigraphie eingehngt und ber den Fundkontext przise datiert werden. Ein betrchtlicher Teil der Metallfunde stammt aus dem spten 7. und 6. Jh. v. Chr., whrend Material aus klassischer und hellenistischer Zeit viel seltener vorkommt. Das Spektrum der Metallfunde, unter denen solche aus Bronze gegenber eisernen deutlich berwiegen, ist breit gefchert. Die Herkunsgebiete sind weit gestreut und decken einen Raum ab, der von Sd- und Zentralfrankreich im Westen bis in den Kaukasus und nach Zypern im Osten reicht. Metallfunde griechischer Provenienz spielen dagegen nur eine geringe Rolle. Besonders stark vertreten ist neben indigen-sizilischem Material auch solches aus dem Gebiet des heutigen Frankreich, doch sind auch Etrurien, der mielitalisch-adriatische Raum und Kleinasien im Bestand vertreten. Der berwiegende Teil der Metallfunde aus Selinunt ist stark fragmentiert, hug lassen sich an ihnen Spuren intentionaler Zerstrung beobachten. Die Funde aus Selinunt sind verstreut auf der Agora zutage gekommen, vor allem im Bereich der Bauten an deren Ostrand, nicht konzentriert in einem Hort. In ihrer Zusammensetzung und ihrem Erhaltungszustand erinnern sie aber stark an Brucherzhorte der spten Bronze- und frhen Eisenzeit wie die Launacdepots im Languedoc. Es scheint sich demnach in Selinunt nicht um normalen Siedlungsniederschlag zu handeln, sondern um thesauriertes Brucherz, das als Wertspeicher und Tauschmiel, aber auch als Rohmaterial fr die Metallverarbeitung dienen konnte.

Holger Baitinger Deutsche Forschungsgemeinscha, Rmisch-Germanische Kommission, Frankfurt a.M. [email protected]

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Louis D. Nebelsick - Landesamt fr Arch. Sachen Anhalt, Halle / Uniwersytecie Kardynaa Stefana Wyszyskiego, Warszawie Sparagmos! Ritual violence as an comunicative agent in late Bronze Age Europe.

Louis D. Nebelsick Landesamt fr Arch. Sachen Anhalt, Halle / Uniwersytecie Kardynaa Stefana Wyszyskiego, Warszawie Auenstrae, 29 D-80469 Mnchen [email protected]

Cline Lagarde-Cardona - Service archologique dpartemental de la Dordogne / IRAMAT-CRPAA & Michel Pernot - Universit de Bordeaux / UMR 5060 IRAMAT-CRPAA Objets briss, objets choisis. Pratiques de destruction des objets en bronze sous le regard technologique.Le phnomne des dpts mtalliques lge du Bronze rsulte dactes intentionnels rgis par des slections et des manipulations dobjets en bronze. Dans la perspective danalyser les gestes de dposition , une approche technologique a concern plusieurs dpts du sud-ouest de la France enfouis entre le XVIe et le IXe sicle av. J.-C. La lecture technologique des objets en alliages base de cuivre permet dobserver les gestes de manipulation spciques la dposition (slection, dtrioration, destruction) et met en vidence des assemblages rcurrents qui tmoignent de rituels communautaires codis. En complment, lexamen mtallographique prcise le procd technique permeant la fragmentation des objets en bronze. Le bronzier occupe un rle important, au moment de la slection et de la manipulation des objets. e phenomenon of metallic hoards during the Bronze Age results from voluntary acts determined by selections and manipulations of bronze artefacts. To analyse the gestures of deposition, a technological approach concerned several hoards of South-West France buried between the XVIth and the IXth century BC. e technological reading of copper base alloys objects enables to notice the specic gestures of manipulation in deposition (selection, damage, destruction) and highlights recurrent assemblages which demonstrate codied community rituals. As a supplement, metallographic examination species the technical process allowing the fragmentation of bronzes. e craman takes part actively, at the time of selection and manipulation of artefacts.

Cline Lagarde-Cardona Service archologique dpartemental Conseil Gnral de Dordogne [email protected] Michel Pernot Universit de Bordeaux UMR 5060 IRAMAT-CRPAA [email protected]

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Sylvie Boulud-Gazo - Universit de Nantes / UMR 6566 CReAAH & Muriel Mlin - Universit de Rennes 1 / UMR 6566 CReAAH Les dpts de lhorizon de lpe du type en langue de carpe (Bronze nal 3 atlantique) : proposition pour une estimation de la part des objets non place en dpt partir dexemples choisis dans la rgion nantaise.Les dpts mtalliques terrestres de la dernire tape de lge du Bronze nal atlantique (v. 950/930v. 800 avant notre re) se caractrisent, dans le Grand ouest franais, par un large spectre dobjets reprsents et par une fragmentation gnralement trs importante. Paralllement aux manipulations mutilantes (torsions, crasements, coups, destruction des tranchants, etc.) facilement identiables sur certains fragments, un geste plus discret savre rcurrent : lcartement volontaire dun ou de plusieurs morceaux appartenant, lorigine, aux objets placs en dpt. Cee prsentation propose une mthode permeant destimer les masses mtalliques entrant en jeu dans la constitution des dpts terrestres de la n de lge du Bronze. Plus prcisment, cest la partie manquante de ces ensembles que nous essayons de quantier, cest--dire la dirence entre la masse mtallique rassemble lorigine pour constituer les dpts et celle eectivement enfouie. Cee estimation sappuie, dune part, sur la restitution, pour certains objets entrant frquemment dans la composition des dpts de cee priode, de la masse de lobjet lorsquil tait entier, et dautre part, sur le calcul dun nombre minimum dindividus partir dun comptage prcis des objets et fragments. Lintrt de cee mthode est quelle permet dobtenir une estimation des masses mtalliques rellement en circulation un moment donn, ce qui invite en consquence questionner la destination de cee masse absente. Elle rend ainsi visible, en la quantiant partiellement, une manipulation qui, noye dans la masse parfois importante des objets et fragments, demeure peu manifeste. Enn, elle autorise la mise en parallle, de manire cohrente, de deux types de dpts frquents lge du Bronze, les dpts en contexte terrestre et les dpts en milieux humides, et permet de rvaluer quantitativement limportance de ces derniers dans la rgion nantaise.

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Sylvie Boulud-Gazo Universit de Nantes UMR 6566 CReAAH, Rennes UFR dHistoire, Histoire de lArt et Archologie Chemin de la Censive du Tertre BP 81227 F-44312 Nantes Cedex 3 [email protected] Muriel Mlin Universit de Rennes 1 UMR 6566 CReAAH, Rennes Laboratoire darchologie et darchomtrie Bat. 24, Campus de Beaulieu 263, avenue du Gnral Leclerc F-35042 Rennes cedex [email protected]

Jos Gomez de Soto - Universit de Rennes 1 / UMR 6566 CReAAH Objets briss des dpts de lhorizon de lpe en langue de carpe, haches douilles armoricaines intactes. Incompatibilit chronologique, dconstruction dun mythe.Le contraste est net entre les dpts de lhorizon mtallique de lpe en langue de carpe de la n de lge du Bronze atlantique (BF IIIb/Ha B2-3), gnralement constitus par la runion dobjets de types trs varis, intacts ou fragments, accompagns de lingots et de dchets de fonderie, et ceux de haches douille de type armoricain, enfouies intactes en dpts pour certains trs volumineux et le plus souvent accompagnes daucun autre type dartefact. Ces derniers constituent un phnomne trs particulier essentiellement centr sur lArmorique et la Normandie. Ces deux types de dpts passent encore pour au moins partiellement contemporains. De rcentes dcouvertes, le rexamen critique des anciennes et de nouvelles voies de recherche conduisent rejeter ce postulat. Haches douille des dpts de lhorizon de lpe en langue de carpe et haches douilles de type armoricain La majorit des haches douille de lhorizon de lpe en langue de carpe appartiennent au type du Plainseau, considres comme probables prototypes des haches douille de type armoricain (tendance la section quadrangulaire de la douille, voire de louverture dont le bourrelet oral reste toutefois circulaire ou subcirculaire). Parmi les autres haches douille, on en remarque apparentes aux types britanniques, portant un dcor de baguees verticales quon retrouvera sur certaines haches de type armoricain. Les haches douille de type armoricain se direncient de celles du type du Plainseau par leur douille quadrangulaire angles vifs, leur ouverture neement quadrangulaire, et pour les principaux modles le contour de leur corps inscrit dans un rectangle ou un trapze avec tranchant non largi. La trs grande majorit de ces haches part les trs rares de grande taille du type de Brandivy - sont des instruments non fonctionnels. Loriginalit des haches douille de type armoricain a t reconnue ds le XIXe sicle, et dj leur datation se trouva controverse : G. et A. de Mortillet (1881, pl. XCIII) les aribuent la priode hallstaienne, tandis que J. Dchelee (1910, p. 253 et pl. IV) les donne sa priode IV de lge du Bronze. Elles nont fait lobjet dtudes synthtiques spciques qu partir des annes 1960-70 (Briard, 1965 ; Rivallain 1971), tudes qui ont ancr le postulat que ces haches furent surtout produites au Bronze nal IIIb, pour connatre une certaine perduration au cours du

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Premier ge du Fer. Examen critique des dpts de lhorizon de lpe en langue de carpe prsums contenir des haches douille de type armoricain Lexamen critique des dpts aribus lhorizon de lpe en langue de carpe prsums contenir des haches douille de type armoricain, que ce soit en Bretagne, en Normandie ou ailleurs en France, pas plus que dans les les anglo-normandes, nest able : il sagit de dcouvertes anciennes trop mal documents ou de collections mlanges, et pour certains, la ralit mme de leur existence est douteuse ! A souligner, aucun des dpts de lhorizon de lpe en langue de carpe, quil soit volumineux ou modeste, de dcouverte ancienne bien documente (ex., Vnat, Longeville, Prairie de Mauves, Petit Villae), ni aucun de ceux trouvs au cours de la seconde moiti du XXe sicle dment contrls, en Bretagne (ex. Gouesnach) ou ailleurs (ex. Challans, Meschers, Triou), ne livre de hache douille de type armoricain. Jacques Briard (1991) lavait lui-mme fait observer pour ce qui concerne les dcouvertes bretonnes des annes 1970-1990, mais cee sage observation ne fut gure remarque Les contextes des ges du Fer Des associations de haches douille de type armoricain et de parures du Ha D ont t remarques ds 1965 par Jacques Briard (dpts de Plonis, Finistre, et Loudac, Ctes-dArmor) qui remarque que les vases en terre cuite contenant les dpts de Roudouallec Kerhon, Morbihan et de Mahalon Bogoudonou, Finistre, imitent des situles mtalliques du Premier ge du Fer). De nouvelles dcouvertes ralises dans des conditions indiscutables conrment les datations dans la phase rcente du Premier ge du Fer (Ha D) : - Kergariou Quimper, Finistre : au fond dune structure excave, runion dans une fosse et ses environs immdiats de plusieurs haches entires, de fragments de haches et dobjets divers, dont un dlment de brassard darmilles et un de bracelet petites bossees du Ha D. Le remplissage de la structure a dautre part livr des lments bien dats du Ha D, tessons de cramique, fragment de bracelet dcor en lignite (Menez et al. 2005 et paratre) ; - dpt de Trelly, Manche : haches et parures caractristiques du Ha D (Verney 1999) ; - dpt de la Forgerais Rugn, Loire-Atlantique : haches associes un ove creux de bracelet ou danneau de cheville du Ha D1. Autres lments de discordance entre dpts de lhorizon de lpe en langue de carpe et dpts de haches douille de type armoricain Deux nouvelles approches viennent conrmer lindpendance des haches douille de type armoricain par rapport aux contextes de la n de lge du Bronze : - la position dans le paysage des lieux denfouissement des dpts du Bronze nal et de ceux des dpts de haches douille de type armoricain nobissent pas aux mmes logiques topographiques denfouissement, du moins dans le Centre-Ouest de la Bretagne et le Finistre (Fily, 2008) ; - le mtal des objets du Bronze nal IIIb et celui des haches douille de type armoricain venant de la mme rgion montrent des compositions direntes et exclusives les unes des autres (Le Carlier, 2009 ; Le Carlier et al., 2011). Conclusion Lexamen critique des dpts de lhorizon de lpe en langue de carpe prsums contenir des haches douille de type armoricain dmontre sans ambigut labsence de ces dernires pendant le Bronze nal IIIb. Ces haches ne sont pas apparues avant le premier ge du Fer, sans quon puisse prciser si ce fut ds la phase Ha C : aucune association able nest antrieure au Ha D. De plus, les approches nouvelles concernant et les compositions mtalliques, et la position des dpts dans le paysage, viennent conrmer lindpendance des dpts de lhorizon de lpe en langue de carpe et des dpts de haches douille de type armoricain. Le phnomne si original des dpts de haches douille de type armoricain sinsre ainsi parfaitement au sein de la tendance gnrale du rythme des dpts en Europe occidentale continentale : aprs leur abondance au BF IIIb, une importante rarfaction voire dans certaines rgions, une disparition - au cours du Ha C, puis une nouvelle multiplication au cours du Ha D. En France, contemporains des dpts de haches douille de type armoricain, les dpts de parures du Centre-Ouest ou ceux de lhorizon launacien en Languedoc illustrent ce phnomne.

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Broken artefacts from carps tongue hoards, intact socketed Armorican type axes. Chronological impossibilities. Breaking an archaeological myth.ere is an important contrast between Late Atlantic Bronze Age carps tongue hoards (BF IIIb/Ha B2-3), those artefacts are intact or broken and associated with ingots and metallurgy scraps, and those from Armorica and Normandy socketed Armorican type axes hoards. ese axes are deposited intact, and rarely associated with other artefacts. ese two sorts of hoards are frequently considered to be contemporary, but new discoveries and researches, and critical examination of old discoveries show that it is not true. Carps tongue hoards socketed axes and Armorican type ones Must of the carps tongue hoards socketed axes are of Plainseau type (quite square socket and opening, which is considered to be the prototype of Armorican type ones). Some other socketed axes look like to British ones with vertical sticks decoration, that frequently appears on Armorican type socketed axes. Dierences between Plainseau type axes and Armorican type ones are the absolutely square socket and opening, and the strictly rectangular or trapezoidal form without enlarged cuing of the Armorican type socketed axes. Most of Armorican type axes are unserviceable instruments, only those of the very rare Brandivy large model may be utilised. e originality of Armorican type socketed axes was observed since the XIXth century, and their date discussed. G. and A. de Mortillet (1881, pl. XCIII) thought they were from Early Iron Age period, but J. Dchelee (1910, p. 253 & pl. IV) placed them in his Period IV (Late Bronze Age). J. Briard (1965) and J. Rivallain (1971) gave the rst synthetical studies. ey thought that these axes were produced mainly during Late Bronze Age, and the last one during Early Iron Age. is armation was usually accepted till now. Critical examination of carps tongue hoards said to contain Armorican type socketed axes It demonstrates that none of the carps tongue hoards said to contain Armorican type socketed axes was credible: they are old and badly documented discoveries, sometime of there are mixed dierent discoveries. Some hoards do not even exist! It is important to notice that none of old discovered and well documented hoards like Vnat, Mongeville, Prairie de Mauves or Jardin des Plantes in Nantes contain Armorican axes, neither the new discovered ones like those of Gouesnach in Finistre, Challans in Vende, Meschers in Charente-Maritime or Triou in Deux-Svres. J. Briard (1991) observed this about Breton new discovered hoards, but he was not read... Early Iron Age contexts Associations of Armorican type axes and Ha D armlets were noticed by Jacques Briard since 1965 in Plonis in Finistre and Loudac in Ctes-dArmor hoards. He observed that some hoards poeries (Kerhon in Morbihan and Bogodonou in Finistre) are copies of Hallstaian situlas. New discoveries bring conrmation of Late First Iron Age date: - Kergariou in Quimper, Finistre. In a pit in the boom of an excavation, some intact axes and fragments of others, and fragments of Ha D armlets (Menez & alii 2005; Menez & alii to be published); - Trelly hoard, Manche. Axes with Ha D ornaments (Verney 1999); - Forgerais in Rugn, Loire-Atlantique. Axes with a fragment of Ha D armlet or ankle ring. Other informations about Late Bronze age hoards and Armorican socketed axes hoards Two recent researches conrm independence of Late Bronze Age hoards and Armorican socketed axes ones: - they do not occupy the same sorts of places in landscape, at least in West Central Briany and Finistre (Fily

2008);

- metal compositions of artefacts of Late Bronze age hoards and Armorican socketed axes hoards are very dierent (Le Carlier & alii 2009; Le Carlier & alii 2011). Conclusion It is now clear that Late Bronze Age hoards do not contain Armorican type socketed axes. ese axes appear only during Early Iron Age, maybe during Ha C, but were surely produced during Ha D. New discoveries about metal composition and burial places show that Late Bronze Age bronze objects and Armorican socketed axes are dierent.

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So, the Armorican socketed axes hoards phenomenon took its right place in hoards practice in continental Western Europe: they are numerous during Late Bronze Age, they disappear or are very rare during Ha C, they become more frequent during Ha D (see for example during Ha D: ornaments hoards in West Central France and Launacian hoards in Languedoc).

Bibliographie / Bibliography : Briard J., 1965. Les dpts bretons et lge du Bronze atlantique. Rennes, Laboratoire dAnthropologie prhistorique. Briard J., 1991. Le groupe de lpe en langue de carpe en Armorique : une rvision. In : Chevillot C. et Coyn A. (d.), Le Bronze atlantique (actes du colloque Beynac, sept. 1990), Prigueux, Vesuna, p. 125-144. Dchelee J., 1910. Manuel dArchologie prhistorique, celtique et gallo-romaine, t. II, 1re partie : ge du Bronze. Picard, Paris. de Mortillet G. et A., 1881. Muse prhistorique. Paris, Reinwald. Fily, M., 2008. Les monuments funraires et les dpts mtalliques dans le paysage rituel de lge du Bronze : lexemple du centre-ouest de la Bretagne et du Finistre lioral (France). se de doctorat, Universit de Rennes 1. Le Carlier C., Le Bannier J.-C., Aranda B., Marcigny C., 2009. Analyses chimiques des objets de trois dpts normands (Trelly, Agneaux, Surtainville) : variation au sein de chaque dpt, intercomparaison, Sminaires archologiques de lOuest, 2 avril 2009. Le Carlier C., Le Bannier J.-C., Marcigny C., Fily M., Mlin M., 2011. Lanalyse des objets base cuivre protohistoriques de lOuest de la France. Limportance de la reprsentativit des analyses lchelle rgionale, Journe du CReAAH Archologie, Archosciences, Histoire (Rennes, 2 avril 2011), p. 48. Menez Y., Gomez de Soto J., Dupr M., 2005. Quimper Finistre. Lhabitat de lge du Fer de Kergariou. Rapport dopration prventive, Rennes, 2005, 36 p. Menez Y., Gomez de Soto J., Dupr M., paratre. Lhabitat de lge du Fer de Kergariou Quimper (Finistre). Bulletin de la Socit prhistorique franaise. Rivallain J., 1971. Contribution lEtude du Bronze Final en Armorique. Elaboration dune mthode applique aux dpts de haches douille armoricaines. Rennes, Universit de Haute Bretagne. Verney A., 1999. Dpt de Trelly (Manche). In : Nos anctres les Gaulois aux marges de lArmorique. Nantes, Muse Dobre, p. 20.

Jos Gomez de Soto Directeur de recherche mrite au CNRS, Universit de Rennes 1 UMR 6566 CReAAH, Rennes [email protected]

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Jean-Franois Piningre - Universit de Bourgogne / UMR 5594 ARTeHIS Mareva Gabillot - Universit de Bourgogne / UMR 5594 ARTeHIS Stefan Wirth - Universit de Bourgogne / UMR 5594 ARTeHIS Claude Mordant - Universit de Bourgogne / UMR 5594 ARTeHIS & Emilie Dubreucq - Universit de Bourgogne / UMR 5594 ARTeHIS Avec la collaboration de ierry Logel, Ccile Vber, Claire Touzel, Alain Festeau. 52 kilos, 1500 objets, 33 g en moyenne : regards indits sur les morceaux choisis du dpt de Larnaud ( Jura, France).Dcouvert fortuitement en 1865, le clbre dpt de Larnaud fut estim au moment de sa mise au jour 66 kg de bronze pour un eectif variant de 1784 1858 objets la plupart fragments. Ce dpt, demble considr comme une rfrence, a donn son nom lpoque protohistorique du Larnaudien de G. De Mortillet (1881, pl. LXXIV-XCII), a entran la validation de lemploi du terme cachee de fondeur (Coutil, 1914) et sest pos comme un modle de synthse dinuences multiples telles que lItalie du Nord, les Alpes, la France orientale, le Val de Loire (Milloe, 1963, p. 148). Il a enn souvent t considr comme un recrutement dobjets chelonn dans le temps. Sans doute en raison de sa taille exceptionnelle mais aussi des conditions de sa dcouverte, son tude exhaustive reste inacheve depuis prs de 150 ans, malgr les rares articles anciens et mmoires universitaires. Devant lampleur de lenqute, mme le Larnaudien a eu le temps de natre et de disparatre avant que soit envisage la rvision complte de cee dcouverte ! Dans le cadre dun ambitieux programme de recherche sur les premires mtallurgies en France orientale, nanc de 2003 2006 par les acteurs acadmiques de la recherche archologique franaise et coordonn par Jean-Franois Piningre, une monographie exhaustive de ce dpt emblmatique plus dun titre a t entreprise. Une dizaine de spcialistes de lge du Bronze sale alors lenregistrement systmatique de chaque fragment de bronze provenant de Larnaud au sein dune grille de lecture riche dune trentaine de critres. Cee tche ardue est en cours dachvement au terme de ces annes de compilation opinitre ; le recensement critique des donnes touche sa n et les premiers traitements soprent. Un nouveau regard sur le dpt de Larnaud est ainsi, prsent, enn, possible. lissue de linventaire de ces objets, rpartis aujourdhui dans trois muses franais, on dnombre prs de 1500 objets pour un total denviron 52 kg. Un des aspects particulirement remarquable rside dans le degr gnral trs lev de la fragmentation. Les analyses macroscopiques et statistiques sur les objets nous rvlent quun soin particulier a t port lexcution de cee tche, que ce soit dans le choix des fragments ou dans les gestes techniques eux-mmes. La signication dune telle masse de fragments appartenant un seul objet, choisis en fonction de divers critres puis enfouis, reste un problme non rsolu. Pour autant, la caractrisation qualitative et quantitative dun tel ensemble nous fournit les indicateurs qui le dnissent ; cest ce que propose dans un premier temps la prsente contribution. Dans un second temps, il sagit de confronter ce bilan avec celui dautres grands dpts dobjets briss bien connus comme ceux du Bronze nal atlantique, ou encore avec les dpts dits mixtes de la n du Bronze moyen, mais aussi avec ceux rcemment dcouverts dans la rgion salinoise ( Jura, France). Une ouverture vers des priodes plus rcentes de la Protohistoire nous orira galement doriginales pistes de rexion. Notre contribution lanalyse de la signication des dpts dobjets briss se fonde sur une approche quantitative, voire Rpartition en nombre des parures de forme circulaire (boutons, bracelets) provenant du dpt de Larnaud (Jura, France) en fonction de leur diamtre naturaliste, de ces manifestations rituelles, ordonn en classes de 10 mm. La distribution ne suit pas une loi normale (natuincluses sans nul doute au sein dun systme relle) et ne correspond donc pas un phnomne alatoire. On peut en dduire socio-culturel et conomique plus large.quune slection en fonction de la taille a eu lieu avant lenfouissement des objets.

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Scoperto nel 1865, il celebre ripostiglio di Larnaud stato valutato, al momento della sua scoperta, a 66 Kg di bronzo per un insieme compreso tra 1784 e 1858 oggei, la maggior parte dei quali frammentari. Questo ripostiglio, subito considerato come una referenza, ha fornito il suo nome alla fase protostorica del Larnaudien di G. De Mortillet (1881, pl. LXXIV-XCII), ha implicato ladozione delluso comune dellespressione di nascondiglio del fonditore (Coutil, 1914) e si inoltre imposto come un modello di sintesi di molteplici inuenze dItalia seentrionale, delle Alpi, della Francia orientale e della Valle della Loira (Milloe, 1963, p. 148). Inne, questo ripostiglio stato spesso considerato come un immagazzinamento di oggei che si sono susseguiti nel corso del tempo. Da circa 150 anni, lo studio esaustivo del deposito resta incompleto. Nellambito di un programma di ricerca sugli inizi della metallurgia in Francia orientale, la pubblicazione di una monograa esaustiva stata intrapresa collo scopo di registrare ogni frammento di bronzo relativo a questo insieme emblematico. In denitiva, in seguito allinventario completo di questi oggei, si enumerano oggi approssimativamente 1500 oggei per un totale di circa 52Kg. Uno degli aspei particolarmente notevoli risiede senza dubbio nel livello generalmente molto alto di frammentazione. Ci nonostante, la caraerizzazione qualitativa e quantitativa di un insieme di questo tipo ci fornisce essa stessa gli indicatori utili alla sua denizione : quanto si propone di fare in un primo tempo questo contributo. In un secondo tempo, si traer di confrontare questo bilancio con quello relativo agli altri grandi rispostigli di oggei frammentati ben conosciuti, quali quelli del Bronzo nale atlantico o ancora con i ripostigli dei misti della ne del Bronzo medio. Una apertura ulteriore verso dei periodi pi recenti della Protostoria ci orir inoltre la possibilit di esplorare delle piste di ricerca inedite. Il nostro contributo allanalisi del signicato dei ripostigli di oggei frammentati si fonda su un approccio quantitativo, ovvero naturalista, di queste manifestazioni rituali, comprese senza dubbio nellambito di un sistema socio-culturale e economico pi largo.

Bibliographie : COUTIL L., 1914 La cachee de fondeur de Larnaud ( Jura). 9me Congrs Prhistorique de France, Lons-leSaunier, 1913, Socit Prhistorique Franaise, Paris, p. 451-469. MILLOTTE J.-P., 1963 Le Jura et les plaines de la Sane aux ges des mtaux. Annales liraires de lUniversit de Besanon, vol. 59, Les Belles Leres, Paris, 457 p. MORTILLET (de) A. et G., 1903 Muse prhistorique, C. Reinwald, Paris, 1881, 105 pl.

Jean-Franois Piningre [email protected] Mareva Gabillot [email protected] Stefan Wirth [email protected] Claude Mordant [email protected] Emilie Dubreucq Universit de Bourgogne / UMR 5594 ARTeHIS 6, boulevard Gabriel F-21000 Dijon

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Pierre-Yves Milcent - Universit de Toulouse II Le Mirail / UMR 5608 TRACES Entre continuits et ruptures : les dpts mtalliques non funraires de la Gaule atlantique du XIIIe au VIe s. av. J.-C.La pratique des dpts mtalliques non funraire en Gaule atlantique, cest--dire entre Flandre et Gironde, est rpute avoir connu une intensication remarquable entre le Bronze nal 1 et le 1er ge du Fer 2 (XIIIe-VIe s. av. J.-C.). Pour lge du Bronze nal, 350 dpts ont en eet t mis au jour et signals depuis le XVIIe s. Mais de mme que durant la Protohistoire, nombre de ces lments exhums ont t r-enfouis, perdus, disperss, refondus, mlangs dautres, avant quils ne soient dcrits ou dessins. En outre, beaucoup demeurent indits dans des collections publiques. On estime aujourdhui que seule la moiti environ des 20.000 lments signals comme issus des dpts atlantiques de lge du Bronze nal sont connus par une illustration. Si lrosion des donnes est considrable, la documentation disponible savre importante et sans doute reprsentative des ralits anciennes. A partir de cee documentation, nous voudrions tenter de rpondre un certain nombre de questions, en apparence simples, mais pour lesquelles les rponses ne vont pas de soi : - La squence des dpts de Gaule atlantique est-elle continue entre le XIIIe et le VIe s. av. J.-C. et tous les horizons typo-chronologiques sont-ils reprsents ? - Quelles sont les volutions principales dun horizon lautre, en termes notamment de distribution spatiale, mais aussi de modalits de constitution des dpts ? - Comment interprter ces volutions et, en particulier, les moments de rupture ?

Pierre-Yves Milcent Universit de Toulouse II Le Mirail UMR 5608 TRACES [email protected]

Barbara Armbruster - Universit de Toulouse II Le Mirail / UMR 5608 TRACES Morceaux prcieux choisis. Dformations, mutilations et rutilisations en orfvrerie de lge du Bronze.Lorfvrerie reprsente des artefacts des plus exclusifs en archologie de lge du Bronze, car elle constitue un matriau rare, important pour la production de bijoux de prestige ou de vaisselle de table de luxe. Cet expos traite des questions de dformation intentionnelle, de la mutilation et de la rutilisation dobjets en or, cres avec une signication symbolique importante la n de la prhistoire. Cee tude inclut galement les questions de rparation et mme de prcaution pour le stockage dobjets prcieux an de prserver leur forme et leur fonction. Lexpos traite par ailleurs avec larchomtallurgie et implicitement avec la technologie de lor utiliss pour la fabrication, la rparation ou la destruction, en tenant compte des tudes de cas de lEurope Atlantique de mme que de lEurope du Nord. Cee vaste zone gographique, qui stend du sud de la pninsule ibrique vers le nord de lEcosse et jusqu la Scandinavie, a produit une quantit importante dorfvrerie de haute qualit pendant cee priode. Ltude conclura par une approche interdisciplinaire dans ltude des aspects technologiques des mtaux prcieux et vise souligner que la technologie dor peut tre considre comme une culture en matire active.

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Selected precious pieces. Deformation, mutilation and reuse in Bronze Age gold work.Gold work embodies one of the most exclusive artefacts to deal with in Bronze Age archaeology since it constitutes a rare but important material for the production of prestigious jewellery or luxury table ware. is paper deals questions of intentional deformation, mutilation and reuse of gold objects produced with an important symbolic meaning in later prehistory. is study includes issues of repair and even of precaution for the storing of precious items in order to preserve their form and function. e talk moreover deals with archaeometallurgy and implicitly with gold technology used for the manufacture, repair or destruction, taking into account case studies from Atlantic and Nordic Europe. is large geographic area, from the south of Iberia up to the north of Scotland and further to Scandinavia, produced an important quantity of high quality gold work in that time span. e study will conclude with an interdisciplinary approach in the study of technological aspects of precious metal work and aims to point out that gold technology can be seen as active material culture.

Barbara Armbruster Universit de Toulouse II Le Mirail UMR 5608 TRACES Maison de la Recherche 5, alles Antonio-Machado F - 31058 Toulouse Cedex [email protected]

Alicia Perea - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cienticas, Madrid - Instituto de Historia Breaking gold: reuse, ritual damage or ideology?Fragmentation of objects for practical, ritual, economic or any other kind of reasons is a universal behaviour that has been observed and described by archaeologists as well as anthropologists. On the other hand the new theorethical trends on materiality and agency envisage the archaeological object under the perspective of its interrelation with the individual and the society. Objects are no more inanimate entities, but they interact with human beings and share their personhood and identity. Object embodiment is well aested in Homeric ontology where we also assist to peoples reication. is redimensioning of the object allows us to analyze the archaeological record in a new light (DeMarrais, Gosden y Renfrew 2004). Taking into account these new trends we pick up the case study entitled Iberian Psycho (Perea 2008) presented in the 2005 European Association of Archaologists meeting in Cork to the Hoards from the Neolithic to the Metal Ages in Europe: technical and codied practices session, in order to revise gold hoards of the Iberian atlantic seaboard during the late Bronze Age. Conclusions suggest that the fragmented/non fragmented dichotomy, expressed by Chapman and Gaydarska (2007) in their last volume on fragmentation in prehistory, is not enough any more to explain this type of archaeological record. We put forward the dierent kinds of behaviour we have identied in relation with manipulated/buried objects through some case studies: chaining, adding, fragmenting and merging. All of them are associated with dierent strategies taken by elites while in a threatening or changing situation.

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Chain of spirals from the Mrida hoard. British Museum. Photo: Proyecto Au.

La fragmentacin de objetos con nes prcticos, rituales, econmicos o de cualquier otro tipo, constituye un comportamiento universal que ha sido observado y descrito tanto por arquelogos como por antroplogos. Por otro lado, las nuevas orientaciones tericas sobre materialidad y agencia estudian el objeto arqueolgico bajo la perspectiva de su interrelacin con el individuo y la sociedad. Los objetos han dejado de ser entes inanimados, para interactuar con el ser humano y compartir personalidad e identidad. La personicacin del objeto esta bien documentada en la ontologa homrica, donde tambin asistimos a la cosicacin de las personas. Esta redimensin del objeto nos permite analizar el registro arqueolgico desde nuevas perspectivas (DeMarrais, Gosden y Renfrew 2004). A la luz de esta nuevas orientaciones retomamos el caso presentado en la reunin de la European Association of Archaologists de 2005 en Cork, a la sesin sobre Hoards from the Neolithic to the Metal Ages in Europe: technical and codied practices, con el ttulo de Iberian Psycho (Perea 2008), para revisar los depsitos de oro del Bronce nal ibrico en la fachada atlntica. La conclusin es que la dicotoma objeto ntegro/objeto fragmentado, planteada por Chapman y Gaydarska (2007) en su ltimo libro sobre fragmentacin en prehistoria, ya no es suciente para explicar la evidencia arqueolgica de este material arqueolgico. A travs de una serie de casos de estudio proponemos las diferentes formas de comportamiento que hemos identicado en ralacin a los objetos manipulados y enterrados: enganchar, aadir, fragmentar y fusionar. Todas ellas se asocian a las diferentes estrategias que adoptan la lites ante V/E bracelet with a wide part of the cylinder cut out. situaciones de cambio o peligro.J.M. Soler Museum.Photo: Proyecto Au.

Bibliography / Bibliograa : Chapman, R. & Gaydarska, B. 2007: Parts and Wholes: fragmentation in prehistoric context. Oxbow Books, Oxford. DeMarrais, E., Gosden, C. & Renfrew, C. (eds.) 2004: Rethinking Materiality. e engagement of mind with the material world, McDonald Institute Monographs, Exeter. Perea, A. 2008: Iberian Psycho. Deliberate destruction in Bronze Age gold hoards of the Iberian Peninsula. In: C. Hamon & B. Quiliec (eds.) Hoards from the Mesolithic to the Metal Ages. Technical and codied practices. Session of the XIth Annual Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists. BAR International Series 1758. Oxford: 53-58.

Alicia Perea Grupo Arqueometal Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, CSIC. Albasanz 26-28, E-28037 Madrid [email protected]

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Botond Rezi - Mure County MuseumViolence before or during deposition? Special remarks regarding the Late Bronze Age hoards from Transylvania. e typological and structural diversity of the Late Bronze Age hoards from Transylvania is more obvious if we take into consideration the degree and techniques of fragmentation of their artifacts. ough in some cases it is quite hard to separate the voluntary destruction from the intense wear and use marks, the objects which were really destructed can be distinguished from other artifacts which were normally used. e signs of these fragmentations can be characterized and classied based on the type of the object, based on its intensity and location within the artifact. is contribution proposes to show these fragmentation marks and methods, by establishing a classication of the marks. For the region of Transylvania the destructive intentions are present, in time and space, through changing methods within the hoarding practice. e periods with specic hoard compositions and almost without any broken objects are alternating with hoards which are dominated by violent and destructive intentions. Trying to give a general fragmentation paern to the entire Transylvanian hoarding phenomenon, by a statistical way, is a larger obstacle than we thought. Many of the hoards are lacking important amount of objects or they are totally missing, also the information from the literature is incomplete.

Gewalt vor, oder whrend der Deponierung? Besondere Bemerkungen zur sptbronzezeitliche Bronzehorunde von Siebenbrgen.Die typologische und strukturelle Vielfalt der sptbronzezeitlichen Depounde von Siebenbrgen ist deutlicher, wenn wir den Fragmentierungsgrad und die Fragmentierungstechniken der Funde in Betracht ziehen. In einigen Fllen ist es schwierig, die Spuren der intentionellen Zerstrung vom Gebrauchsspuren zu trennen, trotzdem, bei der Mehrheit der Gegenstnde ist das meistens kein Problem. Die Merkmale dieser Zerstrungen knnen anhand des Objektentyps und aufgrund ihrer Intensitt und Lage auf dem Artefakt charakterisiert und klassiziert werden. Dieser Beitrag mchte, die Methoden und Merkmale der Fragmentierung zeigen, und die Zerstrungsmarken klassizieren. Das Versuch, mit statistischen Grundlagen einen allgemeinen Fragmentierungsmuster fr das ganze siebenbrgischeDepophenomenon zu geben, tri auf ein greres Hindernis als wir dachten. Aus vielen Depos fehlt eine groe Anzahl an Objekten, oder sie sind ganz verschollen, als Folge dessen sind die Daten aus der Literatur auch lckenha.

Botond Rezi Mure County Museum [email protected]

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Peter Turk - Narodni muzej Slovenije Tracing (ir)reversibility. Some aspects of Late Bronze Age hoards in south-eastern Alpine region.Apart from some exceptional bronze items assemblages, which aest irreversibility of the oered objects due to specic site circumstances (e.g. deep abysses), lile remains to claim unequivocal irreversibility of the deposited objects for the vast majority of the Bronze Age hoards. If we are to understand Bronze Age hoards as votive deposits, or rather as the only remains of specic communication between the society and the supernatural, then the supposed irreversibility of the hoards under question should be taken for granted. How can we therefore gain some insight into their irreversibility? Some characteristics of the Late Bronze Age hoards (their structured and not accidental composition, distribution of chosen objects etc.) from the south-eastern Alpine region and its surroundings aest their irreversibility indirectly. Another important factor for judging possible reasons for hoarding is the presence of extraordinary landmarks in the nearest proximity to the hoard, which could hint towards understanding them as some kind of Bronze Age sacred places. Such is the case with the recently acquired hoard from the elder Urneld Culture (13th-12th cent. BC) from Bled in Slovene Alpine area. is is regionally typical hoard of mixed composition, with predominant winged axes, sickles and fragments of plano-convex ingots. It contains, however, also two oval appliqus made of thin sheet gold metal, which are rather rare artefacts. Parallels for such appliqus aest their distribution mostly along the Alpine arch. Deposition itself of such precious artefacts makes the hoard under question more remarkable. Another hoard from the middle Urneld Culture (11th-10th cent. BC) was discovered within a contemporaneous selement in Dragomelj in central Slovenia. It is composed exclusively of semi-worked copper and bronze ingots. Specic characteristics of the hoard (correlation between stratigraphic position of objects in the hoard, degree of their fragmentation and wear-use remains on their broken surfaces) hint, however, towards conclusion that the objects were regularly taken out of the hoard and were redeposited in the hoard again. Its irreversibility is therefore far from certain. It remains, however, also unclear if such a conclusion can lead us to the old assumptions of hoards as temporarily hidden treasures.Selected objects from the recently acquired hoard from Bled. Photo: T. Lauko. National Museum of Slovenia.

Peter Turk National Museum of Slovenia Preernova 20 SI-1000 Ljubljana [email protected]

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Joanna Brck - University College Dublin e life histories of broken objects.ere is a curious contradiction in the way broken objects have traditionally been interpreted in burials versus hoards. On the one hand, it has oen been suggested that fragmentary artefacts from mortuary contexts were ritually destroyed a means of symbolising the end of the life of their owner. Broken metalwork in hoards, on the other hand, is generally viewed as material which is no longer socially signicant and retains only its economic value as a raw material. is exposes a paradox that lies at the heart of longstanding debates regarding the character of the Bronze Age economy: were Bronze Age objects alienable commodities or inalienable elements of social life? is paper will propose an alternative interpretation of the process of deliberate destruction that places the histories of broken objects at centre stage: artefacts that in a modern context might be interpreted as refuse appear to have been valued both for their transformative powers and for their ability to presence particular people, places and qualities. Far from being meaningless, broken objects were circulated as powerful indices of inter-personal relationships.

Joanna Brck Senior lecturer, University College Dublin School of Archaeology, Newman Building, Beleld, Dublin 4, Ireland [email protected]

Brendan OConnor From Ultima ule: fragmentation in the Bronze Age metalwork of Scotland?is contribution will examine selected metalwork from the whole of the Scoish Bronze Age (c2400-c700 BC) to show from hoards and single nds of prestige objects like swords and shields what was fragmented and what was deposited complete. It will complement Trevor Cowies contribution which will examine in detail some Scoish nds that show good evidence of fragmentation. Cee contribution examinera une slection dobjets mtalliques de lensemble de lge du bronze cossais (c2400-c700 av JC) pour montrer, partir des dpts et des trouvailles isols dobjets de prestige, comme les pes et boucliers, ce qui a t rduit en fragments et ce qui a t dpos entier. Cela compltera la contribution de Trevor Cowie, qui examinera en dtail quelques trouvailles cossaises qui prsentent des signes vidents de fragmentation.

Brendan OConnor [email protected]

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Trevor Cowie - National Museums of Scotland Earth, air, re and water?: Duddingston Loch and other Late Bronze Age hoards from Scotland.In 1778, a sizable deposit of Late Bronze Age metalwork was dredged up from Duddingston Loch in Edinburgh. e nd was later to give its name to one of the phases of the long-established Late Bronze Age scheme for Scotland yet it is far from being a typical Scoish hoard. In northern Britain, where relative completeness of the artefacts is generally the norm, the fragmented condition of most of the contents of the Duddingston is highly unusual. is paper will examine the features that set Duddingston and a small number of related nds apart from the main body of Scoish hoards.

Trevor Cowie Senior Curator, Department of Archaeology, National Museums of Scotland [email protected]

Ben Roberts - British Museum What have metal-detectorists ever done for us? Understanding fragmentation in recently discovered Late Bronze Age gold and bronze objects in England and Wales.Metal-detecting by members of the public is legal in England and Wales, providing the landowner has given permission and it does not include protected archaeological sites. Aempts by archaeologists to get metal-detecting made illegal in the 1980s uerly failed. is has led to a new and more pragmatic approach and a subsequent explosion in the discovery of new Bronze Age gold and bronze hoards in England and Wales. e Treasure Act in 1996, made it compulsory to report all new discoveries of Bronze Age gold objects to the archaeological authorities and since 2002 this has been extended to all new discoveries of Bronze Age bronze hoards under the same process. All of these discoveries are researched and catalogued by the British Museum or the National Museum of Wales. All Bronze Age nds made by members of the public, now ca. 5,000 objects have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database www.nds.org.uk. e scale of the new nds is revealed in a recent study by Murgia and Roberts which demonstrated that despite 300 years of discovery and recording, one third of all Bronze Age gold objects and sites known from England and Wales had been found between 1997 and 2010. e discoveries of Bronze Age bronze hoards in England and Wales found since 2002 are increasing even more dramatically. ese include hoards such Langton Matravers, Dorset (found in 2009) and Boughton Malherbe, Kent (found in 2011) which are currently the 2nd and 3rd largest ever found in Britain. What is perhaps surprising is that even with extensive developer-funded archaeological survey and excavation across England and Wales (e.g. 27,000 eld evaluations occurring between 1991 and 2007 in England alone), only a small minority of bronze or gold hoards are found by professional archaeologists with the vast majority coming from metal-detecting. e implications for understanding the destruction and manipulation of metalwork in the Later Bronze Age are signicant. Any scholar has had to rely upon museum collections which are traditionally based on the acquisition of 19th century antiquarian collections which were heavily biased towards complete and aesthetically appealing objects. In the published literature, even the mighty Prehistorische Bronzefunde series has tended to favour complete objects. Field

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Pre-ai / Abstracts

archaeologists have rarely been involved in the discovery of Bronze Age hoards so contribute relatively few new sites or objects in their research. What we have now due to the Treasure Act (1996, 2002) and the Portable Antiquities Scheme is the large-scale recovery of all complete and fragmentary Bronze Age metalwork in England and Wales. e analysis of these newly discovered bronze and gold objects together with the radiocarbon-dated typochronological scheme in England and Wales, means that it is now possible to start exploring widespread paerns of deliberate manipulation and destruction in 200 year phases from c. 1400-600 BC.

Ben Roberts British Museum [email protected]

Christoph Huth - Universitt Freiburg Archaeologists in action Paerns of interpretation with regard to Late Bronze Age depositions.e debate over how to interpret metalwork depositions has been going on for about 150 years, and it has nothing lost in terms of erceness and controversy. While archaeology is b

Convegno Pezzi Scelti - Abstracts

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