CONTSTRUCTION TERMS

AND ABBREVIATIONS

Updated 1-21-10

Created by C.L. and M.W. 1

A

A/C-An abbreviation for air conditioner or air conditioning.

Access Floor–(see Raised Floor)

Addendum-A written or graphic instrument issued by the Architect prior to the execution of the contract which modifies or interprets the bidding documents by additions, deletions, clarifications, or corrections.

Aesthetics-Beauty or that which is pleasing to the eye.

A. F.-An abbreviation for “Above Finished” used to represent an elevation or measurement above a finished object. It may appear with or without periods. (i.e. A.F.F./AFF = Above Finished Floor; A.F.R./AFR = Above Finished Roof).

Aggregate-A mixture of sand and stone that is a major component of concrete.

Air Space-The area between the insulation facing, and the interior of an exterior wall covering. This is normally a 1" air gap. Air Way/Air Well-An open space surrounded by the walls of a structure or concrete to provide ventilation for level openings or windows. Usually a vertical earth bore or shaft to supply surface air to an underground facility or basement area. Alternate-An amount stated in the bid to be added or to be deducted from the amount of the base bid if the corresponding change in the work, as described in the bid documents, is accepted.

Anchor Bolt-A heavy threaded bolt partially embedded in the foundation to secure steel columns or the sill plate to the concrete grade beam, pier or floor slab.

Apprentice-One who is in the process of learning a trade through studies and/or on-the-job training under the guidance of a Journeyman.

Approved-Authorization to proceed with that which has been submitted or proposed.

Approved As Noted-Authorization to proceed with that which has been submitted or proposed, but with minor modifications as indicated by the reviewer. Architect–Professional who designs and supervises the construction of buildings or other structures.

CONTSTRUCTION TERMS

AND ABBREVIATIONS

Updated 1-21-10

Created by C.L. and M.W. 2

As-Built Drawing-Drawings that reflect the end product of an installation. They include all changes or deviations from the original submittal materials and methods.

B Back Charge-A charge for cleanup work, or to repair an item damaged by another subcontractor (i.e. a damaged utility line or broken window). Back Fill-The replacement of excavated earth into a trench or against a slab, basement, or foundation wall. Ballast-To weight an item down. A thick layer of smooth rock or pavers may be used on top of loose laid membrane roofs to prevent the wind from lifting them.

Bar Joist-An open-web, flat truss structural member used to support a floor or roof structure. The web section is made from bar or rod stock, and chords are usually fabricated from ‘T’ or angle sections.

Barrel Tile-Clay roofing tiles that have a rounded or curved profile.

Base Bid-The sum stated in the ‘Bid’ for which the bidder offers to perform the work described in the bid document. The base to which work may be added or from which work may be deleted for sums stated in alternate bid items. Beam-A structural member transversely supporting a load. A structural member carrying building loads (weight) from one support to another. A beam is also known as a ‘girder’. Bedrock - A subsurface layer of earth that is suitable to support a structure.

Bid - A formal offer by a contractor, in accordance with plans and specifications for a project, to do all or a phase of the work, at a specified price, in accordance with the terms and conditions stated in the offer.

Bid Documents - Include the bidding documents and proposed contract documents. They consist of the advertisement or invitation to bid, bidding instructions, all requirements and qualifications for the job, specifications, drawings and the bid form.

CONTSTRUCTION TERMS

AND ABBREVIATIONS

Updated 1-21-10

Created by C.L. and M.W. 3

Bid Process-The bid process begins with an Owner or Developer deciding to build a new structure, or modify or add to an existing structure or property. The Owner or Developer contacts an Architect, and the Architect converts the Owner’s needs to set of plans, specifications, qualifications, and requirements in the form of a bid package. The bid package is then made available to the construction industry for pricing of the project. The qualified contractor submitting the lowest bid is usually awarded the contract. Bid Shopping-A practice by which contractors, before and after their bids are submitted, attempt to obtain prices from potential subcontractors and material suppliers that are lower than the contractors' original estimates from which their bids are based. After a contract is awarded, they may seek to induce subcontractors to reduce the subcontract price included in the bid. Bitumastic-Mixtures of hydrocarbons and other substances found in asphalt and tar. Bitumen occurs naturally or are produced from petroleum and coal. Block/Cinder Block-A hollow concrete 'brick' often 8"x 8"x16" in size. Block out-To install a box or barrier within a foundation wall to prevent the concrete from entering an area (i.e. foundation walls are sometimes ‘blocked’ to allow for mechanical pipes to pass through the wall, to install a crawl space door, and to depress the concrete at a garage door location).

Blueprint(s)-A type of copying method. The drawing of a structure which is prepared by an Architect or designer for the purpose of design, planning, estimating, securing permits, and actual construction.

Bollard-One of a series of short posts preventing vehicles from entering an area. Bollards may be used as a stand for mounting outside feature lightning.

Boom/Boom Lift-Used to hoist up heavy material or personnel.

Boot-A rubber or plastic flashing used to seal a roof penetration or pipe on a membrane or metal roof.

Brace-An inclined piece of framing applied to a wall or the floor to strengthen the structure. Often used on walls as temporary bracing until framing has been completed.

Break Line-Two parallel crooked lines through a drawing that indicate a portion of redundancy has been omitted in order to save apace on the sheet.

CONTSTRUCTION TERMS

AND ABBREVIATIONS

Updated 1-21-10

Created by C.L. and M.W. 4

Breaker Panel-The electrical box that distributes electric power entering the home to each branch circuit (each plug and switch) and composed of circuit breakers.

Brick Ledge-Part of the foundation wall where brick (veneer) will rest. Bucket Lift-A piece of motorized equipment designed to raise and position personnel for elevated work. Built Up Roof-A roofing system composed of three to five layers of asphalt felt laminated with coal, tar, pitch, or asphalt. The top is finished with crushed slag or gravel that is mopped in with hot material. They are generally used on flat or low-pitched roofs. Note: This term is commonly misused to represent any roof with insulation beneath it. If coordinating a roof, do not end questions with this term.

C

Cable Tray-An assembly that forms a rigid structural system used to support cables and raceways.

Caisson-A 10" or 12" diameter hole drilled into the earth and embedded into bedrock 3-4 feet. The structural support for a type of foundation wall, porch, patio, monopost, or other structure. Two or more ‘sticks’ of reinforcing bars (rebar) are inserted into and run the full length of the hole, and concrete is poured into the caisson hole.

Can–An enclosure used to house various pieces of electrical equipment.

Canopy-An overhang shelter; a marquee.

Cant Strip-Triangular section laid at the intersection of two surfaces to ease or eliminate the effect of a sharp angle or projection.

Cantilever- A structural shape, beam, truss, or slab that extends beyond its last point of support.

Cap Sheet-The top sheet of roofing in a built up roof, usually made of organic or inorganic fibers, saturated and coated on both sides with a bituminous compound and factory-coated with mineral granules.

CONTSTRUCTION TERMS

AND ABBREVIATIONS

Updated 1-21-10

Created by C.L. and M.W. 5

Carton Form-Rectangular cardboard boxes that are installed between the earth and the bottom of the concrete foundation. They are used when expansive soils are present. Cast-In-Place (Poured-in-place)-Refers to concrete work that is formed using wood and/or metal panels as molds for a specific member or component of the project. Reinforcing steel is then strategically placed in the form and concrete is poured. This work is done at the final desired location for the component. Catalog Cut-Illustrative and descriptive information about a system component that is typically reproduced from a supplier’s product catalog. Catalog cuts are often required to be submitted for approval along with a contractor’s installation drawings. Cathedral Ceiling/Vaulted Ceiling-An architectural term for an arched or sloped ceiling. There may be little or no space between the ceiling and the roof of the structure. The beams and trusses are often exposed.

Caulk-A flexible material used to seal a gap between two surfaces (i.e. between pieces of siding, panels or flashing). It serves as a weather barrier.

Caulk Joint-The gap between two surfaces that will be filled and sealed with caulk or other sealing material. C-Channel-Structural steel member in which the flanges and web form the shape of a ‘C’.

Chalk Line-A line made by snapping a taut string or cord dusted with chalk. Used for alignment purposes.

Chamfer-A chamfer is a beveled edge connecting two surfaces. If the surfaces are at right angles, the chamfer will typically be symmetrical at 45 degrees.

Change Order-A written document which modifies the plans and specifications and/or the price of the construction contract.

Chase-A framed enclosed space dedicated for the routing of pipe or wiring from one location or floor to another location or floor. Clerestory-A windowed wall of a room that rises higher than the surrounding roofs to light the interior space.

CONTSTRUCTION TERMS

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Updated 1-21-10

Created by C.L. and M.W. 6

Close Out Documents-The combination of shop drawings, test reports, operating manuals, certifications, and warranties given to the Owner at the end of a project. CMU-Abbreviation for concrete masonry unit. A loosely compressed hollow concrete 'brick' often 8"x8"x16" in size. Also know as ‘block’ or ‘cinder block’. CO-An abbreviation for ‘Certificate of Occupancy’. This certificate is issued by the local municipality and is required before anyone can occupy and live within the home. It is issued only after the local municipality has made all inspections, and the fees have been paid. Coal Tar Pitch-A roofing pitch made from the distillation of bituminous coal; used mainly for dead-level or low-slope roofs; coal-tar pitch comes in a narrow range of softening points from approximately l40° F to l55° F. Column-A vertical structural compression member which supports loads. Commissioning-Start-up of a building that includes testing and adjusting HVAC, electrical, plumbing, and other systems to assure proper functioning and adherence to design criteria; also includes the instruction of building representatives in the use of the building systems. Compaction (Soil Compaction)-The degree of soil density, along with its side effects of increased strength and decreased permeability. Compaction is accomplished by use of heavy equipment that usually vibrates to cause re-orientation of the soil particles into a denser configuration. The degree of compaction may be tested and measured. Completion Date-The date stipulated in the construction contract for substantial completion. Composition Roof-A roof using shingles made from asphalt and fiberglass composites.

Concrete-The mixture of Portland cement, sand, gravel, and water. Used to make garage and basement floors, sidewalks, patios, foundation walls, etc. It is commonly reinforced with steel rods (rebar) or wire screening (mesh).

Concrete Block-A hollow concrete 'brick' often 8"x8"x16" in size.

Conduit/Electrical-A pipe in which wire is installed.

CONTSTRUCTION TERMS

AND ABBREVIATIONS

Updated 1-21-10

Created by C.L. and M.W. 7

Construction Documents-The drawings and specifications that describe the construction requirements.

Contract Documents-The documents that comprise a construction contract consisting of the agreement between Owner and contractor, the conditions of the contract (general, supplementary, and other), drawings, specifications, and addenda issued before the contract is signed; also included are modifications issued after execution of the contract.

Continuity Tester-A device that tells whether a circuit is capable of carrying electricity.

Contract Drawings-The drawings issued for pricing along with all subsequent revisions and addendums. Control Joint-Tooled, straight grooves made on concrete floors to ‘control’ where the concrete cracks. Construction Manager-A firm or individual, mindful of the Owner’s best interests, designated to oversee the quality, coordination, and scheduling of the project. Cooling Tower-Evaporation of water is used to reject heat from processes such as cooling the circulating water used in oil refineries, chemical plants, power plants, and building cooling. Cooling Well-A well or depressed area, usually on the roof, that contains the cooling tower. Coping- The material or units used to form a cap or finish on top of a wall, pier, pilaster, or chimney; a protective cap at the top of a masonry wall-it should be waterproof, weather resistant, and sloped to shed water. Cornice-A horizontal molded projection that crowns or completes a building or wall. The molding at the top of the walls of a room, between the walls and ceiling. Correct-As-Noted-A designation applied to a submittal requesting changes be made as noted by the reviewer.

Counter Flashing-A metal flashing, usually horizontal, used on parapets or at walls just above the roofline to cover to cover the top edge of membrane material that has been turned up to prevent moisture entry.

CRAC Unit-Abbreviation for computer room air conditioning unit.

CONTSTRUCTION TERMS

AND ABBREVIATIONS

Updated 1-21-10

Created by C.L. and M.W. 8

Crawl Space-A shallow space below the living quarters of a house, normally a dirt floor enclosed by the foundation wall. Cricket-A chimney flashing on the uphill side, resembling a small roof ridge, to divert the rainwater around the chimney, curb, or other projection. Crimp Tool/Crimper–A hand powered, hydraulic operated or electric-assisted hydraulic tool used for the installation of compression type connections. C-Tap-A type of compression connector in the shape of the letter ‘C’ that is crimped together to splice conductors. Cupola-A small domed structure adorning a roof. Curtain Wall-Non-loadbearing glass or metal panel, or wall system supported by metal frame members (also known as a ‘store front’). Cut-Term used for a section view of something. Cutting Grade-Term used for removing dirt down to a desired elevation approximating final grade.

D

Dead Man-A heavy plate, wall, or block buried in the ground that acts as an anchor for a retaining wall, sheet pile, etc., by a tie connecting them together.

Deck, Roof-Metal, plywood, or wafer board sheeting installed on the roof framing that will support the insulation and finished roof.

Design/Build-A project delivery system which the same entity is responsible for both design and construction.

Diamond-A diamond shaped ‘leave-out’ of the slab-on-grade or first slab level at interior column locations above the piers. This will later be filled in as the structure goes up and weight is accumulated and distributed on the piers. This prevents the slab from cracking. At exterior columns, ½ of the diamond configuration will be used.

Digging Grade-(see cutting grade) Disconnect-A large (generally 20 Amp) electrical ON-OFF switch.

CONTSTRUCTION TERMS

AND ABBREVIATIONS

Updated 1-21-10

Created by C.L. and M.W. 9

Dormer-An opening in a sloping roof. The framing which projects out to form a vertical wall suitable for windows or other openings.

Down Commer-Jobsite slang used to refer to a ‘downlead’.

Draftsman- 1) One who prepares architectural, construction, or engineering drawings. 2) A person who drafts documents. Dried In-The stage of construction when the building is at a preliminary point of being weatherproofed (i.e. tarpaper is on the roof and ISO board is installed on the exterior walls). This is a major milestone in the project as sheetrock and equipment can be installed. Drill Pier-A pillar that bears heavy loads. It is constructed by boring a large vertical hole in the subsurface down to stable soil or rock. Steel reinforcing cages are then lowered into the hole and concrete is poured to fill the hole.

Drywall (Gypsum Wallboard (GWB), Sheet Rock, or Plasterboard)-Wall board or gypsum- A manufactured panel made out of gypsum plaster and encased in a thin cardboard. It is usually ½” or 5/8” thick and 4' x 8' or 4' x 12' in size. The panels are nailed or screwed onto the framing and the joints are taped and covered with a 'joint compound'.

Duct/Duct Work-Usually round or rectangular, thin-walled metal pipes installed for distributing warm (or cold) air from the a/c or furnace to rooms in the building.

E Eaves-The horizontal exterior roof overhang. EC-Abbreviation for electrical contractor. The EC is used to refer to the electrical contracting company and the electrical project manager, superintendent or lead person on the job. EIFS-Abbreviation for exterior insulation and finish systems. Exterior cladding assembly consisting of a polymer finish over reinforcement adhered to foam plastic insulation that is fastened to masonry, concrete, building sheathing, or directly to the structural framing. The finished product has the appearance of concrete stucco.

CONTSTRUCTION TERMS

AND ABBREVIATIONS

Updated 1-21-10

Created by C.L. and M.W. 10

Egress-The way out; exit. Electrician-(see EC) Elevation-The vertical relationship of an object in relation to sea level or a given reference point. Elevation View/Elevation Drawing-A drawing that depicts the vertical plane view of a building or object. Elevator Penthouse-A roof structure containing the machine room for an electric traction elevator. Engineer-A person trained in any branch of the profession of engineering. Construction projects may employ civil, mechanical, electrical, and other types of Engineers. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)-An independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment.

Estimate-The amount of labor, materials, and other costs that a contractor anticipates for a project as summarized in the contractor's bid proposal for the project.

Excavation-The process of digging and/or removing dirt. Exception-When the reviewing party objects to a particular item or items of a submittal. Exclusion-A particular item or phase of work, along with all related costs, that is specifically omitted or excluded from a proposal or contract. Exhaust Stack-A pipe that channels smoke, heat, or fumes away from a piece of equipment or out of a building. Expansion joint-Fibrous material (2 1/2" thick) installed in and around a concrete slab to permit it to move up and down (seasonally) along the non-moving foundation wall.

CONTSTRUCTION TERMS

AND ABBREVIATIONS

Updated 1-21-10

Created by C.L. and M.W. 11

F

Façade-A side of the exterior of a building (usually the front). Fascia/Fascia Board-Horizontal boards attached to rafter/truss ends at the eaves and along gables. Roof drain gutters are attached to the fascia.

Fast Track-Method that telescopes or overlaps traditional design-construction process. Overlapping phases as opposed to sequential phases is keynote of the concept. Construction of the lower part of a ‘fast track’ project may start before drawing are even started for the upper part of the project.

Field Measure-Taking actual measurements at the jobsite instead of using the blueprints.

Finial-An architectural ornament finishing off the top of a roof, gable, tower, canopy, or cupola.

Finish Out/Finished Work-Refers to the final phase of an installation, as opposed to the ‘rough in’ or ‘concealed phase’ of an installation. Finished Grade-The final established elevation of the surface soil of a site. Fire Stop-Obstruction in a cavity designed to resist the passage of flame (sometimes referred to as ‘fire blocking’).

Fire Proofing-Process of applying protective material to a structural or finish member to increase the fire resistance of the member, and protect it from failure in the event of excessive heat or fire. This is typically used on steel columns of multi-story structures.

Fire Wall-A fire-resistant partition extending to or through the roof of a building to retard the spread of fire from one part of the building to an adjacent part.

Fish Tape-A long strip of spring steel used for fishing cables, and for pulling wires through conduit.

Flashing-Weatherproof shielding used to prevent intrusion of water into buildings. Roof flashing is placed around objects which protrude from the roof such as pipes, chimneys, or the edges of other roofs or walls to deflect water away from seams or joints. Flatwork-Common word for parking lots, driveways, basements, and sidewalks. Flexible Conduit-Electrical conduit made of a spiral-twisted metallic strip.

CONTSTRUCTION TERMS

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Updated 1-21-10

Created by C.L. and M.W. 12

Floating Parapet Cap-A method of installing the parapet coping by using clips below the cap to hold it in place. Screws are not allowed to penetrate the coping. Floating Parapet Cap-A method of installing the parapet coping by using clips below the cap to hold it in place. Screws are not allowed to penetrate the coping. Flowable Fill–Wet, concrete slurry used to fill utility trenches in lieu of the soil that was excavated to create the trench.

Flue-Large pipe through which fumes escape from a gas water heater, furnace, or fireplace. Generally flue pipes are double-walled, galvanized sheet metal pipe, and sometimes referred to as a "B Vent". Fireplace flue pipes are usually triple- walled. In addition, nothing combustible shall be within one inch from the flue pipe.

Fluid Applied Membrane Roof-A roofing system whereby liquid waterproofing material floats over smooth, finished concrete.

Footer/Footing- A masonry section, usually concrete, in a rectangular form wider than the bottom of the foundation wall or pier it supports.

Footprint-The outline of a building on the ground.

Foreman-Job title or supervisory designation of a lead tradesperson that works directly under the Superintendent, and supervises Journeyman and Apprentices. Form-Temporary structure erected to contain concrete during pouring and initial hardening.

Foundation-The supporting portion of a structure below the first floor construction, or below grade, including the footings.

Foyer-An anteroom, lobby, entrance hallway, or vestibule.

Framer-The carpenter contractor that installs the lumber and erects the frame, flooring system, interior walls, backing, trusses, rafters, decking, installs all beams, stairs, soffits, and all work related to the wood structure of a home or structure.

Framing Stage-The phase of the project where the structural framework is being erected.

CONTSTRUCTION TERMS

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Updated 1-21-10

Created by C.L. and M.W. 13

Free Standing-Refers to a structure that is not attached to nor supported by another structure. Also refers to an antenna or tower type object that will stand without the implementation of guy wires.

French Drain-A buried drainage system along or around a structure to carry runoff water away from the structure. Fully Adhered Roof-A membrane roof type that is fully glued to the insulation or subroof. Fully Paved Roof-A ballasted roofing system that has a system of masonry pavers covering the complete finished layer of roofing material. Furred Out-An architectural finishing process that covers the rough structural concrete or bare steel columns of building.

Furring-Member or means of supporting a finished surfacing material away from the structural wall or framing. Used to level uneven or damaged surfaces or to provide space between substrates. Also, an element for mechanical or adhesive attachment of paneling.

G

Gable-The triangular portion of a wall between the edges of a sloping roof.

Gable Roof-A roof consisting of two opposite sloping planes that intersect at a level ridge.

Galvanic Corrosion-Corrosion in a metal caused by a galvanic cell created by dissimilar metals in close proximity accompanied by an electrolyte, often atmospheric moisture; also called Galvanic Action.

GC/General Contractor - A contractor who enters into a contract with the Owner of a project for the construction of the project and who takes full responsibility for its completion, although the contractor may enter into subcontracts with others for the performance of specific parts or phases of the project. The term GC is commonly referred to on the site as the General Contractor’s Project Manager and/or Superintendent.

Glazing-The process of installing glass, which commonly is secured with glazier's points and glazing compound.

CONTSTRUCTION TERMS

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Updated 1-21-10

Created by C.L. and M.W. 14

Glulam/Glulam Beam/Glued Laminated Beam-Engineered wood product comprised of layers of wood members (lams) that are joined together with adhesives and pressure to form larger members. Grade-Ground level or the elevation at any given point. Also the work of leveling dirt. Grade Beam-A foundation wall that is poured level with, or just below the grade of the earth. Granulated Roof-A built-up roof that has asphalt based cap sheet that is impregnated with fine granules. Grate-A frame of iron bars used to cover air wells, open spaces, or to create a platform floor. Gravel Roof-A roof composed of layers of roofing felt, for waterproofing, then sealed with tar or pitch and covered with a layer of gravel to assist with protection from wear and the sun. Gravel Stop-A metal flange or strip with a vertical lip placed around a built-up roof to prevent loose gravel from falling off the roof; it is also used to present a finished edge detail in built-up roofing. Ground-Making a continuous electrical connection to an object. To provide a continuous electrical path between an object and earth, or a conductor that is common with earth. Ground Bar-A bar, typically copper, that has been grounded and is used to provide a common connection point for other ground wires. Ground Bus–A ground wire or bar that serves the same purpose as a ground bar.

Grout-A wet mixture of cement, sand and water that flows into masonry or ceramic crevices to seal the cracks between the different pieces. Mortar made of such consistency (by adding water) that it will flow into the joints and cavities of the masonry work and fill them solid.

Gutter-A shallow channel or conduit of metal, wood or plastic set below and along the eaves of a building to catch and carry off rainwater from the roof.

CONTSTRUCTION TERMS

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Updated 1-21-10

Created by C.L. and M.W. 15

Guy/Guy Wire-A series of wires that are attached between a vertical object such as an antenna or stack, a solid structure or ground stakes, or deadmen to support the object against displacement-primarily by wind. Gyp/Gyp Board/Gypsum Board–(see Drywall)

H

HardiePlank-Fiber-cement siding and wall board products manufactured by The James Hardie Company. They are highly resistant to cracking, rotting, hail damage, and termites.

H Beam-A steel beam which, in cross section, resembles the letter ‘H’; commonly used for earthwork as a retaining structure or piling.

Header-A beam placed perpendicular to joists and to which joists are nailed into framing for a chimney, stairway, or other opening. The horizontal structural member over an opening (i.e. over a door or window).

High-Rise-A multi-storied building with elevators.

Hip-The external angle formed by the meeting of two sloping sides of a roof.

Hip Roof-A roof that rises by inclined planes from all four sides of a building.

Home Run (electrical)-The electrical cable that carries power from the main circuit breaker panel to the first electrical box, plug, or switch in the circuit. Electricians will often refer to the main ground wire of a riser grounding system as the ‘home run’. Hot Bucket of (roofing)-Bucket of hot melted asphalt tar used for mopping down layer of a built up roof.

Hot Wire-The wire that carries electrical energy to a receptacle or other device-in contrast to a neutral, which carries electricity away (it will usually be the black wire).

Hot (electrical)-The electrical system is energized. Hot Work-Work that requires the use of open flames or sparks to complete the process. Hot Work Permit-A written formal permit allowing ‘Hot work’ to be conducted.

CONTSTRUCTION TERMS

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Created by C.L. and M.W. 16

HVAC-An abbreviation for Heat, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning.

I

I-Beam-A steel beam with a cross section resembling the letter ‘I’. It is used for long spans as basement beams or over wide wall openings, such as a double garage door, when wall and roof loads bear down on the opening.

I.D.-Abbreviation for ‘Inside diameter’.

In House-The related work will be done by the Contractor. It will not be subcontracted out (i.e. the Roofing Contractor will take care of the parapet cap with their own people in lieu of hiring a sheet metal contractor).

In The Hole-Term referring to the status of construction. The General Contractor is in the process of removing and preparing the sub-grade for levels of the structure that will be below grade. Industry Standards-One of the more common basic and minimum construction standards. The manner work should be completed, by the average professional, in a particular field. Insulation-Any material high in resistance to heat transmission that, when placed in the walls, ceiling, or floors of a structure will reduce the rate of heat flow.

Interior Finish-Material used to cover the interior framed areas of walls and ceilings.

Inverted-To turn inside out or upside down. Inverted Roof-A membrane sheet roof system where the membrane is installed directly on the concrete slab. Insulation is then laid over the membrane and the insulation covered with layer of fleece with rock ballast. A full system of pavers in lieu of rock may be used as ballast. Imbed-To seal or set an object whole or partially within a concrete pour. Also refers to the object being set in the pour. Irrigation-Lawn sprinkler system. Iron Worker-Tradesman responsible for erecting the structural steel components of the structure.

CONTSTRUCTION TERMS

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Updated 1-21-10

Created by C.L. and M.W. 17

J

J-Box/Junction Box-A box located where electrical wiring or conduits come together and in which splices may be made.

Jet Line-Slang for pull string (see Pull String).

JLG-The brand name of a prominent manufacturer of small to medium sized mobile lift equipment. Term is often used generically to refer to all such equipment.

Joint-The location between the touching surfaces of two members or components joined and held together by nails, glue, cement, mortar, or other means.

Joist-A beam that supports part of the floor, ceiling, or roof of a structure.

Journeyman- One who has fully served an apprenticeship in a trade or craft, and is a qualified worker such as a carpenter; electrician; or plumber.

K

L

Lag Screw-A large diameter wood screw with a square or hexagonal head. Laminated - Composed of thin sheets (i.e. plastic, wood, etc.) superimposed and bonded together by synthetic resins, usually under heat and pressure.

Lateral/Lateral Line (electric, gas, telephone, sewer, and water)-The underground trench and related services (i.e. electric, gas, telephone, sewer and water lines) that will be buried within the trench.

Lead Man-Term used to refer to an onsite tradesman who has been given some measure of supervisory authority over his fellow employees or a crew. Leave Out-(see block out) Linear Feet-A unit of measure for lumber equal to 1” thick by 12” wide by 12” long (i.e. 1"x12"x16' = 16 board feet, 2"x12"x16' = 32 board feet).

CONTSTRUCTION TERMS

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Updated 1-21-10

Created by C.L. and M.W. 18

Liquidated Damages-A monetary amount (fine) levied against a contractor or subcontractor for not completing his work per the prescribed schedule. This is typically imposed daily.

Load Bearing Wall-Includes all exterior walls and any interior wall that is aligned above a support beam or girder.

LPI-Abbreviation for the Lightning Protection Institute. LPI 175-The installation “Standard of Practice” published by the LPI for the installation of lightning protection systems. Lump-Sum Price-An all-inclusive price. The total combined price of all elements or phases.

M

Malleable-Capable of being shaped or formed, as by hammering or pressure; a malleable metal. Man Lift-A piece of motorized equipment designed to raise and position personnel for elevated work. Mansard Roof-A type of hip roof which has four sloping sides, each of which becomes steeper partway down. Mason-A tradesman responsible for laying brick, stone, and masonry products. Masonry-Stone, brick, concrete, hollow-tile, concrete block, or other similar building units or materials. Normally bonded together with mortar to form a wall.

Mastic-A pasty material used as a cement (as for setting tile), or a protective coating (as for thermal insulation or waterproofing).

Mat (structural)-A heavy mesh of reinforcement in a concrete slab (electrical). A net of wires; conductors; or metallic strips, usually fabricated in squares ranging from several inches to several feet wide each, welded or clamped together and used for grounding purposes. Match Line-The aligning mark on a print that is used when a drawing is too large to be contained on one sheet.

CONTSTRUCTION TERMS

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Updated 1-21-10

Created by C.L. and M.W. 19

Mechanically Attached Roof-The method of securing a membrane roof by installing metal strips or fasteners through the membrane and into the substrate at specified intervals. Membrane Roof-A roof that has the top layer made of rubber, plastic or some like substance.

Metal Decking-Corrugated, light-gauge sheets used in the construction of roofs or floors.

Metal Stud-Vertical formed steel channel within a framed wall.

Mezzanine-A low-ceiling story between two main stories of a building; an intermediate story that projects in the form of a balcony.

Milar (mylar)-Plastic, transparent copies of a blueprint. Also known as ‘reproducibles’.

Millwork-Generally all building materials made of finished wood and manufactured in millwork plants. Includes all doors, window and door frames, blinds, mantels, panel work, stairway components (balusters, rail, etc.), moldings, and interior trim. Does not include flooring, ceiling, or siding. Mock Up-A scale model of a structure element, section or device, usually used for demonstrating or testing a design.

Modified Roof-Refers to a conventional built-up asphalt type roof that has a granulated finish cap sheet in lieu of mopped on tar and gravel.

Monolithic Pour-A procedure of pouring concrete where more than one structural element is included in one pour (i.e. the grade beam and slab are included in one pour instead of separate pours). Mopped On Roof-A term referring to an asphalt or similar type roof that is installed in layers by using hot tar to adhere them together.

Mortar-A mixture of cement (or lime) with sand and water used in masonry work.

MSDS-Abbreviation for ‘Material Safety Data Sheet’.

Mud-Slang for mortar.

Mudsill-Bottom horizontal member of an exterior wall frame which rests on top a foundation, sometimes called sill plate.

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Mud Slab-Term used for a thin non-reinforced layer of concrete mix typically poured in a crawl space area or at the lower excavation of a multi-level structure to improve conditions during construction in rainy conditions. Mule Tape-Slang term used for numbered pull tape (see Numbered Pull Tape).

Mullion-A vertical divider in the frame between windows, doors, or other openings.

N

NEC (National Electrical Code)-A set of rules governing safe wiring methods. Local codes—which are backed by law—may differ from the NEC in some ways.

Neutral wire-Usually color-coded white, this carries electricity from an outlet back to the service panel. Also see hot wire and ground.

NFPA-Abbreviation for National Fire Protection Association. NFPA 780-The section of the National Fire Protection Association that contains the Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems. No Exceptions Taken-A term used by the reviewer of a submittal indicating that he has no objections to the submittal contents.

Nonbearing Wall-A wall supporting no load other than its own weight.

Non-potable Water-Water that is not suitable for drinking nor consumption.

Nominal-Term indicating that the full measurement is not used; usually slightly less than the full net measurement [i.e. a 5/8” nominal ground rod (copper clad) is not a full 5/8” in diameter].

Notice to Proceed (NTP)-A written notice to a contractor to proceed with the work of the contract.

NTS-Abbreviation for ‘Not to scale’. Numbered Pull Tape-A relative thick, flat, braided tape use for pulling lightweight wiring through conduit. It is numbered to determine the length of the pull.

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O O & Ms-Abbreviation for operation and maintenance manuals.

O C/On Center-The measurement of spacing elements or components of a structure from the center of one member to the center of the next.

Opposite Hand-A view that is a reflection or the opposite. OSHA-Abbreviation for Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

Overhang-The outward projecting eave-soffit area of a roof. The part of the roof that hangs out or over the outside wall.

Owner/Owner Rep.-Term used to refer to the structure’s Owner or their designated representative.

P

PM-Abbreviation for Project Manager. Panel Joint-The place where two panels come together. The air space between two panels. Parapet-A wall placed at the edge of a roof to prevent people from falling off or to conceal mechanical equipment from normal view. Parapet Cap-The masonry or stone cap, or metal flashing installed at the top of a parapet. A parapet cap is used for aesthetics and/or as a water barrier.

Particle Board-Plywood substitute made of course sawdust that is mixed with resin and pressed into sheets.

Patina-A green film formed on copper or bronze over time.

Pedestal Clamp-A clamp designed for attachment to raised floor pedestals when installing a raised floor grounding system.

Performance Bond-An amount of money (usually 10% of the total price of a job) that a contractor must deposit with a governmental agency as an insurance policy that guarantees the contractor's proper and timely completion of a project or job.

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Pergola-An arbor or covered walk formed of growing plants that are trained over a trellis, and supported on parallel rows of columns. Penetration-A hole that has been made through or into something. Personnel Basket-A basket or cage used in conjunction with a crane or hoist that has been designed to hold or transport personnel. Pier-A column of masonry, usually rectangular in horizontal cross section, used to support other structural members (see Caisson). Pier Cap-A structural member placed onto, and usually fastened to, the top of a pier or group of piers and used to transmit imposed loads to the pier or group of piers. Pigtail-Slang for rebar bond wire.

Pilaster-Term synonymous with pillar or column. A tall, vertical cylindrical structure standing upright and used to support a structure.

Pillar-Column supporting a structure.

Pilot Hole-A small diameter, pre-drilled hole that guides a nail or screw.

Pitch-The incline slope of a roof or the ratio of the total rise to the total width of a house (i.e. a 6-foot rise and 24-foot width is a 1/4 pitch roof). Roof slope is expressed in the inches of rise, per foot of horizontal run. Pitch Pan/Pitch Pocket-Square or rectangular hollow metal box or cylinder designed to be placed around a roof penetration and filled with water proof sealing material. Plan View-Drawing of a structure with the view from overhead, looking down.

Plenum-Chamber in which the pressure of the air is higher (as in a forced-air furnace system) than the surrounding air. Also frequently used to refer to the space above a suspended ceiling.

Plot Plan/Site Plan-An overhead view plan that shows the location of the structure on the lot. Includes all easements, property lines, set backs, and legal descriptions of the structure. The plot plan is provided by the surveyor.

Plumb-Exactly vertical and perpendicular.

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Plumbing Stack-A plumbing vent pipe that penetrates the roof. Porte Cochere-A roofed structure adjacent to a building entrance that provides shelter to automobile passengers. Portico-A roofed colonnade adjoining a building. Post-tension Concrete-A method of pre-stressing concrete in which steel tendon or cables are tensioned after concrete is poured. Potable Water-Water that is safe for consumption. Poured-In-Place-(see cast-in-place)

Power Vent-A vent that includes a fan to accelerate airflow. Often installed on roofs.

Pre-bid/Pre-bid Meeting-Refers to a meeting or conference held prior to the bid due date to clarify questions regarding the scope of the bid. Pre-bids are typically held when the project involves a re-roof, addition, or an unusual circumstance. Pre-con/Pre-construction Meeting-A meeting held prior to the beginning of a project, or the beginning of a specific part of the project. It allows the opportunity for clarification and coordination among all trades involved. Prefab/Prefabricated-A building section or element that is made at a location other than the final desired location or position in the structure. Price Break Out/Price Break Down-An itemized cost of materials, labor, equipment, clerical, administrative, and any other expense incurred to do the work plus markup taxes. This may or may not have to be detailed. Prime Contractor-The contractor directly awarded the overall contract. This is typically a General Contractor. Proctor-A unit of measure used in testing soil compaction. Progress Drawing-A drawing that is marked by highlighters or other means that records the progress of the installation or project. Project Manager-The person designated with the overall responsibility of the project or his portion of the project.

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Pull Rope-1) A strong, braided rope designed specifically for pulling wire through conduit. 2) A rope used to pull or lower tools and equipment from one level to another. Pull String-A heavy string used to aid with pulling wire through conduit.

Punch Items List-A list of discrepancies that need to be corrected by the contractor.

Punch Out-To inspect and make a discrepancy list.

Purlin-Horizontal member in a roof that supports common rafters (i.e. at the break in a gambrel roof). Also, a horizontal structural member perpendicular to main beams in a flat roof.

Pushing Grade-Term used for adding and smoothing dirt to a desired elevation approximating final grade. PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride)/CPVC - A type of white or light gray plastic pipe sometimes used for water supply lines and waste pipe.

Q QC/Quality Control-All of the activities undertaken to ensure adequate quality in manufactured products and in on-site construction.

R

Raceway-Any channel courses supporting and protecting electrical conductors, including conduits, wireways, surface metal raceway, cable trays, floor and ceiling raceways, busways, and cable bus.

Rafter-The member forming the slanting frame of a roof or top chord of a truss. Also known as hip, jack, or valley rafter depending on its location and use.

Rafter, Hip-A rafter that forms the intersection of an external roof angle.

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Rafter, Valley-A rafter that forms the intersection of an internal roof angle. The valley rafter is normally made of double 2”-thick members.

Raised Floor-A flooring system that is installed in 2’ x 2’ sections resting on a grid of pedestals thus creating a void space below the floor. The space below a raised floor is typically use for housing computer related equipment and wiring.

Raised Floor Pedestal-A support used to support and level a raised floor system.

Rake-Slope or slanted.

Rat-Slang term used for a soft rubber or cloth device that is tied to a pull string or jet line, and suctioned through a conduit with a vacuum cleaner to aid in pulling the string through the conduit.

Rebar/Reinforcing bar-Ribbed steel bars installed in foundation concrete walls, footers, and poured in place concrete structures designed to strengthen concrete. Rebar comes in various thicknesses and strength grades.

Record Drawing-(see As-Built Drawing) Red Tag-The rejection by an Inspector of a phase of work. Reinforced Concrete-Concrete that contains reinforcement, typically by the use of steel mesh, steel rods, or tension cables. Rejected-Term used by the person reviewing a submittal that the submittal is not acceptable. Retaining Wall-A structure that holds back a slope and prevents erosion.

Retentions/Retainage-Amounts withheld from progress billings until final and satisfactory project completion.

Retrofit-To install new materials or equipment in or on an existing building. Reviewed/Reviewed Only-Person reviewing a submittal confirming they have looked at the submittal for information and coordination purposes only. The reviewer offers no endorsement of compliance or correctness. Revise and Resubmit-Rejection of the submittal, and requests that the submittal be changed and submitted again.

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Ridge-Peak of a roof where the roof surfaces meet at an angle. Also may refer to the framing member that runs along the ridge and supports the rafters.

Ridge Vent-A vent mounted along the ridge of a roof to aid in ventilating an attic space.

Rise (Roof)-The vertical distance from the eaves line to the ridge.

Riser-Refers to the vertical elements of a system that goes up the structure (i.e. the electrical, grounding, or plumbing riser). Road Base-An aggregate mixture of sand and stone.

Rod Buster-Slang term referring to tradesmen installing reinforcing steel.

Roll Roofing-Asphalt roofing products manufactured in roll form.

Romex-A name brand of nonmetallic sheathed electrical cable that is used for indoor wiring.

Roof Deck-Metal, plywood or wafer board sheeting installed on the roof framing that will support the insulation and finished roof.

Roof Jacks-Sleeves that fit around roof penetrations such drain and waste vent pipes for waterproofing purposes.

Roof Valley-The ‘V’ created where two sloping roofs meet.

Roofing Cement-A general term for a variety of trowelable mastics, asphalt, or tar that are used in roof construction and repair. Note: Roofing cement (mastic) is extremely slow to dry and is not suitable for adhering lightning protection components.

Rough Carpentry-Refers to the carpentry associated with structural framing and decking as opposed to finish carpentry. Rough-In-The stage of installing plumbing, electrical, heating, carpentry, and other system elements in walls and ceilings spaces prior to sheetrock and other “finish” systems being installed. These elements will not be seen after the finish systems are installed. RTU-Roof Top Unit. A mechanical unit located on the roof such as a motorized vent fan, CRAC unit, or any other power unit.

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Run (Roof)-The horizontal distance from the centerline or the roof ridge to the eaves line. This is the horizontal distance between the high edge and the low edge of a shed roof.

S

Safety Can-Approved container, with a 5-gallon maximum capacity, that has a spring-closing lid and spout cover; designed to safely relieve internal pressure when exposed to fire. Safety Net-A woven meshed fabric that is suspended below a construction activity to protect materials and people that may fall from dangerous heights. Scissor Lift-A platform lift that extends and retracts solely on a vertical plane. The arms that control this movement resemble the blades of scissors as they operate. Screen Wall, Mechanical Screen-A wall built around equipment to deter access to the equipment or for aesthetic reasons to hide the equipment from prominent view.

Scupper- 1) An opening through a parapet wall through which water can drain from the edge of a flat roof. 2) An opening through an exterior wall through which water can drain.

Scuttle-A small access opening in a wall, ceiling, or roof fitted with a lid.

Select Fill-Specified fill material that is to be used to fill excavated areas.

Self-Leveling-Any viscous material that is applied by pouring and will spread out prior to curing.

Service Panel-The main electric panel which houses the main switches and distributes electricity to the branch panels and circuits.

Set Back-1. The distance a building is located from the front property line. 2) A combination of elbows or bends which brings one section of pipe out of line and back in line parallel with the original sector. 3) A course of masonry units that is set in from the course directly below it; also called Set Back, Set In, or Set Off.

Shaft-An unbroken vertical passage, through a multistory building, used for elevators, wiring, plumbing, or ductwork.

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Shake-A wood roofing material, normally cedar or redwood. Produced by splitting a block of the wood along the grain-line.

Shear Wall-A substantial concrete wall that usually serves as a structural wall and as a retaining wall to hold back soil.

Shed Roof-A roof containing only one sloping plane.

Sheet Metal Work-All components of a structure employing sheet metal, such as flashing; gutters; and downspouts.

Sheetrock-Wall Board or Gypsum-(see Drywall)

Shim-A thin piece of material placed between two components of a building to adjust their relative positions as they are assembled.

Shop Drawings-Shop drawings are material and installation drawings created and issued by a supplier or installation contractor. They are generally requested by the architect for his, the engineer’s and the GCs review and approval to assure that the proposed system complies with the specification

Shoring-Temporary member placed to support part of a structure during. construction, repair or alteration; also may support the walls of an excavation.

Sill Cock-An exterior water faucet. Also referred to as a hose bib or bibcock.

Sill Plate-Bottom horizontal member of an exterior wall frame which rests on top a foundation, sometimes called mud sill. Site Plan-An overhead view plan that shows the location of the structure on the lot. Includes all easements, property lines, set backs, and legal descriptions of the structure. Site plans are provided by the surveyor. Site Work-Work related to preparing the site elevation and soil pursuant to construction of the project.

Sketch-A rough drawing representing the chief features of a site; a building; or an object, and often made as a preliminary study.

Skylight- A horizontal window or dome placed on the roof structure.

Slab-Flat reinforced concrete element of a structure that provides the base for the floor or roofing materials.

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Slab On Grade-A type of foundation with a concrete floor which is placed directly on the soil. The edge of the slab is usually thicker and acts as the footing for the walls.

Sleeve-Pipe installed in or under the concrete slab, driveway or sidewalk, and that will be used later to run conductor or wiring.

Slip-form-A set of forms that can be vertically raised in place in increments to allow for the next pour above. This process is used in pouring elevator shafts Snorkel Lift-A motorized lift that can be moved on the horizontal and vertical plane, used primarily for placement of personnel working overhead.

Soffit-The area below the eaves and overhangs. The underside where the roof overhangs the walls.

Soil pipe-Slang for soil stack. A plumbing vent pipe that penetrates the roof.

Spall-A fragment, usually in the shape of a flake, detached from a larger mass by a blow, by the action of weather, by pressure, or by expansion within the larger mass.

Span (Roof)-The horizontal distance from eaves to eaves.

Spec Home-A house built before it is sold. The builder speculates that he can sell it at a profit.

Specifications/Specs-A narrative list of materials, methods, model numbers, colors, allowances, and other details which supplement the information contained in the blue prints. Written elaboration in specific detail about construction materials and methods. Written to supplement working drawings.

Spire-A tapering cone-shaped structure surmounting a church roof or tower; a steeple. Spoils-The soil and debris left over after the backfill process. Square Feet-The number of 1’x 1’ flat square areas contained within an space as determined by multiplying the length times the width of the space. Example-A 10’x10’ floor contains 100 sq. ft. S. R. G. (Signal Reference Grid)-A grid of wires, conductors and/or strips typically used in raised floors to accomplish equal potential grounding.

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Stand Alone-(see Free Standing)

Standard Industry Practice/Standard Practices of the Trade(s)-Common, basic, and minimum construction standards. This is another way of saying that the work should be done in the way it is normally done by the average professional in the field.

Standing Seam Roof-A sloped metal roof, usually installed in panel strips, which either interlock along the raised edges strip or are held together by a crimped top seam.

Static Vent-A vent that does not include a fan.

Steeple-A spire, as on a church. Stick Built-A house or structure built without prefabricated parts. Also called a ‘conventional structure’. Stinger-A slang term often used by electrical contractor when referring to the lightning protection rebar bond tail, or the through roof assembly. Storefront-A glass area of a structure facing the street.

Stop Order-A formal, written notification to a contractor to discontinue some or all work on a project for reasons such as safety violations, defective materials or workmanship, or cancellation of the contract.

Stucco-Refers to an outside plaster finish made with Portland cement as its base. Stud-A vertical wood framing member, also referred to as a wall stud, attached to the horizontal sole plate below and the top plate above. Normally 2x4s or 2x6s, 8' long (sometimes 92 5/8"). One of a series of wood or metal vertical structural members placed as supporting elements in walls and partitions. Stud Wall-A wall framed by wood or metal studs. Submittal-The formal process of providing shop drawings, material data and/or samples for review by the architect and engineer to verify that the correct products and installation methods will be used on the project.

Substrate-Underlying material to which a finish is applied or by which it is supported.

Subsurface-All that is below the crust of the surface.

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Superintendent-A designated supervisory position for the person responsible for the day-to-day management of field construction employees. The term ‘the Superintendent’ refers to the General Contractor Superintendent.

Supplier-A company that provides products.

Suspended ceiling-A ceiling system supported by hanging it from the overhead structural framing.

T

T & G/Tongue and Groove-A joint made by a tongue (a rib on one edge of a board) that fits into a corresponding groove in the edge of another board to make a tight, flush joint.

T & M/Time and Materials Contract-A construction contract which specifies a price for different elements of the work such as cost per hour of labor, overhead, profit, etc. The price may not have a definite cost, but may state a “price not to exceed”.

Tail-The wire of a rebar bond or other ground element that is left accessible for future access.

Take Off-The material necessary to complete a job.

Tar and Gravel Roof-A built-up asphalt or coal tar roof that has a mopped on gravel finish coat. Tie Wire-Bailing wire used to tie rebar sections together. Tilt Wall/Tilt-up Construction-Method of concrete construction in which wall panels are cast horizontally at the job site adjacent to their eventual position and tilted up into position after removal of the forms. T.O.-Abbreviation for ‘Top Of’ (i.e. T.O.R. =Top Of Roof, T.O.S=Top Of Steel (Slab), T.O.W. =Top Of Wall, etc). Toe Nail-Nailing at an angle, as from the bottom of a stud to the sole plate. Toggle Bolt-Nailing at an angle, as from the bottom of a stud to the sole plate.

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Topped Out-General construction term indicating the vertical framework of a structure has been completed. Within the lightning protection industry it means the roof finish work has been completed. Torch Down Roof-Refers to the process of using a large torch to partially melt the bottom of the rooftop cap sheet to the previous layers in lieu of mopping on hot asphalt for the adhesion process. Tracing-A reproducible drawing made on semitransparent paper called tracing paper; such a drawing on any kind of semitransparent drawing medium. Trades-Term used to refer to various types of skilled workers (i.e. the electrical trade, the plumbing trade).

Trim (Plumbing, Heating, Electrical)-The phase of work the contractors perform to finish their respective aspects of work, when the structure is nearing completion and occupancy.

Truss-An engineered and manufactured roof support member with ‘zigzag’ framing members. A truss does the same job as a rafter but is designed to have a longer span than a rafter. Tugger-Slang for an electric powered tool designed to pull long and/or heavy wire runs through conduit.

Turnkey-When the subcontractor provides all materials (and labor) for a job.

Typ./Typical-Used on prints and in construction language to indicate that a detail or procedure applies to all similar locations or conditions.

U UL (Underwriters' Laboratories)-An independent testing agency that checks electrical devices and other components for possible safety hazards. UL 96-Underwriters’ Laboratories’ Standard for Safety for Lightning Protection Components. UL 96A-Underwriters’ Laboratories’ Standard for Safety for Installation Requirements for Lightning Protection Systems.

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Unit Price-The individual price for product or a portion of work that may occur numerous times. U.N.O.-Abbreviation for ‘Unless Noted Otherwise’. U.O.N.-Abbreviation for ‘Unless Otherwise Noted’. Urethane Roof-A roof with plastic foam of rigid polyurethane; sprayed on or made into board form.

V

Valley-The ‘V’ shaped area of a roof where two sloping roofs meet. Water drains off the roof at the valleys.

Valley Flashing-Sheet metal that lays in the ‘V’ area of a roof valley.

Vane-(see ‘Weathervane’)

Vapor Barrier-A building product installed beneath slab-on-grade slabs, on exterior walls and ceilings under the drywall and on the warm side of the insulation. It is used to retard the movement of water vapor into walls and prevent condensation within them. Usually, polyethylene plastic sheeting is used.

Vaulted Ceiling, Cathedral Ceiling-An architectural term for a slanted or arched ceiling. There may be little or no space between the ceiling and the roof of the structure. Veneer-1) A thin layer, sheet or facing 2) A thin layer or sheet of wood; usually one that has beauty or value and is intended to be overlaid on an inferior surface. 3) Nonstructural facing of brick, concrete, stone, tile, metal, plastic or other similar approved material attached to a backing for the purpose of ornamentation, protection or insulation. Vent-A pipe or duct which allows the flow of air and gasses to the outside Vitrified Clay Pipe-Pipes used especially for underground drainage that are made of hard baked clay. Void Space-An area of dead or unused space, usually located in a wall or furred out area.

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W

Walk-Through-A final inspection of a building or system before acceptance and payment.

Weathervane - A revolving pointer mounted on a high place to show the direction of the wind. Weep Hole-Small aperture at the base of an exterior wall cavity intended to drain out trapped moisture. Weld Plate-A piece of steel imbedded in concrete that will later be used to secure steel members. Whip-Slang used to refer to a piece of wire left for future use. Wire Lube-A slick, watery gel used to lubricate wire when pulling it through conduit. Wood Butcher-Slang referring to carpenters, especially those doing ‘rough carpentry’. Working Drawings-Drawings of the project that are used in the construction of a structure, they are part of the contract documents.

X

X-ray-Process used to view inside poured concrete and locate steel or other metals.

Y

Z

Z-Purlin-A relatively thin, horizontal support member that spans between beams, columns, or joists to carry intermediate loads such as wall or roof decking materials. The flanges extend parallel from the web but in opposite directions.