By

ANKIT SHRIVASTAVA

CHARUL GARG

KSHITIJ VATS

POOJA GARG

RAHUL SINGH BHADOURIA

SHALINI SHARMA

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

1) Site Clearance

removal of grass and vegetation along with any other objections which might be there in the site location

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

2) Demarcation of Site-

The whole area on which construction is to be done is marked so as to identify the construction zone

3) Positioning of Central coordinate ie (000) as per grid plan-

A central point is to be marked and all the other points of columns were to be decided with this central point

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

4) excavation-

bull Site excavation is a process in which soil rock and other materials are removed from a site typically with the use of heavy earthmoving equipment such as excavators and bulldozers

bull During new construction on buildings roads and other structures site excavation is one of the earliest stages The site is excavated to create a level clean area to work with the foundations being established in the excavated area

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

5) PCC (Plain Cement Concrete)

bull After the process of excavation laying of plain cement concrete that is PCC is done A layer of 4 inches was made in such a manner that it was not mixed with the soil It provides a solid base for the raft foundation and a mix of 1510 that is 1 part of cement to5 parts of fine aggregates and 10 parts of coarse aggregates by volume were used in it Plain concrete is vibrated to achieve full compaction Concrete placed below ground should be protected from falling earth during and after placing Concrete placed in ground containing deleterious substances should be kept free from contact with such a ground and with water draining there from during placing and for a period of seven days When joint in a layer of concrete are unavoidable and end is sloped at an angle of 30 and junctions of different layers break joint in laying upper layer of concrete The lower surface is made rough and clean watered before upper layer is laid

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

8) Shuttering and Scaffolding

Shuttering or form work is the term used for temporary timber plywood metal or other material used to provide support to wet concrete mix till it gets strength for self support It provides supports to horizontal vertical and inclined surfaces or also provides support to cast concrete according to required shape and size The form work also produces desired finish concrete surface

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

bull Shuttering or form work should be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete mix and the pressure for placing and compacting concrete inside or on the top of form workshuttering It should be rigid to prevent any deflection in surface after laying cement concrete and be also sufficient tight to prevent loss of water and mortar form cement concrete Shuttering should be easy in handling erection at site and easy to remove when cement concrete is sufficient hard

11) DeshutteringDeshuttering in simple words is the removing of shuttering and formwork12) BrickworkBrick masonry is construction in which uniform units (bricks) small enough to be placed with one hand are laid in courses with mortar joints to form walls Bricks are kiln baked from various clay and other mixtures These characteristics and the kiln temperatures combine to produce brick in a variety of colors and harnesses In some regions individual pits yield clay or shale which when ground and moistened can be formed and baked into durable brick In other regions clay or shale from several pits must be mixed

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

BRICKWORK

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

13) Doors and windows frames along with lintels

After brickwork These frames are made to fit door and windows

14) Wiring for electrical purposes-

Wiring for switch boards and electrical purposes is now done during construction itself so as to to hide them after construction on walls

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

15) Plastering

Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster such as a layer of plaster on an interior wall or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls The process of creating plasterwork called plastering has been used in building construction for centuries

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

PLUMBING

bullPlumbing is the system of pipes drains fittings valves valve assemblies and devices installed in a buildingbullDistribution of water for drinking heating and washing and the removal of waterborne wastes

SYSTEMS

bullTypes of system in plumbing are

Two pipe system

One pipe system

Single stack system

Single stack-partially ventilated

ONE PIPE SYSTEM

TWO PIPE SYSTEM

Materials Used

bull These pipes can be of various types

Cast iron

Reinforcement concrete

Prestressed concrete

Mild steel tubes

Copper brass rought iron

Asbestos cement

Lead polythene

pvc

Pipe sizes

bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units

bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet

SEWERAGE

bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage

bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer

bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment

IntroductionSewage

bullAlso known as waste water

bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community

bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables

bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included

Types of Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

b Industrial Sewage

c Combined Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

bull Also known as Domestics

Sewage

bull The foul discharges from

residential amp commercial area

bull It mainly includes discharges

from latrines urinals laundry

etc

b Industrial Sewage

bull The foul discharges

from industries

bull It includes discharges

produced during the

manufacturing of goods

c Combined Sewage

bull Combination of Sanitary

sewage amp Storm water

bull Storm water is rain amp snow

melt that runs off surfaces

such as rooftops paved

streets highways amp parking

lots

Sewerage SystemSewerage

bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities

bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly

bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible

bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition

bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water

carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as

Sewerage

bull Components of sewerage system are

a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer

DrainIs a plumbing fixture

that provides an exit-

point for waste water

or water that is to be

re-circulated

The opening or hole through

which a man can enter the

sewer line or other closed

structure for inspection and

cleaning

Includes pumps

ampequipments for pumping

fluids

Supplies water to remove

sewage from processing site

Man holePumping Station

Sewer

III Combined Sewer

bull Type of sewer system

bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system

bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer

overflows

bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather

bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities

Features Of Sewerage System

A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the

system of pipe lines or sewers

bull The system of sewers is called sewerage

or sewerage system

bull Where sewerage system is not provided

sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank

Main features of sewerage system are

A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal

C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of

removing contaminants from sewage

bull Objective is to produce an environmentally

safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for

disposal or reuse

bull Discharge to the environment must be

accomplished without transmitting diseases

or endangering aquatic organisms

Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field

1 The final treatment takes place in

drain field

2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes

through the gravel layer and passes

into the soil

3 The soil filters the wastewater as it

passes through the pore spaces

4 The soil microbes deactivates the

disease germs that remain in the

effluent

5 Eventually treated water enters the

groundwater

6 These processes work best where the

soil is dry permeable and contains

Sewage Treatment

II Waste Water Treatment

Plant

bull It includes physical chemical

and biological processes to

remove physical chemical and

biological contaminants

bull Sewage treatment is a

multistep process

bull Sewage treatment involves four

stages

1) Preliminary treatment

2) Primary treatment

3) Secondary treatment

4) Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

1) Site Clearance

removal of grass and vegetation along with any other objections which might be there in the site location

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

2) Demarcation of Site-

The whole area on which construction is to be done is marked so as to identify the construction zone

3) Positioning of Central coordinate ie (000) as per grid plan-

A central point is to be marked and all the other points of columns were to be decided with this central point

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

4) excavation-

bull Site excavation is a process in which soil rock and other materials are removed from a site typically with the use of heavy earthmoving equipment such as excavators and bulldozers

bull During new construction on buildings roads and other structures site excavation is one of the earliest stages The site is excavated to create a level clean area to work with the foundations being established in the excavated area

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

5) PCC (Plain Cement Concrete)

bull After the process of excavation laying of plain cement concrete that is PCC is done A layer of 4 inches was made in such a manner that it was not mixed with the soil It provides a solid base for the raft foundation and a mix of 1510 that is 1 part of cement to5 parts of fine aggregates and 10 parts of coarse aggregates by volume were used in it Plain concrete is vibrated to achieve full compaction Concrete placed below ground should be protected from falling earth during and after placing Concrete placed in ground containing deleterious substances should be kept free from contact with such a ground and with water draining there from during placing and for a period of seven days When joint in a layer of concrete are unavoidable and end is sloped at an angle of 30 and junctions of different layers break joint in laying upper layer of concrete The lower surface is made rough and clean watered before upper layer is laid

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

8) Shuttering and Scaffolding

Shuttering or form work is the term used for temporary timber plywood metal or other material used to provide support to wet concrete mix till it gets strength for self support It provides supports to horizontal vertical and inclined surfaces or also provides support to cast concrete according to required shape and size The form work also produces desired finish concrete surface

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

bull Shuttering or form work should be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete mix and the pressure for placing and compacting concrete inside or on the top of form workshuttering It should be rigid to prevent any deflection in surface after laying cement concrete and be also sufficient tight to prevent loss of water and mortar form cement concrete Shuttering should be easy in handling erection at site and easy to remove when cement concrete is sufficient hard

11) DeshutteringDeshuttering in simple words is the removing of shuttering and formwork12) BrickworkBrick masonry is construction in which uniform units (bricks) small enough to be placed with one hand are laid in courses with mortar joints to form walls Bricks are kiln baked from various clay and other mixtures These characteristics and the kiln temperatures combine to produce brick in a variety of colors and harnesses In some regions individual pits yield clay or shale which when ground and moistened can be formed and baked into durable brick In other regions clay or shale from several pits must be mixed

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

BRICKWORK

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

13) Doors and windows frames along with lintels

After brickwork These frames are made to fit door and windows

14) Wiring for electrical purposes-

Wiring for switch boards and electrical purposes is now done during construction itself so as to to hide them after construction on walls

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

15) Plastering

Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster such as a layer of plaster on an interior wall or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls The process of creating plasterwork called plastering has been used in building construction for centuries

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

PLUMBING

bullPlumbing is the system of pipes drains fittings valves valve assemblies and devices installed in a buildingbullDistribution of water for drinking heating and washing and the removal of waterborne wastes

SYSTEMS

bullTypes of system in plumbing are

Two pipe system

One pipe system

Single stack system

Single stack-partially ventilated

ONE PIPE SYSTEM

TWO PIPE SYSTEM

Materials Used

bull These pipes can be of various types

Cast iron

Reinforcement concrete

Prestressed concrete

Mild steel tubes

Copper brass rought iron

Asbestos cement

Lead polythene

pvc

Pipe sizes

bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units

bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet

SEWERAGE

bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage

bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer

bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment

IntroductionSewage

bullAlso known as waste water

bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community

bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables

bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included

Types of Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

b Industrial Sewage

c Combined Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

bull Also known as Domestics

Sewage

bull The foul discharges from

residential amp commercial area

bull It mainly includes discharges

from latrines urinals laundry

etc

b Industrial Sewage

bull The foul discharges

from industries

bull It includes discharges

produced during the

manufacturing of goods

c Combined Sewage

bull Combination of Sanitary

sewage amp Storm water

bull Storm water is rain amp snow

melt that runs off surfaces

such as rooftops paved

streets highways amp parking

lots

Sewerage SystemSewerage

bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities

bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly

bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible

bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition

bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water

carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as

Sewerage

bull Components of sewerage system are

a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer

DrainIs a plumbing fixture

that provides an exit-

point for waste water

or water that is to be

re-circulated

The opening or hole through

which a man can enter the

sewer line or other closed

structure for inspection and

cleaning

Includes pumps

ampequipments for pumping

fluids

Supplies water to remove

sewage from processing site

Man holePumping Station

Sewer

III Combined Sewer

bull Type of sewer system

bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system

bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer

overflows

bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather

bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities

Features Of Sewerage System

A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the

system of pipe lines or sewers

bull The system of sewers is called sewerage

or sewerage system

bull Where sewerage system is not provided

sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank

Main features of sewerage system are

A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal

C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of

removing contaminants from sewage

bull Objective is to produce an environmentally

safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for

disposal or reuse

bull Discharge to the environment must be

accomplished without transmitting diseases

or endangering aquatic organisms

Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field

1 The final treatment takes place in

drain field

2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes

through the gravel layer and passes

into the soil

3 The soil filters the wastewater as it

passes through the pore spaces

4 The soil microbes deactivates the

disease germs that remain in the

effluent

5 Eventually treated water enters the

groundwater

6 These processes work best where the

soil is dry permeable and contains

Sewage Treatment

II Waste Water Treatment

Plant

bull It includes physical chemical

and biological processes to

remove physical chemical and

biological contaminants

bull Sewage treatment is a

multistep process

bull Sewage treatment involves four

stages

1) Preliminary treatment

2) Primary treatment

3) Secondary treatment

4) Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

2) Demarcation of Site-

The whole area on which construction is to be done is marked so as to identify the construction zone

3) Positioning of Central coordinate ie (000) as per grid plan-

A central point is to be marked and all the other points of columns were to be decided with this central point

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

4) excavation-

bull Site excavation is a process in which soil rock and other materials are removed from a site typically with the use of heavy earthmoving equipment such as excavators and bulldozers

bull During new construction on buildings roads and other structures site excavation is one of the earliest stages The site is excavated to create a level clean area to work with the foundations being established in the excavated area

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

5) PCC (Plain Cement Concrete)

bull After the process of excavation laying of plain cement concrete that is PCC is done A layer of 4 inches was made in such a manner that it was not mixed with the soil It provides a solid base for the raft foundation and a mix of 1510 that is 1 part of cement to5 parts of fine aggregates and 10 parts of coarse aggregates by volume were used in it Plain concrete is vibrated to achieve full compaction Concrete placed below ground should be protected from falling earth during and after placing Concrete placed in ground containing deleterious substances should be kept free from contact with such a ground and with water draining there from during placing and for a period of seven days When joint in a layer of concrete are unavoidable and end is sloped at an angle of 30 and junctions of different layers break joint in laying upper layer of concrete The lower surface is made rough and clean watered before upper layer is laid

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

8) Shuttering and Scaffolding

Shuttering or form work is the term used for temporary timber plywood metal or other material used to provide support to wet concrete mix till it gets strength for self support It provides supports to horizontal vertical and inclined surfaces or also provides support to cast concrete according to required shape and size The form work also produces desired finish concrete surface

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

bull Shuttering or form work should be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete mix and the pressure for placing and compacting concrete inside or on the top of form workshuttering It should be rigid to prevent any deflection in surface after laying cement concrete and be also sufficient tight to prevent loss of water and mortar form cement concrete Shuttering should be easy in handling erection at site and easy to remove when cement concrete is sufficient hard

11) DeshutteringDeshuttering in simple words is the removing of shuttering and formwork12) BrickworkBrick masonry is construction in which uniform units (bricks) small enough to be placed with one hand are laid in courses with mortar joints to form walls Bricks are kiln baked from various clay and other mixtures These characteristics and the kiln temperatures combine to produce brick in a variety of colors and harnesses In some regions individual pits yield clay or shale which when ground and moistened can be formed and baked into durable brick In other regions clay or shale from several pits must be mixed

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

BRICKWORK

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

13) Doors and windows frames along with lintels

After brickwork These frames are made to fit door and windows

14) Wiring for electrical purposes-

Wiring for switch boards and electrical purposes is now done during construction itself so as to to hide them after construction on walls

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

15) Plastering

Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster such as a layer of plaster on an interior wall or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls The process of creating plasterwork called plastering has been used in building construction for centuries

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

PLUMBING

bullPlumbing is the system of pipes drains fittings valves valve assemblies and devices installed in a buildingbullDistribution of water for drinking heating and washing and the removal of waterborne wastes

SYSTEMS

bullTypes of system in plumbing are

Two pipe system

One pipe system

Single stack system

Single stack-partially ventilated

ONE PIPE SYSTEM

TWO PIPE SYSTEM

Materials Used

bull These pipes can be of various types

Cast iron

Reinforcement concrete

Prestressed concrete

Mild steel tubes

Copper brass rought iron

Asbestos cement

Lead polythene

pvc

Pipe sizes

bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units

bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet

SEWERAGE

bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage

bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer

bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment

IntroductionSewage

bullAlso known as waste water

bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community

bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables

bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included

Types of Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

b Industrial Sewage

c Combined Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

bull Also known as Domestics

Sewage

bull The foul discharges from

residential amp commercial area

bull It mainly includes discharges

from latrines urinals laundry

etc

b Industrial Sewage

bull The foul discharges

from industries

bull It includes discharges

produced during the

manufacturing of goods

c Combined Sewage

bull Combination of Sanitary

sewage amp Storm water

bull Storm water is rain amp snow

melt that runs off surfaces

such as rooftops paved

streets highways amp parking

lots

Sewerage SystemSewerage

bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities

bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly

bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible

bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition

bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water

carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as

Sewerage

bull Components of sewerage system are

a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer

DrainIs a plumbing fixture

that provides an exit-

point for waste water

or water that is to be

re-circulated

The opening or hole through

which a man can enter the

sewer line or other closed

structure for inspection and

cleaning

Includes pumps

ampequipments for pumping

fluids

Supplies water to remove

sewage from processing site

Man holePumping Station

Sewer

III Combined Sewer

bull Type of sewer system

bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system

bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer

overflows

bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather

bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities

Features Of Sewerage System

A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the

system of pipe lines or sewers

bull The system of sewers is called sewerage

or sewerage system

bull Where sewerage system is not provided

sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank

Main features of sewerage system are

A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal

C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of

removing contaminants from sewage

bull Objective is to produce an environmentally

safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for

disposal or reuse

bull Discharge to the environment must be

accomplished without transmitting diseases

or endangering aquatic organisms

Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field

1 The final treatment takes place in

drain field

2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes

through the gravel layer and passes

into the soil

3 The soil filters the wastewater as it

passes through the pore spaces

4 The soil microbes deactivates the

disease germs that remain in the

effluent

5 Eventually treated water enters the

groundwater

6 These processes work best where the

soil is dry permeable and contains

Sewage Treatment

II Waste Water Treatment

Plant

bull It includes physical chemical

and biological processes to

remove physical chemical and

biological contaminants

bull Sewage treatment is a

multistep process

bull Sewage treatment involves four

stages

1) Preliminary treatment

2) Primary treatment

3) Secondary treatment

4) Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

4) excavation-

bull Site excavation is a process in which soil rock and other materials are removed from a site typically with the use of heavy earthmoving equipment such as excavators and bulldozers

bull During new construction on buildings roads and other structures site excavation is one of the earliest stages The site is excavated to create a level clean area to work with the foundations being established in the excavated area

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

5) PCC (Plain Cement Concrete)

bull After the process of excavation laying of plain cement concrete that is PCC is done A layer of 4 inches was made in such a manner that it was not mixed with the soil It provides a solid base for the raft foundation and a mix of 1510 that is 1 part of cement to5 parts of fine aggregates and 10 parts of coarse aggregates by volume were used in it Plain concrete is vibrated to achieve full compaction Concrete placed below ground should be protected from falling earth during and after placing Concrete placed in ground containing deleterious substances should be kept free from contact with such a ground and with water draining there from during placing and for a period of seven days When joint in a layer of concrete are unavoidable and end is sloped at an angle of 30 and junctions of different layers break joint in laying upper layer of concrete The lower surface is made rough and clean watered before upper layer is laid

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

8) Shuttering and Scaffolding

Shuttering or form work is the term used for temporary timber plywood metal or other material used to provide support to wet concrete mix till it gets strength for self support It provides supports to horizontal vertical and inclined surfaces or also provides support to cast concrete according to required shape and size The form work also produces desired finish concrete surface

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

bull Shuttering or form work should be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete mix and the pressure for placing and compacting concrete inside or on the top of form workshuttering It should be rigid to prevent any deflection in surface after laying cement concrete and be also sufficient tight to prevent loss of water and mortar form cement concrete Shuttering should be easy in handling erection at site and easy to remove when cement concrete is sufficient hard

11) DeshutteringDeshuttering in simple words is the removing of shuttering and formwork12) BrickworkBrick masonry is construction in which uniform units (bricks) small enough to be placed with one hand are laid in courses with mortar joints to form walls Bricks are kiln baked from various clay and other mixtures These characteristics and the kiln temperatures combine to produce brick in a variety of colors and harnesses In some regions individual pits yield clay or shale which when ground and moistened can be formed and baked into durable brick In other regions clay or shale from several pits must be mixed

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

BRICKWORK

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

13) Doors and windows frames along with lintels

After brickwork These frames are made to fit door and windows

14) Wiring for electrical purposes-

Wiring for switch boards and electrical purposes is now done during construction itself so as to to hide them after construction on walls

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

15) Plastering

Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster such as a layer of plaster on an interior wall or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls The process of creating plasterwork called plastering has been used in building construction for centuries

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

PLUMBING

bullPlumbing is the system of pipes drains fittings valves valve assemblies and devices installed in a buildingbullDistribution of water for drinking heating and washing and the removal of waterborne wastes

SYSTEMS

bullTypes of system in plumbing are

Two pipe system

One pipe system

Single stack system

Single stack-partially ventilated

ONE PIPE SYSTEM

TWO PIPE SYSTEM

Materials Used

bull These pipes can be of various types

Cast iron

Reinforcement concrete

Prestressed concrete

Mild steel tubes

Copper brass rought iron

Asbestos cement

Lead polythene

pvc

Pipe sizes

bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units

bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet

SEWERAGE

bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage

bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer

bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment

IntroductionSewage

bullAlso known as waste water

bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community

bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables

bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included

Types of Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

b Industrial Sewage

c Combined Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

bull Also known as Domestics

Sewage

bull The foul discharges from

residential amp commercial area

bull It mainly includes discharges

from latrines urinals laundry

etc

b Industrial Sewage

bull The foul discharges

from industries

bull It includes discharges

produced during the

manufacturing of goods

c Combined Sewage

bull Combination of Sanitary

sewage amp Storm water

bull Storm water is rain amp snow

melt that runs off surfaces

such as rooftops paved

streets highways amp parking

lots

Sewerage SystemSewerage

bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities

bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly

bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible

bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition

bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water

carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as

Sewerage

bull Components of sewerage system are

a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer

DrainIs a plumbing fixture

that provides an exit-

point for waste water

or water that is to be

re-circulated

The opening or hole through

which a man can enter the

sewer line or other closed

structure for inspection and

cleaning

Includes pumps

ampequipments for pumping

fluids

Supplies water to remove

sewage from processing site

Man holePumping Station

Sewer

III Combined Sewer

bull Type of sewer system

bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system

bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer

overflows

bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather

bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities

Features Of Sewerage System

A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the

system of pipe lines or sewers

bull The system of sewers is called sewerage

or sewerage system

bull Where sewerage system is not provided

sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank

Main features of sewerage system are

A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal

C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of

removing contaminants from sewage

bull Objective is to produce an environmentally

safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for

disposal or reuse

bull Discharge to the environment must be

accomplished without transmitting diseases

or endangering aquatic organisms

Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field

1 The final treatment takes place in

drain field

2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes

through the gravel layer and passes

into the soil

3 The soil filters the wastewater as it

passes through the pore spaces

4 The soil microbes deactivates the

disease germs that remain in the

effluent

5 Eventually treated water enters the

groundwater

6 These processes work best where the

soil is dry permeable and contains

Sewage Treatment

II Waste Water Treatment

Plant

bull It includes physical chemical

and biological processes to

remove physical chemical and

biological contaminants

bull Sewage treatment is a

multistep process

bull Sewage treatment involves four

stages

1) Preliminary treatment

2) Primary treatment

3) Secondary treatment

4) Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

5) PCC (Plain Cement Concrete)

bull After the process of excavation laying of plain cement concrete that is PCC is done A layer of 4 inches was made in such a manner that it was not mixed with the soil It provides a solid base for the raft foundation and a mix of 1510 that is 1 part of cement to5 parts of fine aggregates and 10 parts of coarse aggregates by volume were used in it Plain concrete is vibrated to achieve full compaction Concrete placed below ground should be protected from falling earth during and after placing Concrete placed in ground containing deleterious substances should be kept free from contact with such a ground and with water draining there from during placing and for a period of seven days When joint in a layer of concrete are unavoidable and end is sloped at an angle of 30 and junctions of different layers break joint in laying upper layer of concrete The lower surface is made rough and clean watered before upper layer is laid

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

8) Shuttering and Scaffolding

Shuttering or form work is the term used for temporary timber plywood metal or other material used to provide support to wet concrete mix till it gets strength for self support It provides supports to horizontal vertical and inclined surfaces or also provides support to cast concrete according to required shape and size The form work also produces desired finish concrete surface

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

bull Shuttering or form work should be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete mix and the pressure for placing and compacting concrete inside or on the top of form workshuttering It should be rigid to prevent any deflection in surface after laying cement concrete and be also sufficient tight to prevent loss of water and mortar form cement concrete Shuttering should be easy in handling erection at site and easy to remove when cement concrete is sufficient hard

11) DeshutteringDeshuttering in simple words is the removing of shuttering and formwork12) BrickworkBrick masonry is construction in which uniform units (bricks) small enough to be placed with one hand are laid in courses with mortar joints to form walls Bricks are kiln baked from various clay and other mixtures These characteristics and the kiln temperatures combine to produce brick in a variety of colors and harnesses In some regions individual pits yield clay or shale which when ground and moistened can be formed and baked into durable brick In other regions clay or shale from several pits must be mixed

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

BRICKWORK

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

13) Doors and windows frames along with lintels

After brickwork These frames are made to fit door and windows

14) Wiring for electrical purposes-

Wiring for switch boards and electrical purposes is now done during construction itself so as to to hide them after construction on walls

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

15) Plastering

Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster such as a layer of plaster on an interior wall or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls The process of creating plasterwork called plastering has been used in building construction for centuries

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

PLUMBING

bullPlumbing is the system of pipes drains fittings valves valve assemblies and devices installed in a buildingbullDistribution of water for drinking heating and washing and the removal of waterborne wastes

SYSTEMS

bullTypes of system in plumbing are

Two pipe system

One pipe system

Single stack system

Single stack-partially ventilated

ONE PIPE SYSTEM

TWO PIPE SYSTEM

Materials Used

bull These pipes can be of various types

Cast iron

Reinforcement concrete

Prestressed concrete

Mild steel tubes

Copper brass rought iron

Asbestos cement

Lead polythene

pvc

Pipe sizes

bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units

bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet

SEWERAGE

bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage

bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer

bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment

IntroductionSewage

bullAlso known as waste water

bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community

bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables

bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included

Types of Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

b Industrial Sewage

c Combined Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

bull Also known as Domestics

Sewage

bull The foul discharges from

residential amp commercial area

bull It mainly includes discharges

from latrines urinals laundry

etc

b Industrial Sewage

bull The foul discharges

from industries

bull It includes discharges

produced during the

manufacturing of goods

c Combined Sewage

bull Combination of Sanitary

sewage amp Storm water

bull Storm water is rain amp snow

melt that runs off surfaces

such as rooftops paved

streets highways amp parking

lots

Sewerage SystemSewerage

bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities

bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly

bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible

bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition

bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water

carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as

Sewerage

bull Components of sewerage system are

a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer

DrainIs a plumbing fixture

that provides an exit-

point for waste water

or water that is to be

re-circulated

The opening or hole through

which a man can enter the

sewer line or other closed

structure for inspection and

cleaning

Includes pumps

ampequipments for pumping

fluids

Supplies water to remove

sewage from processing site

Man holePumping Station

Sewer

III Combined Sewer

bull Type of sewer system

bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system

bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer

overflows

bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather

bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities

Features Of Sewerage System

A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the

system of pipe lines or sewers

bull The system of sewers is called sewerage

or sewerage system

bull Where sewerage system is not provided

sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank

Main features of sewerage system are

A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal

C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of

removing contaminants from sewage

bull Objective is to produce an environmentally

safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for

disposal or reuse

bull Discharge to the environment must be

accomplished without transmitting diseases

or endangering aquatic organisms

Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field

1 The final treatment takes place in

drain field

2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes

through the gravel layer and passes

into the soil

3 The soil filters the wastewater as it

passes through the pore spaces

4 The soil microbes deactivates the

disease germs that remain in the

effluent

5 Eventually treated water enters the

groundwater

6 These processes work best where the

soil is dry permeable and contains

Sewage Treatment

II Waste Water Treatment

Plant

bull It includes physical chemical

and biological processes to

remove physical chemical and

biological contaminants

bull Sewage treatment is a

multistep process

bull Sewage treatment involves four

stages

1) Preliminary treatment

2) Primary treatment

3) Secondary treatment

4) Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

8) Shuttering and Scaffolding

Shuttering or form work is the term used for temporary timber plywood metal or other material used to provide support to wet concrete mix till it gets strength for self support It provides supports to horizontal vertical and inclined surfaces or also provides support to cast concrete according to required shape and size The form work also produces desired finish concrete surface

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

bull Shuttering or form work should be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete mix and the pressure for placing and compacting concrete inside or on the top of form workshuttering It should be rigid to prevent any deflection in surface after laying cement concrete and be also sufficient tight to prevent loss of water and mortar form cement concrete Shuttering should be easy in handling erection at site and easy to remove when cement concrete is sufficient hard

11) DeshutteringDeshuttering in simple words is the removing of shuttering and formwork12) BrickworkBrick masonry is construction in which uniform units (bricks) small enough to be placed with one hand are laid in courses with mortar joints to form walls Bricks are kiln baked from various clay and other mixtures These characteristics and the kiln temperatures combine to produce brick in a variety of colors and harnesses In some regions individual pits yield clay or shale which when ground and moistened can be formed and baked into durable brick In other regions clay or shale from several pits must be mixed

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

BRICKWORK

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

13) Doors and windows frames along with lintels

After brickwork These frames are made to fit door and windows

14) Wiring for electrical purposes-

Wiring for switch boards and electrical purposes is now done during construction itself so as to to hide them after construction on walls

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

15) Plastering

Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster such as a layer of plaster on an interior wall or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls The process of creating plasterwork called plastering has been used in building construction for centuries

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

PLUMBING

bullPlumbing is the system of pipes drains fittings valves valve assemblies and devices installed in a buildingbullDistribution of water for drinking heating and washing and the removal of waterborne wastes

SYSTEMS

bullTypes of system in plumbing are

Two pipe system

One pipe system

Single stack system

Single stack-partially ventilated

ONE PIPE SYSTEM

TWO PIPE SYSTEM

Materials Used

bull These pipes can be of various types

Cast iron

Reinforcement concrete

Prestressed concrete

Mild steel tubes

Copper brass rought iron

Asbestos cement

Lead polythene

pvc

Pipe sizes

bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units

bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet

SEWERAGE

bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage

bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer

bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment

IntroductionSewage

bullAlso known as waste water

bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community

bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables

bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included

Types of Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

b Industrial Sewage

c Combined Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

bull Also known as Domestics

Sewage

bull The foul discharges from

residential amp commercial area

bull It mainly includes discharges

from latrines urinals laundry

etc

b Industrial Sewage

bull The foul discharges

from industries

bull It includes discharges

produced during the

manufacturing of goods

c Combined Sewage

bull Combination of Sanitary

sewage amp Storm water

bull Storm water is rain amp snow

melt that runs off surfaces

such as rooftops paved

streets highways amp parking

lots

Sewerage SystemSewerage

bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities

bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly

bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible

bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition

bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water

carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as

Sewerage

bull Components of sewerage system are

a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer

DrainIs a plumbing fixture

that provides an exit-

point for waste water

or water that is to be

re-circulated

The opening or hole through

which a man can enter the

sewer line or other closed

structure for inspection and

cleaning

Includes pumps

ampequipments for pumping

fluids

Supplies water to remove

sewage from processing site

Man holePumping Station

Sewer

III Combined Sewer

bull Type of sewer system

bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system

bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer

overflows

bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather

bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities

Features Of Sewerage System

A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the

system of pipe lines or sewers

bull The system of sewers is called sewerage

or sewerage system

bull Where sewerage system is not provided

sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank

Main features of sewerage system are

A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal

C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of

removing contaminants from sewage

bull Objective is to produce an environmentally

safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for

disposal or reuse

bull Discharge to the environment must be

accomplished without transmitting diseases

or endangering aquatic organisms

Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field

1 The final treatment takes place in

drain field

2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes

through the gravel layer and passes

into the soil

3 The soil filters the wastewater as it

passes through the pore spaces

4 The soil microbes deactivates the

disease germs that remain in the

effluent

5 Eventually treated water enters the

groundwater

6 These processes work best where the

soil is dry permeable and contains

Sewage Treatment

II Waste Water Treatment

Plant

bull It includes physical chemical

and biological processes to

remove physical chemical and

biological contaminants

bull Sewage treatment is a

multistep process

bull Sewage treatment involves four

stages

1) Preliminary treatment

2) Primary treatment

3) Secondary treatment

4) Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

bull Shuttering or form work should be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete mix and the pressure for placing and compacting concrete inside or on the top of form workshuttering It should be rigid to prevent any deflection in surface after laying cement concrete and be also sufficient tight to prevent loss of water and mortar form cement concrete Shuttering should be easy in handling erection at site and easy to remove when cement concrete is sufficient hard

11) DeshutteringDeshuttering in simple words is the removing of shuttering and formwork12) BrickworkBrick masonry is construction in which uniform units (bricks) small enough to be placed with one hand are laid in courses with mortar joints to form walls Bricks are kiln baked from various clay and other mixtures These characteristics and the kiln temperatures combine to produce brick in a variety of colors and harnesses In some regions individual pits yield clay or shale which when ground and moistened can be formed and baked into durable brick In other regions clay or shale from several pits must be mixed

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

BRICKWORK

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

13) Doors and windows frames along with lintels

After brickwork These frames are made to fit door and windows

14) Wiring for electrical purposes-

Wiring for switch boards and electrical purposes is now done during construction itself so as to to hide them after construction on walls

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

15) Plastering

Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster such as a layer of plaster on an interior wall or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls The process of creating plasterwork called plastering has been used in building construction for centuries

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

PLUMBING

bullPlumbing is the system of pipes drains fittings valves valve assemblies and devices installed in a buildingbullDistribution of water for drinking heating and washing and the removal of waterborne wastes

SYSTEMS

bullTypes of system in plumbing are

Two pipe system

One pipe system

Single stack system

Single stack-partially ventilated

ONE PIPE SYSTEM

TWO PIPE SYSTEM

Materials Used

bull These pipes can be of various types

Cast iron

Reinforcement concrete

Prestressed concrete

Mild steel tubes

Copper brass rought iron

Asbestos cement

Lead polythene

pvc

Pipe sizes

bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units

bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet

SEWERAGE

bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage

bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer

bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment

IntroductionSewage

bullAlso known as waste water

bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community

bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables

bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included

Types of Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

b Industrial Sewage

c Combined Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

bull Also known as Domestics

Sewage

bull The foul discharges from

residential amp commercial area

bull It mainly includes discharges

from latrines urinals laundry

etc

b Industrial Sewage

bull The foul discharges

from industries

bull It includes discharges

produced during the

manufacturing of goods

c Combined Sewage

bull Combination of Sanitary

sewage amp Storm water

bull Storm water is rain amp snow

melt that runs off surfaces

such as rooftops paved

streets highways amp parking

lots

Sewerage SystemSewerage

bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities

bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly

bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible

bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition

bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water

carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as

Sewerage

bull Components of sewerage system are

a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer

DrainIs a plumbing fixture

that provides an exit-

point for waste water

or water that is to be

re-circulated

The opening or hole through

which a man can enter the

sewer line or other closed

structure for inspection and

cleaning

Includes pumps

ampequipments for pumping

fluids

Supplies water to remove

sewage from processing site

Man holePumping Station

Sewer

III Combined Sewer

bull Type of sewer system

bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system

bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer

overflows

bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather

bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities

Features Of Sewerage System

A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the

system of pipe lines or sewers

bull The system of sewers is called sewerage

or sewerage system

bull Where sewerage system is not provided

sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank

Main features of sewerage system are

A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal

C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of

removing contaminants from sewage

bull Objective is to produce an environmentally

safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for

disposal or reuse

bull Discharge to the environment must be

accomplished without transmitting diseases

or endangering aquatic organisms

Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field

1 The final treatment takes place in

drain field

2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes

through the gravel layer and passes

into the soil

3 The soil filters the wastewater as it

passes through the pore spaces

4 The soil microbes deactivates the

disease germs that remain in the

effluent

5 Eventually treated water enters the

groundwater

6 These processes work best where the

soil is dry permeable and contains

Sewage Treatment

II Waste Water Treatment

Plant

bull It includes physical chemical

and biological processes to

remove physical chemical and

biological contaminants

bull Sewage treatment is a

multistep process

bull Sewage treatment involves four

stages

1) Preliminary treatment

2) Primary treatment

3) Secondary treatment

4) Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

11) DeshutteringDeshuttering in simple words is the removing of shuttering and formwork12) BrickworkBrick masonry is construction in which uniform units (bricks) small enough to be placed with one hand are laid in courses with mortar joints to form walls Bricks are kiln baked from various clay and other mixtures These characteristics and the kiln temperatures combine to produce brick in a variety of colors and harnesses In some regions individual pits yield clay or shale which when ground and moistened can be formed and baked into durable brick In other regions clay or shale from several pits must be mixed

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

BRICKWORK

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

13) Doors and windows frames along with lintels

After brickwork These frames are made to fit door and windows

14) Wiring for electrical purposes-

Wiring for switch boards and electrical purposes is now done during construction itself so as to to hide them after construction on walls

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

15) Plastering

Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster such as a layer of plaster on an interior wall or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls The process of creating plasterwork called plastering has been used in building construction for centuries

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

PLUMBING

bullPlumbing is the system of pipes drains fittings valves valve assemblies and devices installed in a buildingbullDistribution of water for drinking heating and washing and the removal of waterborne wastes

SYSTEMS

bullTypes of system in plumbing are

Two pipe system

One pipe system

Single stack system

Single stack-partially ventilated

ONE PIPE SYSTEM

TWO PIPE SYSTEM

Materials Used

bull These pipes can be of various types

Cast iron

Reinforcement concrete

Prestressed concrete

Mild steel tubes

Copper brass rought iron

Asbestos cement

Lead polythene

pvc

Pipe sizes

bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units

bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet

SEWERAGE

bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage

bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer

bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment

IntroductionSewage

bullAlso known as waste water

bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community

bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables

bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included

Types of Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

b Industrial Sewage

c Combined Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

bull Also known as Domestics

Sewage

bull The foul discharges from

residential amp commercial area

bull It mainly includes discharges

from latrines urinals laundry

etc

b Industrial Sewage

bull The foul discharges

from industries

bull It includes discharges

produced during the

manufacturing of goods

c Combined Sewage

bull Combination of Sanitary

sewage amp Storm water

bull Storm water is rain amp snow

melt that runs off surfaces

such as rooftops paved

streets highways amp parking

lots

Sewerage SystemSewerage

bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities

bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly

bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible

bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition

bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water

carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as

Sewerage

bull Components of sewerage system are

a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer

DrainIs a plumbing fixture

that provides an exit-

point for waste water

or water that is to be

re-circulated

The opening or hole through

which a man can enter the

sewer line or other closed

structure for inspection and

cleaning

Includes pumps

ampequipments for pumping

fluids

Supplies water to remove

sewage from processing site

Man holePumping Station

Sewer

III Combined Sewer

bull Type of sewer system

bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system

bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer

overflows

bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather

bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities

Features Of Sewerage System

A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the

system of pipe lines or sewers

bull The system of sewers is called sewerage

or sewerage system

bull Where sewerage system is not provided

sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank

Main features of sewerage system are

A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal

C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of

removing contaminants from sewage

bull Objective is to produce an environmentally

safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for

disposal or reuse

bull Discharge to the environment must be

accomplished without transmitting diseases

or endangering aquatic organisms

Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field

1 The final treatment takes place in

drain field

2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes

through the gravel layer and passes

into the soil

3 The soil filters the wastewater as it

passes through the pore spaces

4 The soil microbes deactivates the

disease germs that remain in the

effluent

5 Eventually treated water enters the

groundwater

6 These processes work best where the

soil is dry permeable and contains

Sewage Treatment

II Waste Water Treatment

Plant

bull It includes physical chemical

and biological processes to

remove physical chemical and

biological contaminants

bull Sewage treatment is a

multistep process

bull Sewage treatment involves four

stages

1) Preliminary treatment

2) Primary treatment

3) Secondary treatment

4) Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

BRICKWORK

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

13) Doors and windows frames along with lintels

After brickwork These frames are made to fit door and windows

14) Wiring for electrical purposes-

Wiring for switch boards and electrical purposes is now done during construction itself so as to to hide them after construction on walls

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

15) Plastering

Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster such as a layer of plaster on an interior wall or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls The process of creating plasterwork called plastering has been used in building construction for centuries

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

PLUMBING

bullPlumbing is the system of pipes drains fittings valves valve assemblies and devices installed in a buildingbullDistribution of water for drinking heating and washing and the removal of waterborne wastes

SYSTEMS

bullTypes of system in plumbing are

Two pipe system

One pipe system

Single stack system

Single stack-partially ventilated

ONE PIPE SYSTEM

TWO PIPE SYSTEM

Materials Used

bull These pipes can be of various types

Cast iron

Reinforcement concrete

Prestressed concrete

Mild steel tubes

Copper brass rought iron

Asbestos cement

Lead polythene

pvc

Pipe sizes

bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units

bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet

SEWERAGE

bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage

bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer

bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment

IntroductionSewage

bullAlso known as waste water

bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community

bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables

bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included

Types of Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

b Industrial Sewage

c Combined Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

bull Also known as Domestics

Sewage

bull The foul discharges from

residential amp commercial area

bull It mainly includes discharges

from latrines urinals laundry

etc

b Industrial Sewage

bull The foul discharges

from industries

bull It includes discharges

produced during the

manufacturing of goods

c Combined Sewage

bull Combination of Sanitary

sewage amp Storm water

bull Storm water is rain amp snow

melt that runs off surfaces

such as rooftops paved

streets highways amp parking

lots

Sewerage SystemSewerage

bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities

bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly

bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible

bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition

bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water

carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as

Sewerage

bull Components of sewerage system are

a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer

DrainIs a plumbing fixture

that provides an exit-

point for waste water

or water that is to be

re-circulated

The opening or hole through

which a man can enter the

sewer line or other closed

structure for inspection and

cleaning

Includes pumps

ampequipments for pumping

fluids

Supplies water to remove

sewage from processing site

Man holePumping Station

Sewer

III Combined Sewer

bull Type of sewer system

bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system

bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer

overflows

bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather

bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities

Features Of Sewerage System

A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the

system of pipe lines or sewers

bull The system of sewers is called sewerage

or sewerage system

bull Where sewerage system is not provided

sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank

Main features of sewerage system are

A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal

C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of

removing contaminants from sewage

bull Objective is to produce an environmentally

safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for

disposal or reuse

bull Discharge to the environment must be

accomplished without transmitting diseases

or endangering aquatic organisms

Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field

1 The final treatment takes place in

drain field

2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes

through the gravel layer and passes

into the soil

3 The soil filters the wastewater as it

passes through the pore spaces

4 The soil microbes deactivates the

disease germs that remain in the

effluent

5 Eventually treated water enters the

groundwater

6 These processes work best where the

soil is dry permeable and contains

Sewage Treatment

II Waste Water Treatment

Plant

bull It includes physical chemical

and biological processes to

remove physical chemical and

biological contaminants

bull Sewage treatment is a

multistep process

bull Sewage treatment involves four

stages

1) Preliminary treatment

2) Primary treatment

3) Secondary treatment

4) Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

13) Doors and windows frames along with lintels

After brickwork These frames are made to fit door and windows

14) Wiring for electrical purposes-

Wiring for switch boards and electrical purposes is now done during construction itself so as to to hide them after construction on walls

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

15) Plastering

Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster such as a layer of plaster on an interior wall or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls The process of creating plasterwork called plastering has been used in building construction for centuries

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

PLUMBING

bullPlumbing is the system of pipes drains fittings valves valve assemblies and devices installed in a buildingbullDistribution of water for drinking heating and washing and the removal of waterborne wastes

SYSTEMS

bullTypes of system in plumbing are

Two pipe system

One pipe system

Single stack system

Single stack-partially ventilated

ONE PIPE SYSTEM

TWO PIPE SYSTEM

Materials Used

bull These pipes can be of various types

Cast iron

Reinforcement concrete

Prestressed concrete

Mild steel tubes

Copper brass rought iron

Asbestos cement

Lead polythene

pvc

Pipe sizes

bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units

bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet

SEWERAGE

bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage

bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer

bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment

IntroductionSewage

bullAlso known as waste water

bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community

bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables

bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included

Types of Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

b Industrial Sewage

c Combined Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

bull Also known as Domestics

Sewage

bull The foul discharges from

residential amp commercial area

bull It mainly includes discharges

from latrines urinals laundry

etc

b Industrial Sewage

bull The foul discharges

from industries

bull It includes discharges

produced during the

manufacturing of goods

c Combined Sewage

bull Combination of Sanitary

sewage amp Storm water

bull Storm water is rain amp snow

melt that runs off surfaces

such as rooftops paved

streets highways amp parking

lots

Sewerage SystemSewerage

bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities

bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly

bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible

bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition

bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water

carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as

Sewerage

bull Components of sewerage system are

a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer

DrainIs a plumbing fixture

that provides an exit-

point for waste water

or water that is to be

re-circulated

The opening or hole through

which a man can enter the

sewer line or other closed

structure for inspection and

cleaning

Includes pumps

ampequipments for pumping

fluids

Supplies water to remove

sewage from processing site

Man holePumping Station

Sewer

III Combined Sewer

bull Type of sewer system

bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system

bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer

overflows

bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather

bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities

Features Of Sewerage System

A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the

system of pipe lines or sewers

bull The system of sewers is called sewerage

or sewerage system

bull Where sewerage system is not provided

sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank

Main features of sewerage system are

A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal

C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of

removing contaminants from sewage

bull Objective is to produce an environmentally

safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for

disposal or reuse

bull Discharge to the environment must be

accomplished without transmitting diseases

or endangering aquatic organisms

Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field

1 The final treatment takes place in

drain field

2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes

through the gravel layer and passes

into the soil

3 The soil filters the wastewater as it

passes through the pore spaces

4 The soil microbes deactivates the

disease germs that remain in the

effluent

5 Eventually treated water enters the

groundwater

6 These processes work best where the

soil is dry permeable and contains

Sewage Treatment

II Waste Water Treatment

Plant

bull It includes physical chemical

and biological processes to

remove physical chemical and

biological contaminants

bull Sewage treatment is a

multistep process

bull Sewage treatment involves four

stages

1) Preliminary treatment

2) Primary treatment

3) Secondary treatment

4) Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

15) Plastering

Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster such as a layer of plaster on an interior wall or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls The process of creating plasterwork called plastering has been used in building construction for centuries

SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS

PLUMBING

bullPlumbing is the system of pipes drains fittings valves valve assemblies and devices installed in a buildingbullDistribution of water for drinking heating and washing and the removal of waterborne wastes

SYSTEMS

bullTypes of system in plumbing are

Two pipe system

One pipe system

Single stack system

Single stack-partially ventilated

ONE PIPE SYSTEM

TWO PIPE SYSTEM

Materials Used

bull These pipes can be of various types

Cast iron

Reinforcement concrete

Prestressed concrete

Mild steel tubes

Copper brass rought iron

Asbestos cement

Lead polythene

pvc

Pipe sizes

bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units

bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet

SEWERAGE

bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage

bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer

bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment

IntroductionSewage

bullAlso known as waste water

bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community

bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables

bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included

Types of Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

b Industrial Sewage

c Combined Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

bull Also known as Domestics

Sewage

bull The foul discharges from

residential amp commercial area

bull It mainly includes discharges

from latrines urinals laundry

etc

b Industrial Sewage

bull The foul discharges

from industries

bull It includes discharges

produced during the

manufacturing of goods

c Combined Sewage

bull Combination of Sanitary

sewage amp Storm water

bull Storm water is rain amp snow

melt that runs off surfaces

such as rooftops paved

streets highways amp parking

lots

Sewerage SystemSewerage

bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities

bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly

bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible

bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition

bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water

carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as

Sewerage

bull Components of sewerage system are

a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer

DrainIs a plumbing fixture

that provides an exit-

point for waste water

or water that is to be

re-circulated

The opening or hole through

which a man can enter the

sewer line or other closed

structure for inspection and

cleaning

Includes pumps

ampequipments for pumping

fluids

Supplies water to remove

sewage from processing site

Man holePumping Station

Sewer

III Combined Sewer

bull Type of sewer system

bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system

bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer

overflows

bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather

bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities

Features Of Sewerage System

A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the

system of pipe lines or sewers

bull The system of sewers is called sewerage

or sewerage system

bull Where sewerage system is not provided

sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank

Main features of sewerage system are

A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal

C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of

removing contaminants from sewage

bull Objective is to produce an environmentally

safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for

disposal or reuse

bull Discharge to the environment must be

accomplished without transmitting diseases

or endangering aquatic organisms

Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field

1 The final treatment takes place in

drain field

2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes

through the gravel layer and passes

into the soil

3 The soil filters the wastewater as it

passes through the pore spaces

4 The soil microbes deactivates the

disease germs that remain in the

effluent

5 Eventually treated water enters the

groundwater

6 These processes work best where the

soil is dry permeable and contains

Sewage Treatment

II Waste Water Treatment

Plant

bull It includes physical chemical

and biological processes to

remove physical chemical and

biological contaminants

bull Sewage treatment is a

multistep process

bull Sewage treatment involves four

stages

1) Preliminary treatment

2) Primary treatment

3) Secondary treatment

4) Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

PLUMBING

bullPlumbing is the system of pipes drains fittings valves valve assemblies and devices installed in a buildingbullDistribution of water for drinking heating and washing and the removal of waterborne wastes

SYSTEMS

bullTypes of system in plumbing are

Two pipe system

One pipe system

Single stack system

Single stack-partially ventilated

ONE PIPE SYSTEM

TWO PIPE SYSTEM

Materials Used

bull These pipes can be of various types

Cast iron

Reinforcement concrete

Prestressed concrete

Mild steel tubes

Copper brass rought iron

Asbestos cement

Lead polythene

pvc

Pipe sizes

bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units

bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet

SEWERAGE

bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage

bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer

bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment

IntroductionSewage

bullAlso known as waste water

bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community

bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables

bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included

Types of Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

b Industrial Sewage

c Combined Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

bull Also known as Domestics

Sewage

bull The foul discharges from

residential amp commercial area

bull It mainly includes discharges

from latrines urinals laundry

etc

b Industrial Sewage

bull The foul discharges

from industries

bull It includes discharges

produced during the

manufacturing of goods

c Combined Sewage

bull Combination of Sanitary

sewage amp Storm water

bull Storm water is rain amp snow

melt that runs off surfaces

such as rooftops paved

streets highways amp parking

lots

Sewerage SystemSewerage

bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities

bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly

bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible

bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition

bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water

carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as

Sewerage

bull Components of sewerage system are

a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer

DrainIs a plumbing fixture

that provides an exit-

point for waste water

or water that is to be

re-circulated

The opening or hole through

which a man can enter the

sewer line or other closed

structure for inspection and

cleaning

Includes pumps

ampequipments for pumping

fluids

Supplies water to remove

sewage from processing site

Man holePumping Station

Sewer

III Combined Sewer

bull Type of sewer system

bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system

bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer

overflows

bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather

bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities

Features Of Sewerage System

A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the

system of pipe lines or sewers

bull The system of sewers is called sewerage

or sewerage system

bull Where sewerage system is not provided

sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank

Main features of sewerage system are

A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal

C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of

removing contaminants from sewage

bull Objective is to produce an environmentally

safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for

disposal or reuse

bull Discharge to the environment must be

accomplished without transmitting diseases

or endangering aquatic organisms

Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field

1 The final treatment takes place in

drain field

2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes

through the gravel layer and passes

into the soil

3 The soil filters the wastewater as it

passes through the pore spaces

4 The soil microbes deactivates the

disease germs that remain in the

effluent

5 Eventually treated water enters the

groundwater

6 These processes work best where the

soil is dry permeable and contains

Sewage Treatment

II Waste Water Treatment

Plant

bull It includes physical chemical

and biological processes to

remove physical chemical and

biological contaminants

bull Sewage treatment is a

multistep process

bull Sewage treatment involves four

stages

1) Preliminary treatment

2) Primary treatment

3) Secondary treatment

4) Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

SYSTEMS

bullTypes of system in plumbing are

Two pipe system

One pipe system

Single stack system

Single stack-partially ventilated

ONE PIPE SYSTEM

TWO PIPE SYSTEM

Materials Used

bull These pipes can be of various types

Cast iron

Reinforcement concrete

Prestressed concrete

Mild steel tubes

Copper brass rought iron

Asbestos cement

Lead polythene

pvc

Pipe sizes

bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units

bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet

SEWERAGE

bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage

bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer

bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment

IntroductionSewage

bullAlso known as waste water

bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community

bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables

bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included

Types of Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

b Industrial Sewage

c Combined Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

bull Also known as Domestics

Sewage

bull The foul discharges from

residential amp commercial area

bull It mainly includes discharges

from latrines urinals laundry

etc

b Industrial Sewage

bull The foul discharges

from industries

bull It includes discharges

produced during the

manufacturing of goods

c Combined Sewage

bull Combination of Sanitary

sewage amp Storm water

bull Storm water is rain amp snow

melt that runs off surfaces

such as rooftops paved

streets highways amp parking

lots

Sewerage SystemSewerage

bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities

bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly

bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible

bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition

bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water

carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as

Sewerage

bull Components of sewerage system are

a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer

DrainIs a plumbing fixture

that provides an exit-

point for waste water

or water that is to be

re-circulated

The opening or hole through

which a man can enter the

sewer line or other closed

structure for inspection and

cleaning

Includes pumps

ampequipments for pumping

fluids

Supplies water to remove

sewage from processing site

Man holePumping Station

Sewer

III Combined Sewer

bull Type of sewer system

bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system

bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer

overflows

bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather

bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities

Features Of Sewerage System

A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the

system of pipe lines or sewers

bull The system of sewers is called sewerage

or sewerage system

bull Where sewerage system is not provided

sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank

Main features of sewerage system are

A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal

C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of

removing contaminants from sewage

bull Objective is to produce an environmentally

safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for

disposal or reuse

bull Discharge to the environment must be

accomplished without transmitting diseases

or endangering aquatic organisms

Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field

1 The final treatment takes place in

drain field

2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes

through the gravel layer and passes

into the soil

3 The soil filters the wastewater as it

passes through the pore spaces

4 The soil microbes deactivates the

disease germs that remain in the

effluent

5 Eventually treated water enters the

groundwater

6 These processes work best where the

soil is dry permeable and contains

Sewage Treatment

II Waste Water Treatment

Plant

bull It includes physical chemical

and biological processes to

remove physical chemical and

biological contaminants

bull Sewage treatment is a

multistep process

bull Sewage treatment involves four

stages

1) Preliminary treatment

2) Primary treatment

3) Secondary treatment

4) Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

ONE PIPE SYSTEM

TWO PIPE SYSTEM

Materials Used

bull These pipes can be of various types

Cast iron

Reinforcement concrete

Prestressed concrete

Mild steel tubes

Copper brass rought iron

Asbestos cement

Lead polythene

pvc

Pipe sizes

bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units

bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet

SEWERAGE

bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage

bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer

bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment

IntroductionSewage

bullAlso known as waste water

bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community

bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables

bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included

Types of Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

b Industrial Sewage

c Combined Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

bull Also known as Domestics

Sewage

bull The foul discharges from

residential amp commercial area

bull It mainly includes discharges

from latrines urinals laundry

etc

b Industrial Sewage

bull The foul discharges

from industries

bull It includes discharges

produced during the

manufacturing of goods

c Combined Sewage

bull Combination of Sanitary

sewage amp Storm water

bull Storm water is rain amp snow

melt that runs off surfaces

such as rooftops paved

streets highways amp parking

lots

Sewerage SystemSewerage

bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities

bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly

bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible

bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition

bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water

carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as

Sewerage

bull Components of sewerage system are

a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer

DrainIs a plumbing fixture

that provides an exit-

point for waste water

or water that is to be

re-circulated

The opening or hole through

which a man can enter the

sewer line or other closed

structure for inspection and

cleaning

Includes pumps

ampequipments for pumping

fluids

Supplies water to remove

sewage from processing site

Man holePumping Station

Sewer

III Combined Sewer

bull Type of sewer system

bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system

bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer

overflows

bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather

bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities

Features Of Sewerage System

A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the

system of pipe lines or sewers

bull The system of sewers is called sewerage

or sewerage system

bull Where sewerage system is not provided

sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank

Main features of sewerage system are

A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal

C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of

removing contaminants from sewage

bull Objective is to produce an environmentally

safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for

disposal or reuse

bull Discharge to the environment must be

accomplished without transmitting diseases

or endangering aquatic organisms

Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field

1 The final treatment takes place in

drain field

2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes

through the gravel layer and passes

into the soil

3 The soil filters the wastewater as it

passes through the pore spaces

4 The soil microbes deactivates the

disease germs that remain in the

effluent

5 Eventually treated water enters the

groundwater

6 These processes work best where the

soil is dry permeable and contains

Sewage Treatment

II Waste Water Treatment

Plant

bull It includes physical chemical

and biological processes to

remove physical chemical and

biological contaminants

bull Sewage treatment is a

multistep process

bull Sewage treatment involves four

stages

1) Preliminary treatment

2) Primary treatment

3) Secondary treatment

4) Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

TWO PIPE SYSTEM

Materials Used

bull These pipes can be of various types

Cast iron

Reinforcement concrete

Prestressed concrete

Mild steel tubes

Copper brass rought iron

Asbestos cement

Lead polythene

pvc

Pipe sizes

bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units

bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet

SEWERAGE

bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage

bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer

bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment

IntroductionSewage

bullAlso known as waste water

bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community

bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables

bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included

Types of Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

b Industrial Sewage

c Combined Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

bull Also known as Domestics

Sewage

bull The foul discharges from

residential amp commercial area

bull It mainly includes discharges

from latrines urinals laundry

etc

b Industrial Sewage

bull The foul discharges

from industries

bull It includes discharges

produced during the

manufacturing of goods

c Combined Sewage

bull Combination of Sanitary

sewage amp Storm water

bull Storm water is rain amp snow

melt that runs off surfaces

such as rooftops paved

streets highways amp parking

lots

Sewerage SystemSewerage

bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities

bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly

bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible

bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition

bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water

carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as

Sewerage

bull Components of sewerage system are

a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer

DrainIs a plumbing fixture

that provides an exit-

point for waste water

or water that is to be

re-circulated

The opening or hole through

which a man can enter the

sewer line or other closed

structure for inspection and

cleaning

Includes pumps

ampequipments for pumping

fluids

Supplies water to remove

sewage from processing site

Man holePumping Station

Sewer

III Combined Sewer

bull Type of sewer system

bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system

bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer

overflows

bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather

bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities

Features Of Sewerage System

A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the

system of pipe lines or sewers

bull The system of sewers is called sewerage

or sewerage system

bull Where sewerage system is not provided

sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank

Main features of sewerage system are

A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal

C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of

removing contaminants from sewage

bull Objective is to produce an environmentally

safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for

disposal or reuse

bull Discharge to the environment must be

accomplished without transmitting diseases

or endangering aquatic organisms

Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field

1 The final treatment takes place in

drain field

2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes

through the gravel layer and passes

into the soil

3 The soil filters the wastewater as it

passes through the pore spaces

4 The soil microbes deactivates the

disease germs that remain in the

effluent

5 Eventually treated water enters the

groundwater

6 These processes work best where the

soil is dry permeable and contains

Sewage Treatment

II Waste Water Treatment

Plant

bull It includes physical chemical

and biological processes to

remove physical chemical and

biological contaminants

bull Sewage treatment is a

multistep process

bull Sewage treatment involves four

stages

1) Preliminary treatment

2) Primary treatment

3) Secondary treatment

4) Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

Materials Used

bull These pipes can be of various types

Cast iron

Reinforcement concrete

Prestressed concrete

Mild steel tubes

Copper brass rought iron

Asbestos cement

Lead polythene

pvc

Pipe sizes

bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units

bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet

SEWERAGE

bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage

bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer

bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment

IntroductionSewage

bullAlso known as waste water

bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community

bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables

bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included

Types of Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

b Industrial Sewage

c Combined Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

bull Also known as Domestics

Sewage

bull The foul discharges from

residential amp commercial area

bull It mainly includes discharges

from latrines urinals laundry

etc

b Industrial Sewage

bull The foul discharges

from industries

bull It includes discharges

produced during the

manufacturing of goods

c Combined Sewage

bull Combination of Sanitary

sewage amp Storm water

bull Storm water is rain amp snow

melt that runs off surfaces

such as rooftops paved

streets highways amp parking

lots

Sewerage SystemSewerage

bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities

bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly

bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible

bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition

bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water

carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as

Sewerage

bull Components of sewerage system are

a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer

DrainIs a plumbing fixture

that provides an exit-

point for waste water

or water that is to be

re-circulated

The opening or hole through

which a man can enter the

sewer line or other closed

structure for inspection and

cleaning

Includes pumps

ampequipments for pumping

fluids

Supplies water to remove

sewage from processing site

Man holePumping Station

Sewer

III Combined Sewer

bull Type of sewer system

bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system

bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer

overflows

bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather

bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities

Features Of Sewerage System

A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the

system of pipe lines or sewers

bull The system of sewers is called sewerage

or sewerage system

bull Where sewerage system is not provided

sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank

Main features of sewerage system are

A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal

C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of

removing contaminants from sewage

bull Objective is to produce an environmentally

safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for

disposal or reuse

bull Discharge to the environment must be

accomplished without transmitting diseases

or endangering aquatic organisms

Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field

1 The final treatment takes place in

drain field

2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes

through the gravel layer and passes

into the soil

3 The soil filters the wastewater as it

passes through the pore spaces

4 The soil microbes deactivates the

disease germs that remain in the

effluent

5 Eventually treated water enters the

groundwater

6 These processes work best where the

soil is dry permeable and contains

Sewage Treatment

II Waste Water Treatment

Plant

bull It includes physical chemical

and biological processes to

remove physical chemical and

biological contaminants

bull Sewage treatment is a

multistep process

bull Sewage treatment involves four

stages

1) Preliminary treatment

2) Primary treatment

3) Secondary treatment

4) Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

Pipe sizes

bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units

bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet

SEWERAGE

bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage

bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer

bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment

IntroductionSewage

bullAlso known as waste water

bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community

bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables

bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included

Types of Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

b Industrial Sewage

c Combined Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

bull Also known as Domestics

Sewage

bull The foul discharges from

residential amp commercial area

bull It mainly includes discharges

from latrines urinals laundry

etc

b Industrial Sewage

bull The foul discharges

from industries

bull It includes discharges

produced during the

manufacturing of goods

c Combined Sewage

bull Combination of Sanitary

sewage amp Storm water

bull Storm water is rain amp snow

melt that runs off surfaces

such as rooftops paved

streets highways amp parking

lots

Sewerage SystemSewerage

bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities

bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly

bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible

bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition

bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water

carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as

Sewerage

bull Components of sewerage system are

a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer

DrainIs a plumbing fixture

that provides an exit-

point for waste water

or water that is to be

re-circulated

The opening or hole through

which a man can enter the

sewer line or other closed

structure for inspection and

cleaning

Includes pumps

ampequipments for pumping

fluids

Supplies water to remove

sewage from processing site

Man holePumping Station

Sewer

III Combined Sewer

bull Type of sewer system

bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system

bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer

overflows

bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather

bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities

Features Of Sewerage System

A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the

system of pipe lines or sewers

bull The system of sewers is called sewerage

or sewerage system

bull Where sewerage system is not provided

sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank

Main features of sewerage system are

A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal

C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of

removing contaminants from sewage

bull Objective is to produce an environmentally

safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for

disposal or reuse

bull Discharge to the environment must be

accomplished without transmitting diseases

or endangering aquatic organisms

Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field

1 The final treatment takes place in

drain field

2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes

through the gravel layer and passes

into the soil

3 The soil filters the wastewater as it

passes through the pore spaces

4 The soil microbes deactivates the

disease germs that remain in the

effluent

5 Eventually treated water enters the

groundwater

6 These processes work best where the

soil is dry permeable and contains

Sewage Treatment

II Waste Water Treatment

Plant

bull It includes physical chemical

and biological processes to

remove physical chemical and

biological contaminants

bull Sewage treatment is a

multistep process

bull Sewage treatment involves four

stages

1) Preliminary treatment

2) Primary treatment

3) Secondary treatment

4) Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

SEWERAGE

bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage

bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer

bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment

IntroductionSewage

bullAlso known as waste water

bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community

bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables

bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included

Types of Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

b Industrial Sewage

c Combined Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

bull Also known as Domestics

Sewage

bull The foul discharges from

residential amp commercial area

bull It mainly includes discharges

from latrines urinals laundry

etc

b Industrial Sewage

bull The foul discharges

from industries

bull It includes discharges

produced during the

manufacturing of goods

c Combined Sewage

bull Combination of Sanitary

sewage amp Storm water

bull Storm water is rain amp snow

melt that runs off surfaces

such as rooftops paved

streets highways amp parking

lots

Sewerage SystemSewerage

bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities

bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly

bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible

bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition

bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water

carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as

Sewerage

bull Components of sewerage system are

a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer

DrainIs a plumbing fixture

that provides an exit-

point for waste water

or water that is to be

re-circulated

The opening or hole through

which a man can enter the

sewer line or other closed

structure for inspection and

cleaning

Includes pumps

ampequipments for pumping

fluids

Supplies water to remove

sewage from processing site

Man holePumping Station

Sewer

III Combined Sewer

bull Type of sewer system

bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system

bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer

overflows

bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather

bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities

Features Of Sewerage System

A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the

system of pipe lines or sewers

bull The system of sewers is called sewerage

or sewerage system

bull Where sewerage system is not provided

sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank

Main features of sewerage system are

A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal

C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of

removing contaminants from sewage

bull Objective is to produce an environmentally

safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for

disposal or reuse

bull Discharge to the environment must be

accomplished without transmitting diseases

or endangering aquatic organisms

Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field

1 The final treatment takes place in

drain field

2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes

through the gravel layer and passes

into the soil

3 The soil filters the wastewater as it

passes through the pore spaces

4 The soil microbes deactivates the

disease germs that remain in the

effluent

5 Eventually treated water enters the

groundwater

6 These processes work best where the

soil is dry permeable and contains

Sewage Treatment

II Waste Water Treatment

Plant

bull It includes physical chemical

and biological processes to

remove physical chemical and

biological contaminants

bull Sewage treatment is a

multistep process

bull Sewage treatment involves four

stages

1) Preliminary treatment

2) Primary treatment

3) Secondary treatment

4) Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

IntroductionSewage

bullAlso known as waste water

bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community

bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables

bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included

Types of Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

b Industrial Sewage

c Combined Sewage

a Sanitary Sewage

bull Also known as Domestics

Sewage

bull The foul discharges from

residential amp commercial area

bull It mainly includes discharges

from latrines urinals laundry

etc

b Industrial Sewage

bull The foul discharges

from industries

bull It includes discharges

produced during the

manufacturing of goods

c Combined Sewage

bull Combination of Sanitary

sewage amp Storm water

bull Storm water is rain amp snow

melt that runs off surfaces

such as rooftops paved

streets highways amp parking

lots

Sewerage SystemSewerage

bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities

bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly

bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible

bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition

bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water

carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as

Sewerage

bull Components of sewerage system are

a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer

DrainIs a plumbing fixture

that provides an exit-

point for waste water

or water that is to be

re-circulated

The opening or hole through

which a man can enter the

sewer line or other closed

structure for inspection and

cleaning

Includes pumps

ampequipments for pumping

fluids

Supplies water to remove

sewage from processing site

Man holePumping Station

Sewer

III Combined Sewer

bull Type of sewer system

bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system

bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer

overflows

bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather

bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities

Features Of Sewerage System

A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the

system of pipe lines or sewers

bull The system of sewers is called sewerage

or sewerage system

bull Where sewerage system is not provided

sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank

Main features of sewerage system are

A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal

C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of

removing contaminants from sewage

bull Objective is to produce an environmentally

safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for

disposal or reuse

bull Discharge to the environment must be

accomplished without transmitting diseases

or endangering aquatic organisms

Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field

1 The final treatment takes place in

drain field

2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes

through the gravel layer and passes

into the soil

3 The soil filters the wastewater as it

passes through the pore spaces

4 The soil microbes deactivates the

disease germs that remain in the

effluent

5 Eventually treated water enters the

groundwater

6 These processes work best where the

soil is dry permeable and contains

Sewage Treatment

II Waste Water Treatment

Plant

bull It includes physical chemical

and biological processes to

remove physical chemical and

biological contaminants

bull Sewage treatment is a

multistep process

bull Sewage treatment involves four

stages

1) Preliminary treatment

2) Primary treatment

3) Secondary treatment

4) Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

Sewerage SystemSewerage

bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities

bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly

bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible

bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition

bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water

carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as

Sewerage

bull Components of sewerage system are

a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer

DrainIs a plumbing fixture

that provides an exit-

point for waste water

or water that is to be

re-circulated

The opening or hole through

which a man can enter the

sewer line or other closed

structure for inspection and

cleaning

Includes pumps

ampequipments for pumping

fluids

Supplies water to remove

sewage from processing site

Man holePumping Station

Sewer

III Combined Sewer

bull Type of sewer system

bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system

bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer

overflows

bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather

bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities

Features Of Sewerage System

A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the

system of pipe lines or sewers

bull The system of sewers is called sewerage

or sewerage system

bull Where sewerage system is not provided

sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank

Main features of sewerage system are

A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal

C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of

removing contaminants from sewage

bull Objective is to produce an environmentally

safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for

disposal or reuse

bull Discharge to the environment must be

accomplished without transmitting diseases

or endangering aquatic organisms

Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field

1 The final treatment takes place in

drain field

2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes

through the gravel layer and passes

into the soil

3 The soil filters the wastewater as it

passes through the pore spaces

4 The soil microbes deactivates the

disease germs that remain in the

effluent

5 Eventually treated water enters the

groundwater

6 These processes work best where the

soil is dry permeable and contains

Sewage Treatment

II Waste Water Treatment

Plant

bull It includes physical chemical

and biological processes to

remove physical chemical and

biological contaminants

bull Sewage treatment is a

multistep process

bull Sewage treatment involves four

stages

1) Preliminary treatment

2) Primary treatment

3) Secondary treatment

4) Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

Sewer

III Combined Sewer

bull Type of sewer system

bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system

bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer

overflows

bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather

bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities

Features Of Sewerage System

A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the

system of pipe lines or sewers

bull The system of sewers is called sewerage

or sewerage system

bull Where sewerage system is not provided

sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank

Main features of sewerage system are

A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal

C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of

removing contaminants from sewage

bull Objective is to produce an environmentally

safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for

disposal or reuse

bull Discharge to the environment must be

accomplished without transmitting diseases

or endangering aquatic organisms

Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field

1 The final treatment takes place in

drain field

2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes

through the gravel layer and passes

into the soil

3 The soil filters the wastewater as it

passes through the pore spaces

4 The soil microbes deactivates the

disease germs that remain in the

effluent

5 Eventually treated water enters the

groundwater

6 These processes work best where the

soil is dry permeable and contains

Sewage Treatment

II Waste Water Treatment

Plant

bull It includes physical chemical

and biological processes to

remove physical chemical and

biological contaminants

bull Sewage treatment is a

multistep process

bull Sewage treatment involves four

stages

1) Preliminary treatment

2) Primary treatment

3) Secondary treatment

4) Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

Features Of Sewerage System

A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the

system of pipe lines or sewers

bull The system of sewers is called sewerage

or sewerage system

bull Where sewerage system is not provided

sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank

Main features of sewerage system are

A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal

C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of

removing contaminants from sewage

bull Objective is to produce an environmentally

safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for

disposal or reuse

bull Discharge to the environment must be

accomplished without transmitting diseases

or endangering aquatic organisms

Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field

1 The final treatment takes place in

drain field

2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes

through the gravel layer and passes

into the soil

3 The soil filters the wastewater as it

passes through the pore spaces

4 The soil microbes deactivates the

disease germs that remain in the

effluent

5 Eventually treated water enters the

groundwater

6 These processes work best where the

soil is dry permeable and contains

Sewage Treatment

II Waste Water Treatment

Plant

bull It includes physical chemical

and biological processes to

remove physical chemical and

biological contaminants

bull Sewage treatment is a

multistep process

bull Sewage treatment involves four

stages

1) Preliminary treatment

2) Primary treatment

3) Secondary treatment

4) Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field

1 The final treatment takes place in

drain field

2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes

through the gravel layer and passes

into the soil

3 The soil filters the wastewater as it

passes through the pore spaces

4 The soil microbes deactivates the

disease germs that remain in the

effluent

5 Eventually treated water enters the

groundwater

6 These processes work best where the

soil is dry permeable and contains

Sewage Treatment

II Waste Water Treatment

Plant

bull It includes physical chemical

and biological processes to

remove physical chemical and

biological contaminants

bull Sewage treatment is a

multistep process

bull Sewage treatment involves four

stages

1) Preliminary treatment

2) Primary treatment

3) Secondary treatment

4) Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

Sewage Treatment

II Waste Water Treatment

Plant

bull It includes physical chemical

and biological processes to

remove physical chemical and

biological contaminants

bull Sewage treatment is a

multistep process

bull Sewage treatment involves four

stages

1) Preliminary treatment

2) Primary treatment

3) Secondary treatment

4) Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable

materials

bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage

bull Consists of following

a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten

into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of

wood etc

b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken

glass etc

c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels

plastic bags syringes etc

A

B C

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process

bull Also known as sedimentation stage

bull Sewage flow is slowed down

bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity

bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids

bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank

bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air

bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria

bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier

bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier

bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion

tank

bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment

bull It is a chemical process

bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed

bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms

bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays

bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body

4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment

bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank

bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically

bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for

drying

bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off

bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment

processes

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

Sewage Treatment Process

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

Features Of Sewerage System

D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing

away or getting rid of sewage

bull Purpose of Sewage disposal

To conserve water resources

To prevent contamination of drinking

supplies

To help promote health amp comfortable

living

To prevent the contamination of surface

water use for bathing and other

resourceful uses

bull Various way of disposing sewage are

1) Dumping of treated effluent into

underground

2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into

seas

3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

High voltage

bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things

bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above

bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures

bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

High voltage

bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution

bull in cathode ray tubes

bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing

bull for ignition

bull in photomultiplier tubes

bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the

ground or buried just below the surface

bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install

bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC

bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged

bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

Low voltage

bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off

bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )

bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality

bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

Andrew Chiasson

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Absorption Chiller

(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air

heat exchanger

Water-water

plate heat exchanger

Retrofit Possibilities

bullSpace heating

bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need

for storage

bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF

HVAC SystemsTypes

bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating

bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems

bullAir-and-water systems

bullAll-water systems

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems

bull Constant volume

bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)

bull Multi-zone with re-heat

bullDual-duct systems

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Commercial roof-top units

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators

bullBaseboard radiators

bullWall floor ceiling panels

bullFan coil units

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Water loop heat pump (California loop)

Fire Protection

Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets

Fire Protection

bullFalse Ceilings

bullTight spaces

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder

bull Around 75 feet

bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals

bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount

bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes

Fire Protection

Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System

1048708Dry Sprinkler System

1048708Deluge Sprinkler System

1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System

Fire Protection

Wet pipe systems

Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to

the system piping

Fire Protection

Dry pipe systems

Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system

Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings

Fire Protection

Dry Sprinkler Systems

Fire Protection

Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers

All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid

A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy

Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level

Fire Protection

bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid

bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place

bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water

Fire Protection

Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas

1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times

1048708Used in High Hazard areas

1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection

1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

HVAC SystemsTypes

bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating

bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems

bullAir-and-water systems

bullAll-water systems

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems

bull Constant volume

bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)

bull Multi-zone with re-heat

bullDual-duct systems

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Commercial roof-top units

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators

bullBaseboard radiators

bullWall floor ceiling panels

bullFan coil units

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Water loop heat pump (California loop)

Fire Protection

Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets

Fire Protection

bullFalse Ceilings

bullTight spaces

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder

bull Around 75 feet

bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals

bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount

bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes

Fire Protection

Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System

1048708Dry Sprinkler System

1048708Deluge Sprinkler System

1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System

Fire Protection

Wet pipe systems

Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to

the system piping

Fire Protection

Dry pipe systems

Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system

Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings

Fire Protection

Dry Sprinkler Systems

Fire Protection

Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers

All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid

A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy

Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level

Fire Protection

bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid

bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place

bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water

Fire Protection

Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas

1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times

1048708Used in High Hazard areas

1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection

1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems

bull Constant volume

bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)

bull Multi-zone with re-heat

bullDual-duct systems

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Commercial roof-top units

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators

bullBaseboard radiators

bullWall floor ceiling panels

bullFan coil units

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Water loop heat pump (California loop)

Fire Protection

Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets

Fire Protection

bullFalse Ceilings

bullTight spaces

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder

bull Around 75 feet

bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals

bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount

bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes

Fire Protection

Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System

1048708Dry Sprinkler System

1048708Deluge Sprinkler System

1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System

Fire Protection

Wet pipe systems

Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to

the system piping

Fire Protection

Dry pipe systems

Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system

Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings

Fire Protection

Dry Sprinkler Systems

Fire Protection

Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers

All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid

A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy

Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level

Fire Protection

bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid

bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place

bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water

Fire Protection

Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas

1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times

1048708Used in High Hazard areas

1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection

1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Commercial roof-top units

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators

bullBaseboard radiators

bullWall floor ceiling panels

bullFan coil units

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Water loop heat pump (California loop)

Fire Protection

Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets

Fire Protection

bullFalse Ceilings

bullTight spaces

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder

bull Around 75 feet

bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals

bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount

bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes

Fire Protection

Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System

1048708Dry Sprinkler System

1048708Deluge Sprinkler System

1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System

Fire Protection

Wet pipe systems

Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to

the system piping

Fire Protection

Dry pipe systems

Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system

Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings

Fire Protection

Dry Sprinkler Systems

Fire Protection

Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers

All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid

A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy

Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level

Fire Protection

bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid

bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place

bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water

Fire Protection

Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas

1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times

1048708Used in High Hazard areas

1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection

1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Commercial roof-top units

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators

bullBaseboard radiators

bullWall floor ceiling panels

bullFan coil units

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Water loop heat pump (California loop)

Fire Protection

Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets

Fire Protection

bullFalse Ceilings

bullTight spaces

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder

bull Around 75 feet

bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals

bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount

bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes

Fire Protection

Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System

1048708Dry Sprinkler System

1048708Deluge Sprinkler System

1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System

Fire Protection

Wet pipe systems

Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to

the system piping

Fire Protection

Dry pipe systems

Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system

Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings

Fire Protection

Dry Sprinkler Systems

Fire Protection

Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers

All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid

A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy

Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level

Fire Protection

bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid

bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place

bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water

Fire Protection

Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas

1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times

1048708Used in High Hazard areas

1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection

1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Commercial roof-top units

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators

bullBaseboard radiators

bullWall floor ceiling panels

bullFan coil units

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Water loop heat pump (California loop)

Fire Protection

Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets

Fire Protection

bullFalse Ceilings

bullTight spaces

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder

bull Around 75 feet

bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals

bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount

bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes

Fire Protection

Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System

1048708Dry Sprinkler System

1048708Deluge Sprinkler System

1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System

Fire Protection

Wet pipe systems

Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to

the system piping

Fire Protection

Dry pipe systems

Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system

Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings

Fire Protection

Dry Sprinkler Systems

Fire Protection

Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers

All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid

A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy

Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level

Fire Protection

bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid

bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place

bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water

Fire Protection

Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas

1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times

1048708Used in High Hazard areas

1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection

1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators

bullBaseboard radiators

bullWall floor ceiling panels

bullFan coil units

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Water loop heat pump (California loop)

Fire Protection

Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets

Fire Protection

bullFalse Ceilings

bullTight spaces

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder

bull Around 75 feet

bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals

bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount

bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes

Fire Protection

Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System

1048708Dry Sprinkler System

1048708Deluge Sprinkler System

1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System

Fire Protection

Wet pipe systems

Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to

the system piping

Fire Protection

Dry pipe systems

Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system

Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings

Fire Protection

Dry Sprinkler Systems

Fire Protection

Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers

All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid

A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy

Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level

Fire Protection

bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid

bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place

bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water

Fire Protection

Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas

1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times

1048708Used in High Hazard areas

1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection

1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems

bullSingle duct systems

Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators

bullBaseboard radiators

bullWall floor ceiling panels

bullFan coil units

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Water loop heat pump (California loop)

Fire Protection

Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets

Fire Protection

bullFalse Ceilings

bullTight spaces

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder

bull Around 75 feet

bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals

bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount

bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes

Fire Protection

Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System

1048708Dry Sprinkler System

1048708Deluge Sprinkler System

1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System

Fire Protection

Wet pipe systems

Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to

the system piping

Fire Protection

Dry pipe systems

Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system

Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings

Fire Protection

Dry Sprinkler Systems

Fire Protection

Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers

All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid

A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy

Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level

Fire Protection

bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid

bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place

bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water

Fire Protection

Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas

1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times

1048708Used in High Hazard areas

1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection

1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators

bullBaseboard radiators

bullWall floor ceiling panels

bullFan coil units

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Water loop heat pump (California loop)

Fire Protection

Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets

Fire Protection

bullFalse Ceilings

bullTight spaces

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder

bull Around 75 feet

bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals

bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount

bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes

Fire Protection

Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System

1048708Dry Sprinkler System

1048708Deluge Sprinkler System

1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System

Fire Protection

Wet pipe systems

Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to

the system piping

Fire Protection

Dry pipe systems

Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system

Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings

Fire Protection

Dry Sprinkler Systems

Fire Protection

Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers

All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid

A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy

Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level

Fire Protection

bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid

bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place

bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water

Fire Protection

Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas

1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times

1048708Used in High Hazard areas

1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection

1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Water loop heat pump (California loop)

Fire Protection

Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets

Fire Protection

bullFalse Ceilings

bullTight spaces

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder

bull Around 75 feet

bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals

bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount

bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes

Fire Protection

Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System

1048708Dry Sprinkler System

1048708Deluge Sprinkler System

1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System

Fire Protection

Wet pipe systems

Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to

the system piping

Fire Protection

Dry pipe systems

Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system

Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings

Fire Protection

Dry Sprinkler Systems

Fire Protection

Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers

All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid

A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy

Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level

Fire Protection

bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid

bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place

bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water

Fire Protection

Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas

1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times

1048708Used in High Hazard areas

1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection

1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Water loop heat pump (California loop)

Fire Protection

Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets

Fire Protection

bullFalse Ceilings

bullTight spaces

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder

bull Around 75 feet

bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals

bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount

bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes

Fire Protection

Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System

1048708Dry Sprinkler System

1048708Deluge Sprinkler System

1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System

Fire Protection

Wet pipe systems

Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to

the system piping

Fire Protection

Dry pipe systems

Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system

Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings

Fire Protection

Dry Sprinkler Systems

Fire Protection

Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers

All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid

A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy

Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level

Fire Protection

bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid

bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place

bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water

Fire Protection

Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas

1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times

1048708Used in High Hazard areas

1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection

1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems

Water loop heat pump (California loop)

Fire Protection

Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets

Fire Protection

bullFalse Ceilings

bullTight spaces

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder

bull Around 75 feet

bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals

bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount

bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes

Fire Protection

Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System

1048708Dry Sprinkler System

1048708Deluge Sprinkler System

1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System

Fire Protection

Wet pipe systems

Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to

the system piping

Fire Protection

Dry pipe systems

Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system

Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings

Fire Protection

Dry Sprinkler Systems

Fire Protection

Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers

All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid

A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy

Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level

Fire Protection

bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid

bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place

bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water

Fire Protection

Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas

1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times

1048708Used in High Hazard areas

1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection

1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets

Fire Protection

bullFalse Ceilings

bullTight spaces

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder

bull Around 75 feet

bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals

bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount

bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes

Fire Protection

Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System

1048708Dry Sprinkler System

1048708Deluge Sprinkler System

1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System

Fire Protection

Wet pipe systems

Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to

the system piping

Fire Protection

Dry pipe systems

Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system

Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings

Fire Protection

Dry Sprinkler Systems

Fire Protection

Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers

All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid

A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy

Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level

Fire Protection

bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid

bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place

bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water

Fire Protection

Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas

1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times

1048708Used in High Hazard areas

1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection

1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

bullFalse Ceilings

bullTight spaces

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder

bull Around 75 feet

bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals

bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount

bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes

Fire Protection

Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System

1048708Dry Sprinkler System

1048708Deluge Sprinkler System

1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System

Fire Protection

Wet pipe systems

Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to

the system piping

Fire Protection

Dry pipe systems

Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system

Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings

Fire Protection

Dry Sprinkler Systems

Fire Protection

Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers

All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid

A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy

Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level

Fire Protection

bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid

bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place

bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water

Fire Protection

Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas

1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times

1048708Used in High Hazard areas

1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection

1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder

bull Around 75 feet

bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals

bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount

bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes

Fire Protection

Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System

1048708Dry Sprinkler System

1048708Deluge Sprinkler System

1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System

Fire Protection

Wet pipe systems

Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to

the system piping

Fire Protection

Dry pipe systems

Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system

Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings

Fire Protection

Dry Sprinkler Systems

Fire Protection

Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers

All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid

A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy

Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level

Fire Protection

bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid

bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place

bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water

Fire Protection

Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas

1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times

1048708Used in High Hazard areas

1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection

1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder

bull Around 75 feet

bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals

bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount

bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes

Fire Protection

Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System

1048708Dry Sprinkler System

1048708Deluge Sprinkler System

1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System

Fire Protection

Wet pipe systems

Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to

the system piping

Fire Protection

Dry pipe systems

Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system

Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings

Fire Protection

Dry Sprinkler Systems

Fire Protection

Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers

All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid

A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy

Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level

Fire Protection

bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid

bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place

bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water

Fire Protection

Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas

1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times

1048708Used in High Hazard areas

1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection

1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System

1048708Dry Sprinkler System

1048708Deluge Sprinkler System

1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System

Fire Protection

Wet pipe systems

Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to

the system piping

Fire Protection

Dry pipe systems

Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system

Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings

Fire Protection

Dry Sprinkler Systems

Fire Protection

Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers

All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid

A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy

Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level

Fire Protection

bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid

bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place

bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water

Fire Protection

Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas

1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times

1048708Used in High Hazard areas

1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection

1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Wet pipe systems

Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to

the system piping

Fire Protection

Dry pipe systems

Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system

Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings

Fire Protection

Dry Sprinkler Systems

Fire Protection

Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers

All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid

A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy

Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level

Fire Protection

bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid

bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place

bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water

Fire Protection

Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas

1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times

1048708Used in High Hazard areas

1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection

1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Dry pipe systems

Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system

Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings

Fire Protection

Dry Sprinkler Systems

Fire Protection

Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers

All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid

A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy

Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level

Fire Protection

bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid

bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place

bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water

Fire Protection

Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas

1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times

1048708Used in High Hazard areas

1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection

1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Dry Sprinkler Systems

Fire Protection

Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers

All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid

A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy

Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level

Fire Protection

bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid

bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place

bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water

Fire Protection

Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas

1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times

1048708Used in High Hazard areas

1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection

1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers

All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid

A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy

Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level

Fire Protection

bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid

bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place

bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water

Fire Protection

Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas

1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times

1048708Used in High Hazard areas

1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection

1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid

bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place

bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water

Fire Protection

Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas

1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times

1048708Used in High Hazard areas

1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection

1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas

1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times

1048708Used in High Hazard areas

1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection

1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler heads

Painting

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants

bullUprights

bullSidewalls

bullConcealed

bullSpecial Coverage

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Pendants

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Uprights

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Sidewalls

Sidewalls

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Concealed

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Special Coverage

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System

Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires

flammable liquids airport hangars

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Protection

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics

Fire Proofing

bullFurniture

bullClothing

bullElectronics