CONTROLLED FLIGHT INTO TERRAIN C F I T. DEFINITION AN EVENT WHERE A MECHANICALLY NORMALLY...
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Transcript of CONTROLLED FLIGHT INTO TERRAIN C F I T. DEFINITION AN EVENT WHERE A MECHANICALLY NORMALLY...
CONTROLLED FLIGHT
INTO TERRAIN
C F I T
C F I T
DEFINITION
AN EVENT WHERE A MECHANICALLY NORMALLY FUNCTIONING AIRPLANE IS INADVERTENTLY FLOWN INTO THE GROUND, WATER, OR AN OBSTACLE
OVERVIEW FOR MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION• CFIT CONTINUES TO BE THE DOMINANT REASON FOR
ACCIDENTS INVOLVING HULL LOSSES AND FATALITIES
• 9000 PEOPLE HAVE DIED WORLD WIDE BECAUSE OF CFIT
• AT CURRENT RATE CFIT COULD CAUSE ONE MAJOR AIRLINE HULL LOSS, AND ASSOCIATED FATALITIES, PER WEEK BY YEAR 2010
• IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT CFIT ACCIDENT RATE BE LOWERED
• OPERATORS MUST BE MADE AWARE OF THE CFIT PROBLEM AS WELL AS TRAINED TO AVOID THESE ACCIDENTS
GENERAL GOALS & OBJECTIVES
• EDUCATE BOTH OPERATIONAL & MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL
• PROVIDE SPECIFIC, APPROPRIATE EDUCATIONAL MATERIAL
• PROPOSE AN EXAMPLE TRAINING PROGRAM
• PROVIDE MANAGERS WITH AN EFFECTIVE CFIT AVOIDANCE STRATEGY
RESOURCE UTILIZATION
• OPERATORS SHOULD USE BOTH THE ACADEMIC AND SIMULATOR TRAINING PROGRAM TO ACHIEVE A WELL-BALANCED, EFFECTIVE CFIT TRAINING PROGRAM
• ALLOCATION OF TRAINING TIME FOR CFIT WITHIN BOTH RECURRENT AND TRANSITION PROGRAM WILL VARY WITH EACH OPERATOR
DECISION MAKERS GUIDE
• AIRLINE MANAGEMENT CREATES THE SAFETY CULTURE OF THE ORGANIZATION. THIS CULTURE THEN AFFECTS EVERYONE WITHIN THE ORGANIZATION
• ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS ARE PREVENTABLE THROUGH EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT: DOING SO IS COST EFFECTIVE
C F I T ACCIDENTS
HULL-LOSS ACCIDENTS FOR WORLDWIDE COMMERCIAL JET FLEET
CFIT HULL-LOSS ACCIDENTS FOR WORLDWIDE COMMERCIAL JET FLEET
WORLDWIDE AIRLINE ACCIDENTS CLASSIFIED BY TYPE - 1991 THROUGH 1995
WORLDWIDE AIRLINE FATALITIES CLASSIFIED BY TYPE OF ACCIDENT-1991 THROUGH 1995
POSITIVE RESULTS OF GROUND WARNING
SYSTEMS (GPWS)
CFIT ACCIDENT PER YEAR-USA AND WORLD CARRIERS
GPWS INITIAL RELIABILITY AND FOLLOW- ON IMPROVEMENTS
FLIGHT PATH PROFILE: 707-300, Santa Maria, Azores, February 8, 1989
INDUSTRY SUPPORT REQUIRED FOR GPWS
WORLD AIRLINE JET FLEET EQUIPPED WITH GPWS
COMMERCIAL JET CFIT ACCIDENTS; 7-YEAR PERIOD-1989 THROUGH 1995
CFIT AND FLIGHT CREW
CAUSES FOR CFIT ACCIDENTS
PRIMARY CAUSE FACTORS FOR HULL-LOSS ACCIDENTS FOR WORLDWIDE COMMERCIAL JET FLEET
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO CFIT
• ALTIMETER SETTING UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
• ALTIMETER SETTING
• SAFE ALTITUDES
• AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
• FLIGHT CREW COMPLACENCY
• PROCEDURAL
Contd.
PERCENTAGE OF ALL ACCIDENTS BY PHASE OF FLIGHT AND THE PERCENTAGE OF FLIGHT TIME THAT THE FLIGHT CREW IS
EXPOSED DURING THAT PHASE
MAP LOCATION OF CFIT ACCIDENTS/INCIDENTS
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO CFIT
• DESCENT, APPROACH AND LANDING
PRIMARY CAUSE FACTORS FOR HULL-LOSS ACCIDENTS FOR WORLDWIDE COMMERCIAL JET FLEET
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF CFIT ACCIDENTS
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO C F I T
• AUTOFLIGHT SYSTEM
• TRAINING
C F I T PREVENTION
• MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE WARNING SYSTEM (MSAWS)
C F I T PREVENTION• MSAWS
• CREW BRIEFING
• AUTOFLIGHT SYSTEMS
• ROUTE & DESTINATION FAMILIARIZATION
• ALTITUDE AWARENESS
• USE OF CALL OUTS
• GPWS WARNING ESCAPE MANEUVER
• CHARTS
• TRAINING
EXAMPLE CFITTRAINING PROGRAM
ACADEMIC TRAINING PROGRAM
ACADEMIC TRAINING PROGRAM
• RECOGNIZE FACTORS THAT LEAD TO CFIT ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS
• KNOW PREVENTION STRATEGIES THAT WILL ENSURE SAFE FLIGHT
• IMPROVE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS TO AVOID CFIT
• LEARN ESCAPE MANEUVER AND TECHNIQUES TO ENHANCE POSSIBILITY OF SURVIVAL
CFIT SIMULATOR TRAINING PROGRAM
SIMULATOR TRAINING OBJECTIVES
• RECOGNIZE CONTRIBUTING FACTORS THAT CAN LEAD TO A CFIT INCIDENT
• MAINTAIN PROPER HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
• COMMUNICATE & COORDINATE ON FLIGHT DECK DURING CRITICAL PHASES OF FLIGHT
• RECOGNIZE A POTENTIAL CFIT SITUATION AND TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTION
• GAIN CONFIDENCE IN THE GPWS
• PERFORM A SUCCESSFUL CFIT ESCAPE MANEUVER
PILOT SIMULATOR BRIEFING
• REVIEW CONTRIBUTING FACTORS AND CAUSES
• EXPLAIN NEED FOR GOOD FLIGHT CREW COORDINATION
• DISCUSS GPWS OPERATING MODES• REVIEW AIRPLANE ESCAPE MANEUVER /
PROCEDURE AND PILOT TECHNIQUES• DISCUSS COMMON FLIGHT CREW ERRORS
GENERIC GPWS WARNING ESCAPE MANEUVER
IF YOUR AIRPLANE MANUFACTURER OROPERATIONS MANUAL DOES NOT PROVIDE A GPWSWARNING ESCAPE MANEUVER OR PROCEDURE, USETHE FOLLOWING MANEUVER
• REACT IMMEDIATELY TO A GPWS WARNING
• POSITIVELY APPLY MAXIMUM THRUST AND ROTATE TO THE APPROPRIATE PITCH FOR YOUR AEROPLANE
• PULL UP WITH WINGS LEVEL TO ENSURE MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE
• ALWAYS RESPECT STICK SHAKER
GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING MODES
(MARK VI)
GPWS MODE 1
GPWS MODE 1
GPWS MODE 2
GPWS MODE 3
Fig.4
GPWS MODE 4
GPWS MODE 4Fig. 4
GPWS MODE 5
GPWS MODE 6
ICAO ACTION ON CFIT PREVENTION
• EXPANDED GPWS CARRIAGE REQUIREMENTS (31 DECEMBER 1998)
• MINIMUM GPWS MODE REQUIREMENTS (31 DECEMBER 1998)
• NON-PRECISION APPROACH PROCEDURE DESIGN
• SPECIFICATIONS FOR INSTRUMENT APPROACH CHARTS AND OTHER CHARTS (SID, STAR, AND TERMINAL AREA)
ICAO ACTION ON CFIT PREVENTION (2)
• FUTURE PUBLICATION OF THE CFIT PREVENTION PROGRAMME
• FUTURE MAJOR EFFORT TO ENSURE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROGRAMME IN INTERNATIONAL AND IN DOMESTIC OPERATIONS