Controlled Environment Agriculture for Aquaponics” · Controlled Environment Agriculture for...
Transcript of Controlled Environment Agriculture for Aquaponics” · Controlled Environment Agriculture for...
Presentation to the International Aquaponic Society
The International Aquaponics Conference:
Aquaponics and Global Food Security
” Controlled Environment Agriculture for Aquaponics”
Presented by
Dr. Gene Giacomelli Professor, Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering
Director, Controlled Environmental Agriculture Program College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
The University of Arizona [email protected]
Thursday, June 20, 2013
Today is the 20th day of June….
What is the significance?
Longest sunlight period of the day during the year.
Sunlight is solar energy that plants convert to food energy for us to eat, drink water and breath oxygen
Of all that energy 1350 Watts per square meter
Only about 1% becomes plant biomass
Controlled Environment Agriculture for Aquaponics or for anything…..
Can make better use for all!
I want to speak about the following:
Benefits of controlling the environment Challenges to control the environment
There is no one perfect solution What to be concerned about – light, heating, cooling,
pests, nutrition, labor…
Just a thought…….
Just a thought…
Given effort/expense converting to aquaponic or hydroponic system, consider a climate controlled greenhouse,
get the greatest return from your investment
Because of Quality, Yields, Timing, less Seasonal, Safe, Secure, Predictable
Designing new GH [converting existing] climate controlled GH with heating, cooling, etc, is well-understood,
Complete it with confidence of experience & calculations
It does not have to be trial and error An investment made with expectations
that the aerial climate necessary for plants/crop will be achievable [or not]
Then this thought…
Aquaponics or hydroponics offers opportunity to control the root zone of crop
in ‘real time’ to the needs of the plant
For example, Can quickly change nutrition, or root zone temperature,
or maintain constant water status, unlike growing in soil [earth]
Difficult to produce organically in hydroponics But aquaponics growers have organic nutrients
Wastes? Resources? in adjacent aquaculture system for the hydroponic system
CEAC: to the extremes of Earth’s hot and frozen deserts…..and to the stars
Greenhouse Systems
Hydroponic Crops
Lunar Greenhouse Prototype (Sadler Machine Systems)
College of Agriculture & Life Sciences The University of Arizona
South Pole Food Growth Chamber
CEAC: to the extremes of Earth’s hot and frozen deserts…..and to the stars
Greenhouse Systems
Hydroponic Crops
Lunar Greenhouse Prototype (Sadler Machine Systems)
College of Agriculture & Life Sciences The University of Arizona
View of South Pole Food Growth Chamber via Web Camera
USA/NSF South Pole Station 65 – 100 lb harvest per week 250 ft2
A Leader in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Lunar Prototype greenhouse
Outreach/Teaching Module
Engineering innovative biological systems from collaborative & original research
Organic crop production Recirculating, closed loop hydroponics
Aquaponics Aquaculture + Hydroponics
Tilapia Fish + Lettuce
Dr. Jason Licamele, graduate research, 2009 Dr Kevin Fitzsimmons, collaborator
CEAC Aquaponic Educational System Dr. Jason Licamele, graduate research, 2009 Dr Kevin Fitzsimmons, collaborator
CEAC Aquaponic Educational System
Lettuce Butterhead variety Short turnover (5 weeks)
Cultivars (Rex, Tom Thumb)
Dr. Chito Sace, Univ of Manila at UA-CEAC, 2011 Dr Kevin Fitzsimmons, collaborator
CEAC Aquaponic Educational System
CEAC Environment Parameters of Concern
0102030405060
1/1 1/15 1/29 2/12 2/26 3/12 3/26 4/9
Mol
es/ M
2
Time
Daily Light (PAR), 2009
April
2009 Environmental Parameters Mean Daily PAR 19 moles/m2 Total PAR Exp.2 924 moles/m2 Mean Night Ta 17 oC Mean Day Ta 21 oC Daily Mean Ta 19 oC Daily Mean RH% 60 %
2009 Water Parameters
Mean Water Temperature 25 oC
pH 6.7
Dissolved Oxygen 5.9 mg/L
Electrical Conductivity 1.0 dS/cm
from Licamele, J, 2009 UA-CEAC
January
The Importance of the Previous Slide
To know how your systems, and crops are doing, You need to monitor them
Sensors Temperature Dissolved oxygen pH Electrical conductivity Light Relative Humidity others? Monitor/Controller (computer) ‘reads’ all sensors compares to desired values makes correction or contacts an operator records data, displays data, processes data
Presentation to the 12th Annual Arizona Greenhouse Design and
Crop Production Short Course
” Energy Systems and Conservation”
Presented by Dr. Gene Giacomelli
Professor, Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering Director, Controlled Environmental Agriculture Program
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences The University of Arizona
Greenhouse Energy Conservative System
Requires change to or improvements in: Greenhouse construction Cladding materials Insulating techniques Innovative climate control equipment Management of physical and plant
physiological knowledge in operations
Heat Loss from Greenhouse
Heat loss from greenhouse (or) The size of your heater (Btu/hr) = energy = costs
Depends on: [4 things]
Minimum outside air temperature (Tout,min ) Total surface area of greenhouse (A) Insulation of greenhouse (overall heat transfer coefficient (U ) Minimum inside air setpoint temperature (Tin,min)
Q = U x A x (Tin,min - Tout,min)
Outside Air Temperatures (oF)
Handbook of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning American Society for Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, ASHRAE
Heat Loss of Greenhouse
Find Warmer Site; Grow in Warmer Season
10 f
t
Total surface area of greenhouse Heat Loss of Greenhouse
Single Free Standing or Gutter Connected?
30 ft
6 ft
30 ft
10 ft
6 ft
Surface Area = 6,010 ft2 x 6 = 36,060 ft2 ∼40% more surface area than gutter-connected greenhouse having the same floor area (below)
Floor Area = 3,000 ft2 x 6 = 18,000 ft2
Surface Area = 26,060 ft2 Floor Area = 3,000 ft2 x 6 = 18,000 ft2
Total surface area of greenhouse
Heat Loss of Greenhouse
Single Free Standing or Gutter Connected?
Insulation of greenhouse Heat Loss of Greenhouse
Glass or Single / Double Polyethylene Film?
Largest panes possible Safety: tempered glass
(Picture courtesy of C. Kubota)
Insulation of greenhouse Heat Loss of Greenhouse
Largest panes possible Safety: tempered glass
Glass or Single / Double Polyethylene Film?
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients for Greenhouse Coverings and Some Materials
MATERIALS U (BTU hr-1 ft-2 F-1)
Single (double) glass 1.15 (0.7) Single (double) poly 1.15 (0.7) Double poly + thermal screen
0.3 – 0.5
Double layer polycarbonate 0.6 Double layer acrylic 0.6 ½” Plywood 0.7 8” Concrete block 0.5 2” Polystyrene board 0.1
Air-Inflated Double Polyethylene film
Pressure makes rigid; more strength Increased insulation Reduce light transmission Less surface condensation Useful life 3 – 4 years Diffuses the sunlight
Condensation between the layers – Use outside air to inflate the layer Infrared barrier – heat savings Anti-condensation surface Anti-Drip surface Ultraviolet light (UV) protection
Polyethylene film with IR additive
Reduces heat loss 10 - 30% (depends on situation)
Incremental Cost ~ $0.02 / sq. ft. Payback potentially one season Diffuses light
IR = infrared energy
Get IR barrier in your polyethylene film
Effect of thermal screen ( 30 - 45% heat savings)
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
Double poly PE Double PE +ThermalScreen
$ /
ft2
Greenhouse area
1.35 acres
Site Tucson, AZ
Heating set points
80 F (day), 62 (night)
Natural gas 1.43 $ / therm
Real time climate monitoring
http://ag.arizona.edu/ceac/tomlive/GHmonitoring.html
Provides current & recent history of the climate
For an energy conservative greenhouse
Use energy curtains Design, install and use energy efficient
systems Reduce air leaks from greenhouse Regularly maintain your equipment Calibrate sensors Insulate greenhouse perimeter Double layer covering systems
Compare fuel prices and efficiencies, find cheaper/consistent fuel source
If possible use dual fuel systems Use computer control and take advantage of
real time monitoring Use right sensors, adequate amounts and at
the right locations Use mechanization for labor savings
For an energy conservative greenhouse
Use variable speed motors, pumps, fans Instruct your workers to check settings,
switch off unused equipment Make your investment decisions based on
future energy costs, don’t just save today Find ways to use alternative energy sources
For an energy conservative greenhouse
SOLAR BIOMASS GEOTHERMAL CHP…….……
consider: Greenhouse is a solar collector Choose low cost fuel Efficient energy conversion Conservation and insulation Crop production practices
I need to reduce energy costs!
Give me cheap solutions that are easy to do!
Insulate pipes, doors, ‘edges’… keep glazing maintained Create a ‘white-house’ of reflective materials Cover fan housings Adjust louvers and vent openings to seal properly Fans in good working order
Shut off unneeded greenhouse space Plant later or grow ‘cooler’ crops Accuracy of control sensor, proper location Service boilers / heaters Reduce boiler water temperature Adjust setpoints; use day / night values Read; contact the NGMA; Contact University Cooperative Extension
More inexpensive solutions !
Some long-term payback improvements
Thermal curtains Heat storage with CO2 capture from boiler Improved monitoring and control system Hot water replacing hot air heating systems Location of heating pipes Improve cooling system equipment
Plastic Greenhouse Energy Conservation
Double-layered P.E. Covering
Multi-bay, Gutter-connected Greenhouses
Internal insulation screen/curtain
Concrete Floor Heating
Solar & Reject Heat Utilization
Mears, 1977
Annual Energy Cost per square foot
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
a b c d e f g h
Gal
lon
s o
f o
il eq
uiv
alen
t
Multiple Span/Single Glazing
Multiple Span/Double Film
MS/DF w/floor heat
MS/DF w/heat curtain MS/DF w/FH + HC
MS/DF w/FH + HC + power plant waste heat.
Single Span Single Glazing
9.9 L
1.1L
(For 5000 degree-day location)
Annual Energy Cost per square foot
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
a b c d e f g h
Gal
lon
s o
f o
il eq
uiv
alen
t
Single Span, Single Glazing
9.9 L
Annual Energy Cost per square foot
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
a b c d e f g h
Gal
lon
s o
f o
il eq
uiv
alen
t
Multiple Span/Single Glazing
Single Span Single Glazing
9.9 L
Multiple Span/Single Glazing
Annual Energy Cost per square foot
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
a b c d e f g h
Gal
lon
s o
f o
il e
qu
ival
ent
Multiple Span/Single Glazing
Multiple Span/Double Film
Single Span Single Glazing
9.9 L
Multiple Span/Double Film Glazing
Annual Energy Cost per square foot
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
a b c d e f g h
Gal
lon
s o
f o
il eq
uiv
alen
t
Multiple Span/Single Glazing
Multiple Span/Double Film
MS/DF w/floor heat
Single Span Single Glazing
9.9 L
MS/DF w/floor heat
Annual Energy Cost per square foot
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
a b c d e f g h
Gal
lon
s o
f o
il eq
uiv
alen
t
Multiple Span/Single Glazing
Multiple Span/Double Film
MS/DF w/floor heat
MS/DF w/heat curtain
Single Span Single Glazing
9.9 L
MS/DF w/heat curtain
Annual Energy Cost per square foot
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
a b c d e f g h
Gal
lon
s o
f o
il eq
uiv
alen
t
Multiple Span/Single Glazing
Multiple Span/Double Film
MS/DF w/floor heat
MS/DF w/heat curtain MS/DF w/FH + HC
Single Span Single Glazing
9.9 L
MS/DF w/heat curtain & floor heat
Multiple span / Double film with Heat Curtain & Floor Heat
outside
attic
Inside at crops
Concrete floor
F. Ruiz, 1976
Annual Energy Cost per square foot
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
a b c d e f g h
Gal
lon
s o
f o
il eq
uiv
alen
t
Multiple Span/Single Glazing
Multiple Span/Double Film
MS/DF w/floor heat
MS/DF w/heat curtain MS/DF w/FH + HC
MS/DF w/FH + HC + power plant waste heat.
Single Span Single Glazing
9.9 L
MS/DF w/heat curtain & floor heat & ‘waste heat’
Power Plant Reject Heat Source
MS/DF w/heat curtain & floor heat & ‘waste heat’ PP&L / Bryfogles GH, 1980
Hot Water Plastic Film Solar Collector Rutgers University 1976
MS/DF w/heat curtain & floor heat & hot water solar
SOME Useful REFERENCES
Greenhouse Energy Cost Reduction Strategies, Michigan State Univ. http://www.hrt.msu.edu/Energy/Notebook/Energy_Sec3.htm
Energy Sources, Department of Energy http://www.energy.gov/energysources/index.htm Database for state incentives for Renewables and Efficiency http://www.dsireusa.org/ Surviving the Energy Crisis, OFA http://www.ofa.org/energy.aspx
Energy conservation for commercial greenhouses, NRAES-3 Natural Resource, Agriculture, and Engineering Service (NRAES)
Horticultural Engineering, Rutgers University http://aesop.rutgers.edu/~horteng/ Greenhouse Management Online, Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas http://www.uark.edu/~mrevans/4703/index.html
The CEAC (Controlled Environment Agriculture Center) and The University of Arizona are dedicated to development of CE (Controlled Environment) technologies and worldwide applications, and for educating young people about the science and engineering of CE and hydroponic food support systems, and the other CE applications. We will implement an interactive outreach and educational program to promote the benefits of CE for food production for modern agriculture, as well as, the new technologies of CE for enhancing, restoring, and maintaining critical earth life systems and human quality of life scenarios. CE systems will be developed to help feed the world, while utilizing energy, labor and water resources effectively, and CE will become the platform for applications of new technologies using plant physiological processes [biomass fuels]; for space colonization life support [recycling all resources]; for remediation of air [carbon sequestration] and water [salts, heavy metals]; and for phytochemicals and plant-made pharmaceuticals [lycopene, vaccines].
For Further Information
Dr. Gene Giacomelli Director CEAC, [email protected] +1 520 626 9566 Prof. Gene Giacomelli is a faculty member within the Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering at The University of Arizona, and Director of the Controlled Environment Agriculture Center. Giacomelli has gained international reputation through his pioneering work and expertise in the area of protected crops. Growing food on other planets is one of the collaborative international projects that he is leading, which is supported by the NASA Space Grant Consortium at the University of Arizona. The focus is efficient use of water, energy and other resources for implementation of a food and life support system for Moon/Mars. The results from this project will be applied to Earth protected agriculture food production systems."
For Further Information
Media contact: Michael Munday Michael F. Munday Editor & Managing Director Desert Rain Research & Communication P.O. Box 42707 Tucson, AZ 85733 [email protected] 520-991-9591 (cellular) 520-881-8064 (message)
For Further Information
See the video about CEAC 2011: “Beyond the Ordinary”
at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=87ZPOyeU1dU