Control and Prevention of Animal – Human Disease Transmission
Transcript of Control and Prevention of Animal – Human Disease Transmission
Control and Prevention of Control and Prevention of Animal Animal –– Human Disease Human Disease
TransmissionTransmissionDr Dusan
VeterinarianZoonotic Disease Consultant WHO, China.
OutlineOutline
• Surveillance and risk assessment• Control
• Prevention• WHO activities
Surveillance and Risk Surveillance and Risk AssessmentAssessment
• China’s list of notifiable diseases: 13/37 are zoonotic
• Are we looking hard enough?• Measurable challenge motivates political
commitment• Challenges of surveillance in China• Challenges of interventions to benefit
subsistence farmers
Notifiable Diseases of ChinaNotifiable Diseases of China
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Non-zoonotic Diseases
Zoonotic Diseases
Emerging / ReEmerging / Re--emerging diseasesemerging diseases1996 to 20041996 to 2004
Cryptosporidiosis
Lyme Borreliosis
Reston virus
VenezuelanEquine Encephalitis
Denguehaemhorrhagicfever
Cholera
E.coli O157
West Nile Fever
Typhoid
Diphtheria
E.coli O157
EchinococcosisLassa feverYellow fever
Ebola haemorrhagicfever
O’nyong-nyong feverHumanMonkeypox
Cholera 0139
Denguehaemhorrhagicfever
Influenza A(H5N1)
Cholera
RVF/VHF
nvCJD
Ross River Virus
Equinemorbillivirus
HendraVirus
BSE
Multidrug-resistant Salmonella
E.coli non-O157
West Nile VirusMalaria
Nipah Virus
Reston Virus
Legionnaire’s Disease
Buruli ulcer
Influenza A (H7N7)
SARS
Risk characteristics of Risk characteristics of ruralrural farmers farmers in Chinain China
Facilities and animal care:• Storage and housing materials can be minimal• Different animal species are often housed together
in close vicinity • Food animals are kept in close proximity to
humans, even indoors sharing the same airspace.• Minimal input farming – little feed is bought in
and nutrients are often recycled e.g. animals scavenging and use of excrement.
• Veterinary medicines, vaccines and diagnostics are limited
•Water sources may be limited or unclean
Risk characteristicsRisk characteristics continuedFood preparation:• Poor economic conditions so sick or dead animals
may be eaten without precaution• Animals slaughtered close to or inside the home• Food preparation is undertaken nearby this• Majority of the animal is eaten• Individual cultural practices can add to risk e.g.
eating undercooked meat.Access to health care, education and
medicines including human vaccines:• Limited by either availability or cost
ControlControl
Community Access to Basic Community Access to Basic AmenitiesAmenities
• Clean water• Soap and hygiene
products• Safe housing (esp
Vector-borne diseases)• Education
Community Access to Community Access to Appropriate HealthcareAppropriate Healthcare
• Affordable and accessible• Good diagnostics (training, facilities and
technologies)• Quality medications (not fakes)
Community Education About Community Education About RisksRisks
• Targeted• Realistic• Simple and non-
conflicting• Short-term (outbreak)
vs.• Long-term
(behavioural changes).
4 S4 S’’s to reduce risk of animals to reduce risk of animal--human disease transmissionhuman disease transmission
• Surveillance• Sanitation• Species separation• Safe consumption and
waste disposal
E.g BSE, Strep. suis
PreventionPrevention
Agricultural Extension and Agricultural Extension and Veterinary ServicesVeterinary Services
• Public and private partnerships towards disease control
• Greater knowledge dissemination to rural communities / best farming practices
• Improved surveillance• Establishment of robust animal health systems• Access to appropriate medications• Monitoring of antibiotic resistance
Food Marketing SystemsFood Marketing Systems
• Species separation during transport and in the market place
• Reduction in live markets/ increased cleanliness• Market rest days (FAO recommendations)• Reduction in bush food consumption• Reduction in foodborne diseases through
improved quality assurance systems/ trace back: FARM-to-FORK
WHO ActivitiesWHO Activities
APSEDAPSED• International Health Regulations (IHR) revised
2005 = policy statement• Asia pacific strategy for emerging diseases
(APSED) = strategy document.• Objective 1: reduce risk
– Strategic risk communication and community participation.
– Reducing risk of emerging diseases acquired from animals.
– Strengthened containment of antimicrobial resistance.
APSEDAPSED continued
• Objective 2: Strengthen early detection of outbreaks– Strengthened early warning systems.– Coordinated and integrated surveillance
systems.– Strengthened local capacity for surveillance and
risk assessment.– Strengthened information management.
• Objective 3: Strengthen early response
APSEDAPSED continued
• Objective 4: Strengthen preparedness– Strengthened preparedness and capacity to
respond.• Objective 5: Develop sustainable technical
collaboration within the Asia Pacific Region– Development and strengthening of technical
partnerships in the Asia pacific region.
Building animal and public health capacity to deal with influenza will lead to strongernational systems for alert and response linked to a comprehensive global alert and response system that will serve to protect us from whatever nature has in store!
WPRO & Emerging Infectious DiseasesWPRO & Emerging Infectious Diseases
ChallengesChallenges
• Utilising available resources effectively –integrated projects
• Improved disease surveillance and early warning especially in the poorest areas (research, training, compensation)
• Long term, sustainable changes • Engaging on local, national, regional and
global levels
Thank you!Thank you!