By Geetha Kulkarni N.V. BEd (I SEM) R.NO.85

*CONTRIBUTIONS OF EMINENT SCIENTISTS

*SCIENCE

* DEFINATION : Science is a systematic enterprise that builds & organises KNOWLEDGEIn the form of testable EXPLANATIONS & PREDICTIONS about the UNIVERSE.

Contemporary science is typically subdivided into : *NATURAL SCIENCES: Study of material universe.*SOCIAL SCIENCES: Study of people & societies. FORMAL SCIENCES: Study in mathematics. APPLIED SCIENCES: Study in engineering & medicine

* ISAAC NEWTONlived(1643-1727)

*Early Life & Education

*Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1643 in the tiny village of Woolsthorpe-Lincolnshire, England.*His father was a farmer.*At the age of 12, he attended The King’s

School, Grantham. *He was taught classics, but no science or

mathematics.

*While still working part time as a servant, he posed questions about: gravity, nature of light, nature of colour & vision, atoms-that not yet been answered by science then.

*A Mind on FIRE In 1665, at the age of 22 after his 4 year scholarship his first major discovery was in Mathematics- Generalized Binomial Theorem. He was also awarded his B.A degree.

He began making significant progress in three distinct fields- *Calculus *Gravity *Optics & behaviour of light

Fellow & Lucasian Professor of Mathematics: At the age of 24, in 1667 he return to Cambridge,First he was elected as a fellow of Trinity college later, in 1668 awarded an M.A degree then, appointed as the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Trinity college at the age of 26.

ACHIVEMENTS & DISCOVERIES*Generalised binomial theorem *Built world’s first working reflecting telescope. *Discovered/ invented calculus, the mathematic of change.

*Wrote the scientific book ”Principia” to explain gravity & motion.*Law of universal gravitation (that caused on apple to fall

from a tree).*Formulated three laws of motion- Newton’s Laws.*Predicted correctly, earth is not perfectly spherical but

squashed into an oblate spheroid, around the poles.

*F=

Moving on *In 1696 he was appointed as Warden of

the Royal Mint.*In 1700 became master of the Mint.*In 1703 was elected as president of Royal

society.*In 1705 Knighted as Sir Isaac Newton.

*THE END

Died on March 31 , 1727, aged 84.

Buried in Westminister Abbey, London

* JOHN DALTONLived(1766-1844)

*Early Life & Education

*Born on September 6, 1766, In Eaglesfield, England UK.*His father was weaver.*Attended village school until he was 11, began helping as a teacher at age 15, to run a Quaker boarding school in the town of Kendal.*He taught himself Science, Mathematics, Latin, Greek & French.*At 19 became school’s principal continued till his 26.

ACHIVEMENTS & DISCOVERIES*In 1794, he wrote his first scientific paper: Extraordinary

Facts Relating to the Vision of Colours.*In 1802, published research on Behaviour of Gases.*In 1803, published Law of Partial Pressures.*Distinguished as first rank scientist gave lectures at

Royal Institution in London.*In 1808, published Dalton’s Law in a book called A New

System of Chemical Philosophy. *Put forth his Dalton’s Atomic Theory in same year.

HONORS

*In 1822, elected as member of Royal Society.*In 1826, awarded the Society’s Royal Medal for his

Atomic Theory.*In 1833, elected as one of the foreign member of the

French Academy of Sciences.*In 1834, elected as one of the foreign member of the

American Academy of Arts & Sciences.

*THE END

*At the age of 71 had a small stroke of paralysis attack.*Died aged 77 on July 27, 1844.*Buried at Manchester, Ardwick cemetery.

* NIELS BOHR lived(1913-1963)

*Early Life & Education

*Born on October 7, 1885, in Copenhagen, Denmark.*His parents were well educated with

wealthy background.*He earned his undergraduate & graduate

Degree in Physics.*Earned Doctorate in Physics in 1911 from

Copenhagen University.

ACHIVEMENTS & DISCOVERIES*Developed & explained Atomic Structure of an Atom.*Studied properties of an Atom.*Put forth Bohr atomic model.*Discovered that electrons travel in separate orbits.*His theoretical works contributed for nuclear fission.*Liquid Droplet Theory, split Uranium atoms in 1930s in

development of atomic bomb.*Contributions to U.S Atomic energy project during World

War II. For peaceful application of Atomic Physics.*Concept of Quantum theory 1933.

HONORS *Hughes Medal 1921.*Nobel prize in Physics 1922.*Matteucci Medal 1923.*Franklin Medal 1926.*Foreign member of the Danish Academy of Sciences.*Max Plank Medal 1930.*Chemical element Bohrium(Bh), NO.107 on the periodic

table of elements named before him.*Atoms for peace award 1957.

*THE END

*Died aged 77 of sudden heart failure in Copenhagen on November 18, 1962.*Buried ashes in Copenhagen’s assisters

cemetery.

*C.V RAMANlived(1888-1970)

*Early Life & Education

*Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman born on November 7, 1888 of Trichinopoly, Madras Presidency, British India, now, Tiruchirirapally, Tamil Nadu.*His father was a teacher of Mathematics & Physics.*In 1903, aged 14, persuaded Bachelor’s Degree at

presidency college by winning medals in Physics & English in 1904.*Travelled from Madras to University of Cambridge

in 1914.*In 1907, aged 19, he graduated with Master’s

Degree in Physics.

ACHIVEMENTS & DISCOVERIES*In 1906 aged 18, he published his first academic paper to

Philosophical Magazine titled “Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to a rectangular aperture” – that delt about the behaviour of light.*He passed his civil service examination & became a full

time Government Administrator, part time scientist in the Indian Finance Department in Kolkata.*IN 1917, he was offered the Palit Chair of Physics aged 28

by University of Kolkata.*In September 1921, he sailed back to India & reported on

research of light scattering in a letter to the journal Nature.*In 1927, found the answer for scattering of light & was

named “The Raman Effect”.

*IN 1930, He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for “The Raman Effect”.*His investigation on livings cells & tissues gave Raman

spectroscopy.*In 1932, He gave The Photon’s Spin.*IN 1929, He was Knighted as Sir C.V.Raman.*IN 1933, He became the first Indian Director of The

Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore.*In 1947, He became India’s first National Professor. *IN 1948, founded the Raman research Institute in

Bangalore.

*THE END

*C.V.Raman died on, aged 82, of heart disease on November 21, 1970 Bangalore India.

*VENKATRAMAN RAMAKRISHNAN

*Early Life & Education

*Popularly known as “Venki Ramakrishna” born in 1952, Chidambaram Tamil Nadu.*Parents were scientists father was HOD of Biochemistry

at the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.*Schooling at Convent of Jesus & Mary Vadodara Gujarat.*Graduated in Physics in 1971 from Maharaja Sayajirao

University of Baroda.*Obtained PhD degree in Physics, Ohio University USA.

ACHIVEMENTS & DISCOVERIES

*In 1999, Published 5.5amstrong resolution structure of 30S sub unit of the Ribosome & its complexes with several antibiotics.*Provided structural insights on fidelity of protein

biosynthesis.*In 2007, determined atomic structure of whole Ribosome

in complex with its tRNA & mRNA ligands.*Also known for his work on histone & chromatin

structure.*Published most cited papers in Nature, Science &

Cell(2015).

HONORS *In 2002, elected as a member of EMBO( European Molecular Biology Organisation).*In 2003, achieved Fellow of Royal Society (FRS).*In 2004, elected, member of US national academy of sciences.*In 2007, awarded, Louis- Jeantet Prize for medicine.*In 2008, Fellow of Trinity college Cambridge & a Foreign Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy.*In 2009, awarded The Nobel Prize in Chemistry for Molecular structure of Ribosome.*Awarded Padma Vibhushana in 2010.*Knighted in 2012, New Year honors for services to molecular Biology & titled Sir V.Ramakrishnan.

*THE END

*Sir V.Ramakrishnan was included as one of the 25 Greatest Global Living Indians by NDTV channel India 2013.

*BIMLA BUTI

*Early Life & Education

*Born 1933, an Indian Physicist & specializes in the field of Plasma Physics.*First Indian women Physicist attained Fellow of Indian National Science Academy(INSA).*Obtained BSc (Hons) & MSc Degree in Physics University of Delhi.*In 1962, earned a PhD Degree in Plasma Physics.

ACHIVEMENTS & DISCOVERIES

* 1977-1983 an Associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science USA.

* Founded Plasma Science society as President in 1992-1993.

* Contributed fundamentals in Physics of nonlinear waves & chaos.

* Thesis on Relativistic Effects on Plasma Oscillations & Two-Stream Instability.

HONORS *IN 1977,Vikram Sarabhai award for Planetary Sciences.*In 1993, Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary Lectureship Award.*In 1994, INSA- Vainu Bappu Award for Astrophysics.*In 1996, professional Achievement Citation Award of University of Chicago, USA.*IN 2010, US Medal for Fundamental Contributions In the Physics of Nonlinear Waves & Chaos.*Fellow of TWAS .*Fellow of National Academy of Sciences.*Fellow of American Physical Society .*Fellow of Indian National Science Academy.

*THE END

*First Indian women Physicist attained Fellow of Indian National Science Academy(INSA).*Now resides in New Delhi & works for young scientists award at Buti Foundation Chandigarh.

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