CONTRIBUTION OF N3S NUMERICAL SIMULATION IN … · 2.2 Creating “Ventury Effect” and the...

International Journal on Architectural Science, Volume 2, Number 3, p.101-112, 2001

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CONTRIBUTION OF N3S NUMERICAL SIMULATION IN INVESTIGATING THE INFLUENCE OF BALCONY ON TRADITIONAL BUILDING TO OBTAIN MAXIMUM INDOOR VELOCITY

(Case study of urban living quarter with low wind speed in Cayenne Guyana − France and Semarang − Indonesia) E. Prianto, I. Jachet, P. Depecker and J-P. Peneau CERMA Laboratory UMR CNRS 1563 Ecole d’ Architecture de Nantes, Rue Massenet, BP 81931-44319 Nantes Cedex 3, France (Received 20 July 2001; Accepted 20 September 2001) ABSTRACT This paper deals with the use of natural ventilation in the living zone of tropical house. It is evident that large openings placed opposite each other, and positioned at the high and low-pressure areas respectively, will provide the maximum air change within the structure. Straight flow secures the speediest air movement and any changes of airflow direction slow the effect. This paper presented the results of numerical modelling with N3S program on natural indoor airflow patterns within a two-storied building in tropical humid region with low wind speed (the outdoor wind speed < 3 ms-1), case study of Cayenne Guyana France and Semarang Indonesia. Indoor airflow pattern at various points in the living zone located on the second floor of two-dimensional building model are computed and used to derive indoor air velocity coefficient (Cv), pressure difference (P) and homogeneity of indoor airflow (Cves) at slice of 1.00 m in height for activity at sitting position. The main result of this study is balcony and opening configuration has significant effect in providing maximum velocity for comfort. 1. INTRODUCTION Lack of ventilation in crowded living quarter has been known to facilitate the transmission of diseases and to contribute to discomfort [1]. Settlement with lack of ventilation in tropical humid region is very unpleasant. An ingenious solution to this problem has been evolved in some towns of North India, Pakistan and Gulf regions. A large wind scoop is situated on the roof which faces, or can be moved to face, the oncoming [1,2]. The study of natural ventilation could be categorized into three types: wind tunnel investigations, in situ experimentation and numerical modelling. Some experiments have been conducted in wind tunnel, for example, the tests effected on a tropical patio-house [2,3]. For this study, we used N3S software in the CERMA Laboratory [4] to investigate the effect of balcony and opening configuration on indoor airflows conform to the real condition in field [5,6]. To observe the flow pattern inside buildings, we used the local average velocity coefficient as a function of the position in a horizontal section of 1.00 m in

height. The indoor velocity (Va), coefficient (Cv), pressure difference (P), and the homogeneity of indoor airflow (Cves) were calculated according to number of points measured in the model. 2. APPROACH 2.1 Balcony as the Wind Scoop This study was carried out on 22 tested models. Result of the conclusion of our previous study led us to establish the basic model where the living zone located on the second floor, consists of balcony in the front of building, living room and kitchen [6]. Balcony on windward side was to be effective on inducing natural indoor velocity [7]. In this study, wind was depicted as coming from the left of the wind tunnel to balcony, entered the living zone through inlet and left the structure through outlet at the top of kitchen wall. It was necessary to assume that balcony has function as a shading device for tackling the glare and a space for scooping the air into the living zone [1].

International Journal on Architectural Science

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2.2 Creating “Ventury Effect” and the Standard of Comfort Ventilation

In this study, the inlet was opening at the building facade and the outlet placed at the top of kitchen wall. The most efficient openings in improving cooling effect was window [8] and, the placement of inlet governs indoor airflow pattern within a building and this can be regulated not only by the position but also by the arrangement and type of inlet [9]. A relatively large ratio of outlet to inlet size secures the speediest, and hence the most cooling air flow within a building. By using smaller sized inlet opening, “ventury effect” occurs, securing maximum air speed within the structure. It is helpful to use natural ventilation optimally for providing comfort in tropical humid region, where cooling comfort sufficient speed is more important than the amount of air change. Comfort is usually described as a well-being sensation expressed by a person exposed at physical, physiological and psychological factors and closely linked to each person. In thermal point of view, relative phenomena of comfort sensation are connected to thermal harmony [10-12]. A number of studies found indoor air velocity to provide comfort in tropical humid region was 0.25 ms-1 in 20 − 24° C of temperature [2], 0.4 − 0.5 ms-1 [1], 0.2 − 1.5 ms-1 for light activity [13,14] and the air velocity coefficient (Cv) was 0.3 − 0.7 [15]. 3. SIMULATION METHOD AND

BOUNDARY 3.1 What is N3S Program? In this study, we used N3S software, mechanical and fluid industry codes developed by “LNH de la Direction des Etudes et Recherche d'EDF ”, one of numerical simulation media used in the CERMA laboratory Ecole d’Architecture de Nantes [4,16] which contributed to solve architectural and urban problem [4,17-19] (see Fig. 1). It has 4 stages: SIMAIL program [20], PREN3S program (vertical wind profile can be seen in Fig. 2a), N3S program, ENSIGHT [21]. 3.2 The Boundary of Experiment Building model: One difficulty to analyse

indoor airflows is the bounds for simulation [17]. In this study, the investigation about indoor airflows was limited inside building, and the condition outside building considered in constant condition. Two-dimensional

building models with various types of inlet were established to investigate interior airflow.

Wind condition: On each air movement

simulation, the wind direction is perpendicular on building facade. In this study, wind was depicted as coming from the left side of wind tunnel, the prevailing wind direction in this case with a mean velocity of 2.4 ms-1 at the height of 10.00 m above ground level. The vertical profile of wind speed is shown in Fig. 2 [5].

Mesh discretization: For each simulated case,

a two-dimensional mesh was realized with triangular and quadrangular elements. As shown in Fig. 3b and c, the relatively important number of nodes is 8,000 for each tested house with a density more fine inside the building.

Calculations: The calculation method was

carried out based on finite element and k-ε turbulence model and the flow is supposed to be isothermal.

Iteration level: The calculation process

depends on the building complexity and number of grids in the building. In this case, we used the iteration level until 2500th step as shown in Fig. 3f.

3.3 Building Model: Exterior and Interior In this study, each tested model has physical environment and its surrounding. Fig. 2b and 3a illustrate a schematic view of building model and all physical boundaries in the simulation. A two- dimensional model of two-storied building was placed on a flat plane without presenting the surrounding nature. For this purpose, all tested models were set up with the following dimension: Balcony: 2.00 m × 2.50 m, Living room: 5.00 m × 3.00 m, Kitchen: 3.00 m × 3.00 m. The height of the second floor was 3.75 m above the ground. The connecting space between the first and the second floor was assumed as closed (see Fig. 3d and e). 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION • The analysis was carried out based on the

simulation result of indoor airflows and pressure difference at windward and leeward sides.


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a) Traditional house of Japan [17]

b) Round house of Botta [18]

c) Trading area of Nantes [4]

d) Geometric model of Antigone quarter [19]

Fig. 1: Contribution of N3S numerical simulation in architectural and urban analysis


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Fig. 2a: Vertical profile of outdoor wind speed

Fig. 3b: Mesh composition

Fig. 3d & e: Building plan and its dimension

Fig. 3c: Triangular and quadrangular meshes

Fig. 3a: The schematic view of building model in the wind tunnel

Fig. 2b: Cv measurement points at slice of 1.00 m in height


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Fig. 3f: Graph of velocity iteration (it reached stable value at 1500th step)

Pressure difference (P) is the comparison

between the high and low pressure area. P1 is the pressure at balcony (the windward side), P2 is the pressure in the living zone (living room and kitchen), and P3 is the pressure at the leeward side.

Average velocity coefficient, vC is the

measurement of relative force of the interior air movement in the horizontal planes, which is representative of certain height, in this case 1.00 m above floor level or 4.75 m above the ground ( Vh )compared to the outside wind speed ( Vr ) (see equation below and the

schematic view in Fig. 2b). vC balcony is the average velocity coefficient 100V at balcony and vC living zone is the average velocity coefficient 100V in the living zone ( living room and kitchen).

vesC is the coefficient of spatial variation at

the measurement points to analyse the uniformity of indoor airflow, which is an indicator of airflow homogeneity. vesC balcony

is airflow homogeneity measured at the 10 measurement points at balcony and

vesC living zone is airflow homogeneity measured at the 25 measurement points in the living room and 15 points in kitchen.

The vC , vesC , and P can be derived by:

P = (P+) – (P-) (1)

vC = r

100

VV (2)

vesC = r

es

VV (3)

where P is the pressure difference; P+ is positive pressure, low negative pressure, high positive pressure; P- is negative pressure, high negative pressure, low positive pressure;

vC is average velocity coefficient at the height of 1.00 m; vesC is coefficient of spatial variation at the height of 1.00 m; V 100 is mean interior velocity at the height of 1.00 m (ms-1); V es is mean indoor velocity (ms-1); Vr

is mean outdoor reference free stream velocity at the height of 4.75 m (1.99 ms-1).

4.1 Analysis of Air Pressure Difference, Average Velocity Coefficient and Coefficient of Airflow Homogeneity for All Models

Analysis of air pressure difference A difference in pressure produces winds. When air pressure goes down, air will rush in from adjacent higher pressure areas [15]. The air pressure for all tested models could be seen in the graphs in Fig. 1. As shown in Fig. 4a, the highest pressure at balcony (P1) was found for model 01(2.33653 pa), and the lowest for model 05 (1.6237). In the living zone, the highest pressure (P2) was found for model 04 (2.09377 pa) and the lowest for model 17 (−0.16317 pa), and on the leeward side (P3), the


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highest pressure was found for model 19 (−1.44755 pa) and the lowest for model 01 (−1.82701 pa). By comparing P1 with P2, the highest difference reaches 108% found for model 17 and the lowest for model 04, 1%. By comparing P1 with P3, the highest difference reaches 175% found for model 10 (200%) and the lowest for model 05, with 200% of difference. Comparing P2 and P3, the highest difference was 176% for model 04 (558%) and the lowest for model 17, with 89% of difference. The phenomena above were caused by obstacle. Obstacles which conform to the pattern of the flow secure adequate ventilation and pressure inside the structure. The analysis of vC and vesC

Fig. 4b and c show the vC and vesC values of all models. It was found the value of vC depends on wind direction, building geometry, and interior arrangement [15]. Among 19 models, the average indoor velocity coefficient ( vC ) above 0.3 was only found for model 13 ( vC = 0.32349), but it is not found for the vesC value. It can be said that in a region with low wind speed, window design must

be considered properly to provide comfort ventilation. 4.2 Effect of Balcony’s Existence Balcony on windward side was to be effective on inducing natural indoor velocity [7]. In this study, we proved the result of previous study by comparing model with balcony and 60% of wall porosity (model 02) and model without balcony (model 04 with wall porosity of 66%)(see Fig. 5). For the living zone, model 02 with the vC living zone = 0.25545 and vesC living zone = 0.18848 were higher than model 04, about 52% and 5% of differences. How is the modification on balcony configuration? The result shows that balcony configuration also influences interior airflows. Comparison of model 03 and 02 shows that the highest vC living zone and

vesC living zone was found for model 02. In other words, it was found the vC balcony and vesC balcony were increased by about 15% and 11%, and for the living zone, about 2% and 3%. It can be said that balcony existence is helpful to induce air speed inside building but modification on its configuration could reduce interior wind speed.

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b) c)

Fig. 4: Average air pressure, vC and vesC for all tested models at height of 1.00 m

Pressure at the height of 1.00 m

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Model 02 Model 03 Model 04 Model 05

Fig. 5: (top) The basic models, airflow pattern and the contour of airflow pattern (bottom) Graphs of vC and vesC values at balcony and the living zone 4.3 Effect of Opening Dimension The investigation of opening effect on interior airflows patterns was carried out on model 04 and 05 with 66% and 35% of wall porosity respectively. It was found that vC living zone decreases for model with smaller opening. Comparison of two above models found that the vC of model 04 is about 52% higher than that of model 05, but the

vesC living zone decreases about 6%. It is reasonable to suggest the use of high wall porosity more than 50% in area with low wind speed such as in design guide of Guyana France [22,23]. Future work is needed to investigate the dimensions of inlet for providing comfort for activity with standing position. 4.4 Effect of Window with Various Blind

Angles The experimentation was carried out on windows with blind angles of 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° (model

06, 07, 08 and 09). Among the models tested, model 09 has the highest vC at balcony and in the living zone ( vC balcony = 0.20135 and vC living zone = 0.25470). The highest vesC at balcony was also found for model 09 ( vesC balcony = 0.18973) but in the living zone, model 09 was inferior of the mean of vesC living zone for all models (see Fig. 6). The effect of blind angles on interior airflows was investigated by comparing the models. The comparison of model 06 and model 07 shows the increase in vC balcony is about 12% and the decrease in vC living zone is about 7%; for model 07 and model 08, the increase in vC balcony and vC living zone is about 4% and 16% respectively; for model 08 and model 09, the increase in vC balcony and vC living zone is about 3% and 366% respectively.

Velocity coefficient at the height of 1.00 m

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Cv in balcony Indoor Cv

measured points

Cv


Air flow homogeneity at the height of 1.00 m

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Cves in balcony Indoor Cves

measured points

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Fig. 6: (top) The basic models, airflow pattern and the contour of airflow pattern (bottom) Graphs of vC and vesC value at balcony and the living zone on model 06, 07, 08 and 09 For the vesC , comparison of model 06 and model 07 shows the increase in vesC balcony and vesC living

zone is about 8% and 1% respectively; for model 07 and model 08, the increase in vesC balcony is about 4% and the decrease in vesC living zone is about 4%; for model 08 and model 09, the increase in

vesC balcony is about 7% and the decrease in vesC living zone is about 7%.

Based on those results, to obtain the maximum average velocity coefficient above 0.3 as a condition for providing comfort [15] flat blind (model 09) is to be effective in inducing indoor air speed. For the homogeneity, window with blind angle of 45° (model 07) provides maximum airflow homogeneity inside the structure. 4.5 Pivoted Window Position Two positions of pivoted window: upward and downward position with 30° and 45° of angle were

investigated in this study (see model 10, 11, 12 and 13 in Fig. 7). For pivoted window in upward position, the flow tends to be directed upward to the ceiling and go down because of blocking by wall partition, go up again and pass the structure through outlet at the top of kitchen wall. Whereas, pivoted window in downward position causes the flow to sweep floor surface. Pivoted window in upward position

Comparison of model 10 (30° of angle) and 11 (45° of angle) shows the decrease in vC balcony is about 13%, and the increase in vesC balcony is about 7% ( vesC balcony = 0.21593). For vC living zone and

vesC living zone, the increase is about 22% and 16% respectively. It can be said that pivoted window in upward position with 45° of angle is helpful in providing maximum vC and vesC . Model 10 and 11 have satisfactory airflow pattern to eliminate the heat air around the ceiling.


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Fig. 7: (top) The basic models, airflow pattern and the contour of airflow pattern (bottom) Graphs of vC and vesC values at balcony and the living zone on model 10, 11, 12 and 13 • Pivoted window in downward position Comparison of model 12 and 13 shows the increase in vC and vesC is about 27% and 3% respectively at balcony area and 41% and 13% in the living zone. It can be seen that pivoted window in downward position with 45° of angle is more effective in providing maximum vC and vesC than angle of 30°. Comparison of model 13 and 11 found that at balcony area, the vC and vesC of model 13 are higher than those of model 11, about 63% and 15% of difference; and in the living zone, about 231% and 1% respectively. If the flow is to be effective and produce cooling effect for the occupants, the stream has to be directed to the living zone such on pivoted window in downward position with 45° of angle. 4.6 The Role of Louver The placement of the inlet governs the flow pattern within the structure, and this can be regulated not

only by the positioning but also by the arrangement and type of inlet [1]. Various position, arrangement and type of louver were investigated on models 14-18 (see Fig. 8). Comparison of the above models show that the highest vC and vesC at balcony were found in model 17 ( vC balcony = 0.1214 and vesC balcony = 0.15847) and in the living zone, the highest vC was found in model 16 ( vC living zone = 0.19775) and the highest

vesC in model 17 ( vesC living zone = 0.21246). Comparison of model 16 to models 14, 15, 17, and 18 shows the decrease in vC in the living zone is about 5%, 40%, 35% and 56% respectively.

4.7 How is the Effect of Combined Window

and Louver Configuration? In this analysis, tested models (model 19-22) are representative of dwelling in tropical humid region [22,24-25] (see Fig. 9). The calculation of vC and

Air flow homogeneityat the height of 1.00 m

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vesC shows that the highest vC balcony and vesC balcony were found in model 19 ( vC balcony =

0.19775 and vesC balcony = 0.18411) and in the living zone, the highest vC was found in model 22 ( vC living zone = 0.2687) and vesC in model 20 ( vesC living zone = 0.20373). Model 22 has the maximum indoor velocity for providing comfort in the living zone. Comparison of model 22 and model 19, 20, and 21 shows that model 22 has the highest vC , about 33%, 130%, and 146% of differences. The modification of model 22 to model 19, 20, and 21 shows the decrease in the

vC is about 25%, 57%, and 59% respectively. 5. CONCLUSION Numerical simulation using the N3S program is helpful to find out airflows pattern inside the building and in urban area.

In this study, the result of numerical experimentation proved that the existence of balcony, the positioning, arrangement and type of inlet influence the flow inside the building. The following points must be taken into consideration in providing maximum air speed in the occupied space: Effect of balcony: balcony on two-storied

building induces interior velocity and average velocity coefficient, but modification on the part of balcony area reduces the average velocity coefficient and interior velocity.

• Effect of pivoted window: pivoted window in

downward positions with 45° of angle is more effective to induce inside air motion than that with angle of 30°. Pivoted window with 45° of angle in downward has a higher average velocity coefficient than that in upward position, about 231% of difference.

Model 14 Model 15 Model 16 Model 17 Model 18

Fig. 8: (top) The basic models, airflow pattern and the contour of airflow pattern (bottom) Graphs of vC and vesC values at balcony and in the living zone on model 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18


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Cv in balcony Indoor Cvmeasured points

Cv



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Fig. 9: (top) The basic models, airflow pattern and the contour of airflow pattern (bottom) Graphs of vC and vesC values at balcony and in the living zone on model 19, 20, 21 and 22

Effect of louver: louver in downward

positioned with 45° of blind angle has the highest the average velocity coefficient than others. Error in designing louver will reduce the average velocity coefficient, about 56%.

For tropical dwelling: the use of combined

louver and pivoted window in downward position with 45° is to be effective and produce a cooling effect for the occupants with activity in sitting position at the height of 1.00m. Pivoted window in upward position with 45° of angle will reduce the average velocity coefficient, about 59%.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT Authors are grateful to give thanks to CERMA Laboratory’s Director Mr. Gérard Hegron and Mr. Dominique Groleau as the programmer of N3S.

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