Contribution of LBA field campaigns for the modeling of...

Contribution of LBA field campaigns for the modeling

of tropical continental processes

Maria Assunção Faus da Silva Dias

Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas

Universidade de São Paulo

Summary

• surface processes

• clouds

Field campaigns in the Amazon:

ABLE, ABRACOS, LBA, GoAmazon, etc..

Long term climate variability

P. L. Silva Dias et al 2009, chapter 11 of Past Climate Variability ... Springer

Past Climate given by Lake Level

The Future IPCC AR5 2013

2016-2035 2046-2065 2081-2100

Marengo, 2003

Interannual and Decadal Rainfall Variability Marengo 2004 Theor. Applied Climat.

1930 1950 1970 1990

Interannual Variability Liebmann and Marengo, 2001, J. Climate

Diurnal cycle Cloud Cover Area fraction Total and Cold from ISCCP Machado et al 2004 Theor. Applied Climat.

Wet season Dry season

Belem

Manaus

Brasilia

Vilhena

• Large scale wind regimes associated to diferente cloud features

20 km grid

Easterly

Westerly

Carvalho et al 2000

ZCAS

Anagnostou & Morales, 2002

Hourly rainfall rate

from TOGA radar

Rickenbach et al. 2000

Pereira et al, 2000

24Feb99

Blakeslee, 2000

Peterssen, 2000

Blakeslee,2000

Threshold 235K (Systems)

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

0:4

5

2:4

5

4:4

5

6:4

5

8:4

5

10:

45

12:

45

14:

45

16:

45

18:

45

20:

45

22:

45

Time (UTC)

Rad

ius (

km)

Westerly

Easterly

Threshold 235K (Systems)

Convective Tops: 210K

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0:4

5

2:4

5

4:4

5

6:4

5

8:4

5

10:

45

12:

45

14:

45

16:

45

18:

45

20:

45

22:

45

Time (UTC)

Nu

mb

er

of

Co

nve

cti

ve T

op

s

Westerly

Easterly

Carvalho et al, 2000

Ramirez Gutierrez et al 2017, Raupp et al 2010

• Key issue: the diurnal cycle of convection in the tropics is relevant • locally because it is fundamental for weather

forecasting

• globally, because of the potencial to generate low frequency oscillations in the MJO scale

• Key question: what processes influence the amplitude and phase of the diurnal cycle of convection (and rainfall) in the Amazon

LBA started in 1998 and is still going on as LBA Phase 2

LBA sites

Location of the TRMM/LBA January-February 1999 (Wet Season) and SMOCC/RACCI September- November 2002 (transition Dry to Wet season)

Short wave cloud forcing 𝑆𝑊𝐶𝐹 = 𝑆𝑊𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 − 𝑆𝑊𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟

Cloud effective albedo α𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑑 = − 𝑆𝑊𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑊𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛(𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟)

Rn LE H da Rocha et al , 2009 .J. Geophys. Res.

Shading indicates dry season

Evapotranspiration peaks in the dry season where roots are deep

Yamasoe et al 2006 Atmos. Chemistry and Physics

Diffuse radiation is more effectively transmitted below canopy than direct radiation; effect of aerosol and clouds

Cloudy

Clear

8 10 12 14 16 18

20 22 0 2 4 6

𝜕θ𝑣

𝜕𝑧

> 0 stable = 0 neutral < 0 unstable

Silva Dias et al 2002 JGR

45 m

U (

m/s

)

From ABLE2B Fitzjarrald and Moore (1990), JGR – forest tower at Duke site close to Manaus

w (

m/s

) w

(m

/s)

39 m

23 m

Time series of 1-s averaged 10 Hz data

2009 Bound. Layer, Meteor

RAMS-based Forest Large-Eddy Simulation RAFLES Grid cell 5x5x3 m3

Domain 1,28 x 1.28x 1.41 km3 Model includes effects of leaves and stems on the drag and fluxes and also the physical barrier created by the stems and branches.

Bohrer, Katul, Walko, Avissar, 2009 Boundary-Layer Meteoro.

• Diurnal cycle of convection over rainforest depends on the interaction between outside and inside canopy interchanges

• Seasonal cycle of the flux of latent heat depends on the root depth

• Cloud fraction and aerosol affect below canopy radiation input and thus the thermodynamic stability and carbono budget through photosynthesis.

The aerosol effect

• Aerosol absorb and scatter solar radiation changing the temperature structure of the lower atmosphere and surface

• Aerosol act as Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) and change the processes of rainfall production • Cloud droplets : water vapor condenses on CCN.

• Large numbers of CCN = competition for available water vapor

Koren et al 2004 Measurement of the Effect of Amazon Smoke on Inhibition of Cloud Formation. Science

2) Albrecht et 2011. (JGR) Electrification of precipitating systems over the Amazon: Physical processes of thunderstorm development . Journal of Geophysical Research increasing sinking motion with effects: - Reduced cloud fraction - Increases concentrarion of smoke particles

(reduces dispersion) - Aerosol more effective in changing rainfall

when atmosphere is not excessively polluted

1) Smoke lowers cloud fraction

2) Subsidence lowers cloud fraction and increases smoke

concentration

1)

Andreae et al 2004.Smoking rain clouds over the Amazon - Science

CCN300

CCN600

CCN450

CCN900

5 km

12

km

“CLEAN”

“POLLUTED” Highest max rainfall rate mm/hr

BRAMS 4 km 3D simulation - Martins, Silva Dias, Gonçalves, 2009 JGR Vertical structure of cloud+ice water mixing rate at the time of maximum liquid water path

3: (lat,lon)= (-12.5, -55) aot(550)=3.9

Reduction on the Convective precipitation (mm)

DP = (P - Paer)

GOES-8 IR – 20020919 20:45Z

Surface forcing

forest, deforestation, large rivers, large urban areas

What is the effect of changes in the surface forcing on rainfall?

Evolução diurna, camada de mistura e circulações locais

QH QLE QR

ΔQA

Surface energy budget

QR + QH + QLE +QG + ΔQA = 0

Bowen ratio

LE

H

Q

Q

Mixed layer evolution

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

5 10 15 20

Local time

He

igh

t (m

) pasture dry

pasture wet

forest dry

forest wet

Fisch et al 2001

Circulações entre áreas desmatadas e floresta Silva Dias, M. A. F. e P. Regnier, 1996: Simulation of Mesoscale Circulations in a Deforested Area of Rondonia in the Dry Season. In: Amazonian Deforestation and Climate. J. Gash, C. Nobre, J. Roberts, R. Victoria, Eds., John Wiley & Sons, pp. 531-547 Silva Dias, M. Longo, D. R. Fitzjarrald, A. S. Denning. River breeze circulation in Eastern Amazon: observations and modeling results. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, DOI 10.1007/s00704-004-0047-6, , v. 78, n. 1-3, p. 111-121,2004. Fisch, G. F., Tota, J. Machado, L. A T. Silva Dias, M. A. F.;Lyra, R. F. F. Nobre, C. , Dolman, A J., Gash, J. H. C. . The convective boundary layer over pasture and forest in Amazonia. . Theoretical and Applied Climatology, DOI 10.1007/s00704-004-0043-x , v. 78, n. 1-3, p. 47-59, 2004.

CIRSAN/LBA Large rivers

http://www.lba.iag.usp.br

29,0

29,5

30,0

30,5

31,0

31,5

32,0

08:00 11:00 14:00 17:00

Local time (hours)

Wa

ter

tem

pe

ratu

re (

de

g.C

)

0.1m

0.3 m

0.7 m

1.0 m

c

23 July 2001 Tapajós

(from Pindobal to Boim and back)

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00

Local time (hours)

Wa

ter

tem

pe

ratu

re (

de

g.C

)

0.1m

0.3 m

0.7 m

1.0 m

28 July 2001 Tapajós & Amazonas

(red line: temperature where the two rivers merge)

TRMM rainfall

Dos Santos et al

Vertical cross sections

• Grid 2

• Tapajós and Amazonas with different temperatures

RUN 2 – 23 M ABOVE THE SURFACE

Vertical cross sections

• Grid 2

• Tapajós and Amazonas with different temperatures

u and w – streamlines perpendicular to the Tapajós river

Deforestation impact clouds and rainfall

TRMM-LBA Region: Forest vs. Non-Forest

SPOL

Profiler

TOGA FOREST

NON-FOREST

Carey et al 2001

RONDÔNIA

TRMM-LBA Region: Topography

“Elevated” >= 223 m

“Non-Elevated” < 223 m

Carey et al 2001

Rondônia - topography

6:20 7:20 8:20 9:20 10:20 11:20 12:20

Local Time

Time of first radar echoes

S-Pol Jan/Feb 1999

easterlies

westerlies

0,0

20,0

40,0

60,0

80,0

Fre

qu

en

cy

(%)

Forest -

Below

Average

Forest -

Above

Average

Past ure -

Below

Average

Past ure -

Above

Average

Vegetation Altitude at Location of Convection

Initiation

Wet Season - All Cases

TOGA

SPOL

Pereira et al 2000

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1

1,1

1,2

0 20 40 60 80 100Deforestation (%)

Rela

tive

Pre

cipi

tati

on

. Avissar et al 2002

Conceptual impact of deforestation on relative precipitation

Durieux, Machado & Laurent, 2003: The effect of

deforestation on cloud cover...

Deforest (D)

Florest (R)

Dry Season More shallow clouds over deforested areas during the afternoon, and less deep convection at night

Low Cloud Cover

High Cloud Cover

Wet Season Convection

stronger at night

over deforested

areas High Cloud Cover

"More precipitation over deforested areas in the wet season, less in the dry season: increased seasonality - may be a norhtward shift of the equatorial-tropical transition zone" -

+ -

savanization...

Durieux et al, 2003

+

Dry season Wet Season October 2002 February 2002

Deforestation plots

Saad et al

How the pollution of large urban areas affect clouds around Manaus? • GoAmazon, CHUVA: Martin et al 2016, 2017, Cechini et al

2016

Convective transports, aerosol cloud interactions

Biomass burning emissions -> CATT – BRAMS Coupled Aerosol and Tracer Transport to the Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System Plume rise, regional and remote transports of biomass burning emissions surface – boundary layer adjusted to LBA data

• ABLE 2: Pickering et al (1992), Pereira et al (1991); Swap et

al 1991, 1992

• LBA: Longo et al 1999, Freitas et al 1996, 2000, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2017

Time series of aerosol optical thickness measured from 2000 to 2017 using the AERONET sunphotometer network in several sites in Amazonia. AERONET Level 2 data with inversion algorithm 3.0. (Compilation done by Rafael Palácios, 2017)

Local smoke plume (deforestation fires) (picture from M. Andreae)

smoke

smoke

smoke

Regional smoke plume

~5 millions km2 (Prins et al. 1998)

> 5000 fires GOES-8 WF_ABBA

15:35

Biomass Burning Emissions

Amazon, a green ocean in the wet season, very continental in the transistion from dry to wet season. Role of large scale and thermodynamics vs role of aerosol as CCN

• LBA, SMOCC, RACCI: Williams et al 2002, Andreae et al 2004, Albrecht et al 2011

• CHUVA, GoAmazon, ACRIDICON: Saraiva et al 2016, Nunes et al 2016, Giangrande et al 2017, Cechini et al 2017

Saraiva et al 2016 WET DRY TRANS

CO

ASTA

L

Giangrande et al 2017 GoAmazon 2014/2015

WET SEASON DRY SEASON

Evolução nos modelos conceituais do sistema integrado biosfera-atmosfera

Land-surface atmosphere interaction in the Amazon Basin: a complex system

Betts and Silva Dias, 2010, JAMES

GOES-10 26-27 April 2007

Dinâmica da nuvem Termodinâmica de nuvem

Microfísica de nuvens Interações nuvens e radiação Interações com aerossóis e

química atmosférica Interações biosfera-atmosfera

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