Contribution of Aquaculture to Food Security Globally Modadugu V Gupta.
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Transcript of Contribution of Aquaculture to Food Security Globally Modadugu V Gupta.
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Contribution of Aquaculture to Food Security Globally
Modadugu V Gupta
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The greatest disease of all humankind is “hunger”
Global population from 1.5 billion in 1900 to 7 billion now and to 9 billion by the year 2050; may reach 10 billion
Estimated 925 million under nourished Micronutrient deficiencies affecting > 2 billion 250 million children at risk of vitamin A deficiency; equal
number suffer from deficiency of minerals (iron, zinc, calcium, etc.)
MDG target of reducing hunger by half by 2015; under nourished declined from 20% of population to 16% in 2010; but no decline in absolute numbers
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Where are undernourished/food insecure?
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Poverty and Food Insecurity• Food security; not just producing food, but also access to food• Food security linked with poverty and rural development• Economic access to food ONLY when households generate sufficient
income• Aquaculture provides primary source of income• Aquaculture can be a starting
point for alleviation of poverty in rural areas
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Contribution of Fish to Nutrition• Fish “Rich food for Poor”; cheapest animal protein • Provides over 20% of animal protein to 2.6 billion people
globally; in developed countries 13%, while in developing countries > 30%
• Major source of animal protein in regions where animal protein in diets is below world average
• Provides at least half of animal protein intake for 400 million poor in S. Asia & Africa
• Rich source of protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. Some fish high in calcium, zinc, vitamin A and iron
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Contribution of Fish to Nutrition
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Source: H.H. Jensen / Marine Pollution Bulletin 53 (2006) / Albert Zeucack 2010
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Percentage of fish in animal protein consumption
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Contribution to Livelihood
• Globally over 540 million (8% of population) involved in fisheries & aquaculture; growth more than population & employment in traditional agriculture
• Fisheries and Aquaculture provides primary source of income
• 80-100% of rural aquaculture products sold generating cash for families
• Cash generated used for buying other necessities• Brings in foreign exchange
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Economic Importance of Fish
• Fish most internationally traded commodity; About 40% global production enters international
trade against 10% for meat
• Global trade in fish over $ 102 billion in 2008
• Exports of fish & products exceed those of meat, dairy, cereals, sugar, coffee, oilseeds, etc.
• In many developing countries foreign exchange from fish exports finances other food imports
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Source: Jiansan Jia 2010
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Demand for Fish
• Present global production of food fish 115 million tons
• Demand for fish increased at twice population growth over last 50 years
• Estimated additional 20-30 million tons required to meet demand by 2020; could be an underestimate
• Per capita consumption increased from 11.5kg in 1970 to 12.5kg in 1980 to 14.4kg in 1990 to 17.0kg in 2008
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Growing Economic Power, Growing Middle Class
Numbers (millions) of global middle class
Source: Homi Kharas, The emerging middle class in developing countries, OECD 2010
2009 2020 2030
North America 338 333 322
Euope 664 703 680
Central and South America 181 251 313
Asia-Pacific 525 1740 3228
Sub-Saharan Africa 32 57 107
Middle East and North Africa
105 165 234
World 1845 3249 4884
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Global Fish Production
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Mill
ion
t
Capture Aquaculture Total
Source : FAO year Book 2007
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Aquaculture Importance Aquaculture fastest growing agriculture commodity with annual
growth of >6% in last two decades Increased from <1 million tons in 1950 to 55 million tons in 2009 80% comes from 20 million small-holder farms
(<2ha) in developing countries; Environmental demands for unit biomass or
protein produced are lower as compared to poultry , piggery and beef
Grain needed for production of 1kg protein offish: <13kg; pork 38kg; beef 61kg
Animal protein with small carbon footprint. : 0.96% of total Co2 emission; 6.3-7.5% of
agriculture emission
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Prevalence of iron and vitamin A deficiency
Cambodia: WFP promoting Esomus longimanus to supplement iron for small children
Bangladesh: 1.3 million ponds; 10 kg/pond Amblypharyngodon mola can meet vitamin ‘A’ requirement of 2 million children
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Breakthroughs in research & developmentdomestication of more species, 72 sps. in 1950 to 336 sps. in 2006Better aquatic animal health management
Increasing demand – domestic & exportImprovement in policies & governance
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Regional importance Asia-Pacific dominance; over 60% from freshwater
China: 61.5% Rest of Asia: 29.5%
Europe: 3.6%; mostly high value marine, commercial; research & development remarkable
S. America: 2.2%; commercial & industrial; opportunities for small-scale aquaculture development
North America: 1.5% – finfish & shellfish development Africa: 1.4%; small-scale & commercial; slower
development; gaining importance; increased by 56% during 2003-2007; expansion of small-scale aquaculture
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Aquaculture can be integrated in to farming systems
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Red tilapia farm in Malaysia
Source: DOF, Malaysia
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Intensively managed tilapia tanks
Tanks in Arizona
Tanks in California
Source: K. Fitzsimmons
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Raceways in Arizona
Source: K. Fitzsimmons
Raceways in Mexico
Intensive Raceway Systems
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Capture based culture in open waters
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Mariculture
Fastest growing subsector of aquaculture Of 202 maritime countries and territories, 93 with
mariculture in 2004-2008; 15 countries account 96% global production
Caters to high end markets Breeding technologies developed for more species;
moving from wild caught seed to hatchery produced seed
High growth potential
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Farming of non-food species
Ornamental fish farmingo $ 5 billion marketo $ 15 billion industry
Seaweeds farmingo $ 5-6 billion
market Pearl farming
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Women and Aquaculture
Strong relationship between hunger and gender inequality Equalising women status with men in S. Asia and SS Africa
estimated to reduce malnourished children by 13.4 and 1.3 million respectively
Women mostly involved in processing and marketing Excellent opportunities for involvement of women in aquaculture production Many success stories – increase
in household incomes, betternutrition and health for family
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Capture32%
Aqua-culture
68%
Capture69%
Aqua-culture
31%
Share of global aquaculture in fish production, 1997 and forecast for 2020
Fish production 1997 Increase in fish production,2020
Source: Rosegrant 2003
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Historical trends in farmed fish production and projections of future production: 65-85 million tons by 2020 and 79-110 million tons by 2030
Source: S. Hall et.al. 2011
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Challenges• Impact of declining water and land resources• Impact of climate change• Impact of intensification and spatial concentration
of farms • Increased aquatic animal health
concerns
• Protecting environment• Sustaining production and
livelihoods
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Action needed to increase contribution of aquaculture to food security
• Strengthen research including fish health management; farmed sps. increased from 72 in 1950 to 336 sps. in 2006
• Integrate small-scale aquaculture into globalised market economy (improving market access, horizontal & vertical linkages, developing business models, etc.)
• Species adaptable to climate change; genetic improvement • Integrated water resource management• Introduction of BMPs• Ecosystem approach to aquaculture• Food safety and product quality • Improvements in policies and governance
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Conclusion
• Aquaculture has shown resilience to various economic crises in the last decade
• While precise data not available, available information indicate, contribution of aquaculture to poverty alleviation, food security, employment, trade & gender opportunities is on the increase
• Long term sustainability of aquaculture- economic, social & environmental and contribution to food security depends on commitment of governments and good governance
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Thank you