Contract no.: 248231 MOre Safety for All by Radar ...€¦ · ghost targets is rather unlikely. The...

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010

File: Deliverable D1.7_V1.2.doc 1/62

Contract no.: 248231

MOre Safety for All by Radar Interference Mitigation

D1.7 – Estimation of interference risk from incumbent frequency users and services

Report type Deliverable

Work Group WP1

Dissemination level Public

Version number Version 1.2

Date 22.12.2010

Lead Partner Hella KGaA Hueck & Co.

Project Coordinator Dr. Martin Kunert

Robert Bosch GmbH Daimler Strasse 6

71229 Leonberg Phone +49 (0)711 811 37468

[email protected]

copyright 2010

the MOSARIM Consortium

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


Authors

Name Company

Andreas John Hella KGaA Hueck & Co.

Martin Kunert Robert Bosch GmbH

Tom Schipper Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

Revision chart and history log

Version Date Reason

0.1 13.07.2010 Initial version by Andreas John

0.2 13.08.2010 Error correction, input from 28.07.2010 Telco

0.3 08.09.2010 Input on 80GHz fixed links, input on military applications, improving the readability

0.4 10.09.2010 Added new data on 24GHz railway level crossing radar regulation in the UK and photographs on scenarios

0.5 14.09.2010 Added first description of simulation scenarios

0.51 15.09.2010 Parameter modification of simulation scenarios

0.6 28.09.2010 Added first simulation results

0.7 22.10.2010 Updated after Zevenaar plenary meeting

0.8 10.11.2010 Updated after Telco of 27.10.2010

0.9 12.11.2010 Updated after Telco of 11.11.2010

0.91 16.11.2010 Final parameter values for simulation

0.92 26.11.2010 Antenna diagrams added

0.93 06.12.2010 I / N results added

0.94 13.12.2010 Additional I/N results added

0.99 Additional modulation results added

1.0 20.12.2010 Version for review

1.1 21.12.2010 Reviewer updates

1.2 22.12.2010 Final version for submission

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


Table of content Authors..................................................................................................................................... 2 Revision chart and history log........................................................................................... 2 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 4

1.1 Objectives (from DoW).............................................................................................. 4 1.2 Description of the work (from DoW)......................................................................... 4 1.3 Executive summary .................................................................................................... 4

2 Overview of relevant European frequency regulations...................................................... 5 2.1 Frequency range 21GHz – 27.5GHz .......................................................................... 7 2.2 Frequency range 74 GHz – 84 GHz ......................................................................... 13

3 Overview of available co-existence studies ..................................................................... 15 3.1 Frequency range 21GHz – 27.5GHz ........................................................................ 16 3.2 Frequency range 74GHz – 84GHz ........................................................................... 17

4 Examples of incumbent frequency users and services ..................................................... 18 4.1 Frequency range 21GHz – 27.5GHz ........................................................................ 21 4.2 Frequency range 74GHz – 84GHz ........................................................................... 29

5 Quantitative investigation of incumbent frequency users and services ........................... 31 5.1 Investigation of I / N for scenarios with 24GHz victims ......................................... 31 5.2 Worst-case and coherent superposition of waves .................................................... 42 5.3 Investigation of interference and modulation effects in

scenarios with 24GHz radar victims ........................................................................ 43 5.3.1 Scenario with FMCW traffic monitoring and FMCW radar victim at 24GHz 43 5.3.2 Scenario with CW radar speed meter and FMCW radar victim at 24GHz ...... 45 5.3.3 Scenario with fixed services and UWB radar victim at 24GHz....................... 47

5.4 Investigation of I / N for scenarios with 77GHz victims ......................................... 50 5.5 Investigation of interference and modulation for scenarios

with 77GHz radar victims ........................................................................................ 56 5.5.1 Scenario with FMCW traffic monitoring and

Chirp Sequence victim at 77GHz ..................................................................... 56 6 Conclusion........................................................................................................................ 58 7 Bibliography..................................................................................................................... 59 8 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... 62

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


1 Introduction

1.1 Objectives (from DoW)

The objective of Task 1.7 is to judge the possibility of interference to automotive sensors from other services like fixed data link transmissions or radar speed meters, respectively.

1.2 Description of the work (from DoW)

In this task, an overview of incumbent frequency users and services is compiled. The most relevant ones have been selected for evaluating their interference risk by simulations.

1.3 Executive summary

This deliverable shows that vehicular radar sensors share their frequency spectrum with a variety of other services. To evaluate the probability of interference risks, quantitative investigation of worst case scenarios were undertaken with respect to the interference power at a victim versus the noise power at this victim, taking into account the influence of modulation. The achieved results show that for typical antenna and modulation parameters, an increase of noise in the victim receiver and thus reduction of range is very likely, while the occurrence of ghost targets is rather unlikely. The simulation approach being developed in this task will be further enhanced and used in other tasks dealing with the mutual interference between vehicular radar sensors as such.

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2 Overview of relevant European frequency regulations The use of radio frequencies is regulated by a complex interaction of national authorities and working groups / bodies on European and on an international level (see Fig. 2.1).

Fig. 2.1: Overview of national, European and international working groups / bodies in the frequency regulation process [JSC] The results of that interaction process are tables with allocated frequency bands for certain radio applications and services (see for example [ERCREP025] or [REC7030]). But since the available frequency spectrum is a rare natural source and therefore limited, frequency bands are shared by several services and applications. Automotive Radar is a SRD (Short Range Device). For SRDs it is not allowed to create harmful interference to other services and SRDs have to tolerate interference from primary and co-primary services (i.e. SRDs operate on a non-interference and non-protected basis). Thus, the question of interference risk evaluation arises. Tab. 2.1 shows an overview of generalized radio services allowed to be applied in the 24GHz and/or to the 77GHz frequency bands where also vehicular radar sensors are normally operated in [REC7003], [ITU1]. Not considered are passive services which are assumed to emit no radiation and therefore are not of interest as interferers to vehicular radar sensors.

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Service Description

Road Transport and Traffic Telematic (RTTT)

Also includes radar system installations to be used in vehicles

Radiodetermination “The determination of the position, velocity and/or other characteristics of an object, or the obtaining of information relating to these parameters, by means of propagation properties of radio waves”. Includes “Radiolocation”

Non-specific SRD (Short-Range Devices)

For example telemetry, telecommand, alarms, data transmission

Fixed links “Radio communication service between specified fixed points”

Fixed Wireless Access (FWA)

Radio communication service between a fixed end-user terminal and a fixed backbone

SAP/SAB Services ancillary to programme making, services ancillary to broadcasting

Amateur Radio “A radiocommunication service for the purpose of self-training, intercommunication and technical investigations carried out by amateurs, that is, by duly authorized persons interested in radio technique solely with a personal aim and without pecuniary interest.”

Amateur Satellite “A radiocommunication service using space stations on earth satellites for the same purposes as those of the amateur service.”

Earth Exploration Satellite (active)

“A radiocommunication service between earth stations and one or more space stations, … This service may also include feeder links necessary for its operation.”

Space research “A radiocommunication service in which spacecraft of other objects in space are used for scientific or technological research purposes.”

Defence systems General radio applications (communication, radar, …) Tab. 2.1: Generalized active services relevant in the 24GHz and in the 77GHz frequency range In the following sections, the allocation of frequency bands for certain services is given in more detail, including the corresponding technical parameters and limitations. Also frequency designations for SRDs are listed.

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2.1 Frequency range 21GHz – 27.5GHz

In Tab. 2.1a – 2.1d, allocated frequency ranges are shown for the relevant active services. In Tab. 2.2a and 2.2b, technical parameters, limitations and references are given for the various services.

GHz

RT

TT

Ra

dio

det

er

min

a.

No

n-

spec

ific

Fix

ed l

ink

s

Fix

ed

wir

eles

s a

c.

SA

P/

SA

B

Am

ate

ur

Am

ate

ur

sate

llit

e

Ea

rth

ex

pl.

sate

llit

e

Sp

ace

rese

arc

h

Def

ence

UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB

21.00 21.05 21.10 21.15 21.20 21.25 21.30 21.35 21.40 21.45 21.50 21.55 21.60 21.65 21.70 21.75 21.80 21.85 21.90 21.95 22.00

Tab. 2.1a: Frequency bands around 24GHz for various services and SRDs

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


GHz R

TT

T

Ra

dio

det

erm

ina

.

No

n-

spec

ific

Fix

ed

lin

ks

Fix

ed

wir

eles

s

ac.

SA

P/

SA

B

Am

ate

ur

Am

ate

ur

sate

llit

e

Ea

rth

exp

l.

sate

llit

e

Sp

ace

rese

arc

h

Def

ence

UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB

22.00 22.05 22.10 22.15 22.20 22.25 22.30 22.35 22.40 22.45 22.50 22.55 22.60 22.65 22.70 22.75 22.80 22.85 22.90 22.95 23.00 23.05 23.10 23.15 23.20 23.25 23.30 23.35 23.40 23.45 23.50 23.55 23.60 23.65 23.70 23.75 23.80 23.85 23.90 23.95 24.00

Tab. 2.1b: Frequency bands around 24GHz for various services and SRDs

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


GHz R

TT

T

Ra

dio

det

er

min

a.

No

n-

spec

ific

Fix

ed l

ink

s

Fix

ed

wir

eles

s a

c.

SA

P/

SA

B

Am

ate

ur

Am

ate

ur

sate

llit

e

Ea

rth

ex

pl.

sate

llit

e

Sp

ace

rese

arc

h

Def

ence

UWB

NB,UWB NB,UWB NB,UWB NB,UWB

UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB

24.00 24.05 24.10 24.15 24.20 24.25 24.30 24.35 24.40 24.45 24.50 24.55 24.60 24.65 24.70 24.75 24.80 24.85 24.90 24.95 25.00 25.05 25.10 25.15 25.20 25.25 25.30 25.35 25.40 25.45 25.50 25.55 25.60 25.65 25.70 25.75 25.80 25.85 25.90 25.95 26.00

Tab. 2.1c: Frequency bands around 24GHz for various services and SRDs

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


GHz R

TT

T

Ra

dio

det

er

min

a.

No

n-

spec

ific

Fix

ed l

ink

s

Fix

ed

wir

eles

s a

c.

SA

P/

SA

B

Am

ate

ur

Am

ate

ur

sate

llit

e

Ea

rth

ex

pl.

sate

llit

e

Sp

ace

rese

arc

h

Def

ence

UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB

26.00 26.05 26.10 26.15 26.20 26.25 26.30 26.35 26.40 26.45 26.50 26.55 26.60 26.65 26.70 26.75 26.80 26.85 26.90 26.95 27.00 27.05 27.10 27.15 27.20 27.25 27.30 27.35 27.40 27.45 27.50

Tab. 2.1d: Frequency bands around 24GHz for various services and SRDs

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


Service Frequency

range

in GHz

EIRP

(peak)

Spectrum access and

mitigation requirement

Documents Notes

RTTT 21.65-26.65 <0dBm/50MHz

Systems with intentional emissions into the passive

band 23.6-24 GHz: Deactivation in protection

zones for Radio Astronomy

[ECCDEC0410], [REC7003] Annex 5 band e DEC 2005/050/EC EN 302 288

For automotive UWB radars (SRR) only valid until 1 July 2013

RTTT 24.25-26.65 <0dBm/50MHz

Draft Amendment to DEC 2005/050/EC

Under public consultation until 15 February 2011

RTTT 24.05-24.25 <20dBm Yes, in range 24.075-24.15 [REC7003] Annex 5 band g1-g3

RTTT 24.05-24.50 <20dBm Yes, in range 24.075-24.15 and 24.25-24.5

Under preparation Draft TR 102892, Draft EN 302892

Initiative by Valeo: WLAM (Wide Band Low Activity Mode)

RTTT 24.10-24.35 <27dBm Not allowed within 20km of Radio Astronomy site

Under preparation For railway level crossing radar in the UK

Radio determ.

24.05-24.25 <20dBm [REC7003] Annex 6 band f Equipment for detecting movement and alert

Radio determ.

24.05-27.00 <-41.3 dBm/MHz

[REC7003] Annex 6 band i, [EN302372] [ECDEC2010/368/EU]

Tank level probing radars (TLPR)

Non-specific

24.00-24.25 <20dBm [REC7003] Annex 1 band j

Fixed links

21.20-21.40 22.00-23.60 24.50-26.50

<30dBm + 18…50dBi

[TR1302], [ERCREP040]

Tab. 2.2a: Technical parameters / limitations and references for allocated frequency bands around 24GHz

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


Service Frequency

range in GHz

EIRP

(peak)

Spectrum

access and

mitigation

requirement

Channel

spacing in

MHz

Documents Notes

Fixed wireless access

24.50-26.50 24dBm + 19…34dBi

3.5 – 28.0 [REC0005], [ERCREP099]

SAP/SAB 21.20-21.40 22.60-23.00 24.25-24.50

<43dBm [REC2510] Annex 2, [ERCREP038]

Cordless cameras, temporary point-to-point video links

Amateur 24.00-24.05 (primary)

<50dBm <48.75dBm (non-EIRP)

[GAR] Only allowed to amateurs with special license

Amateur 24.05-24.25 (secondary)



Defence 24.05-24.25 26.50-27.50

No detailed information were obtained

Tab. 2.2b: Technical parameters / limitations and references for allocated frequency bands around 24GHz In Tab. 2.2 not considered as interferers are the space related services as it is assumed that the upwards directed radiation is very well focused and the downwards directed radiation is very weak when reaching the earth surface.

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2.2 Frequency range 74 GHz – 84 GHz

In Tab. 2.3, allocated frequency ranges are shown for the relevant active services. In Tab. 2.4, technical parameters, limitations and references are given for the various services.

GHz

RT

TT

Ra

dio

det

er

min

a.

No

n-

spec

ific

Fix

ed l

ink

s

Fix

ed

wir

eles

s a

c.

SA

P/

SA

B

Am

ate

ur

Am

ate

ur

sate

llit

e

Ea

rth

ex

pl.

sate

llit

e

Sp

ace

rese

arc

h

Def

ence

ACC ACC UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB UWB

74.00 74.50 75.00 75.50 76.00 76.50 77.00 77.50 78.00 78.50 79.00 79.50 80.00 80.50 81.00 81.50 82.00 82.50 83.00 83.50 84.00

Tab. 2.3: Reserved frequency bands around 77GHz for different services

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


Service Frequency

range

in GHz

EIRP

(peak)

Spectrum

access and

mitigation

requirement

Channel

spacing

in MHz

Documents Notes

RTTT 76.00-77.00 <55dBm [ECCDEC0201], [REC7003] Annex 5 band d [ECDEC2010/368/EU]

Av. power < 50dBm

RTTT 77.00-81.00 <55dBm [ECCDEC0403], [REC7003] Annex 5 band f

For automotive UWB radars

RTTT 76.00-77.00 <55dBm [REC7003] Annex 5 band d [ETSI-TR102704]

Surveillance

Radio determ.

75.00-85.00 <-41.3 dBm/MHz

[REC7003] Annex 6 band k, [EN302372] [ECDEC2010/368/EU]

Tank level probing radars (TLPR)

Fixed links

71.00-76.00 81.00-86.00

<30dBm + 43dBi

250.0 [REC0507], [ETSI-TS102524]

Amateur 75.50-76.00 (primary)



Amateur 76.00-81.50 (secondary)



Defence 81.00-84.00 No detailed information were obtained

Tab. 2.4: Technical parameters and references for allocated frequency bands around 77GHz In Tab. 2.4 not considered as interferers are the space related services as it is assumed that the upwards directed radiation is very well focused and the downwards directed radiation is very weak when reaching the earth surface.

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


3 Overview of available co-existence studies The question of interference risk from different applications sharing a single frequency band was already dealt with in the past for different interferer / victim combinations. The obtained results are described in so-called co-existence studies (see section 3.1 for the 24GHz range and section 3.2 for the 77GHz range).

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010



Interferers RTTT RTTT RTTT Radio

determ

Radio

determ.

Radio

determ.

Non-

spec.

Fixed

links

Fixed

wirel.

access

SAP/

SAB

Ama-

teur

Defence

Victims NB radar UWB radar Traffic

monitoring

RSM TLPR Door

openers

RTTT NB radar

RTTT UWB

radar

[ECC

REP046]

RTTT Traffic

monitoring

Radio

determ

RSM [ECCREP134]

Radio

determ

TLPR

Radio

determ

Door

openers …

Non-

specific

Fixed links [ECCREP023] [ECCREP13

9]

Fixed

wireless

[ERCREP 099]

SAP/SAB

Amateur

Defence

Tab. 3.1: 24GHz Co-existence studies, gray fields are of principle interest for this deliverable, barred fields are of interest to other MOSARIM tasks

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


3.2 Frequency range 74GHz – 84GHz

Interferers RTTT RTTT RTTT Radio determ. Radio determ. Fixed links Amateur Defence

Victims NB radar UWB radar Traffic

monitoring

Surveillance TLPR

RTTT

NB radar

Under

preparation by SE-24

Under preparation by

SE-24

RTTT

UWB radar

RTTT Traffic

monitoring

Radio

determ

Surveillance

Radio

determ

TLPR

Fixed links

[ECCREP056] [CEPTREP03

6] [ECCREP139]

Amateur

[EUMW04]

Defence

Tab. 3.2: 77GHz co-existence studies, gray fields are of principle interest for this deliverable, barred fields are of interest to other MOSARIM tasks

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


4 Examples of incumbent frequency users and services Exemplary RSM (Radio Speed Meters) scenarios are shown in Fig. 4.1.

Fig. 4.1: Typical RSM scenarios (source: Gatso, www.gatso.nl). Exemplary traffic monitoring scenarios are shown in Fig. 4.2.

Fig. 4.2: Exemplary traffic monitoring scenarios (source: NavTech Radar, UK)

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In general, the location of an incumbent interferer is not on the road, but aside or above of the road (see Fig. 4.3).

Fig. 4.3: General scenario with incumbent interferer and introduction of dimensions

Symbols and abbreviations:

• Blue square = victim • Red square = interferer • lw = lane width • bh = bridge height • x,y,z = coordinates for describing the position of objects • ϕ, θ = azimuth and elevation angles for specifying main beam direction

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Typical materials found in the context of road scenarios and their dielectric properties are shown in Tab. 4.1. Object Material Parameters

Road Bitumen (Dry)

eps_r’ = 2.7 eps_r” = 0.005 @ 3GHz

Water eps_r’ = 30 eps_r” = 34 @ 24GHz, 25°C

eps_r’ = 10 eps_r” = 17 @ 77GHz, 25°C

Guard rails Metal perfect conductor, special crossectional shape

Road

periphery

Sandy soil (Dry)

eps_r’ = 2.6 eps_r” = 0.006 @ 3GHz

Sandy soil (17% water content)

eps_r’ = 17 eps_r” = 0.3 @ 3GHz

Loamy soil (Dry)

eps_r’ = 2.4 eps_r” = 0.001 @ 3GHz

Loamy soil (14% water content)

eps_r’ = 20 eps_r” = 2.5 @ 3GHz

Wood (30% moisture content)

eps_r’ = 7 eps_r” = 1.5 @ 3GHz, 25°C

Glas (70% SiO2)

eps_r’ = 7.5 eps_r” = 0.15 @ 3GHz

Concrete (Road) eps_r’ = 5 eps_r’’ = 0.1 @ 5.2 GHz

Concrete (Walls) eps_r’ = 5 eps_r’’ = 1 @ 5.2 GHz

Tab. 4.1: Typical materials and dielectric properties (source: various sources)

In the following two sections, examples of real incumbent products are listed together with their important parameters.

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In Tab. 4.2a to 4.2g, examples of real incumbent products are given for the various services. Ser-

vice

Application Product Manufacturer

[Reference]

Typical

users

Frequency

range in

GHz

Modulation

type

EIRP

in

dBm

Tx-Gain

3dB az. angle

3dB el. angle

Polarisation

ca. Pos. y =

ca. Pos. z =

ca. Beam ϕϕϕϕ =

ca. Beam θθθθ =

RTTT Traffic counting / monitoring

Tempomat CRM NG

Radarlux (D), [http://www.radarlux.com/ site/solution.php?code_menu=7]

Traffic planning

24.125 n/a (can measure speed and classify vehicles)

n/a n/a n/a n/a

0 ca. 4,5m 180° 117°

RTTT Traffic counting / monitoring

Radarscanner Honeywell, [www51.honeywell.com], radar module by Kustom, dish antenna diameter ca. 400mm, system user for example Pintsch-Bamag (D)

Railway operators

24.10-24.35 CW, FMCW ca. 25 ca. 37dBi (*) ca. 2,2° (*) ca. 2,2° (*) n/a

ca. –(lw/2+3m) ca. 1m scanning 90°

Radio determ.

Radar speed meter

Mesta 208 Sagem (F) Police 24.075-24.15 n/a (can measure speed)

< 38 n/a 6° 6° vertical

ca. –(lw/2+5m) ca. 1m 155° 90°

Radio determ.

Radar speed meter

Mesta 210 Sagem (F), [ECCREP134]

Police 24.075-24.15 n/a (can measure speed and distance)

< 20 27 dBi 5° n/a n/a

ca. –(lw/2+5m) ca. 1m 158° 90°

Tab. 4.2a: Examples of practical incumbent services around 24GHz (*) Dish antenna: gain G ≈ 10*log (50% * 4 * π * Area / λ²), 3dB opening angle γ ≈ 70° * λ / Diameter.

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


Ser-

vice


[Reference]

Typical

users

Frequency

range in

GHz

Modulation

type

EIRP

in

dBm

Tx-Gain

3dB az.

angle

3dB el. angle

Polarisation

ca. Pos. y =

ca. Pos. z =

ca. Beam ϕϕϕϕ

=

ca. Beam θθθθ

= Radio determ.

Radar speed meter

TraffiStar SR590

Multanova (CH) , [http://www.multanova.ch/ trackingradar], radar module: Robot RRS24F-ST3

Police 24.1 n/a (can measure speed, distance, az. angle)

< 20 n/a 5° 20° n/a

ca. –(lw/2+3m) ca. 2,5m ca. 160° 90°

Radio determ.

Radar speed meter

MultaRadar SD580

Multanova (CH), [http://www.multanova.ch], radar module by Robot

Police 24.1 n/a (can measure speed and distance)

< 20 n/a 5° 20° n/a

ca. –(lw/2+3m) ca. 2,5m ca. 160° 90°

Radio determ.

Radar speed meter

MultaRadar C

Multanova (CH), [http://www.multanova.ch], radar module by Robot

Police 24.1 n/a (can measure speed and distance)

< 20 n/a 5° 20° n/a

ca. –(lw/2+3m) ca. 2,5m ca. 160° 90°

Radio determ.

Radar speed meter

Speedophot, Speedoguard

Traffipax (USA), [http://www.radarfalle.de/technik/ ueberwachungstechnik/traffipax.php]

Police 24.125 n/a (can measure speed)

< 13 n/a 5° 20° n/a

ca. –(lw/2+3m) ca. 0,5m ca. 160° 90°

Radio determ.

Radar speed meter

Speedophot II

Traffipax (USA), [http://www.radarfalle.de/technik/ ueberwachungstechnik/speedophot2.php]


< 31 n/a 5° 15° - 20° n/a

ca. –(lw/2+3m) ca. 1m ca. 160° 90°

Tab. 4.2b: Examples of practical incumbent services around 24GHz

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


Ser-

vice


[Reference]

Typical

users

Frequency

range in

GHz

Modu-

lation

type

EIRP

in

dBm

Tx-Gain

3dB az. angle

3dB el. angle

Polarisation

ca. Pos. y =

ca. Pos. z =

ca. Beam ϕϕϕϕ =

ca. Beam θθθθ =

Radio determ.

Radar speed meter, traffic light enforcement

Radar24 Gatso (NL), [http://www.gatso.nl]


n/a n/a n/a n/a

ca. –(lw/2+3m) ca. 2,5m ca. 20° 90° + ca. 30°

Radio determ.

Radar speed meter

Tempocam Radarlux (D), [http://www.radarlux.com/ site/solution.php?code_menu=9]


n/a n/a n/a n/a

ca. –(lw/2+3m) ca. 1m ca. 160° 90°

Radio determ.

Radar speed meter

Raptor, Eagle, Talon

Kustom (USA), [http://www.kustomsignals.com]


n/a n/a n/a n/a

ca. –(lw/2+3m) ca. 1m ca. 160° 90°

Radio determ.

Radar speed meter

Speed-control

Sicherheitstechnik H. Woidich (D), [http://www.radarfalle.de/technik/ ueberwachungstechnik/speedcontrol.php? PHPSESSID=6b071d6cb497bcafa0cb2a74cf5effe7]


< 27 23dBi 12° n/a circular left

0 ca. 1,5m 180° 90°

Radio determ.

Tank level probing radar with non-metal enclosure

Optiwave 7300C

Krohne, [http://www.krohne.com/Non-Contact_Measurement__Level_Measurement__en.10926.0.html]

Industry 24.05-26.5 FMCW n/a n/a 10° 10° n/a

–(lw/2+ ?m) ca. 5–20m 0° 180°

Tab. 4.2c: Examples of practical incumbent services around 24GHz

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


Ser-

vice


[Reference]

Typical

users

Frequency

range in

GHz

Modu-

lation

type

EIRP

in

dBm

Tx-Gain

3dB az. angle

3dB el. angle

Polarisation

ca. Pos. y =

ca. Pos. z =

ca. Beam ϕϕϕϕ =

ca. Beam θθθθ =

Radio determ.


SITRANS LR400, LR460

Siemens AG (D), [http://www.automation.siemens.com/ w1/automation-technology-radar-18709.htm#lb-72,lb-61]

Industry 24 FMCW n/a n/a n/a n/a

–(lw/2+ ?m) ca. 5–20m 0° 180°

Radio determ.


SITRANS LR250, LR260

Siemens AG (D), [http://www.automation.siemens.com/ w1/automation-technology-radar-18709.htm#lb-72,lb-61]

Industry 25.0 Pulse n/a n/a n/a n/a

–(lw/2+ ?m) ca. 5–20m 0° 180°

Radio determ.


Vegapuls 68

Vega, [http://www.vega.com/de/866.htm]

Industry 24.05-26.5 Pulse n/a 4° 4° n/a

–(lw/2+ ?m) ca. 5–20m 0° 180°

Radio determ.


Micropilot M FMR 250

Endress+Hauser, [http://www.uk.endress.com/]

Industry 24.05-26.5 Pulse n/a 4° 4° n/a

–(lw/2+ ?m) ca. 5–7m 0° 180°

Radio determ.

Automatic door openers

MWD BP Feig Electronic GmbH (D), [http://www.feig.de/index.php?option= com_content&task=view&id=292&Itemid=225]

Industry 24.125 < 20 n/a n/a n/a n/a

–(lw/2+ ?m) ca. 7m 0° 180°

Tab. 4.2d: Examples of practical incumbent services around 24GHz

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


Ser-

vice


[Reference]

Typical

users

Frequency

range in

GHz

Modulation

type

EIRP

in

dBm

Tx-Gain

3dB az. angle

3dB el. angle

Polarisation

ca. Pos. y =

ca. Pos. z =

ca. Beam ϕϕϕϕ =

ca. Beam θθθθ =

Radio determ.


Domino 1100RC

Hotron (Ireland), [http://www.hotron.com/products/ viewdetails.asp]

Industry 24.05-24.25 < 20 n/a n/a n/a n/a

–(lw/2+ ?m) ca. 5–7m 0° 180°

Radio determ.


Merkur Bircher (USA), [http://www.bircher.com/ merkur_2_bro_d.pdf]

Industry 24.125 n/a n/a n/a n/a

–(lw/2+ ?m) ca. 5–7m 0° 180°

Radio determ.

Motion detectors

RBM100 ELV Elektronik AG (D), radar module by InnoSenT

Industry 24.125 CW 16 n/a 80° 32° n/a

–(lw/2+ ?m) ca. 0,5–5m various 90° + ca. 20°

Radio determ.

General radar applications

24GHz Universal Medium Range Radar

ViaSat (USA), [http://www.viasat.com/24-ghz-radar]

Automotive Industry

24.0-24.25 FSK+FMCW < 20 16-26dBi n/a n/a n/a


Radio determ.

General radar applications

IPS-xyz IVS-xyz IPM-xyz

InnoSenT (D), [http://www.innosent.de/Industry. industrie.0.html?&L=1]

Industry 24.05-24.25 CW FSK FMCW

< 20 n/a various (5°-70°) various (21°-38°) n/a


Non-specific

No applications known

Tab. 4.2e: Examples of practical incumbent services around 24GHz

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


Ser-

vice


[Reference]

Typical

users

Frequency

range in

GHz

Modulation

type

EIRP

in

dBm

Tx-Gain

3dB az. angle

3dB el. angle

Polarisation

ca. Pos. y =

ca. Pos. z =

ca. Beam ϕϕϕϕ =

ca. Beam θθθθ =

Fixed links

Point-to-Point, Backbone

Mobile providers [ECCREP046] [EN302217]

Mobile phone

22.0-23.6 Up to 64 QAM < 70 34,41,47,50dBi 0,5° - 3° (*) 0,5° - 3° (*) n/a

–(lw/2+ ?m) 10m,18m,25m 0° 90°

Fixed links

Point-to-Multipoint, Backbone

Central station


Mobile phone

24.5-26.5 Up to 64 QAM < 70 18dBi 20° (*) 20° (*) n/a

–(lw/2+ ?m) 30m 0° 92°

Fixed links

Point-to-Multipoint, Backbone

Terminal station


Mobile phone

24.5-26.5 Up to 64 QAM < 70 32,35dBi 4° (*) 4° (*) n/a

–(lw/2+ ?m) 5m,10m 0° 89°

Fixed wireless access

Central stations

NTG-337 Japan Radio Co, Ltd. [http://www.computex.biz/ ChannelProducts_Product Detail.aspx?pdt_id=18635&com_id=4380]

24.05-26.5, 28MHz channels

QPSK / 16QAM

SAP/ SAB

Cordless cameras, temporary point-to-point video links

No products known yet

Tab. 4.2f: Examples of practical incumbent services around 24GHz (*) Antenna: Gain G/dBi ≈ 44 – 20*log(γ/°) => opening angle γ/° ≈ 10^( (44 – G/dBi) / 20)

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


Ser-

vice


[Reference]

Typical

users

Frequency

range in

GHz

Modulation

type

EIRP

in

dBm

Tx-Gain

3dB az. angle

3dB el. angle

Polarisation

ca. Pos. y =

ca. Pos. z =

ca. Beam ϕϕϕϕ =

ca. Beam θθθθ =

Amateur About 75 amateurs in Europe, 99% during competitions only (e.g. from mountain to mountain)

Dish antenna diameter ca. 500-600mm

Radio amateurs

24.048 SSB, 2.4kHz bandwidth

<50 ca. 40dBi (*) ca. 1.6° (*) ca. 1.6° (*) n/a

–(lw/2+ ?m) various various various

Defence Fixed radio communication

Similar to conventional fixed systems

Military 24.05-24.25 26.50-27.50

Directional antenna

The military preferably uses roads. Thus military radio infrastructure close to roads is not unusual

Defence Remote control of mobile vehicles

Military 24.05-24.25 26.50-27.50

Omni-directional or phased array antenna

The military preferably uses roads. Thus military radio infrastructure close to roads is not unusual

Defence General radar applications

24GHz Universal Medium Range Radar

ViaSat (USA), [NAECON 2009]

Military 24.0-24.25 FSK+FMCW < 20 16-26dBi n/a n/a n/a

–(lw/2+ ?m) ca. 0,5–5m various various

Tab. 4.2g: Examples of practical incumbent services around 24GHz The risk resulting from amateur applications is estimated to be very small. About defence applications, no detailed information was obtained. Therefore, these two application groups will not further be considered any more in detail.

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


(*) Dish antenna: gain G ≈ 10*log (50% * 4 * π * Area / λ²), 3dB opening angle γ ≈ 70° * λ / Diameter.

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4.2 Frequency range 74GHz – 84GHz

In Tab. 4.3a and 4.3b, examples of real incumbent products are given for the various services. Ser-

vice


[Reference]

Typical

users

Frequency

range in

GHz

Modulation

type

EIRP

in

dBm

Tx-Gain

3dB az. angle

3dB el. angle

Polarisation

ca. Pos. y =

ca. Pos. z =

ca. Beam ϕϕϕϕ =

ca. Beam θθθθ =

RTTT Radar traffic monitoring

TS 350X / TS 500

Navtech Radar (UK), [http://www.nav-tech.com/Documents/Highways/ TS%20350-X.pdf], dish antenna diameter ca. 150mm

Industry, authorities

76-77 FMCW up to 600MHz

ca. 38dBi (*) ca. 1.8° (*) ca. 1.8° (*) n/a

ca. –(lw/2+1m) ca. 1 - 5m scanning 90°

Radio determ.

Surveillance radar

W200, W350-X, W500, W800-H, I350-X, I500

Navtech Radar (UK), [http://www.nav-tech.com/Security%20Systems% 20nw1b.htm], dish antenna diameter ca. 150mm

Industry 76-77 FMCW up to 600MHz

ca. 38dBi (*) ca. 1.8° (*) ca. 1.8° (*) n/a

–(lw/2+ ?m) ca. 1 – 5m scanning 90°

Radio determ.

Surveillance radars

Under development

Bosch, [ETSI-TR102704]

Industry 76-77 45 35dBi 1,5° 5,5° n/a

–(lw/2+ ?m) ca. 1 – 5m various various

Radio determ.

Tank level probing with non-metal enclosure

Products currently under development

Fixed links

Point-to-point backbone

No products known yet

Tab. 4.3a: Examples of practical incumbent services around 77GHz * Dish antenna: gain G ≈ 10*log (50% * 4 * π * Area / λ²), 3dB opening angle γ ≈ 70° * λ / Diameter.

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


Ser-

vice


[Reference]

Typical

users

Frequency

range in

GHz

Modulation

type

EIRP

in

dBm

Tx-Gain

3dB az. angle

3dB el. angle

Polarisation

ca. Pos. y =

ca. Pos. z =

ca. Beam ϕϕϕϕ =

ca. Beam θθθθ =

Amateur Ca. 20 amateurs in Europe, 99% during competitions (from mountain to mountain, ca. 6 times per year)

Dish antenna diameter ca. 350-450mm

Radio amateurs

76.038 SSB, a few kHz bandwidth

<50 47dBi (*) 0.7° (*) 0.7° (*) n/a

–(lw/2+ ?m) various various various

Defence Military 81.00-84.00 The military preferably uses roads and therefore military radio infrastructure close to roads is not unusual

Tab. 4.3b: Examples of practical incumbent services around 77GHz The risk resulting from amateur applications is judged to be very small. About defence applications, no detailed information was obtained. Therefore, these two application groups will not be considered more in detail. * Dish antenna: gain G ≈ 10*log (50% * 4 * π * Area / λ²), 3dB opening angle γ ≈ 70° * λ / Diameter.

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


5 Quantitative investigation of incumbent frequency users and services The classical approach to investigate interference effects is to consider interference power I at the victim receiver versus noise power N at the victim receiver. If the interference power is in the order of the noise power, no harm due to the interference is expected. If it is larger, then the actual interference effect depends on the modulations used in the victim and in the interferer. In the following, I/N and the influence of modulation are considered quantitatively for various scenarios.

5.1 Investigation of I / N for scenarios with 24GHz victims

For the computation of the interference power I, aside of the distances also the antenna parameters are required. Tab. 5.1a-b shows those for 24GHz victims. Tab. 5.2a-c show the most important interferer antenna parameters derived from section 4.1. Victim

type

Position on car and main beam

direction

Exemplary generic RECEIVE antenna characteristics (independent from installation)

FLR

Height above ground: ca. 40cm

Main beam after installation: θ=90°, ϕ=0°

Gain = 17dBi, 3dB azimuth width = +/- 12.0°, 3dB elevation width = +/- 5.0°,

1st side lobe = -20dBc

Tab. 5.1a: Typical antenna parameters of 24GHz FLR victim

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Victim

type

Position on car and main beam

direction

Exemplary generic RECEIVE antenna characteristics (independent from installation)

BSD


Main beam after installation: θ=90°, ϕ=+145° or -145°



LCA





Tab. 5.1b: Typical antenna parameters of 24GHz BSD and LCA victims

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Interferer type Exemplary scenario Typical generic TRANSMIT antenna characteristics

Traffic

monitoring

EIRP = 25dBm

(Honeywell)

3dB azimuth width = +/- 1.1°, 3dB elevation width = +/- 1.1°,


Radar Speed

Meter

EIRP = 20dBm

(Gatso)



Tab. 5.2a: Typical 24GHz interferer antenna parameters

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010



Tank level

probing radars

EIRP < -41.3dBm/MHz

(Siemens)



Automatic

door openers

EIRP = 20dBm

(Bircher)

3dB azimuth width = +/- 40°, 3dB elevation width = +/- 10°,


Tab. 5.2b: Typical 24GHz interferer antenna parameters

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010



Fixed links

EIRP < 70dBm

(*)

Gain = 41dBi, D = 0.58 m

Tab. 5.2c: Typical 24GHz interferer antenna parameters (*) Fixed service antenna characteristics according to [ITU-R699], [ITU-R1245], [ITU-R1336]: In cases where the ratio between the antenna diameter and the wavelength is less than or equal to 100 the following equation should be used:

G(ϕ) = Gmax – 2.5 × 10–3 2

ϕ

λ

D for 0° < ϕ < ϕm

G(ϕ) = G1 for ϕm ≤ ϕ < 100 D

λ

G(ϕ) = 52 – 10 log λ

D – 25 log ϕ for 100

D

λ ≤ ϕ < 48°

G(ϕ) = 10 – 10 log λ

D for 48° ≤ ϕ ≤ 180°

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


Using the above compiled data in a ray-tracing simulator (see [M2.1]), the resulting spatial I/N distribution in the neighbourhood of various interferers is simulated. Assumptions for calculating I in all cases are:

• The overall power at a certain position in the plots is calculated by adding up all absolute voltages at this point (the ray-tracing results are provided as voltage values) and squaring this sum. This corresponds to a full constructive superposition of all energy contributions at this point.

Assumptions for calculating N in all cases are:

• IF bandwidth = 100kHz (typical for CW, FSK, FMCW, FSK+FMCW victims, for Chirp Sequence victims a larger bandwidth of ca. 2MHz would be required).

• Temperature = 328K (corresponds to a typical system operating temperature of 55°C) • Receiver noise figure = 10dB

Markings and placements of antennas in the plotted simulation results

• The road lanes are marked with dotted white lines • The interferer position and all other placement options are listed in a short description

directly beside the simulation results • For an interferer which does not transmit perpendicular to the road, the interferer

illuminates the LCA and BSD victim from behind. The obtained results are shown in Tab. 5.3a-e. The chosen geometries and angles should be close to worst case situations.

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


Traffic monitoring scenario Result for FLR victim

Interferer main beam : θ=90°, ϕ=135°

Result for BSD victim

Interferer position: • x = 110m (FLR) or 90m (BSD, LCA) • y = -5m • z = 1.0m

Road : • width = 2 * 3.5m • material = concrete

Positions of two crossing railway lines: • x = 96.5m,98m,102m,103.5m • railway line width = 0.1m • material = perfect conductor


Result for LCA victim Interferer main beam : θ=90°, ϕ=45°

Tab. 5.3a: Simulated I / N for traffic monitoring interferer and various victims

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RSM scenario Result for FLR victim



Interferer position: • x = 190m (FLR) or 10m (BSD, LCA) • y = -4m • z = 1.0m


Guard rail positions : • y = -2.5m, 6m • height = 0.6m • material = perfect conductor

Interferer main beam : θ=90°, ϕ= 20°

Result for LCA victim Interferer main beam : θ=90°, ϕ= 20°

Tab. 5.3b: Simulated I / N for RSM interferer and various victims

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Tank level probing scenario Result for FLR victim



Interferer position: • x = 100m • y = -20m • z = 10.0m

Road • width = 2* 3.5m • material = concrete

Pile position : • center y = -16m • height = 8m • base width = 16m • material = dry sandy soil



Tab. 5.3c: Simulated I / N for tank level probing interferer and various victims

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Door opening scenario Result for FLR victim



Interferer position: • x = 100m • y = -6.8m • z = 5.0m

Road: • width = 2 * 3.5m • material = concrete

Pavement • width = 5.25m • material = concrete



Tab. 5.3d: Simulated I / N for door opener interferer and various victims

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Fixed link scenario Result for FLR victim



Interferer position: • x = 10km (FLR) or 0m (BSD, LCA) • y = -15m • z = 10m


More Interferer Details: • Bandwidth 10MHz, EIRP 70dBm • Interferer parallel to road



Tab. 5.3e: Simulated I / N for fixed link interferer and various victims

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5.2 Worst-case and coherent superposition of waves

All I/N results shown in the Tab. 5.3a-e are fully constructive superpositions of multi-path waves and represent the worst case I/N value. In reality the coherent superposition of waves at a certain point in space leads to a power distribution with additional minima. The spatial rate for the alternation of minima and maxima increases with frequency. This coherent superposition can also be considered in simulation (see “noisy” colors in Fig. 5.1, in comparison to Tab. 5.3b with LCA victim).

Fig. 5.1: I/N distribution for RSM scenario and LCA victim, now taking constructive and destructive superposition of different wave propagation paths into account In the following section, considerations are carried out in order to evaluate, how distinct signal modulation is able to mitigate interference effects.

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


5.3 Investigation of interference and modulation effects in scenarios with 24GHz radar victims

In Task 1.3 it was investigated how the modulation of the victim sensor and of the interferer, respectively, influences the interference behaviour. In the following quantitative calculations are undertaken to consider the possible mitigation for the scenarios with large I/N values.

5.3.1 Scenario with FMCW traffic monitoring and FMCW radar victim at 24GHz

The used modulation parameters are shown in Tab. 5.4. Object Parameters Description

Transmitter Radar principle: FMCW (type B3 according to [MT21]), FMCW parameters: Center frequency = 24.15GHz, Chirp span = 200MHz, Chirp slope = 6GHz/s, Chirp duration = 33ms Chirp types: Up- and Down: /\/\/\/\

Victim

Receiver Topology: FMCW (according to [MT13]), Noise figure = 10dB, IF bandwidth = 100kHz, Temperature = 328K

Interferer: Traffic monitoring

Transmitter Radar principle: FMCW (type B3 according to [MT21]), FMCW parameters: Center frequency = 24.125GHz, Chirp span = 200MHz, Chirp slope = 67GHz/s (derived from 1s per antenna rotation, est. ca. 360 measurements per rotation means ca. 3ms chirp duration), Chirp types: Up- and Down: /\/\/\/\

Tab. 5.4: Basic parameters used for scenario simulation with FMCW traffic monitoring and FMCW victim at 24GHz According to Tab. 5.3a, this scenario showed max. I / N values of about 50dB. With a noise power N of 4.5 fW, the resulting I0 becomes 450pW. Now using numerical simulation for the victim and interferer chirps within a total time of 10 seconds, the interference probabilities, durations and resulting effects are obtained as shown in Tab. 5.5.

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


Distance between

victim and

interferer

frequency

Occurring for

percentage of

10s

Occurring

exclusively

for

percentage

of all victim

chirps

Min and max

dwell times

Resulting

interference

effect per victim

chirp sequence

Larger than victim IF bandwidth

ca. 99.91% 0% No interference (perfect anti-aliasing low

pass) Smaller than IF bandwidth and timely shorter than a victim chirp duration

881 ppm 100% Accumulated for all

interactions between one victim and all

interferer-chirps during this

single victim chirp (simulated

10s):

Max: 32.851µs

Min: 26.78µs

Average increase of noise floor

when analyzing one single victim

chirp: Max case

N_total = N + I0 * 32.851µs /

33ms = 4.5fW + 448fW =

452.5fW which means a noise

increase of 10*log(23.18 / 4.5) = 19.93dB

Min case 19.1dB

Smaller than IF bandwidth and constant over dwell time

0% 0% n / a Ghost peak in victim receiver FFT spectrum

with: n / a

Tab. 5.5: Obtained quantitative interference effects with modulation The results in Tab. 5.5 show that a noise increase of ca. 20dB is expected which means a reduction of the range covered by the victim. But due to the short dwell time of the interference, there is a good chance to eliminate the interference with the “Detect and Repair” approach described in [D1.5]. Occurrence of ghost targets is not expected.

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


5.3.2 Scenario with CW radar speed meter and FMCW radar victim at 24GHz


Transmitter Radar principle: FMCW (type B3 according to [MT21]), FMCW parameters: Center frequency = 24.15GHz Chirp span = 200MHz, Chirp slope = 500GHz/s, Chirp duration = 400µs Chirp types: only Up-chirps: / / / / /

Victim

Receiver Topology: FMCW (according to [MT13]), Noise figure = 10dB, IF bandwidth = 100kHz, Temperature = 328K

Interferer: Radar speed meter

Transmitter Radar principle: CW (type B1 according to [MT21]), CW parameters: Center frequency = 24.15GHz

Tab. 5.6: Basic parameters used for scenario simulation with CW RSM and FMCW victim at 24GHz According to Tab. 5.3a, this scenario showed max. I / N values of about 50dB. With a noise power N of 4.5 fW, the resulting I0 becomes 450pW. Now using numerical simulation for the victim and interferer chirps within a total time of 10 seconds, the interference probabilities, durations and resulting effects are obtained as shown in Tab. 5.7.

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


Distance between

victim and

interferer

frequency

Occurring for

percentage of

10s

Occurring

exclusively

for

percentage

of all victim

chirps

Min and max

dwell times

Resulting

interference

effect per victim

chirp sequence


ca. 99.9% 0% No interference (perfect anti-aliasing low

pass) Smaller than IF bandwidth and timely shorter than a victim chirp duration

0.1% 100% Accumulated for all

interactions between one victim and all



10s):

Max=Min: 400ns

Average increasing of

noise floor when analyzing one single victim

chirp: N_total = N + I0 * 400ns / 400µs

= 4.5fW + 450fW =

454.5fW which means a noise

increase of 10*log(454.5 / 4.5) = 20 dB

Smaller than IF bandwidth and constant over dwell time


with: n / a

Tab. 5.7: Obtained quantitative interference effects with modulation Similar as for the previous scenario, the results in Tab. 5.7 show that a noise increase of about 20dB is expected which means a reduction of the range covered by the victim. Again, due to the short dwell time of the interference, there is a good chance to eliminate the interference with the “Detect and Repair” approach described in [D1.5]. Occurrence of ghost targets is not expected.

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


5.3.3 Scenario with fixed services and UWB radar victim at 24GHz

Similar as in Fig. 5.3e, already in [ECCREP046] it was shown that in the near vicinity of a fixed services antenna the UWB radar victim receives I / N levels larger than 30dB (see Fig. 5.4). Several thousand meters of distance would be necessary to bring I / N level to equity.

Fig. 5.4: I/N interference level created by a fixed service point-to-point link at a vehicular UWB SRR victim receiver [source: Figure 9 from ECCREP046] But in many road test drives the interference thread from fixed services could not be manifested as expected from [ECCREP46]. The reason is that in reality, additional interference mitigation effects occur (see also Fig. 5.5).

Realistic scenario

Worst case scenario

Realistic scenario

Worst case scenario

Fig. 5.5: Fixed Service interference scenario without (worst case) and with (realistic) mitigation factors. Here the probability of occurrence is the crucial and decisive factor regarding interference

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


Those mitigation effects are:

• Probability of occurrence regarding worst case assumptions

• Shading effects by other vehicles

• Shading effects by infrastructure, buildings, vegetation, etc.

• Orientation of the FS link transmission path not parallel to the road: For the fixed link scenario in Tab. 5.3e it was assumed that the interfering device is aligned perfectly in parallel with the road, where the distance to the road is approximately 18 = sqrt(10²+15²) meters. This leads to an immense interfering power over a large area. In real scenarios it is highly unlikely that a road is straight over a distance of 10km and the fixed link is perfectly aligned in parallel to the road. Already by turning the fixed link 3° towards the road reduces significantly the area of larger I/N values for LCA victims (see Fig. 5-6 in comparison to Tab. 5.3e).

Fig. 5.6: I/N interference level for fixed link that illuminates a road with an angle of 3° (y=-15, z=10m, 3° towards road), victim: LCA If the antenna position is further changed to a typical antenna position of 25m beside the road and 20m of height also with 3° turning towards the road, Fig. 5.7 shows that I/N is further reduced to a maximum level of 40dB and a limited road section of about 300m.

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Fig. 5.7: I/N interference level for fixed link that illuminates a road with an angle of 3° (y=-25, z=20m), victim: LCA

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5.4 Investigation of I / N for scenarios with 77GHz victims

Similar as before in section 5.2 for 24GHz, now antenna parameters for 77GHz victims are shown in Tab. 5.8 and 77GHz interferers in Tab. 5.9a-b (derived from section 4.2). Victim

type

Position on car Exemplary generic RECEIVE antenna characteristics

FLR





Tab. 5.8: Typical antenna parameters of 77GHz FLR victim

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Traffic monitoring, Surveillance EIRP = 45dBm

(NavTech)



Tank level probing radars EIRP < -41.3dBm/MHz

(Siemens)

No practical data available yet, same data as for 24GHz tank

level probing used: 3dB azimuth width = +/- 2.0°, 3dB elevation width = +/- 2.0°,


Tab. 5.9a: Typical 77GHz interferer antenna parameters

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010



Fixed links EIRP < 70dBm

No practical data available yet, same data as for 24GHz fixed services used:

Gain = 41dBi, D = 0.18 m

Tab. 5.9b: Typical 77GHz interferer antenna parameters

MOSARIM No.248231 22.12.2010


Using the above compiled data in a ray-tracing simulator (see [M2.1]), the resulting spatial I/N distribution in the neighbourhood of various interferers is simulated. Assumptions for calculating I in all cases are:

• The overall power at a certain position in the plots is calculated by adding up all absolute voltages at this point (the ray-tracing results are provided as voltage values) and squaring this sum. This corresponds to a full constructive superposition of all energy contributions at this point.

Assumptions for calculating N in all cases:

• Noise figure = 12dB • IF bandwidth = 2MHz (typical for Chirp Sequence victims; for CW, FSK, FMCW,

FSK+FMCW victims a smaller bandwidth of ca. 100kHz would be required). • Temperature = 328K

Markings and placements of antennas in the plotted simulation results

• The road is marked with dotted white lines • The interferer position and all other placement options are listed in a short description

directly beside the simulation results The obtained results are shown in Tab. 5.10a-c. The chosen geometries and angles should be close to worst case situations.

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Traffic monitoring scenario Result for FLR

Interferer position:

• x = 400m • y = -2.6m • z = 1.0m


Tunnel : • width = 9m • height = 4m • material = concrete


Tab. 5.10a: Simulated I / N for traffic monitoring interferer and FLR victim

Tank level probing scenario Result for FLR


• x = 100m • y = -10m • z = 10.0m

Road • width = 2* 3.5m • material = concrete

Pile position : • center y = -16m • height = 8m • base width = 16m • material = dry sandy soil


Tab. 5.10b: Simulated I / N for tank level probing interferer and FLR victim

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Fixed link scenario Result for FLR


• x = 10km • y = -15m • z = 10m



Tab. 5.10c: Simulated I / N for fixed link interferer and FLR victim at 77GHz

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5.5 Investigation of interference and modulation for scenarios with 77GHz radar victims

In the following, now quantitative calculations are undertaken to consider the possible mitigation for the traffic monitoring scenario. For the fixed service scenario, the same argumentation applies as in section 5.3.3.

5.5.1 Scenario with FMCW traffic monitoring and Chirp Sequence victim at 77GHz


Transmitter Radar principle: Chirp Sequence (type B5 according to [MT21]), Chirp Sequence parameters: Center frequency = 76.5GHz Chirp span = 187MHz, Chirp slope = 11THz/s, Chirp duration = 17µs. Chirp type: only Up-chirps: / / / / / / /

Victim

Receiver Topology: Type FMCW (according to [MT13]), Noise figure = 12dB, IF bandwidth = 2MHz, Temperature = 328K

Interferer: Radar speed meter

Transmitter Radar principle: FMCW (type B3 according to [MT21]), FMCW parameters: Center frequency = 76.5GHz, Chirp span = 600MHz, Chirp slope = 600GHz/s (derived from 0.4s per antenna rotation, est. ca. 360 measurements per rotation giving ca. 1ms chirp duration), Chirp types: Up- and Down: /\/\/\/\

Tab. 5.11: Basic parameters used for scenario simulation with FMCW traffic monitoring and Chirp Sequence victim at 77GHz According to Tab. 5.10a, this scenario showed max. I / N values of ca. 15dB. With a noise power N of 4.5 fW, the resulting I0 is 143fW. Now using numerical simulation of the victim and interferer chirps for a total time of 0,5 seconds, the interference probabilities, durations and resulting effects as shown in Tab. 5.12 are obtained.

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Distance between

victim and

interferer frequency

Occurring for

percentage of

10s

Occurring

exclusively

for

percentage of

all victim

chirps

Min and max

dwell times

Resulting

interference

effect per victim

chirp sequence


ca. 99.33% 68% No interference (perfect anti-

aliasing low pass) Smaller than IF bandwidth and timely shorter than a victim chirp duration

0.67% 32% Accumulated for all interactions between one victim and all



10s):

Max: 384.62ns

(Min: 0ns)

Average increasing of

noise floor when analyzing one single victim

chirp, worst case: N_total = N + I0 * 384.62ns / 17µs = 4.5fW + 3.22fW = 7.71fW which means a noise

increase of 10*log(7.71 / 4.5)

= 2.34dB Smaller than IF bandwidth and constant over dwell time


with: n / a

Tab. 5.12: Obtained quantitative interference effects with modulation The results in Tab. 5.12 show that a noise increase of ca. 2dB is expected which means a rather small reduction of the range covered by the victim. Occurrence of ghost targets is not expected.

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6 Conclusion This deliverable shows that vehicular radar sensors are able to share the available frequency spectrum with a variety of other services. To evaluate the interference risk, quantitative investigation of worst case scenarios were carried out with respect to the interference power at a victim versus the noise power at this victim, taking the influence of modulation into account. The achieved results show that for typical antenna and modulation parameters, an increase of noise in the victim receiver and thus a reduction of the usable measurement range is very likely, while the occurance of ghost targets seems to be rather unlikely. Within WP3 the here derived simulation approach will be further developed and used in WP4 to investigate and determine the mutual interference probability between vehicular radar sensors themselves.

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7 Bibliography [CEPTREP036] Report 36: Report from CEPT to the European Commission in response

to Part 1 of the Mandate on “Automotive Short Range Radar systems (SRR)”, CEPT, June 2010

[D1.5] Deliverable to MOSARIM Task 1.5 “Study on the state-of-the-art

interference mitigation techniques”, 2010. [ECCDEC0201] ECC Decision of 15 March 2002 on the frequency bands to be

designated for the co-ordinated introduction of Road Transport and Traffic Telematic Systems.

[ECCDEC0403] ECC Decision of 19 March 2004 on the frequency band 77 – 81GHz to

be designated for the use of Automotive Short Range Radars. [ECCDEC0410] ECC Decision of 12 November 2004 on the frequency bands to be

designated for the temporary introduction of Automotive Short Range Radars.

[ECCREP023] Report 23: Compatibility of Automotive Collision Warning Short

Range Radar Operating at 24GHz with FS, EESS and Radio Astronomy, ECC, May 2003.

[ECCREP046] Report 46: Immunity of 24GHz Automotive SRRs Operating on a Non-

Interference and Non-Protected Basis from Emissions of the Primary Fixed Service Operating in the 23GHz and 26GHz Frequency Bands, ECC, May 2004.

[ECCREP056] Report 56: Compatibility of Automotive Collision Warning Short

Range Radar Operating at 79GHz with Radiocommunication Services, ECC, October 2004.

[ECCREP134] Report 134: Analysis of Potential Impact of Mobile Vehicle Radars

(VR) on Radar Speed Meters (RSM) Operating at 24GHz, ECC, September 2009.

[ECCREP139] Report 139: Impact of Level Probing Radars Using Ultra-Wideband

Technology on Radiocommunications Services, ECC February 2010. [ECDEC2010/368/EU] Commission Decision of 30 June 2010 amending Decision

2006/771/EC on harmonisation of the radio spectrum for use by short-range devices, 1 July 2010.

[EN302217] EN 302 217: Fixed Radio Systems; Characteristics and requirements for

point-to-point equipment and antennas; Part 3: Equipment operating in frequency bands where both frequency coordinated or uncoordinated deployment might be applied; Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive, ETSI, 2009.

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[EN302372] EN 302 372: Electromagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum

Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Equipment for Detection and Movement; Tanks Level Probing Radar (TLPR) operating in the frequency bands 5.8GHz, 10GHz, 25GHz, 61GHz and 77GHz, ETSI, 2006.

[ETSI-TR102704] TR 102 704: Electromagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum

Matters (ERM); System Reference Document; Short Range Devices (SRD); Radar sensors for non-automotive surveillance applications in the 76GHz to 77GHz frequency range, ETSI, preliminary version 8/2010.

[ETSI-TS102524] EN TS 102 524: Fixed Radio Systems, Point-to-Point equipment, Radio

equipment and antennas for the use in Point-to-Point millimetre wave applications in the fixed services (mmwFS) frequency bands 71GHz to 76GHz and 81GHz to 86GHz, ETSI, 2006.

[ERCREP025] Report 25: The European Table of Frequency Allocations and

Utilisations in the Frequency Range 9kHz to 3000GHz, ECC, Kyiv 2009.

[ERCREP038] Report 38: Handbook on Radio Equipment and Systems , Video Links

for ENG/OB Use, ERC, May 1995. [ERCREP040] Report 40: Fixed Service System Parameters for Frequency Sharing,

ERC, October 1996. [ERCREP099] Report 99: The Analysis of the Coexistence of Two FMA Cells in the

24.5-26.5GHz and 27.5-29.5GHz Bands, ERC, October 2000 [EUMW04] Hans-Ludwig Blöcher, Gerhard Rollmann, Coexistence Study of

Automotive Short Range Radar operating in the W-Band, European MicrowaveConference 2004, 741 – 744.

[GAR] Erste Verordnung zur Änderung der Amateurfunkverordnung,

Bundesgesetzblatt, August 2006. [ITU1] ITU Radio Regulations, Article 1: Definitions of Radio Services, June

2010 [ITU-R699] Recommendation ITU-R F.699-5, Reference radiation patterns for line-

of-sight radio-relay system antennas for use in coordination studies and interference assessment in the frequency range from 1GHz to about 70GHz.

[ITU-R1245] Recommendation ITU-R F.1245-1, Mathematical model of average and

related radiation patterns for line-of-sight point-to-point radio relay system antennas for use in certain coordination studies and interference assessment in the frequency range from 1GHz to about 70GHz.

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[ITU-R1336] Recommendation ITU-R F.1336-2, Reference radiation patterns of omni-directional, sectorial and other antennas in point-to-multipoint systems for use in sharing studies in the frequency range from 1GHz to about 70GHz.

[JSC] Josef Schürmann, Standardisation and Frequency Allocation Process,

SARA Plenary Meeting, Stuttgart, 2007. [MT1.3] Milestone document to MOSARIM Task 1.3, 2010. [MT2.1] Milestone document to MOSARIM Task 2.1 “Establishing of a

common interference interaction matrix and evaluation factors”, 2010. [REC0005] Recommendation 00-05: Use of the Band 24.5 – 26.5GHz for Fixed

Wireless Access, ERC, October 2000 [REC0507] Recommendation 05-07: Radio Frequency Channel Arrangements for

Fixed Service Systems Operating in the Bands 71-76GHz and 81-86GHz, ECC, 2009

[REC2510] Recommendation 25-10: Frequency Ranges for the Use of Temporary

Terrestrial Audio and Video SAP/SAB Links, ECC, February 2003. [REC7003] Recommendation 70-03: Relating to the Use of Short Range Devices

(SRD), ERC, October 2009. [TR1302] Technical Report 13-02: Preferred Channel Arrangements for Fixed

Service Systems in the Frequency Range 22.0 – 29.5GHz, WG-SE, May 2010.

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8 Abbreviations BSD Blind Spot Detection sensor CEPT European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications

Administration DoW Description of work EC European Commission ECC Electronic Communications Committee within CEPT EIRP Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power ERC European Radiocommunications Committee within CEPT ETSI European Telecommunications Standard Institute FLR Forward Looking Radar FS Fixed Services FWA Fixed Wireless Access LCA Lane Change Assist NB Narrow Band RSM Radar Speed Meter RTTT Road Transport and Traffic Telematic SE-24 Spectrum Engineering working group SRD Short Range Devices SRR Short Range Radar TLPR Tank Level Probing Radar UWB Ultra Wide Band WLAM Wide Band Low Activity Mode WG-SE Working Group “Spectrum Engineering”

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