Theology and Economics of Abortion and Contraception: Science of Gender Complementarity
Contraception and Abortion Chapter 6. chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 2...
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Transcript of Contraception and Abortion Chapter 6. chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 2...
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Contraception and Abortion
Chapter 6
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 2
Principles of Contraception
Based on the physiology of reproduction
Types: Barrier, Hormonal, Natural Methods, and Surgical
Factors affecting choice Advantages and disadvantages
Effectiveness
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 3
Oral contraceptives (OCs): “The Pill”
Estrogen and progesterone taken orally Mimics the hormonal activity of the
corpus luteum Most common is the combination pill Extended-cycle pill “Minipill” Advantages Disadvantages Effectiveness
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 4
Contraceptive Skin Patch
Thin 13/4 inch square patch Releases estrogen and progestin slowly
into the bloodstream. Prevention the same way as OCs Worn for one week, replaced on the same
day for 3 consecutive weeks. Fourth week no patch
Advantages Disadvantages Effectiveness
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 5
Vaginal Contraceptive Ring
The NuvaRing Resembles the rim of a diaphragm and is
molded with progestin and estrogen 2 inch ring slowly releases the hormones During fourth week, remove the ring and
use a new ring after the fourth week. Advantages Disadvantages Effectiveness
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 6
Contraceptive Implants
Norplant; Jadelle (Norplant II); Implanon (2006)Hormonal method6 flexible matchstick capsulesProtection for 5 yearsProgestin inhibits ovulationAdvantagesDisadvantagesEffectiveness
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 7
Injectable Contraceptive
Depo-Provera, Lunelle (2002 voluntary recall) Hormonal treatment Injectable progestin every 12 weeks Advantages Disadvantage Side effects
period will subside - ovaries will not release egg
It may take 12 months before cycle will return
Effectiveness
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 8
Emergency Contraceptive
Postcoital Pill, Morning After Pill, Plan B (OTC) Use a EPT kit Most common is the two dose regimen Prevents uterine implantation Needs to be taken within 72 hours. Best
used within 24 hours Intrauterine Device
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 9
Intrauterine Device (IUD)
T-380A (ParaGard) 10 years of protection Copper
Levonorgestral (Mirena) 5 years of protection Release small amounts of progestin
Not exactly sure how it prevents pregnancy
Advantages Disadvantages Effectiveness
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 10
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 11
Male Condoms
Thin latex sheaths Protection against STD’s Advantages Disadvantages Effectiveness
Use with spermicide
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 12
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 13
Female Condom
Reality Brand Polyurethane sheath with two
flexible rings Advantages Disadvantage Effectiveness
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 14
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 15
The Diaphragm with Spermicide
Dome shaped cup of thin rubber stretched over a collapsible metal ring.
Custom fit Following intercourse Advantages Disadvantages
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) Effectiveness Lea’s Shield
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 16
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 17
Cervical Cap
Small rubber or plastic cap Must use foam kit Advantages Disadvantage
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 18
Vaginal Spermicide
How it works Advantages Disadvantages Effectiveness
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 19
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 20
Abstinence, Fertility Awareness, and Withdrawal
Abstinence Without intercourse or sexual activities Benefits: more self respect and respect
for others. Security that you are being pursued for sexual reasons. Less worry about STDs and Pregnancy.
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 21
The Fertility Awareness Method (FAM)
FAM Calendar method Temperature method Mucus method
Withdrawal Combining methods
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 22
The Fertility Awareness Method (FAM)
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 23
Male Sterilization: Vasectomy
Severing of the vasa deferentia May return to work in 2 days Semen tested in 12 weeks or 20
ejaculations Reversal varies between 80% to
50%, depending on the report. Complication rate Effectiveness
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 24
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 25
Female Sterilization
Tubal sterilization (laparoscopy) is most common
Essure system (2002) Sprng-like metallic implants causing
scarring blocking the Fallopian tubes Hysterectomy Surgical cases Complication rate Reversibility
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 26
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 27
Which Contraceptive Method is Right for You?
Appropriate method of birth control Individual health risks Implications of unplanned pregnancy Risks of STDs Convenience and comfort level Type of relationship Ease and Cost Religious or other philosophical beliefs
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 28
The Abortion Issue
The history of abortion in the U.S. Mid-1800’s: Prior to 20 weeks was legal 1900’s: Physicians joined with other
groups - stating untrained people were performing them. All states made abortion illegal
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 29
Current Legal Status
1973: Roe versus Wade Supreme Court ruled :
Pregnancy divided into 3 trimesters 1st trimester - up to women & doctor 2nd trimester - state may regulate 3rd trimester - state may regulate and bar all abortions
that are not life threatening to mother
U.S. Congress and federal Medicaid funds 17 states provide nonfederal public money Current issues
2000 Nebraska ban on partial birth 2006 Supreme Court reconsideration of Partial Birth
Abortion Ban Act
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 30
Moral Considerations
Pro-lifePro-life: The fertilized egg is a human being from the moment of conception and therefore an abortion is murder. Any women having sex knows pregnancy is
possible - she has a moral obligation Women unable or unwilling to raise the children
should consider placing him/her up for adoption Abortion has destructive effects on our traditional
morals and values
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 31
Moral Considerations Pro-Choice :Pro-Choice :There are distinct stages of fetal
development and that preserving the fetus early in pregnancy is not the ultimate moral concern. Women should have the right to make their own
decisions If not legal then unsafe and unregulated practices
would occur Women would be divided into those who could afford
and those who could not. Some physicians would be forced to break the law
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 32
Public Opinion
U.S. public opinion seems to change depending on the situation
Many approve legal abortion when health or welfare consequences could result
The issue in later pregnancy is when does the right of the fetus take precedence over the woman’s rights
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 33
Personal Considerations
Legal arguments Moral arguments Short and long term ramifications
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 34
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 35
Methods of Abortion Two categories
Surgical - 98% of all abortions Medical
Ends a pregnancy before birth takes place Miscarriage/Spontaneous abortion - embryo or fetus
dies in the uterus and is expelled by the body Ending a pregnancy voluntarily - induced abortion Approx. 88 % of all abortions are performed during the
first trimester Typically performed at a clinic, health center, or in a
doctors office. Women are usually able to return home an hour or so
later
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 36
Suction Curettage Vacuum aspiration Early abortion; about 6th to 12th week Used about 90% of all abortions Vagina is washes with antiseptic, Anesthetic is
injected into or near the cervix. Cervix is gently and gradually stretched over a 24
hour period. After dilation a tube connected to a suction machine
gently empties the uterus After suction a Curette (narrow metal loop) gently
scrapes the walls of the uterus After a few hours in recovery the woman can return
home
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 38
Manual Vacuum Aspiration
MVA Done within 4 or 5 weeks of last menstrual
cycle More effective and safer if performed at least 6
or 7 weeks Gentle suction of a syringe Cervix is dilated with meds. Uterus is emptied with a handheld syringe If a definitive gestational sac is not identified
then women is tested for possible ectopic pregnancy
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 39
Complications of Abortion Possible physical effects
Fever above 100º F. Abdominal pain or tenderness Swelling Backache Prolonged or Heavy bleeding Foul smelling vaginal discharge Vomiting Fainting Delay of 6 or more weeks in resuming menstruation
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chapter 6 ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 40
Possible Psychological Effects
Possible feels after having an abortion Guilt New strength in having made and carried out an
important decision Depression Sense of loss Negative feelings about sex Relationship may end Anger Bitterness
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Contraception and Abortion
Chapter 6