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TO MAKE AN EARLY CONCLUSION TO WHAT HAD OBSERVED WHEATHER IT IS HAPPENED OR HAD ALREADY HAPPENED

PROCESS :A) State the event that been observed.B) Give reasonable reason or early conclusion.

ANSWERING TECHNIQUE

A) Observation and inference sentences are saperated ; i) Observation : Plant A have many leavesii) Inference : Because it have enough water.

B) Observation and inference sentences are combine / join ;→ Plant A have many leaves because it has enough water.

C) Differentiate Inferencei) Observation : Plant A have more leaves than Plant A ii) Inference : Because plant A have more water than plant B

OR i) Observatin : Plant A have many leaves while plant B have less leaves

ii) Inference : Because plant A get enough water while plant B get less water.OR

iii) Plant A get more water compare to plant B.

Figure 1 show two papaya trees planted on different type of soil. Both trees was produce with enough water and sunlight.

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Why ?Why it’s happen ?How it’s happen ?What cause it ?

Because ………Maybe it ……….

FIGURE 2

a) State an observation about the fruit on Plant P and Q in figure 2.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

b) State the inferences based on your observation in (a).( Thick √ for the correct inferences)

Answer Inference1. Plant P had enough water2. Plant P got more sunlight than Plant Q3. Plant P is given fertilizer compare to Plant Q4. Soil at Plant P is more fertile 5. Plant Q get less mineral than Plant P6. Plant P is given quality fertilizer compare to Plant Q

c) State another observation to support your inferences in (b) ( Thick √ for the correct answer)

1. Plant P is bigger than Plant Q2. Plant P has more fruit than Plant Q3. Plant P has more leaves.4. Plant P is bigger5. Plant Q is smaller than Plant P

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Question 1

A group of student gathered information about the extinction of animal species in

a particular forest.

The bar chart below the information obtained by the pupils.

( a ) What observation that can be made from the result in the bar chart

above ?

[ Tick ( √ ) the correct observation and cross ( X ) for the wrong

statement ]

Answer Observation

1. The number of extinct animals in year 2000 is higher

than year 1800.

2. The number of extinct animals increases.

3. The number of extinct animal in year 2000 is the

highest.

4. Every 50 years the number of extinct animals increases.

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( b ) State the suitable inference based on your observation in (a).

[ Tick ( √ ) the correct inference and ( X ) for the wrong inference. ]

Answer Inference

1. Deforestation for housing development

2. 50 species of animals facing extiction in year 2000

3. Humans population increased.

4. Increasing of illegal hunting

5. Many dams have been built.

6. Increasing of industrial area.

( c ) Give other observation to support your answer in (b)

[ Tick ( √ ) the correct observation and ( X ) for the wrong

observation]

Answer Observation

1. The forest area are decreasing.

2. The number of human population increased

3. The number of animals species are decreasing

4. Polluted water occurred.

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CONCEPT :A SENTENCE IS KNOWN AS “ HYPOTHESIS SENTENCE “ WHEN IT FACT OR CONCEPT CAN BE TESTED WHEATHER IT IS CORECT OR WRONG

EXAMPLE : a) The bigger size of ice, the longer time needed to melt.b) If the volume of water increased, the the boiling time also

Increased

PRINCIPLE : SHOULD HAVE 2 VARIABLE; MANIPULATED (WHAT IS CHANGE) AND RESPONDING VARIABLE (WHAT TO MEASURE) THAT CAN BE RELATED WITH THE TREND.

EXAMPLE :MANIPULATED RESPONDING

The bigger size of ice the longer time to melt

If the volume of water increased the boiling time also Increased

IDENTIFY VARIABLE :

1) MANIPULATED VARIABLE / WHAT TO CHANGE- Things that is change to see the different result - Source that cause the different in experiment result.- Things that is change by the person who is making the

investigation

2) RESPONDING VARIABLE / WHAT TO OBSERVE/MEASURE- The result that been observe / get

3) FIX VARIABLE / WHAT KEEP THE SAME- Criteria that need to be fix or keep the same during the

Investigation

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EXAMPLE 1

Diagram show an investigation that carried out by a pupil. P and Q have the same size, shape and material. P and Q is blown with the same strength. P is the first one to be drop down.

(a) Based on the investigation, state :- ( Underline the correct answers )

i) Manipulated variable / What to change ( Shape of the object / Base of the object / Base area of the object / Length of the object / Stability of the object )

ii) Responding variable / What to measure/observe ( Stability of the object / Time for the object to drop down / The strength of the object )

iii) Fix variable / What to keep the same ( Shape of the object / Object base / Object base area /

Type of object / Lengh of the object )

(B) State hypothesis can be made on this investigation

The higher / wider / longer _______________________________________,

the longer / stronger / bigger_____________________________________

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EXAMPLE 2.

Figure 1 show an experiment carried out by a group of pupils..

Figure 1

Observation after a week..

1. Nail P rusted.

2. Nail Q and R not rust.

a) Based on this investigation, state :

i. Manipulated variable / What to change ? :-

Presence of water / Presence of air and water / Presence of air

. ii. Responding variable / What to observe ?:-

Shape of nail / size of nail / colour of nail / rusting of nail

iii. Constant variable / What to kept the same ?:-

. Type of nail / mass of nail / condition on nail / volume of water /

type of water

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3(a)

tapwater

Nail

oil

boiledpaper

string

nail

AnhydrousCalciumChloride

cork

b) What is the hypothesis can be made in this experiment?

Thick [ √] at the correct answer and[ X] at wrong answer

Answer Hypothesis

If the nail been expose to water, the nail will rust.

The more expose to water, the more rusting will be.

If the nail been expose to water and air, the nail will rust.

If the nail been expose to air, the nail will rust

The more expose to air, the more rusting will be.

Example 3

4. A group pupils carried out an investigation to investigate the total of

weight of eight paper

The results are shown.

Time(hour) Total of weight of eight paper / g

1 180

2 160

3 135

4 110

a) Based on this investigation, state :

i) Manipulated variable :_______________________________________

ii) Responding variable : _______________________________________

b) State hypothesis can be made on this investigation

The more ____________________________________________,

the less _____________________________________________

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Question

A group of pupils carried out an experiment to investigate the ability of sponge

to absorb water. The different size of sponge were put into the beaker which

contain the same volume of water.After two minutes the sponges were taken

out.

Figure 4

(a) State the following variable :

i ) Manipulated variable / What to change ?:

______________________________________________

ii ) Responding variable / What to measure ?:

_______________________________________________

(b) Suggest two hypothesis based on the result in Figure 4 .

1. _______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

2 _______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

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STATING THE AIM OR PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION CARRIED OUT. Stating the aim of investigation is to relate the relationship between

what to change ( manipulated variables )and what to observe/ what to measure (responding variables )

KEY WORDS FOR AIM/PURPOSE OF THE INVESTIGATION. To study the relationship between ________________________ ( what to change) And ______________________. ( what to observe /measure)

EXAMPLES : To study the relationship between size of ice ( what to change )and

time for ice melting (what to observe ).

To investigate the relationship between the distance of plants (what to change )and the products of plants obtained ( what to observe /measure )

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QUESTION 1.

1. Aiman and Amin carried out an investigation about the number of swings by

each pendulum P and S as shown in diagram below.

Pendulum Bob P S

Number of swings in 5 seconds 10 5

( a ) Tick (√ ) for the correct variables below.

( √) What to kept same (√ ) What to change (√ ) What to observe

Types of pendulumNumber of

pendulum

Number of

pendulum

Size of pendulum Length of pendulum The number of

swings

Number of

pendulum PendulumThe swings

Size of the string Height of pendulum The pendulum

Mass of pendulum The swingsThe swing of

pendulum

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( b ) What is the aim of the investigation ?

Tick ( √ ) for the correct answers or ( x ) for the false statements.

Tick √ or X Answers for aim of investigation

1. To investigate between number of pendulum and number of

swings of the pendulum.

2. To study the relationship between the number of pendulum

and number of swings in 5 seconds.

3. To study the relationship between the string of pendulum

and the swings .

4. To investigate the relationship between the length of

pendulums and the number of swings in 5 seconds.

5. To study the relationship between the length of pendulum

and the number of swings.

QUESTION 2.

The bar chart below shows an information of 450 grams of “ kurau” fish .

The fish was dried under the sun in a week.

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( a ) Underline

( i ) What is the Manipulated Variables.

( The mass of kurau fish / The time of drying )

( ii ) What is the Responding Variables .

( The mass of kurau fish / The time of drying )

( iii ) What ia the Constant Variables .

( Mass of kurau fish / Types of fish /The number of days /

The number of fishes)

(b) What is the aim of the investigation ?

To investigate _________________________ between

__-______________________ and ______________________.

QUESTION 3

The diagram below shows the comparison sizes of three different fruits.

Table 2 shows the result of the investigation.

Types of fruit Langsat Mangoesteen Durians

Time to ripe 5 days 7 days 11 days

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( a ) State 2 variables that must be collected during the investigation.

(b ) What is the aim of investigation that can relate the relationship

between the two variables that you have mentioned in ( a ) ?

An orange can be produce 6 ml of juice when squeezed and watermelon

can produce 15 ml of juice .

( c ) Based on the statement above , what is the aim of the investigation.

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MAKING CONCLUSION :

STATE A SENTENCE TO RELATE THE MANIPULATED VARIABLE

(WHAT TO CHANGE) AND THE RESPONDING VARIABLE

(WHAT TO OBSERVE)

CONCLUSION MUST COVERED ALL THE INFORMATION OR DATA

Examples : - The bigger the size of ice, the longer the time to the ice

melting.

- The biggest size of ice , cause the longest time for the

ice melting.

- The most/greatest number of flower is produced when

the temperature at 35 °C to 45°C.

QUESTION 1

In an experiment a pupil uses several thumbtacks and a magnet. The diagram

below shown the number of thumbtacks that can pulled by the magnet at the

different section.

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(a) Based on the above experiment, state the following variables:

[ Underline the correct answer ]

(i) Manipulated variable (what to change)

(Type of thumbtacks / Mass of thumbtack / Section of

Magnet / Type of magnet)

(ii) Responding variable (what to observe)

(Type of magnet / Number of thumbtacks / Strength attractive of

magnet / Number of thumbtacks that can be pulled)

(iii) Fixed/ Controlled variable (what kept the same)

(Section of magnet / Shape of thumbtack / Number of

thumbtacks that can be pulled / Type of thumbtack )

(b) What conclusion can be made from the experiment?

[ Tick √ for the correct answer and X for the wrong answer ]

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Conclusions Answer

1. The more to the end of the pole,, the more the

thumbtacks.

2. The more to the end of the pole, the increase the

number of thumbtacks that can pulled.

3. At the end of magnet, the more thumbtacks will be

pulled.

4. At the middle section of magnet, the number of

thumbtacks that can be pulled least.

5. At the poles section, the number of thumbtacks that can

be pulled the most.

6. The middle section of magnet , the least thumbtacks that

can be pulled.

(c) State a conclusion based on the above experiment.

[ Underline the correct answer ]

Answer :

The (most / least) number of thumbtacks that can be pulled at the

( end/ middle ) section of magnet.

Question 5

Planet Distance from the sun/ million km Time of revolution/ year

J 230 2

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K 780 12

L 1470 76

M 2870 84

N 4500 165

Table 2 shows the distance of planet J, K, L, M and N from the sun and the time

taken to make one complete revolution around the sun.

(a) State two variables in the investigation.

i. ____________________________________

ii. ____________________________________

(b) What conclusion can be made from the investigation based on Table 2?

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

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IDENTIFY TREND :

PREDICTING :-

PREDICTING IS A PROCESS OF FORECASTING EVENTS BASED ON OBSERVATIONS AND PREVIOUS EXPERIENCES OR CERTAIN PATTERN OF RELIABLE DATA.

QUESTION 1

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1. ) Trend : Increase / Ascending / Higher :- 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 35 °C, 46 °C, 58 °C, 69 °C, 82 °C, 95 °C

2. ) Trend : Decrease / Descending / Lower :- 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40 85 °C, 76 °C, 68 °C, 59 °C, 42 °C, 35 °C

3. ) Trend : Unchange / Constant / Same :- 10, 10, 10, 10 35 °C, 46 °C, 58 °C, 58 °C, 58 °C, 45 °C, 35°C

PlanetDistance from the Sun/million

kmDuration of

movement/year

J 230 2

K 780 12

L 1470 76

M 2870 84

N 4500 165

(a) The above table shows the distance of planet J, K, L, M and N from the Sun and the

duration of movement around the Sun.

(Tick √ for the correct answer and X for the wrong answer)

Answer Trend Remark

Increase

Decrease

Constant

Unchange

Ascending

Descending

Constant, Increase

Ascending, Descending

(a) An object takes eight years to make a complete movement around the Sun. Based from

the information in the above table, predict the location of the object.

(Tick √ for the correct answer and X for the wrong answer )

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Answer Prediction Remark

Between M and N

Between J and L

Between M and L

Between L and K

Between J and K

Between L and M

Between L and N

Between J and M

QUESTION 2

An investigation was carried by Fiza to find out the relationship between food resources

with numbers of consumers. The investigation involved caterpillars and sparrows in the school

garden. The study took four weeks.

The observation was recorded in the table below.

Week 1 2 3 4

Number of caterpillars 30 24 19 15

Number of sparrows 6 9 13 18

(a) What is the trend for number of sparrows?

( Tick √ for the correct answer and X for the wrong answer )

Answer Trend Remark

Increase

Decrease

Unchange

Ascending

Higher

Descending

Constant

(b) State the trend for number of caterpillars and number of sparrows.

Answer Trend for the caterpillars

Increase

Descending

Unchange

Increase

Higher

Become lower

Constant

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(c) Based on the answer in (b), compare the trend for number of caterillars with the trend for

number of sparrows.

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

(d) From the trend in (a), predict the number of sparrows on the 6th week.

Week 1 2 3 4 5 6

Number of sparrows 6 9 13 18 ?

Question 3

When eight tissue papers are moistened, their total weight is 200g. The tissue

papers are put to dry and their weights are recorded every hour. The result of the

investigation is recorded in the table below.

Time Total weight of eight tissue paper/g

1 hour 180

2 hour 160

3 hour 135

4 hour 110

(a) What is the trend of change in the total weight of the tissue papers during

the investigation?

__________________________________________________________

QUESTION 4

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The number of seeds grew out of 80 seeds in 20°C are 10,

in 25°C are 20, in 30°C are 40, in 35°C and 40°C are 70,

in 45°C are 10 and no seed grew in 50°C.

A group of pupils carried out an investigation on the growth of seeds

(a) Complete the table below.

Surrounding temperature /C Number of seeds grew

(b) State the trend of changes of the number of seeds germination.

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(Underline the correct trend in each box.)

(c)

Based on the answer in (b), what is the trend for the number of germinated seeds

when the temperature increae?

___________________________________________________________

(d) Predict the number of seeds that grow in 41°C.

(Tick √ for the correct answer and X for the wrong answer.)

QUESTION 5

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10 – 40 seeds 70 – 70 seeds 70 – 0 seeds

Increase / Decrease /

Unchange

Decrease / Increase /

Constant

Ascending /

Descending / Same

Descending /

Ascending /Constant

Increase / Unchange /

Decrease

Increase / Decrease

/Constant

Become higher /

Become lower /

Unchange

Same / Increase /

Decrease

Become lower /

Become higher /

Constant

Answer Prediction Remark

58

More than 40

Between 70 to 10

Less than 45

Diagram below shows an investigation carried out at a place in Pulau Pinang.

(a) What is the trend for the length of the shadow from morning to afternoon?

____________________________________________________

(b) Predict the length of the shadow at 6.00 o’clock in the afternoon.

____________________________________________________

(c) Predict the direction of the shadow at 9.30 in the morning.

____________________________________________________

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