Continuous Severe Plastic Deformation of Low‐Carbon Steel ...

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Continuous Severe Plastic Deformation of Low-CarbonSteel Physical-Mechanical Properties and Multi-Scale

Structure AnalysisAnatoliy Zavdoveev Thierry Baudin Elena Pashinska Hyoung Seop Kim

Francois Brisset Mark Heaton Valeriy Poznyakov Massimo Rogante ViktorTkachenko Ilya Klochkov et al

To cite this versionAnatoliy Zavdoveev Thierry Baudin Elena Pashinska Hyoung Seop Kim Francois Brisset etal Continuous Severe Plastic Deformation of Low-Carbon Steel Physical-Mechanical Propertiesand Multi-Scale Structure Analysis Steel Research International Wiley 2021 92 (3) pp2000482101002srin202000482 hal-03017285v2

This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting typesetting pagination and proofreading process which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record Please cite this article as doi 101002srin202000482

This article is protected by copyright All rights reserved

Continuous severe plastic deformation of low-carbon steel physical-mechanical properties and multi-scale structure analysis

A Zavdoveev1 T Baudin2 E Pashinska3 HS Kim4 F Brisset2 M Heaton5

V Poznyakov1 M Rogante6 V Tkachenko3 I Klochkov1 M Skoryk7

1 Paton Electric Welding Institute of NAS of Ukraine Bozhenko n 11 03680 Kiev Ukraine avzavdoveevgmailcom

2Universiteacute Paris-Saclay CNRS Institut de chimie moleacuteculaire et des mateacuteriaux dOrsay 91405 Orsay France thierrybaudinuniversite-paris-saclayfr

3 Donetsk Institute for Physics and Engineering named after AA Galkin of the NAS of Ukraine Prospect

Nauky 46 Kyiv Ukraine 03028 4 Pohang University of Science and Technology Department of Materials Science and Engineering

(POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Korea hskimpostechackr 5 ANT Advanced Nano Technology Nandor Rd Park West business park Dublin

markheatonantsltdcom 6 Rogante Engineering Office Contrada San Michele n61 62012 Civitanova Marche Italy

mainroganteengineeringit 7 G V Kurdyumov Institute of Metal Physics of the NAS of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine mykolaskorgmailcom

Abstract

A successful attempt to incorporate the advantages of severe plastic deformation (SPD) methods in

the continuous drawing process for low-carbon steel is demonstrated The structural features are considered

on different scale levels using a wide range of methods While combining shear deformation which parallels

the basis of SPD with the conventional scheme the cyclic process of grain refinement could be reached As

a result the plasticity becomes enhanced At the same time an important characteristic such as residual

stress also has a positive influence on manufacturability particularly the existence of the compression stress

after shear deformation The peculiarity of the structure affects the behavior of both mechanical and physical

properties (like density plasticity) The application of drawing with shear (DSh) technology as based on SPD

principles the mechanical softening effect is observed as is the healing of micro-voids Such positive

affection gives the opportunity to increase the effectiveness of drawing technology through controlling

plasticity (ductility) Additionally it is considered exhaustion of the plasticity resource (EPR) It is shown that

in the case of multi pass deformation there is a parabolic dependence of the EPR measurement and

minimum damage is achieved using a specific combination of partial reductions

Keywords continuous severe plastic deformation drawing low-carbon steel structure properties

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ePaton Electric Welding Institute of NAS

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Universiteacute Paris

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eUniversiteacute Paris-

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e-Saclay CNRS Institut de chimie

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eSaclay CNRS Institut de chimie

Donetsk Institute for Physics and Engineering named after AA Galkin of the NAS of Ukraine Prospect

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eDonetsk Institute for Physics and Engineering named after AA Galkin of the NAS of Ukraine Prospect

Pohang University of Science and Technology Department of Materials Science and Engineering

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5

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5 ANT Advanced Nano Technology Nandor Rd Park West business park Dublin

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ANT Advanced Nano Technology Nandor Rd Park West business park Dublin

Rogante

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Rogante Engineering Office Contrada San Michele n61 62012 Civitanova Marche Italy

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Engineering Office Contrada San Michele n61 62012 Civitanova Marche Italy

G V Kurdyumov Institute of Metal Physics of the NAS of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine mykolaskorgmailcom

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A successful attempt to incorporate

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the continuous drawing process for low

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on different scale levels using a wide range of methods While combining shear deform

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e



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e



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stress also has a po

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sitive influence on manufacturability particularly the existence of the compression stress


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properties (like density

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properties (like density plasticity

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plasticity

principles the mechanical softening effect is observed as is the healing of micro

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affection gives the opportunity to increase the effectiveness of drawing technology

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plasticity (ductility) Additionally it is considered exhaustion of the plasticity resource (EPR) It is shown that Acc

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in the case of multi pass deformation there is a parabolic dependence of the EPR measurement and Acc

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minimum damage is aAcc

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minimum damage is achieved using a specific combination of partial reductions Acc

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chieved using a specific combination of partial reductions

2 This article is protected by copyright All rights reserved

1 Introduction

Drawing is one of the most widespread methods of metal forming processes [1ndash3]

and welding wire is used in lots of construction and production processes Thus the

technology of wire manufacturing is very important Notably partial reduction [4] during

wire drawing in the mean of exhausting of plasticity resources is essential Good optimal

reduction choice is a very important step in developing the effective manufacturing

technology of drawing When the plasticity resource is exhausted during the drawing

process [4] the wire starts breaking and the whole process is stopped Then additional

softening annealing is needed The main aim of this procedure is to heal microvoids and

eliminate strain hardening However this is a very expensive procedure In addition there

is a need to enhance the performance characteristics of drawn steel for a minimum

number of intermediate softening annealing steps [5] Severe plastic deformation (SPD)

methods are able to solve these tasks

Today SPD enables the obtaining ultrafine-grained (UFG) structure in almost any

material [6ndash9] These materials possess unique and complex mechanical properties such

as a combination of high strength and plasticity [71011] The main features of the SPD

[12] is an accumulation of a high degree of strain This is possible due to the shape of the

billet that remains unchanged from pass to pass (ie Brigman anvils equal channel

angular pressing twist extrusion) During these metal forming processes the dominant

deformation scheme is simple shear This peculiarity of SPD methods was at the basis of

the continuous process design [13] While manufacturing wire with SPD methods one of

the limitations is that it occurs in a continuous drawing scheme A typical volume of

manufacturing is calculated in terms of tens of thousands of kilometers and in tons

Therefore when incorporating SPD into the drawing process special dies should be used

without decreasing the process efficiency

There is much research aimed at SPD methods of application in drawing [14ndash18]

The simplest in terms of implementation is the method described in [14] Authors consider

the use of reverse bending on cold drawn fittings without additional heating The main

advantages of this method are its continuity and its ability to be used to produce long

products with enhanced mechanical properties Another SPD method for producing long

products combined with drawing is described in [15] Its main advantage is the continuity

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etechnology of wire manufacturing is very important Notably partial reduction

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wire drawing in the

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ewire drawing in the

reduction choice is a very important step in developing the effective manufactur

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ereduction choice is a very important step in developing the effective manufactur

technology of drawing When the plasticity resource is exhausted during

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etechnology of drawing When the plasticity resource is exhausted during

[4]

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e[4] the wire star

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e the wire star


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e



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is a need to e

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nhance the performance characteristics of drawn steel for a minimum

number of intermediate softening annealing steps

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e



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Today SPD enables the obtaining ultrafine

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[6

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[6ndash

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e

ndash9]

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e

9]

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e

These materials possess unique and complex mechanical properties such

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e


combination of high strength and plasticity

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e


s an accumulation of a high degree of strain This is possible due to the shape of the

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e


billet that remains unchanged from pass to pass (ie

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e


angular pressing twist extrusion) During these metal forming processes the domin

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e



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the continuous process design

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e



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e


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e


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refore when incorporating SPD into the drawing process special dies should be used Acc

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e

refore when incorporating SPD into the drawing process special dies should be used

without decreasing the process efficiency Acc

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e


There is much research aimed

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of the process and the possibility to apply it for drawing mass production The

disadvantage of this method is the process complexity during drawing as it uses a complex

technical assembly which needs to be dismantled and reassembled when changing the

dies In Ref [16] it is shown that the most effective SPD technique is to bend the wire

during the drawing This can be achieved for example by changing the location of dies

relative to the drawing axis The main disadvantages of such to this scheme are low speed

(005 ms) the difficulty of filling wire into the die before each new drawing and the

complex system of the die unit which can significantly reduce the drawing efficiency if it

breaks These methods show that the change of metal flow is relative to the axis during

drawing and leads to positive effects on the structure and properties However some of

them showed conflicting information about the change in the mechanical properties of

obtained wire [14]

It is of great importance to consider the factors that affect the efficiency of drawing

while developing a technology based on the SPD process (continuous SPD) These

include the speed of wire passage through the die the required number of passes and the

manner of dies combination Optimization of these parameters will allow creating a steel

wire drawing technology with a particular required efficiency and manufacturability

Significant improvements in efficiency could be reached with the elimination of

intermediate annealing For this the enhanced plasticity resource (PR) is needed

Measuring damage to the physical density includes a lot of constituents These features

should be studied from microstructure to properties at each stage Thus the purposes of

this article are 1) to study the effect of drawing with shear both on the microstructure and

on the mechanical properties of low-carbon steel with various combinations of standard

round dies and dies with shear and 2) to create a new technology of drawing with the

shear of low-carbon wire which will eliminate intermediate annealing

2 Methodology

The studied material is a commercial low-carbon steel (008 C 187 Mn 082 Si

002 S 0022 P wt - grade G3Si1 most widespread welding wire)

21 Deformation scheme

The drawing with shear (DSh) was carried out by using a specially designed set of dies

which promoted the ldquotwist character of the material flow A schematic sketch of the twist

die channel is shown in Figure 1 To estimate the equivalent true strain during drawing

with shear a simplified relation in the form of the equation below was used as in [19]

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e(005 ms) the difficulty of filling wire into the die before each new drawingA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle(005 ms) the difficulty of filling wire into the die before each new drawing


Acc

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ecomplex system of the die unit which can significantly reduce the drawing efficiency if it

breaks These methods show that the change of

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ebreaks These methods show that the change of


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edrawing and leads to positive effects on the structure and properties However some of


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ethem showed conflicting information about the change in the mechanical properties of

obtained wire

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obtained wire [14]

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[14]

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while developing

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while developing a

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a

include the speed of wire passage through the die the required

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Significant improvements in efficiency could be reached

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intermediate annealing For this the enhanced plast

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should be studied from microstructure to properties at each s

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on the mechanical properties of low

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round dies and dies with shear and 2) to create

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shear of low

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shear of low-

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-carbon wire which will eliminate intermediate annealing

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carbon wire which will eliminate intermediate annealing

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MethodologyAcc

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Methodology

The studied material Acc

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The studied material

002 S 0022 P wtAcc

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002 S 0022 P wt


119890 = 2 ∙ ln + ()

radic (211)

Fig1 Schematic illustration of the shear dies channel (a) - sketch (b c) ndash 3D model

Equivalent strain distribution (Finite Element Method (FEM) modeling) for a cross-section

for drawing (d) and DSh (e)

where d0 and d are the wire diameters before and after drawing respectively and tan() is

the tangent of the angle of the twist line slope (25 or 044 rad) as defined in Figure 1 a In

this equation the first term is the normal drawing strain and the second represents the

ldquotwist component of strain [20] Based on the above equation the material underwent

025 of ldquotwist strain in each drawing pass However it should be emphasized that these

d) e)

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e

Schematic illustration of the shear dies channel (a)

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quivalent strain distribution Acc

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quivalent strain distribution

and d are the wire diameters before and after drawing respectivelyAcc

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ccep

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d)

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d)


two strain components have completely different natures and thus Eq (211) is

oversimplified

To show the effect of such die geometry finite element method simulations of

deformation during DSh were conducted with the aid of Deform-3D software permitting

three-dimensional analysis Design model of DSh die is shown in Figure 1 The die was

modeled with rigid elements while 50000 tetrahedral elements were employed for the

samples and the adaptive meshing was used to accommodate large strains during

simulations [2122] Friction between the samples and the matrix walls was expressed

according to the Zibelrsquos law [23] τ = μσy where σy - yield stress μ ndash friction coefficient (μ

= 01) Equivalent strain distribution for a cross-section for drawing and DSh die is shown

in Figure 1 d and e respectively The isostrain contours form closed loops around the

Centre of the cross-section

22 Optimal reduction for drawing

Considering the problem of choosing optimal reduction we should take into account

that during plastic deformation all kinds of damage occur and accumulate in the material

Damaging is a quantitative measure of the microfracture of material during deformation

The latter immediately precedes macro-destruction In accordance with the principle of

macroscopic definability it is believed that the value of damage is uniquely determined by

the loading process and is presented as a certain function from this process The criterion

of macroscopic destruction is written as a condition when a measure of damage reaches a

critical value

It is accepted that the increment of damage is proportional to the increment of the

degree of shear strain d [4]

119889120576 = 120572 lowast 119889120556 (221)

where is a proportionality factor determining the intensity of accumulation and

development of microcracks

Moreover it is assumed [4] that the formation of a macroscopic crack occurs when

the damage reaches a critical value кр The degree of shear deformation that the

representative volume of the metal has undergone by the time it reaches the ultimate

damage is called ductility and denote р Assuming that the parameter is constant for a

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esamples and the adaptive meshing was used to accommodate large strains during A

ccep

ted

Arti

clesamples and the adaptive meshing was used to accommodate large strains during

simulations

Acc

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esimulations [2122]

Acc

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e[2122] Friction between the samples and the matrix walls was expressed

Acc

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e Friction between the samples and the matrix walls was expressed

according to the Zibelrsquos law

Acc

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eaccording to the Zibelrsquos law

= 01) Equivalent strain distribution for a cross

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e= 01) Equivalent strain distribution for a cross

ure

Acc

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rticl

eure 1

Acc

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e1

Acc

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d A

rticl

e d

Acc

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ed and

Acc

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eand e

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ee

Centre of the cross

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Centre of the cross-

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-section

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section

22

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22

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Optimal reduction for drawing

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Acc

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that during plastic deformation all kinds of damage occur and

Acc

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e



Acc

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e


The latter immediately precedes macro

Acc

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macroscopic definability it is believed that the val

Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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critical value

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critical value

It is accepted that t

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degree of shear strain

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e


h Acc

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d A

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here Acc

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e

ere Acc

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d A

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e

is a Acc

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d A

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e

is a


given metal from equation (221) it becomes кр=р Dividing the equation (221) at the

last ratio gives

p

dd

(222)

where kp

dd and is called the degree of exhaustion of the resource of

plasticity

From equation (222) it follows that

t

p

Hdt

0

(223)

where dHdt and H is the shear strain rate intensity

Then the condition of deformation without fracture becomes

10

t

p

Hdt (224)

with the condition of destruction

10

t

p

Hdt (225)

The results of the study of plasticity under proportional loading with sufficient

accuracy for practice can be represented by parametric dependences reflecting the

relationship of the ultimate degree of shear strain р with stress indicator T

( is the

hydrostatic stress and the tensile stress intensity)

The most important application of the theory of deformability is not the prediction of

the fracture moment according to criterion (225) but the assessment of metal damage by

determining the value This allows us to predict the quality indicators of workpieces and

products associated with damage and to correctly set up the modes of recovery

annealing To this end the theory of deformability has developed ideas about the effect of

annealing on the value of exhaustion of the plasticity resource [24]

It was noted above that energetically micro-discontinuities can be either unstable or

stable The former can be cured during recovery annealing the latter cannot This

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eplasticity

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eplasticity

From

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eFrom equation

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eequation

h

Acc

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here

Acc

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d A

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e

ere

Acc

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d A

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e

d

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e

dHdt

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e

Hdt

The

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e

Then the

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n the condition of deformation without fracture

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condition of deformation without fracture

with

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with the

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the condition of destruction

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condition of destruction


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Acc

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Acc

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relationship of the ultimate degree of shear strain

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hydrostatic stress

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hydrostatic stress and

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and


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e


Acc

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e

the fracture moment according to criterion (Acc

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the fracture moment according to criterion (

determining the value Acc

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determining the value


circumstance leads to the fact that there are some critical values of above which the

annealing efficiency changes At through annealing it is possible to completely

heal micro-discontinuities and restore the intact metal structure At only partial

repair of the damage is possible The value depends on the metal deformability its

characteristic range of change is 4020 [4] There is a second critical value after

which there is a sharp decrease in the recovery of plasticity resource When is

reached untreated micropores begin to appear then after (05-07) [4] untreated

microcracks appear

The simplest version of the deformability theory for calculating the exhaustion of the

plasticity resource is the drawing of steel wire The dependence approximating the

experimental curve is

)111exp(Tp

(227)

Were ldquo-111rdquo is experimental constant and when drawing indicator T

varies

along the deformation zone and is a first approximation it can be expressed by the

following equation

151ln)1(731 0 ffctgmT (228)

where m is the friction coefficient the half-angle of the die cone f0 the wire area

before drawing and f is the current sectional area of the deformation zone

Equation (228) shows that value T

during drawing is changed along deformation

zone from 1510

T at the entrance ( 0ff ) to 151ln)1(731

1

01

ffctgmT at

the exit from the deformation zone ( 1ff where 1f is the sectional area of the wire after

drawing)

The magnitude of the increment of shear deformation during drawing in a first

approximation can be specified by the following relation

fdfd (229)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

ewhich there is a sharp decrease in the recovery of plasticity resource When A

ccep

ted

Arti

clewhich there is a sharp decrease in the recovery of plasticity resource When

untreated micropores begin to appear then after

Acc

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d A

rticl

euntreated micropores begin to appear then after

microcracks appe

Acc

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d A

rticl

emicrocracks appear

Acc

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d A

rticl

ear

Acc

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d A

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e


Acc

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d A

rticl

eThe simplest version of the deformability theory for calculating the exhaustion of the


Acc

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e



Acc

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d A

rticl

e


Were ldquo

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d A

rticl

e

Were ldquo-

Acc

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d A

rticl

e

-111rdquo is

Acc

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d A

rticl

e

111rdquo is

along the

Acc

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d A

rticl

e

along the deformation zone

Acc

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d A

rticl

e

deformation zone

following equation

Acc

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d A

rticl

e

following equation

Acc

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d A

rticl

e

where m is the friction coefficient

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


before drawing and

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

before drawing and

Equation (

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Equation (22

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

22

zone from

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

zone from

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

1

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

10

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

00

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

0

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

T

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

T

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

the exit from the deformation zone (Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

the exit from the deformation zone (

drawing) Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

drawing)


Substituting relations (227) - (229) into expression (223) the following

expression is obtained for the value of the exhaustion of the plasticity resource when

passing through the draw

ctgm

ctgm

112520

)1(921

(2210)

where 1

0

ff

the draw ratio

Passing to the single reduction and taking into account that

1

1 the

exhaustion of plasticity resource can be calculated with the next formula

ctgm

ctgm

1

11

1

2520

)1(921

(2211)

This equation (2211) can also be used to determine the exhaustion of the plasticity

resource in multi-pass drawing

Using this formula one can estimate the value of single area reduction after which it

is still possible to restore the damaged metal structure by annealing and it becomes

possible to prescribe annealing rationally The simple model we developed allows us to

study the effect of deformation fractionality on the depletion of the plasticity resource

Suppose you need to get some total reduction in two passes The dependence of the

total exhaustion of the plasticity resource is independence from partial reduction The

value is estimated by the formula valid for monotonic deformation

21 (2212)

where 1 and 2 are the exhaustion of the plasticity resource for the first and second

transitions respectively It is easy to show that

1112

(2213)

where 1 and 2 are the reductions for the first and second pass respectively

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

ewhere A

ccep

ted

Arti

clewhere

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e 1A

ccep

ted

Arti

cle 10

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e 0fA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle f1f1

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e 1f1

fA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle f0f0

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e 0f0A

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Passing to the single reduction

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

ePassing to the single reduction

exhaustion of plasticity resource

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eexhaustion of plasticity resource

This equation

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

This equation (

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

(

resource in multi

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

resource in multi-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

-pass drawing

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

pass drawing

Using this formula one can estimate the value of single

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

is still possible to restore the damaged metal structure by annealing

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


possible to prescribe annealing rationally

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Suppose you need to get some total reduction

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


total exhaustion of the plasticity resource

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


is

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

is estimate

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

estimate

1

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

1 and

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

and 2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

are

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

are

transitions Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

transitions respectivelyAcc

epte

d A

rticl

e

respectively


Fig 2 - Dependence of the total exhaustion of the plasticity resource (EPR) [4] on

compression during the first pass ( =04 =80 m=005) calculated by the formula

(2211)

Figure 2 shows that redistributing the strain along the transitions can significantly

reduce the value of exhaustion of the plasticity resource Based on the results in (Figure 2)

and eq 2213 at = 04 the most preferred reduction redistribution is 1 = 023 and 2

= 022 (according to eq 2213) In this case almost all the damage accumulated by the

metal can be healed by means of regenerative annealing ( 350 ) while with a

single reduction of 40 this cannot be done ( 520 = 035)

Thus during the first reduction it is more grounded to use 23 of area reduction in

the case of conventional drawing Based on these results the following scheme of the

experiment was chosen (Figure 3) The 1st step is drawing from the round die (557mm) to

shear die (23 area reduction) while the 2nd step was subdivided into 3 different substeps

of classical drawing after shear drawing

i - drawing die to 93 reduction

ii - drawing die to 166 reduction

iii- drawing die to 232 reduction

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Fig 2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

2 -

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

- Dependence of the total exhaustion of the plasticity resource

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Dependence of the total exhaustion of the plasticity resource

compression during the first pass (

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Figure

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ure 2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

2 shows that redistributing the strain along the transitions can significantly

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

shows that redistributing the strain along the transitions can significantly

reduce the value of exhaustion of the plasticity resource

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


and eq 2213 a

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

and eq 2213 at

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

t

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

(according to eq 2213)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


metal can be healed by means of regenerative annealing (

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

single reduction of 40 this cannot be done (

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


the case of conventional drawing Based on these results

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


experiment was chosen (

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

shear die (23 area reduction) while the 2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


of classical drawing after shear drawingAcc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e

drawing die to 93 reductionAcc

epte

d A

rticl

e

drawing die to 93 reduction


Fig 3 ndash Scheme of drawing for a model experiment Percentage shows the reduction

degree

23 Physical-mechanical properties

The mechanical properties namely the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and plasticity

( for the investigated steels were determined from the static tensile test (3 for each

measurement) at ambient temperature To characterize the metalrsquos structural imperfection

the material density that is a physical property of the material was measured by

hydrostatic weighing using the weighing scales AX-200 by Shimadzu 10 mm-long

samples of each diameter were measured six times each The relative error using this

method is 0003gcm3 Such accuracy allows us to detect micro-imperfections The

maximum change in density by increasing dislocation and vacancy densities is 01

(0007gcm3) [13] To establish the effect of drawing strain on material strength a Vickers

microhardness test was done by applying a load of 200g for 10s At least 10

measurements were made to obtain an average value

24 Residual stress estimation with SANS

The assessment of the residual stress (RS) state is fundamental to adequately improve

knowledge of the effect of intense plastic deformation on metal Despite the significant

amount of data available concerning the constitutive steels of wires such as those relating

to resistance and plasticity further investigations at an advanced level are necessary for

deeper knowledge The final products in fact can present a micro and nano-structural

configuration and a tension distribution still susceptible to improvement Thus an

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e3 ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

endash Scheme of drawing for a model experiment Percentage show

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eScheme of drawing for a model experiment Percentage show

Physical

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Physical

The mechanical properties

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


for the investigated steels were determined from the static tensile test (3 for each

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


the material densi

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ty that is a physical property of the material was measured by

hydrostatic weighing using the weighing scales AX

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


method is 0003gcm

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

method is 0003gcm


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


(0007gcm

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

(0007gcm3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

3)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

[13]

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

[13] To establish the effect of drawing strain on material strength a Vickers

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

To establish the effect of drawing strain on material strength a Vickers


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Residual stress estimation with Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Residual stress estimation with

The assessment of the residual stress (RS) state is fundamental to adequately improve Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



appropriate in-depth investigation aimed at their improvement is essential [2526] TKSN-

400 facility of CANAM NPL infrastructure was used by the Rogante Engineering Office

(REO) to analyze the considered wire samples carrying out RS measurement by neutron

diffraction (ND) [27] The samples were positioned for measurement of the axial and radial

components of the strain Due to the size of the samples the measurement was carried

out only in the center of the wires The peak positions and their widths were determined by

fitting a Gaussian curve to the measured (310) peak of each sample From the 2θ peak

positions the strains were calculated by using Eq 241

120576 =

= ∆

= minus119888119900119905120579∆120579 (241)

obtained by differentiating d in Eq 242 (Bragg law) with respect to θ

2119889119904119894119899120579 = 120582 (242)

RS was evaluated from the measured strains by using Eq 243

120590 = ()() [(1 minus 120584)119864 + 120584(119864 + 119864)] (243)

For stress calculation from the measured strains it was supposed that in the wirersquos center

the hoop strain is equal to the radial strain Using this assumption the radial and axial

stresses were calculated using the procedure described in [28]

25 Microstructural observations

Microstructural observations were performed using optical microscopy and electron

backscatter diffraction (EBSD) As regards to optical microscopy specimens were

mechanically polished following convention (SiC and diamond) and finally chemically

etched with a 4 Nital solution The quantitative estimation of the grain size and its

fragments was made in both transversal and longitudinal directions and 100

measurements were made on every micrograph

For EBSD the final surface was prepared by electro-polishing in a 65

orthophosphoric acid + 15 sulphuric acid + 6 chromic anhydride + 14 water solution

[29] The important electro-polishing parameters were temperature 70-90oC anodic

current density 1 Аcm2 voltage 23 V and exposure 19s

EBSD analysis was conducted using a Zeiss SUPRA 55 VP scanning-electron

microscope (FEG-SEM) operating at 20 kV The EBSD data acquisition and analysis were

undertaken using the EDAX-TSL Orientation Imaging Microscopy OIMTM software The

scanned areas were of 100 times 100 μm 2 with a 01 μm step size To improve the readability

of the EBSD data maps were ldquocleanedrdquo using standard clean-up options (Grain

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

efitting a Gaussian curve to the measured (310) peak of each sample From the A

ccep

ted

Arti

clefitting a Gaussian curve to the measured (310) peak of each sample From the


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

epositions the strains were calculated by using Eq 241

obtained by differentiating

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eobtained by differentiating

evaluated from the measured strains by using Eq 243

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


120590

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

120590

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

120590120590

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

120590120590


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


stresses were calculated using the procedure described in

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Microstructural observations

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


etched wi

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

etched wi

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

th a 4 Nital solution The quantitative estimation of the grain size and its

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


For EBSD the final surface was prepared by electro

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

orthophosphoric acid + 15 sulphuric acid + 6 chromic anhydride + 14 water solution Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


The important electAcc

epte

d A

rticl

e

The important elect

current density 1 АcmAcc

epte

d A

rticl

e

current density 1 Аcm


dilationone step and Grain CI standardization) In addition all points with a confidence

index (CI) lower than 01 were excluded from the analysis (where CI quantifies the

reliability of the indexed pattern) Moreover to eliminate spurious boundaries caused by

orientation noise a lower-limit boundary-misorientation cut-off of 2o was used Finally a

15 criterion was chosen to differentiate low-angle boundaries (LABs) and high-angle

boundaries (HABs)

26 X-Ray thin structure characterization

To analyze the atomic structures of long-range and mesoscopic orders diffraction

graphs of the samples were captured using the Cr-Kα-emission A V-filtering photographic

technique sensitive to diffusive coherent and incoherent scattering of X-ray beams was

used This allows analyzing details of structural changes on the atomic order when

working with SPD metals [30]

3 Results and discussion 31 Physical-mechanical properties of low-carbon steel after drawing with shear

The first step in the development of continuous severe plastic deformation (CSPD)

technique was the implementation of shear die in the conventional drawing process As

was shown above the first area reduction was chosen equal to 23 Such partial

reduction provides less accumulation of damage The present study has shown that at this

reduction of die with shear the strength of wire (UTS) increases from 1210 (initial state) to

1280 MPa (Figure 4) In other words the die with shear at high reduction degree (23)

results in less strain hardening of the wire compared to conventional drawing This is

unusual because often the increase in the reduction degree (compression) must lead to a

greater increase in strength [31] Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eX

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eX-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e-Ray

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eRay thin structure

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e thin structure

To analyze the atomic structure

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eTo analyze the atomic structure

of the

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eof the samples

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

esamples

technique

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

etechnique

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e sensitive to diffusive coherent and incoherent scattering of X

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

esensitive to diffusive coherent and incoherent scattering of X

This

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

This allows analyzing details of structural

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

allows analyzing details of structural

working with SPD metals

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Results

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Results and discussion

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

and discussion31 Physical

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

31 Physical

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

-shear

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

shear


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


on provides less accumulation of damage

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


1280 MPa (Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

1280 MPa (Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ure

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ure 4

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

4


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


unusual because often the increase

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


greater in Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

greater increase in strengthAcc

epte

d A

rticl

e

crease in strength


Fig 4 ndash Mechanical properties of the wire at the initial state (1) and after a reduction of

23 during the transition from a circle (1) to a shear die (2) left scale ndash ultimate tensile

strength (UTS) right scale ndash ductility

Furthermore the plastic properties are increasing in-line with the increase of reduction

degree This is a phenomenon which is not typical in traditional drawing Indeed ductility

increases significantly with increasing the reduction degree of shear die (Figure 4) This is

beneficial for the development of continuous SPD technology because ductility is the most

important item of the manufacturability

With the aim to demonstrate the behavior of the low-carbon steel properties data for

conventional drawing (Figure 4) is shown Here in conventional drawing the traditional

curve evolution of UTS (increase) and density (decrease) is observed and the total EPR is

equal to 292 if the area reduction at one time is equal to 624 However using partial

reduction with 4 passes it is only accumulated 0749 total EPR

Next to shear die the conventional round die is applied And here with the purpose of

showing an effect of partial area reduction a set of round dies was used (Figure 3) In this

case a set of the EPR measurements varies from 043 (93 area reduction on the 2nd

pass) to 035 (232 area reduction on the 2nd pass) It is evidential that based on section

22 calculating for the last case is preferable from the point of damage accumulation The

further behavior of the mechanical properties while drawing with shear is shown in Figure

1 2 1

2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

4

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

4 ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ndash Mechanical properties of the wire at

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Mechanical properties of the wire at

during the transition from a circle

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


strength (UTS)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

strength (UTS) right

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

right

Furthermore the plastic properties are increasing in

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


increases significantly with increasing the reduction degree of shear die (Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


beneficial for the development of continuous SPD technology because ductility is

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


With the aim to demonstrate t

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


conventional drawing (Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


equal to 292 if the ar

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


reduction with 4 passes it is only accumulated 0749 total EPRAcc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e

Next to shear die the conventional round die is applied And here with the purpose Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e


5 As can be seen with the increase of the reduction degree the strength properties tend

to decrease Such behavior can be described with the Bauschinger effect and reversed

loading at transition from shear to round die leads to making plastic flow easier However

the results of the mechanical tests do not give us a complete picture of the processes

occurring during the drawing with shear

a b

Fig 5 Diagrams of property changes in the wire at different degrees of reduction using

die with shear (oslash465 sh ndashshear die) and round dies а ndash UTS b ndash Density 1-initial state

2 ndash shear die 3 ndash DSh+93 reduction 4 ndash DSh+166 reduction 5 - 233 reduction

Investigations on density measurements showed that while drawing through the die

with shear the density changes in the range of error limits (Figure 5b) In the subsequent

reduction with a round die of 93 wire density increases compared to the density after

drawing with shear Further increase in the reduction when using round dies does not lead

to the classical picture of the density decreasing with the increase in the partial reduction

The wire density is also in the range of error limits An exception is the change of the

density after shear dies with a reduction degree of 23 This means that changing the

shear die to the round leads to the healing of the pores [32] by changing the direction of

the metal flow Healing pores improves damage measures and thus increases the

plasticity resource This phenomenon is an additional favorable factor for increasing

technological plasticity while drawing with shear Based on the data density and strength

properties it can be concluded that the combination of the dies with a reduction in 23

yields to the optimal combination of technological properties

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

5

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

5 Diagrams of property changes in the wire at different degrees of reduction using

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Diagrams of property changes in the wire at different degrees of reduction using

die with shear (oslash465 sh

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


shear die 3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

shear die 3 ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ndash DSh+93 reduction 4

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

DSh+93 reduction 4


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


with shear the density

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


reduction with

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

reduction with a

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

a round die of 93 wire density increases compared to the density after

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

round die of 93 wire density increases compared to the density after

drawing with shear Further increase

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


classical picture of the density decreasing with the increas

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


density after shear dies with a reduction degree of 23 This means that changAcc

epte

d A

rticl

e

density after shear dies with a reduction degree of 23 This means that chang

shear die to the round leads to the healing of the pores Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

shear die to the round leads to the healing of the pores

the metal flow Healing pores improves damage measures and thus increases the Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e


The microhardness behavior also has certain features as well as at first step of DSh

and on the second step of conventional drawing (Figure 6) From the homogeneity point

the drawing with shear has less explicit anisotropy of microhardness (Figure 6a) The

difference of microhardness between longitudinal and transversal sections is equal to 160

MPa (drawing with shear) versus 204 MPa (initial state) After the first ldquoshearrdquo stage at the

cross-section of the wire the shape of the microhardness distribution looks like a ldquoboat-

shaperdquo (Figure 6b) Further conventional drawing leads to flattening this profile This is

also unusual for a pure drawing scheme as it is commonly known that ldquoVrdquo like distribution

of microhardness is attributed to twistingrevolution deformation scheme [33] The ldquoboat-

shapedrdquo microhardness distribution could be an additional proof of the twist-like flow of the

metal

Fig 6 Microhardness distribution of studied samples anisotropy of microhardness

at shear drawing (a) distribution of microhardness in cross-section (bc)

32 Effect of drawing with shear on residual stress in low-carbon steel wire

In some preliminary ND tests carried out each wire sample was placed with its

longitudinal axis in a vertical position and a 2 mm wide slit and a hole having a diameter of

3 mm were used respectively for the incident and the diffracted beam [27] Concerning the

successive full ND measurements figure 8 shows eg the measured (310) peaks for the

radial direction related to two wire samples Figure 7 ab report the resulting axial and

radial RS for all samples

For shear deformation the shear produces a large increase of axial RS (about 200

MPa in compression) which significantly decreases after drawing deformations These

subsequent deformations even lead to the appearance of tensile axial RS Shear

deformation also causes some compressive radial RS in the range of 50divide60MPa After

drawing deformation then the RS radial component decreases and becomes gradually

a) b) c)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eFA

ccep

ted

Arti

cleFig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eigureA

ccep

ted

Arti

cleure 6

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e6b) Further conventional drawing leads to flattening this profile This is A

ccep

ted

Arti

cleb) Further conventional drawing leads to flattening this profile This is


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

ealso unusual for a pure drawing scheme as it is commonly known that ldquoVrdquo like distribution

of microhardness

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eof microhardness is

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eis

shapedrdquo microhardness distribution could be an additional proof of the twist

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eshapedrdquo microhardness distribution could be an additional proof of the twist

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Fig 6

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

6 Microhardness distribution of studied samples

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Microhardness distribution of studied samples

at shear drawing (a) distribution of

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


32

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

32 Effect of drawing with

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Effect of drawing with

In some preliminary ND tests carried out e

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

longitudinal axis in

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

longitudinal axis in a

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

a

3 mm were used respectively for the incident and the diffracted beam

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


successive full ND measurements figure 8 sh

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


radial direction related to two wire samplesAcc

epte

d A

rticl

e

radial direction related to two wire samples

radial RS for all samplesAcc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

a)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

a)


tensile (figure7 cd) Further development of the stresses with increasing drawing

deformation has no clear trend FWHM of the measured ND peaks 310 were also

evaluated

Fig 7 Measured 310 peaks for the axial and radial direction (ab) Resulting axial RS (c)

and radial RS (d) FWHM of the measured ND peaks (310) for the axial (e) and radial (f)

1-initial state 2 ndash shear die 3 ndash DSh+93 reduction 4 ndash DSh+166 reduction 5 -

233 reduction

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle


Figure 7 ef reports the resulting FWHM for the axial and the radial directions for all

the investigated samples The peak width and shape supply information related to

imperfections of the crystal structure ie about the grain size and dislocation densities

This analysis qualitatively assessed the evolution of these imperfections with subsequent

deformation steps FWHM increases as expected with the intensity of deformation as

shown in Figure 7 ef The largest growth occurs during the shear deformation and the

subsequent drawing further gradually adds a number of imperfections (dislocations andor

amount of grain boundaries due to the grain refinement) ND results have provided

substantial data helping to evaluate the effect of shear deformation on RS of low-carbon

steels as well as additional support to complement the information already achieved by

using the other characterization methodologies Knowledge of the RS status can help

developing a low-carbon wire drawing technology with needed manufacturability and

efficiency and can play a decisive role also in the debugging of material selection and

engineering design requirements [27]

33 Effect of drawing with shear on microstructure of low-carbon steel wire

The changes in the grain structure under different schemes of deformation are

observed in the wire cross-sections with optical microscopy Figure 8 shows that when

drawing with shear the microstructure becomes finer the ferrite grain size decreases and

the pearlite colonies are 15 times smaller in size This modification of the microstructure is

normal as a large partial area reduction of the DSh must lead to grain refinement The finest

and the most uniform microstructure arises when the DSh is followed with a conventional

drawing at 23 area reduction (Figure 8) and both grain refinement and large density of sub-

boundaries are observed (Figure 9) by EBSD

These previous observations are important proof for the following DSh leads to an

intensification in grain growth and then to the sequential grain refinement after the

subsequent drawing Peculiarities of such behavior during DSh with a decrease of strength

and an increase in plasticity is explained by the development of dynamic polygonization

In this case it yields grain growth due to grain boundary movement and annihilation of

micro-voids In addition considering grain orientations a predominance of directions

lt110gt ( normal direction to the drawing plane) is clearly seen as indicated by the EBSD

orientation distribution maps (Figure 9) For BCC lattice metals 110 crystallographic

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eown in FigA

ccep

ted

Arti

cleown in Figure

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eure 7 efA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle7 ef

subsequent drawing further gradually adds a

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

esubsequent drawing further gradually adds a

amount of grain boundaries due to the grain refinement)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eamount of grain boundaries due to the grain refinement)

substantial data helping to evaluate the effect of shear deformation on RS of low

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

esubstantial data helping to evaluate the effect of shear deformation on RS of low


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

esteels as well as additional support to complement the information already achieved by

using the other characterization methodologies Knowledg

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


developing a low

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

developing a low-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

-carbon wire drawing technology with needed manufacturability and

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

carbon wire drawing technology with needed manufacturability and


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


engineering design requirements

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


33

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


he changes in the grain structure under different schemes of deformation

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

observed

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

observed in the wire cross

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

in the wire cross

drawing with shear the microstructure becomes finer the ferrite grain

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


the pearlite colonies

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


as a

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

as a large partial area reduction of the DSh must lead to grain refinement The finest

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

large partial area reduction of the DSh must lead to grain refinement The finest

and the most uniform microstructure arises when the DSh

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


at

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

at 23

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

23 area reduction (Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

area reduction (Fig

boundaries

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

boundaries are observed

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

are observed

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

These previous observations are important proof for the following DSh leads to an Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


intensification in grain growth and then to the sequential grain refinement after the Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


subsequent drawing

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

subsequent drawing


planes are most favorable for the dislocation slip This behavior is conditioned by the

deformation scheme

Fig 8 Optical microstructure of the low-carbon steel wires ac ndash initial bd ndash DSh 23 eh

ndash DSh+conventional drawing 93 fI - DSh+conventional drawing 166 jg -

DSh+conventional drawing 232 abefj ndash cross section cdhIg ndash transverse section

a) b)

c) d)

e) f) j)

h) i) g)

F

P

93

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

e)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

e)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

h)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

h)


Fig 9 EBSD characterization of low-carbon steel wires cross-section orientation maps

abcdefjh grain boundary misorientation ndash Igklmnop center ndashabcdIgkl

periphery ndashefjhmnop initial ndashaeIm DSh+conventional drawing 93 - bfgn

DSh+conventional drawing 166 - cjko DSh+conventional drawing 232 - dhlp IPF

crystallographic direction DD (Drawing direction)

a b c d

e f g h

i j k l

m n o p

93

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

EBSD Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

EBSD characterization of lowAcc

epte

d A

rticl

e

characterization of lowAcc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle


From the industrial viewpoint these facts are important because the drawing process

of the wire can be continuous due to the absence of breakage due to the healing of pores

which are sources of microcracks formation with subsequent dangerous propagation of the

main crack and destruction These effects allow implementing an increase in the plasticity

of the wire without annealing in the drawing process up to a technically necessary degree

34 Effect of drawing with shear on the nanostructure of low-carbon steel wire

Given the peculiarities of different deformation variants on the relation the mechanical

properties and nanostructure it is necessary to consider X-ray data In the diffraction

graph (cross-section and initial state) (Figure 10) intense Debye lines corresponding to

the body-centered cubic lattice of the polycrystalline structure are observed The line from

planes (110) has maximum intensity and is thin and symmetric This indicates a high

degree of atomic order for this group of planes The two other lines from planes (200) and

(211) are larger in width Notably plane (200) has a flat apex which means for these

families there are subgroups of one-type planes contracted or extended relative to each

other Above the background line diffusive maximums of weak intensity are identified This

suggests that there are ordered small atomic groups in that strongly disordered deformed

structure Note that there are also some diffusive maximums belonging to the carbide

phase Fe(Mn)3C The results point out to the revealing of the multiscale preference of

nanostructure of phases occurring in steel the -Fe phase (polycrystalline structure)

having long-range atomic order and a carbide phase (Fe(Mn)3C nanosized particles) drive

into the plastic structure of the matrix but keeping its crystallographic individuality

Therefore they reveal themselves above the background in the form of flattened low-

intensity maxima but with clearly distinguishable positions of diffraction angles which

are typical for the carbide phase (Figure 10) The Debye maximums of the main -Fe

phase for DSh sample have a flat or bifurcate apex except for the (110) reflection it has

the form of a thin -function (Figure 10 f) characterizes the state of planes (110) as the

most relaxed and perfect (Figure 10 b) For the other planes ((200) and (211)) of the -Fe

phase the complex form of their interference apices proves delamination (Figure 10 g) into

contracted and extended groups of planes So a longitudinal wave effect in the material is

registered

For the consequently drawn samples the Debye lines of the (200) and (211) plan

families gt 50 the main -Fe phase have an unusual form They have the form of group

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e34 Effect of drawing with shear on the nanostructure of A

ccep

ted

Arti

cle34 Effect of drawing with shear on the nanostructure of

wire

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

ewire


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eGiven the peculiarities of different deformation variants on the relation the mechanical

properties and nanostructure it is necessary to consider X

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eproperties and nanostructure it is necessary to consider X

graph (cross

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

egraph (cross-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e-section and initial state) (Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

esection and initial state) (Fig

-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

-centered cubic lattice of the polycrystalline structure are observed The line from

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

centered cubic lattice of the polycrystalline structure are observed The line from


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


degree of atomic order for this group of plan

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


(211) are larger in width Notably

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


families there are subgroups of one

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


other Above the background line d

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


phase Fe(Mn)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

phase Fe(Mn)3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

3C The resul

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

C The resul

nanostructure of phases occurring in steel the

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


having long

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

having long-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

-range atomic order and a carbide phase (Fe(Mn)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

range atomic order and a carbide phase (Fe(Mn)


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Therefore they reveal themselves above the background in the form of flattened low

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


intensity maxima but with clearly distinguishable po

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


are typical for the carbide phase (Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


the form of a thin Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e

-Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

-

most relaxed and perfect (FigAcc

epte

d A

rticl

e

most relaxed and perfect (Fig


maximums (wide peak) which means that in the structure of long-range order There are

mesoscopic distortions including tens and even hundreds of planes of the corresponding

type in the form of entire domains inside the material structure Such locally delaminated

states of the mentioned groups of planes are stressed but they remain in the material and

are revealed accompanied by the amorphized fraction from planes (211) with the distorted

long-range atomic order Notably they have it in the form of nano-sized atomic clusters

The amorphized fraction is in the form of a diffusive halo maximum at the base of the line

(211) The Debye line from the family of planes (211) is asymmetric is split from the side

of large angles (Figure 10 d DSh+conventional drawing 166) They have a bulge with

several diffusive maximums at the base (Figure 10 g) At the base of the line have a

diffusive halo band with the maximum corresponding to the angular position of the

maximum of the line (211) and pulled in by a decrease in intensity down to line (200) Their

flat apex indicates the formation of identical (200) type planes in this group but with a wide

set of interplanar spacings

The main changes in the diffraction graphs of the sample after DSh combined with

conventional drawing 232 supplement the described effects for previous samples The

form of the (211) and (200) lines implies the formation of these planes of critical distortions

of atomic order with a phase transition (PT) of the second kind of orderdisorder type

which is clearly manifested in the form of generating the amorphous fraction in the

polycrystalline main structure This PT led to partial relaxation of elastic stresses in the

deformed structure which is confirmed by the weak intensity of the fluctuations of the

diffusive coherent scattering that have the form of diffuse maximums for the Fe3C carbide

phase over the background line (Figure 10 e)

It is revealed that the effect of spatial delamination of crystallographic planes (211)

has on cluster groups differing by a value of interplanar spacing in the range 1156 lt d0 =

1172 lt 1178 Aring The linear size of groups D = 100ndash1100 Aring number of planes in the group

n = 100ndash1000 and the character of position of the generated groups relative to the

unstressed relaxed state (initial) d0 = 1172 Aring D = 450 Aring and n = 396 Here the

dispersion of the planes by the value of interplanar spacings was realized in samples

(DSh) and (DSh+93) d = (1157ndash1177) Aring whereas dispersion by the sizes of groups

was realized in samples (DSh+166) and (DSh+232) D = 100ndash1100 Aring and D = 100ndash

1200 Aring respectively

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eThe amorphized fraction is in the form of a diffusive halo maximum at the base of the line A

ccep

ted

Arti

cleThe amorphized fraction is in the form of a diffusive halo maximum at the base of the line


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e(211) The Debye line from the family of planes (211) is asymmetric is split from the side

of large angles

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eof large angles

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e (Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e(Fig

several diffusive maximums at the base (Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eseveral diffusive maximums at the base (Fig


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

ediffusive halo band with the maximum corresponding to the angular position of the

maximum of the line (211) and pulled in by a decrea

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


conventional drawing 232 supplement the described effects for previous samples

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


the (211) and (200)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

the (211) and (200)

of atomic order with a phase transition (PT) of the second kind of order

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


polycrystalline main structure This PT led to partial relaxation of elastic

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

deformed structure which is confirmed by the weak intensity of

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


diffusive coherent scattering

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


phase over the background line (Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


It is revealed

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

that the effect of spatial delamination of crystallographic planes (211)

has on cluster groups differing by a value of interplanar spacing in the range 1156 lt d

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


1178 Aring The linear size of groups D = 100

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

1000 and the character of position of the generated groups relative to the

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


unstressed relaxed state (initial) d0 = 1172 Aring D = 450 Aring and n = 396 Here the Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e

sion of the planes by the value of interplanar spacings was realized in samples Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

sion of the planes by the value of interplanar spacings was realized in samples


Calculating with X-Ray data the dislocation density (120588 = 120587 ∙ ( ) were b ndash

Burgers vector) [34] for hkl (211) after DSh is disl=1371013 cm-2 and after following

conventional drawing (DSh+Drawing) dislocation density is disl=681013 cm-2 that means

two times lower Thus softening by deformation is very positive for the development of

cost-effective continuous metal forming technologies

Fig10 X-Ray spectra for investigated samples of low-carbon steel wires

During shear deformation in metal special structures are formed Owing to ldquotwistrdquo

character of the metal flow it becomes possible during further elongation deformation to

change the deformation direction This is very similar to Bauschingerrsquos effect when the

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle


sign of the load was changed and when the metal flowed in the direction normal to the last

deformation step An additional observed effect of the application of shear deformation is

deformation softening [2435] Such behavior of metal gives the possibility to continue

conventional drawing without any additional treatment The density of metal influenced by

Bauschingerrsquos effect is also increased This could be indirect evidence of micro voids

healing and as a result increasing plasticity resource That opens the way to further

accumulation of deformation without fracture

4 Conclusion

In this work we demonstrate that the application of the SPD principles generates an

effective effect on the low-carbon steel structure The structural features were considered

at several scales using a wide range of methods Combining shear deformation with the

conventional scheme the grain growth (reverse grain refinement) process is reached as

well as the effect of dislocation annihilation As a result the plasticity is enhanced

Residual stress also has a positive influence on manufacturability through the existence of

compression stress after shear deformation These peculiarities of the structure affect the

behavior of both mechanical and physical properties (density) The application of the DSh

technology leads to a softening effect as well as the healing of micro voids

These positive effects give the opportunity to increase the effectiveness of drawing

technology through controlling plasticity (ductility) It has been shown that in the case of a

two-step deformation there is a parabolic dependence of the EPR measure and a

minimum damage level is reached in a special combination of partial reductions These

results open the way to develop manufacturable continuous technology for steel wire

drawing in particular for welding purposes

Highlights

Shear deformation incorporation into conventional drawing is the advantage

Changing deformation direction in the drawing process gives an opportunity

to obtain a higher level of manufacturability

For partial reduction in the case of two passes the first one should be 23

as that provides an optimum plasticity resource exhausting

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eaccumulation of deformation without fractureA

ccep

ted

Arti

cleaccumulation of deformation without fracture

onclusion

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eonclusion


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eIn this work we demonstrate that the application of the SPD principles generates an

effective effect on the low

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eeffective effect on the low

at several scales using a wide range of methods Combining shear deformation w

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Residual stress also has a positive influence on manufacturability throu

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


technology leads to a softening effect as well as the

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


step deformation there is a parabolic dependen

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Highlights

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Highlights

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Shear deformation incorporation into conventional drawing is the advantage Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Changing deformation direction in the drawing process gives an opportunity Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



The advantages of SPD methods were successfully implemented in

continuous drawing that gives an opportunity to rationalize or even eliminate

intermediate annealing

5 Author Contributions Statement

AZ TB MR and VT performed the measurements AZ TB EP and HK were

involved in planning and supervised the work AZ TB MR and MH processed the

experimental data performed the analysis drafted the manuscript and designed the

figures AZ TB FB and MS manufactured the samples and characterized them with

EBSD and SEM TB MR MH IK aided in interpreting the results and worked on the

manuscript AZ developed theory for partial reduction prediction AZ and HK performed

FEM modelling with Deform 3D All authors discussed the results and commented on the

manuscript

Acknowledgements

Financial supports through MŠMT project No LM2015056 and infrastructural

project No LM2015074 (Experimental nuclear reactors LVR-15 and LR-0) projects and

from EUs NMI3-II (FP7) Grant number 283883 and DonlPE NAS of Ukraine commercial

project 13ndash13 (ldquoWire drawing technology to improve ductility without use of heat

treatment) are acknowledged Prof Pavol MIKULA Prof Pavel STRUNZ Dr M Vraacutena

Dr B Michalcova Dr P Januš are acknowledged as well for useful discussions and

helping in experiment conducting and processing We are grateful to Dr Z A

Samoilenkoa Dr N N Ivakhnenkoa and Dr E I Pushenko for the help in X-Ray

experiments Head of RPC ldquoDonixrdquo AMaksakova are deeply acknowledged for the help

with experimental drawing mill

Conflict of interest Anatoliy Zavdoveev Thierry Baudin Elena Pashinska Hyoung Seop

Kim Francoi Brisset Mark Heaton Valeriy Poznyakov Massimo Rogante Viktor

Tkachenko Ilya Klochkov Mykola Skoryk declare that they have no conflict of interest

References

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eAZ TB MR and VT performed the measurements AZ TB EP

Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

einvolved in planning and supervised the work AZ TB MR and MH processed the

experimental data performed the analysis drafted the

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eexperimental data performed the analysis drafted the

figures AZ

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

efigures AZ TB

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eTB

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e F

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eF

EBSD and SEM TB MR MH

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


manuscript

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

manuscript AZ

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

AZ developed theory for partial reducti

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

developed theory for partial reducti


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


manuscript

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

manuscript

Acknowledgements

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Acknowledgements


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


project No LM2015074

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

from EUs NMI3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

from EUs NMI3-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

-II (FP7) Grant number 283883 and DonlPE NAS of Ukraine commercial

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

II (FP7) Grant number 283883 and DonlPE NAS of Ukraine commercial

project 13

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

project 13ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ndash13 (ldquoWire drawing technology to improve ductility without use of heat

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

13 (ldquoWire drawing technology to improve ductility without use of heat

treatment) are acknowledged

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Samoilenkoa Dr N N Ivakhnenkoa and

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


experiments

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

experiments Head of RPC ldquoDonixrdquo AMaksakov

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Head of RPC ldquoDonixrdquo AMaksakov

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

with experimental drawing millAcc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Conflict of interestAcc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Conflict of interest


[1] D Wei X Min X Hu Z Xie F Fang Microstructure and mechanical properties of

cold drawn pearlitic steel wires Effects of drawing-induced heating Mater Sci Eng

A 784 (2020) 139341 httpsdoiorg101016JMSEA2020139341

[2] S-K Lee S-B Lee B-M Kim Process design of multi-stage wet wire drawing for

improving the drawing speed for 072 wt C steel wire J Mater Process Technol

210 (2010) 776ndash783 httpsdoiorg101016JJMATPROTEC201001007

[3] SS Bargujer P Singh V Raizada Thermoprocessing and wire drawing behaviour

of ultra high strength steel wires Perspect Sci 8 (2016) 554ndash557

httpsdoiorg101016JPISC201606018

[4] A Zavdoveev Y Beygelzimer E Pashinska V Grishaev A Maksakova Drawing

of the wire of low-carbon steel plasticity resource optimal reduction structure

properties (2014) httparxivorgabs14120157 (accessed April 17 2020)

[5] E Pashinska V Varyukhin M Myshlaev A V Zavdoveev Formation of structure

and properties of low-carbon steel under rolling with shear and cold drawing Adv

Eng Mater (2014) httpsdoiorg101002adem201300197

[6] A Rosochowski Severe Plastic Deformation Technology Whittles Publishing 2017

httpsbooksgooglecomuabooksid=TFyfmwEACAAJ

[7] A Vinogradov Mechanical Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Metals New Challenges

and Perspectives Adv Eng Mater 17 (2015) 1710ndash1722

httpsdoiorg101002adem201500177

[8] HH Lee JI Yoon HS Kim Single-roll angular-rolling A new continuous severe

plastic deformation process for metal sheets Scr Mater 146 (2018) 204ndash207

httpsdoiorghttpsdoiorg101016jscriptamat201711043

[9] HS Kim Y Estrin MB Bush Plastic deformation behaviour of fine-grained

materials Acta Mater 48 (2000) 493ndash504 httpsdoiorg101016S1359-

6454(99)00353-5

[10] R Song D Ponge D Raabe Mechanical properties of an ultrafine grained C-Mn

steel processed by warm deformation and annealing Acta Mater (2005)

httpsdoiorg101016jactamat200507009

[11] R Song D Ponge D Raabe JG Speer DK Matlock Overview of processing

microstructure and mechanical properties of ultrafine grained bcc steels Mater Sci

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eSS Bargujer P Singh V Raizada Thermoprocessing and wire drawing behaviour

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


of ultra high strength steel wires Perspect Sci 8 (2016) 554

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eof ultra high strength steel wires Perspect Sci 8 (2016) 554


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

ehttpsdoiorg101016JPISC201606018

A Zavdoveev Y Beygelzi

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA Zavdoveev Y Beygelzi

of the wire of low

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

of the wire of low


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


E Pashinska V Varyukhin M Myshl

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


and properties of low

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


A Rosochowski Severe Plastic Deformation Technology Whittles

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


A Vinogradov Mechanical Properties of Ultrafine

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


and Perspectives Adv Eng Mater 17 (2015) 1710

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


H Lee JI Yoon HS Kim Single

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


plastic deformation process for metal sheets Scr Mater 146 (2018) 204

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


HS Kim Y Estrin MB

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

HS Kim Y Estrin MB

materials Acta Mater 48 (2000) 493Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

materials Acta Mater 48 (2000) 493

6454(99)00353Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

6454(99)00353


Eng A 441 (2006) 1ndash17 httpsdoiorg101016JMSEA200608095

[12] Y Estrin A Vinogradov Extreme grain refinement by severe plastic deformation A

wealth of challenging science Acta Mater 61 (2013) 782ndash817

httpsdoiorg101016JACTAMAT201210038

[13] E Pashinska V Varyukhin M Myshlaev AV Zavdoveev Formation of structure


Eng Mater 16 (2014) httpsdoiorg101002adem201300197

[14] EM Kireev MN Shulyak A V Stolyarov Influence of final alternating flexure on

the mechanical properties of cold-drawn reinforcement Steel Transl 39 (2009) 270ndash

272 httpsdoiorg103103S0967091209030218

[15] GI Raab LA Simonova GN Alyoshin Tailoring the gradient ultrafine-grained

structure in low-carbon steel during drawing with shear Metalurgija 2 (2016) 177ndash

180

[16] K Muszka L Madej J Majta The effects of deformation and microstructure

inhomogeneities in the Accumulative Angular Drawing (AAD) Mater Sci Eng A

574 (2013) 68ndash74 httpsdoiorg101016JMSEA201303024

[17] SK Hwang HM Baek I-H Son Y-T Im CM Bae The effect of microstructure

and texture evolution on mechanical properties of low-carbon steel processed by the

continuous hybrid process Mater Sci Eng A 579 (2013) 118ndash125

httpsdoiorg101016JMSEA201305005

[18] JW Lee HM Baek SK Hwang I-H Son CM Bae Y-T Im The effect of the

multi-pass non-circular drawing sequence on mechanical properties and

microstructure evolution of low-carbon steel Mater Des 55 (2014) 898ndash904

httpsdoiorg101016JMATDES201310068

[19] E Pashinskaya A Zavdoveev S Mironov V Varyukhin A Maksakova Effect of

drawing with shear on structure and properties of low-carbon steel Int J Mater

Res 107 (2016) 239ndash244 httpsdoiorg103139146111338

[20] D Orlov Y Todaka M Umemoto Y Beygelzimer N Tsuji Comparative Analysis

of Plastic Flow and Grain Refinement in Pure Aluminium Subjected to Simple Shear-

Based Severe Plastic Deformation Processing Mater Trans 53 (2012) 17ndash25

httpsdoiorg102320matertransMD201113

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eand properties of lowA

ccep

ted

Arti

cleand properties of low


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eEng Mater 16 (2014) httpsdoiorg101002adem201300197

EM Ki

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eEM Kireev MN Shulyak A V Stolyarov Influence of final alternating flexure on

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

ereev MN Shulyak A V Stolyarov Influence of final alternating flexure on

the mechanical properties of cold

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

ethe mechanical properties of cold

272 httpsdoiorg103103S0967091209030218

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e272 httpsdoiorg103103S0967091209030218

GI Raab LA Simonova GN Alyoshin T

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


structure in low

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

structure in low

180

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

180

K Muszka L Madej J Majta The effects of deformation and microstructure

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


inhomogeneities in the Accumulative Angular Dr

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


574 (2013) 68

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

574 (2013) 68ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ndash

SK Hwang HM Baek I

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

SK Hwang HM Baek I

and texture evolution on mechanical properties of low

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


continuous hybrid process Mater Sci Eng A 579 (2013) 118

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


JW Lee HM Baek SK Hwang I

Acc

epte

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rticl

e


multi

Acc

epte

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rticl

e

multi-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

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-pass non

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

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pass non

microstructure evolution of low

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


E Pashinskaya A Zavdoveev S Mironov V Varyukhin A Maksakova Effect of Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e

drawing with shear Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

drawing with shear

Res 107 (2016) 239Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Res 107 (2016) 239


[21] OE Markov AV Perig VN Zlygoriev MA Markova MS Kosilov Development

of forging processes using intermediate workpiece profiling before drawing research

into strained state J Brazilian Soc Mech Sci Eng 39 (2017) 4649ndash4665

httpsdoiorg101007s40430-017-0812-y

[22] AV Perig NN Golodenko Effects of material rheology and die walls translational

motions on the dynamics of viscous flow during equal channel angular extrusion

through a segal 2θ-Die CFD 2D solution of a curl transfer equation Adv Mater Sci

Eng 2017 (2017) httpsdoiorg10115520177015282

[23] R Kulagin Y Beygelzimer Y Ivanisenko A Mazilkin H Hahn Modelling of High

Pressure Torsion using FEM in Procedia Eng Elsevier Cambridge 2017 pp

1445ndash1450 httpsdoiorg101016jproeng201710911

[24] VL Kolmogorov Model of metal fracture in cold deformation and ductility restoration

by annealing Stud Appl Mech 43 (1995) 219ndash233 httpsdoiorg101016S0922-

5382(05)80015-7

[25] M Rogante A Zavdoveev Caratterizzazione avanzata di fili drsquoacciaio mediante

tecniche neutroniche Tecnol Del Filo 1 (2020) 47ndash51

[26] M Rogante Residual stress determination by neutron diffraction in low-carbon steel

wires with accumulated shear deformation in 1st Ital Work Ind ldquoIndustrial Appl

Neutron Tech Civitanova Marche 2008 pp 40ndash120

[27] M Rogante P Mikula P Strunz A Zavdoveev Residual stress determination by

neutron diffraction in lowcarbon steel wires with accumulated shear deformation in

Mech Technol Struct Mater 2017 pp 111ndash116

[28] MT Hutchings PJ Withers TM Holden T Lorentzen Introduction to the

Characterization of Residual Stress by Neutron Diffraction Introd to Charact

Residual Stress by Neutron Diffr (2005) httpsdoiorg1012019780203402818

[29] A Zavdoveev T Baudin E Pashinska M Skoryk Preparation of metallographic

specimens for electron backscatter diffraction Emerg Mater Res 6 (2017) 260ndash

264 httpsdoiorg101680jemmr1600117

[30] ZA Samoilenko NN Ivakhnenko EI Pushenko EG Pashinskaya VN

Varyukhin Multiscale structural changes of atomic order in severely deformed

industrial aluminum Phys Solid State 58 (2016) 223ndash229

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

ethrough a segal 2A

ccep

ted

Arti

clethrough a segal 2

Eng 2017 (2017) httpsdoiorg10115520177015282

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eEng 2017 (2017) httpsdoiorg10115520177015282

R Kul

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eR Kulagin Y Beygelzimer Y Ivanisenko A Mazilkin H Hahn Modelling of High

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eagin Y Beygelzimer Y Ivanisenko A Mazilkin H Hahn Modelling of High


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

ePressure Torsion using FEM in Procedia Eng Elsevier Cambridge 2017 pp

1445

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

1445ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ndash1450 httpsdoiorg101016jproeng201710911

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

1450 httpsdoiorg101016jproeng201710911

VL Kolmogorov Model of metal fractur

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


by annealing Stud Appl Mech 43 (1995) 219

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


5382(05)80015

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

5382(05)80015

M Rogante A Zavdoveev Caratterizzazione avanzata di fili drsquoacciaio mediante

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


tecniche neutroniche Tec

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


M Rogante Residual stress determination by neutron diffraction in low

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Neutron Tech Civitanova Marche 2008 pp 40

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

M Rogante P Mikula P Strunz A Zavdoveev Residual stress determination by

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Mech Technol Struct Mater 2017 pp 111

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


MT Hutchings PJ Withers

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Residual Stress by Neutron Diffr (2005) httpsdoiorg1012019780203402818Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


A Zavdoveev T Baudin E Pashinska MAcc

epte

d A

rticl

e

A Zavdoveev T Baudin E Pashinska M

specimens for electron backscatter diffraction Emerg Mater Res 6 (2017) 260Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

specimens for electron backscatter diffraction Emerg Mater Res 6 (2017) 260


httpsdoiorg101134S1063783416020244

[31] U Mayo N Isasti JM Rodriguez-Ibabe P Uranga On the characterization

procedure to quantify the contribution of microstructure on mechanical properties in

intercritically deformed low carbon HSLA steels Mater Sci Eng A 792 (2020)

139800 httpsdoiorghttpsdoiorg101016jmsea2020139800

[32] A Zavdoveev A Len E Pashinska Small Angle Neutron Scattering study of

nanoscale structure of low-carbon steel after rolling with shear followed by cold

drawing Met Mater Int (2020) httpsdoiorg101007s12540-020-00766-x

[33] Y Beygelzimer R Kulagin Y Estrin LS Toth HS Kim MI Latypov Twist

Extrusion as a Potent Tool for Obtaining Advanced Engineering Materials A Review

Adv Eng Mater 19 (2017) 1600873 httpsdoiorg101002adem201600873

[34] DG Malykhin An X-ray method of analysis of dislocation structure in HCP metals

Probl At Sci Technol 89 (2014) 56ndash59

[35] X Huang N Hansen N Tsuji Hardening by annealing and softening by

deformation in nanostructured metals Science (80- ) 312 (2006) 249ndash251

httpsdoiorg101126science1124268

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA Zavdoveev A Len E PaA

ccep

ted

Arti

cleA Zavdoveev A Len E Pa

nanoscale structure of low

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epte

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rticl

enanoscale structure of low

drawing Met Mater Int (2020) httpsdoiorg101007s12540

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

edrawing Met Mater Int (2020) httpsdoiorg101007s12540

Y Beygelzimer R Kulagin Y Estrin LS Toth HS Kim MI Latypov Twist

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eY Beygelzimer R Kulagin Y Estrin LS Toth HS Kim MI Latypov Twist


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eExtrusion as a Potent Tool for Obtaining Advanced Engineering Materials A Review


Acc

epte

d A

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e


DG Malykhi

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

DG Malykhin An X

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

n An X

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Probl At Sci Technol 89 (2014) 56

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


X Huang N Hansen N Tsuji Hardening by annealing and softening by

Acc

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rticl

e


deformation in nanostructured metals Science (80

Acc

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e



Acc

epte

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rticl

e


View publication statsView publication stats

This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting typesetting pagination and proofreading process which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record Please cite this article as doi 101002srin202000482

This article is protected by copyright All rights reserved

Continuous severe plastic deformation of low-carbon steel physical-mechanical properties and multi-scale structure analysis

A Zavdoveev1 T Baudin2 E Pashinska3 HS Kim4 F Brisset2 M Heaton5

V Poznyakov1 M Rogante6 V Tkachenko3 I Klochkov1 M Skoryk7

1 Paton Electric Welding Institute of NAS of Ukraine Bozhenko n 11 03680 Kiev Ukraine avzavdoveevgmailcom

2Universiteacute Paris-Saclay CNRS Institut de chimie moleacuteculaire et des mateacuteriaux dOrsay 91405 Orsay France thierrybaudinuniversite-paris-saclayfr

3 Donetsk Institute for Physics and Engineering named after AA Galkin of the NAS of Ukraine Prospect

Nauky 46 Kyiv Ukraine 03028 4 Pohang University of Science and Technology Department of Materials Science and Engineering

(POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Korea hskimpostechackr 5 ANT Advanced Nano Technology Nandor Rd Park West business park Dublin

markheatonantsltdcom 6 Rogante Engineering Office Contrada San Michele n61 62012 Civitanova Marche Italy

mainroganteengineeringit 7 G V Kurdyumov Institute of Metal Physics of the NAS of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine mykolaskorgmailcom

Abstract

A successful attempt to incorporate the advantages of severe plastic deformation (SPD) methods in

the continuous drawing process for low-carbon steel is demonstrated The structural features are considered

on different scale levels using a wide range of methods While combining shear deformation which parallels





properties (like density plasticity) The application of drawing with shear (DSh) technology as based on SPD

principles the mechanical softening effect is observed as is the healing of micro-voids Such positive

affection gives the opportunity to increase the effectiveness of drawing technology through controlling

plasticity (ductility) Additionally it is considered exhaustion of the plasticity resource (EPR) It is shown that


minimum damage is achieved using a specific combination of partial reductions

Keywords continuous severe plastic deformation drawing low-carbon steel structure properties

Acc

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rticl


Acc

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d A

rticl


Universiteacute Paris

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eUniversiteacute Paris-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e-Saclay CNRS Institut de chimie

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eSaclay CNRS Institut de chimie

Donetsk Institute for Physics and Engineering named after AA Galkin of the NAS of Ukraine Prospect

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eDonetsk Institute for Physics and Engineering named after AA Galkin of the NAS of Ukraine Prospect


Acc

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d A

rticl

e


5

Acc

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d A

rticl

e

5 ANT Advanced Nano Technology Nandor Rd Park West business park Dublin

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ANT Advanced Nano Technology Nandor Rd Park West business park Dublin

Rogante

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Rogante Engineering Office Contrada San Michele n61 62012 Civitanova Marche Italy

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Engineering Office Contrada San Michele n61 62012 Civitanova Marche Italy


Acc

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d A

rticl

e



Acc

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d A

rticl

e



Acc

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d A

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e



Acc

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d A

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e



Acc

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d A

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Acc

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e


Acc

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rticl

e

stress also has a po

Acc

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e


Acc

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d A

rticl

e

sitive influence on manufacturability particularly the existence of the compression stress


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


properties (like density

Acc

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d A

rticl

e

properties (like density plasticity

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

plasticity


Acc

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d A

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e



Acc

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d A

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d A

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epte

d A

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e

in the case of multi pass deformation there is a parabolic dependence of the EPR measurement and Acc

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e


minimum damage is aAcc

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d A

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e

minimum damage is achieved using a specific combination of partial reductions Acc

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d A

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e

chieved using a specific combination of partial reductions


1 Introduction































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wire drawing in the

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[4]

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e[4] the wire star

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is a need to e

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[6

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[6ndash

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ndash9]

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9]

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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obtained wire [14]














2 Methodology








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obtained wire

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obtained wire [14]

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[14]

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Acc

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while developing

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while developing a

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a


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shear of low

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e

shear of low-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

MethodologyAcc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Methodology


epte

d A

rticl

e


002 S 0022 P wtAcc

epte

d A

rticl

e

002 S 0022 P wt


119890 = 2 ∙ ln + ()

radic (211)









d) e)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

d)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

d)



oversimplified



















critical value



119889120576 = 120572 lowast 119889120556 (221)







Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti


simulations

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

esimulations [2122]

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ure

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eure 1

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e1

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e d

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

ed and

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eand e

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

ee

Centre of the cross

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

-section

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

section

22

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

22

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

critical value

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

critical value


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


h Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

here Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ere Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

is a Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

is a



last ratio gives

p

dd

(222)

where kp


plasticity


t

p

Hdt

0

(223)



10

t

p

Hdt (224)


10

t

p

Hdt (225)




( is the










Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eplasticity

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eplasticity

From

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eFrom equation

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eequation

h

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

here

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ere

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

d

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

dHdt

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Hdt

The

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Then the

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


with

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

with the

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


hydrostatic stress

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

and


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e










microcracks appear




)111exp(Tp

(227)


varies


following equation

151ln)1(731 0 ffctgmT (228)





zone from 1510


1

01

ffctgmT at


drawing)



fdfd (229)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


microcracks appe

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

emicrocracks appear

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

ear

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Were ldquo

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Were ldquo-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

-111rdquo is

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

111rdquo is

along the

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

deformation zone

following equation

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

following equation

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


before drawing and

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

before drawing and

Equation (

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Equation (22

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

22

zone from

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

zone from

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

1

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

10

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

00

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

0

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

T

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

T

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e


drawing) Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

drawing)





ctgm

ctgm

112520

)1(921

(2210)

where 1

0

ff

the draw ratio


1

1 the


ctgm

ctgm

1

11

1

2520

)1(921

(2211)










21 (2212)



1112

(2213)


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

ewhere A

ccep

ted

Arti

clewhere

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e 1A

ccep

ted

Arti

cle 10

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e 0fA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle f1f1

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e 1f1

fA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle f0f0

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e 0f0A

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


This equation

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

This equation (

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

(

resource in multi

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

resource in multi-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

-pass drawing

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

pass drawing


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


is

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

is estimate

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

estimate

1

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

1 and

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

and 2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

are

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

are

transitions Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e

respectively




(2211)















Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Fig 2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

2 -

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Figure

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ure 2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


and eq 2213 a

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

and eq 2213 at

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

t

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e




degree




















Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e3 ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Physical

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Physical


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


the material densi

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


method is 0003gcm

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

method is 0003gcm


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


(0007gcm

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

(0007gcm3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

3)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

[13]

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e











120576 =

= ∆

= minus119888119900119905120579∆120579 (241)


2119889119904119894119899120579 = 120582 (242)


120590 = ()() [(1 minus 120584)119864 + 120584(119864 + 119864)] (243)




















Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


120590

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

120590

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

120590120590

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

120590120590


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


etched wi

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

etched wi

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e

The important elect


epte

d A

rticl

e








boundaries (HABs)

















epte

d A

rticl

eX

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eX-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e-Ray

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eRay thin structure

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e thin structure


Acc

epte

d A

rticl


of the

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eof the samples

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

esamples

technique

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

etechnique

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl


This

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Results

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

31 Physical

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

-shear

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

shear


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


1280 MPa (Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

1280 MPa (Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ure

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ure 4

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

4


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


greater in Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e

crease in strength





















1 2 1

2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

4

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

4 ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


strength (UTS)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

right


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e







a b

















Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

5

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


shear die 3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

shear die 3 ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

DSh+93 reduction 4


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


reduction with

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

reduction with a

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e












metal















a) b) c)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eFA

ccep

ted

Arti

cleFig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eigureA

ccep

ted

Arti

cleure 6

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


of microhardness

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eis


Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Fig 6

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


32

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

a


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

a)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

a)




evaluated




233 reduction

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

































Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eown in FigA

ccep

ted

Arti

cleown in Figure

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eure 7 efA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle7 ef


Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


developing a low

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

developing a low-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


33

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

observed

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

in the wire cross


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


as a

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


at

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

at 23

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

area reduction (Fig

boundaries

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

are observed

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


subsequent drawing

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

subsequent drawing



deformation scheme




a) b)

c) d)

e) f) j)

h) i) g)

F

P

93

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

e)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

e)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

h)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

h)







a b c d

e f g h

i j k l

m n o p

93

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

EBSD Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle































registered



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti


wire

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

ewire


Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


graph (cross

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

egraph (cross-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl


-

Acc

epte

d A

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epte

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epte

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phase Fe(Mn)

Acc

epte

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phase Fe(Mn)3

Acc

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3C The resul

Acc

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having long

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the (211) and (200)


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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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manuscript

Acknowledgements














References

Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acknowledgements

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Acknowledgements


Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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from EUs NMI3

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from EUs NMI3-

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Acc

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Res 107 (2016) 239Acc

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Res 107 (2016) 239





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1 Introduction































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obtained wire [14]














2 Methodology








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119890 = 2 ∙ ln + ()

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critical value



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critical value


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last ratio gives

p

dd

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plasticity


t

p

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t

p

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10

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hydrostatic stress

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Acc

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and


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microcracks appear




)111exp(Tp

(227)


varies


following equation

151ln)1(731 0 ffctgmT (228)





zone from 1510


1

01

ffctgmT at


drawing)



fdfd (229)

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Were ldquo

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111rdquo is

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following equation

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following equation

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Acc

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before drawing and

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before drawing and

Equation (

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Equation (22

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22

zone from

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zone from

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Acc

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Acc

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1

Acc

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10

Acc

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00

Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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drawing) Acc

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drawing)





ctgm

ctgm

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0

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the draw ratio


1

1 the


ctgm

ctgm

1

11

1

2520

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21 (2212)



1112

(2213)


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Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

This equation (

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

(

resource in multi

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

resource in multi-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

-pass drawing

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

pass drawing


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


is

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

is estimate

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

estimate

1

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

1 and

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

and 2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

are

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

are

transitions Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e

respectively




(2211)















Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Fig 2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

2 -

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Figure

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ure 2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


and eq 2213 a

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

and eq 2213 at

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

t

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e




degree




















Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e3 ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Physical

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Physical


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


the material densi

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


method is 0003gcm

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

method is 0003gcm


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


(0007gcm

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

(0007gcm3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

3)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

[13]

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e











120576 =

= ∆

= minus119888119900119905120579∆120579 (241)


2119889119904119894119899120579 = 120582 (242)


120590 = ()() [(1 minus 120584)119864 + 120584(119864 + 119864)] (243)




















Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


120590

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

120590

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

120590120590

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

120590120590


Acc

epte

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rticl

e



Acc

epte

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e



Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

d A

rticl

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Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


etched wi

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

etched wi

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e

The important elect


epte

d A

rticl

e








boundaries (HABs)

















epte

d A

rticl

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Acc

epte

d A

rticl

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Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e-Ray

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eRay thin structure

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e thin structure


Acc

epte

d A

rticl


of the

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eof the samples

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

esamples

technique

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

etechnique

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl


This

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Results

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

31 Physical

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

-shear

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

shear


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


1280 MPa (Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

1280 MPa (Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ure

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ure 4

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

4


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


greater in Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e

crease in strength





















1 2 1

2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

4

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

4 ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


strength (UTS)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

right


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e







a b

















Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

5

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


shear die 3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

shear die 3 ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

DSh+93 reduction 4


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


reduction with

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

reduction with a

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e












metal















a) b) c)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eFA

ccep

ted

Arti

cleFig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eigureA

ccep

ted

Arti

cleure 6

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


of microhardness

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eis


Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Fig 6

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


32

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

a


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

a)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

a)




evaluated




233 reduction

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

































Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eown in FigA

ccep

ted

Arti

cleown in Figure

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eure 7 efA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle7 ef


Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


developing a low

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

developing a low-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


33

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

observed

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

in the wire cross


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


as a

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


at

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

at 23

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

area reduction (Fig

boundaries

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

are observed

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


subsequent drawing

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

subsequent drawing



deformation scheme




a) b)

c) d)

e) f) j)

h) i) g)

F

P

93

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

e)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

e)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

h)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

h)







a b c d

e f g h

i j k l

m n o p

93

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

EBSD Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle































registered



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti


wire

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

ewire


Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


graph (cross

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

egraph (cross-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl


-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


phase Fe(Mn)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

phase Fe(Mn)3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

3C The resul

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

C The resul


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


having long

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

having long-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e

-Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

-


epte

d A

rticl

e



































Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


of large angles

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eof large angles

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e (Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e(Fig


Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


the (211) and (200)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

the (211) and (200)


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


It is revealed

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e












Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle









4 Conclusion
















Highlights






Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti


onclusion

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eonclusion


Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Highlights

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Highlights

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e














manuscript

Acknowledgements














References

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


figures AZ

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

efigures AZ TB

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eTB

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e F

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eF


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


manuscript

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

manuscript AZ

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


manuscript

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

manuscript

Acknowledgements

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Acknowledgements


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

from EUs NMI3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

from EUs NMI3-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


project 13

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

project 13ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


experiments

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e




























6454(99)00353-5






Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


of the wire of low

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

of the wire of low


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


HS Kim Y Estrin MB

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

HS Kim Y Estrin MB


epte

d A

rticl

e


6454(99)00353Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

6454(99)00353











272 httpsdoiorg103103S0967091209030218



180



















Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti



Acc

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Res 107 (2016) 239Acc

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obtained wire [14]














2 Methodology








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119890 = 2 ∙ ln + ()

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critical value



119889120576 = 120572 lowast 119889120556 (221)







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plasticity


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microcracks appear




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(227)


varies


following equation

151ln)1(731 0 ffctgmT (228)





zone from 1510


1

01

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drawing)



fdfd (229)

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following equation

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before drawing and

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before drawing and

Equation (

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Equation (22

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1

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ctgm

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the draw ratio


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1112

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1 and

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2

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2 -

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Figure

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Acc

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and eq 2213 a

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and eq 2213 at

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t

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degree




















Acc

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the material densi

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method is 0003gcm

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method is 0003gcm


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[13]

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120576 =

= ∆

= minus119888119900119905120579∆120579 (241)


2119889119904119894119899120579 = 120582 (242)


120590 = ()() [(1 minus 120584)119864 + 120584(119864 + 119864)] (243)




















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1280 MPa (Fig

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1280 MPa (Fig

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greater in Acc

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crease in strength





















1 2 1

2

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4 ndash

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strength (UTS)

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right


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a b

















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Acc

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shear die 3

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shear die 3 ndash

Acc

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Acc

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DSh+93 reduction 4


Acc

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reduction with

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reduction with a

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in the wire cross


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boundaries

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phase Fe(Mn)3

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manuscript

Acknowledgements














References

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from EUs NMI3-

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drawing with shear

Res 107 (2016) 239Acc

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Res 107 (2016) 239





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DG Malykhi

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119890 = 2 ∙ ln + ()

radic (211)









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critical value



119889120576 = 120572 lowast 119889120556 (221)







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critical value

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critical value


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here Acc

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last ratio gives

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plasticity


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151ln)1(731 0 ffctgmT (228)





zone from 1510


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fdfd (229)

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before drawing and

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before drawing and

Equation (

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d A

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e

Equation (22

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

22

zone from

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

zone from

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

1

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

10

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

00

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

0

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

T

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

T

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e


drawing) Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

drawing)





ctgm

ctgm

112520

)1(921

(2210)

where 1

0

ff

the draw ratio


1

1 the


ctgm

ctgm

1

11

1

2520

)1(921

(2211)










21 (2212)



1112

(2213)


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

ewhere A

ccep

ted

Arti

clewhere

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e 1A

ccep

ted

Arti

cle 10

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e 0fA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle f1f1

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e 1f1

fA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle f0f0

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e 0f0A

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


This equation

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

This equation (

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

(

resource in multi

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

resource in multi-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

-pass drawing

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

pass drawing


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


is

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

is estimate

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

estimate

1

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

1 and

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

and 2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

are

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

are

transitions Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e

respectively




(2211)















Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Fig 2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

2 -

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Figure

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ure 2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


and eq 2213 a

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

and eq 2213 at

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

t

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e




degree




















Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e3 ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Physical

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Physical


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


the material densi

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


method is 0003gcm

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

method is 0003gcm


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


(0007gcm

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

(0007gcm3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

3)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

[13]

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e











120576 =

= ∆

= minus119888119900119905120579∆120579 (241)


2119889119904119894119899120579 = 120582 (242)


120590 = ()() [(1 minus 120584)119864 + 120584(119864 + 119864)] (243)




















Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


120590

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

120590

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

120590120590

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

120590120590


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


etched wi

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

etched wi

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e

The important elect


epte

d A

rticl

e








boundaries (HABs)

















epte

d A

rticl

eX

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eX-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e-Ray

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eRay thin structure

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e thin structure


Acc

epte

d A

rticl


of the

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eof the samples

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

esamples

technique

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

etechnique

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl


This

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Results

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

31 Physical

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

-shear

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

shear


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


1280 MPa (Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

1280 MPa (Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ure

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ure 4

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

4


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


greater in Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e

crease in strength





















1 2 1

2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

4

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

4 ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


strength (UTS)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

right


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e







a b

















Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

5

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


shear die 3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

shear die 3 ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

DSh+93 reduction 4


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


reduction with

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

reduction with a

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e












metal















a) b) c)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eFA

ccep

ted

Arti

cleFig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eigureA

ccep

ted

Arti

cleure 6

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


of microhardness

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eis


Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Fig 6

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


32

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

a


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

a)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

a)




evaluated




233 reduction

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

































Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eown in FigA

ccep

ted

Arti

cleown in Figure

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eure 7 efA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle7 ef


Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


developing a low

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

developing a low-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


33

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

observed

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

in the wire cross


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


as a

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


at

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

at 23

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

area reduction (Fig

boundaries

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

are observed

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


subsequent drawing

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

subsequent drawing



deformation scheme




a) b)

c) d)

e) f) j)

h) i) g)

F

P

93

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

e)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

e)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

h)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

h)







a b c d

e f g h

i j k l

m n o p

93

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

EBSD Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle































registered



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti


wire

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

ewire


Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


graph (cross

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

egraph (cross-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl


-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


phase Fe(Mn)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

phase Fe(Mn)3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

3C The resul

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

C The resul


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


having long

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

having long-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e

-Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

-


epte

d A

rticl

e



































Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


of large angles

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eof large angles

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e (Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e(Fig


Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


the (211) and (200)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

the (211) and (200)


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


It is revealed

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e












Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle









4 Conclusion
















Highlights






Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti


onclusion

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eonclusion


Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Highlights

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Highlights

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e














manuscript

Acknowledgements














References

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


figures AZ

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

efigures AZ TB

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eTB

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e F

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eF


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


manuscript

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

manuscript AZ

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


manuscript

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

manuscript

Acknowledgements

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Acknowledgements


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

from EUs NMI3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

from EUs NMI3-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


project 13

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

project 13ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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oversimplified



















critical value



119889120576 = 120572 lowast 119889120556 (221)







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Acc

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last ratio gives

p

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plasticity


t

p

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0

(223)



10

t

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Hdt (224)


10

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microcracks appear




)111exp(Tp

(227)


varies


following equation

151ln)1(731 0 ffctgmT (228)





zone from 1510


1

01

ffctgmT at


drawing)



fdfd (229)

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before drawing and

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before drawing and

Equation (

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1

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drawing)





ctgm

ctgm

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the draw ratio


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21 (2212)



1112

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1 and

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2 -

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Figure

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Acc

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and eq 2213 a

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and eq 2213 at

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t

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epte

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epte

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epte

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degree




















Acc

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Acc

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Physical


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the material densi

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Acc

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method is 0003gcm

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method is 0003gcm


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(0007gcm

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3)

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)

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[13]

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120576 =

= ∆

= minus119888119900119905120579∆120579 (241)


2119889119904119894119899120579 = 120582 (242)


120590 = ()() [(1 minus 120584)119864 + 120584(119864 + 119864)] (243)




















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boundaries (HABs)

















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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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31 Physical

Acc

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Acc

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shear


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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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1280 MPa (Fig

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1280 MPa (Fig

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Acc

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greater in Acc

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crease in strength





















1 2 1

2

Acc

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4

Acc

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4 ndash

Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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strength (UTS)

Acc

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Acc

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right


Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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epte

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a b

















Acc

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5

Acc

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Acc

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shear die 3

Acc

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shear die 3 ndash

Acc

epte

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Acc

epte

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rticl

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DSh+93 reduction 4


Acc

epte

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Acc

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d A

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reduction with

Acc

epte

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reduction with a

Acc

epte

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Acc

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d A

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Acc

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d A

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Acc

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Acc

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epte

d A

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is estimate

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

estimate

1

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

1 and

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

and 2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

are

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

are

transitions Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e

respectively




(2211)















Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Fig 2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

2 -

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Figure

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ure 2

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


and eq 2213 a

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

and eq 2213 at

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

t

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e




degree




















Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e3 ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Physical

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Physical


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


the material densi

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


method is 0003gcm

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

method is 0003gcm


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


(0007gcm

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

(0007gcm3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

3)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

[13]

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e











120576 =

= ∆

= minus119888119900119905120579∆120579 (241)


2119889119904119894119899120579 = 120582 (242)


120590 = ()() [(1 minus 120584)119864 + 120584(119864 + 119864)] (243)




















Acc

epte

d A

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ccep

ted

Arti



Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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120590

Acc

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120590

Acc

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120590120590

Acc

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120590120590


Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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etched wi

Acc

epte

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etched wi

Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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epte

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epte

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The important elect


epte

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boundaries (HABs)

















epte

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Acc

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Acc

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e-Ray

Acc

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Acc

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Acc

epte

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of the

Acc

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Acc

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technique

Acc

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etechnique

Acc

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Acc

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This

Acc

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Acc

epte

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rticl

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Acc

epte

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rticl

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Results

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

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Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

d A

rticl

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31 Physical

Acc

epte

d A

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-

Acc

epte

d A

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-shear

Acc

epte

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shear


Acc

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Acc

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Acc

epte

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Acc

epte

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Acc

epte

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1280 MPa (Fig

Acc

epte

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1280 MPa (Fig

Acc

epte

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ure

Acc

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ure 4

Acc

epte

d A

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4


Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

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rticl

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greater in Acc

epte

d A

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epte

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crease in strength





















1 2 1

2

Acc

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d A

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e

4

Acc

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4 ndash

Acc

epte

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Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

d A

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strength (UTS)

Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

d A

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right


Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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d A

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Acc

epte

d A

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e



epte

d A

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epte

d A

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epte

d A

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epte

d A

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a b

















Acc

epte

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5

Acc

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d A

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Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


shear die 3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

shear die 3 ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

DSh+93 reduction 4


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


reduction with

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

reduction with a

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

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e



epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

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epte

d A

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epte

d A

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e












metal















a) b) c)

Acc

epte

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ccep

ted

Arti

cleFig

Acc

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eigureA

ccep

ted

Arti

cleure 6

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


of microhardness

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eis


Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

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Fig 6

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


32

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

a


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

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epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

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ccep

ted

Arti

cle

a)

Acc

epte

d A

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a)




evaluated




233 reduction

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)

Acc

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Arti

cle

Acc

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ccep

ted

Arti

cle

































Acc

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eown in FigA

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Arti

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Acc

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Arti

cle7 ef


Acc

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rticl



Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


developing a low

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

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developing a low-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


33

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

observed

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

in the wire cross


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

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as a

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

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Acc

epte

d A

rticl

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Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


at

Acc

epte

d A

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at 23

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

area reduction (Fig

boundaries

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

are observed

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


subsequent drawing

Acc

epte

d A

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subsequent drawing



deformation scheme




a) b)

c) d)

e) f) j)

h) i) g)

F

P

93

Acc

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Arti

cle

Acc

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ccep

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Arti

cle

Acc

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rticl

eA

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Arti

cle

e)

Acc

epte

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e)

Acc

epte

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h)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

h)







a b c d

e f g h

i j k l

m n o p

93

Acc

epte

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rticl

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EBSD Acc

epte

d A

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e


epte

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epte

d A

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ccep

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Arti

cle































registered



Acc

epte

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ccep

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Arti


wire

Acc

epte

d A

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ewire


Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

d A

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graph (cross

Acc

epte

d A

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egraph (cross-

Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

d A

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-

Acc

epte

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e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


phase Fe(Mn)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

phase Fe(Mn)3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

3C The resul

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

C The resul


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


having long

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

having long-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e

-Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

-


epte

d A

rticl

e



































Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


of large angles

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eof large angles

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e (Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e(Fig


Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


the (211) and (200)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

the (211) and (200)


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

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Acc

epte

d A

rticl

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It is revealed

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

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Acc

epte

d A

rticl

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Acc

epte

d A

rticl

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Acc

epte

d A

rticl

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ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

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ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e












Acc

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d A

rticl

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ccep

ted

Arti

cle









4 Conclusion
















Highlights






Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti


onclusion

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eonclusion


Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Highlights

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Highlights

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e














manuscript

Acknowledgements














References

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


figures AZ

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

efigures AZ TB

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eTB

Acc

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d A

rticl

e F

Acc

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d A

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Acc

epte

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rticl

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manuscript

Acc

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d A

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manuscript AZ

Acc

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d A

rticl

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Acc

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d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


manuscript

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

manuscript

Acknowledgements

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Acknowledgements


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

from EUs NMI3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

from EUs NMI3-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


project 13

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

project 13ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


experiments

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e




























6454(99)00353-5






Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


of the wire of low

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

of the wire of low


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


HS Kim Y Estrin MB

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

HS Kim Y Estrin MB


epte

d A

rticl

e


6454(99)00353Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

6454(99)00353











272 httpsdoiorg103103S0967091209030218



180



















Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


EM Ki

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


272 httpsdoiorg103103S0967091209030218

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e272 httpsdoiorg103103S0967091209030218


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


structure in low

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

structure in low

180

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

180


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


574 (2013) 68

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

574 (2013) 68ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

ndash

SK Hwang HM Baek I

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SK Hwang HM Baek I


Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

d A

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multi

Acc

epte

d A

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multi-

Acc

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d A

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-pass non

Acc

epte

d A

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pass non


Acc

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d A

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Acc

epte

d A

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epte

d A

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e


epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e

drawing with shear

Res 107 (2016) 239Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Res 107 (2016) 239





httpsdoiorg101007s40430-017-0812-y




Eng 2017 (2017) httpsdoiorg10115520177015282






5382(05)80015-7


















Acc

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d A

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ccep

ted

Arti


Eng 2017 (2017) httpsdoiorg10115520177015282

Acc

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d A

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R Kul

Acc

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d A

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Acc

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d A

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Acc

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1445

Acc

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d A

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1445ndash

Acc

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d A

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e


Acc

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d A

rticl

e



Acc

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d A

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Acc

epte

d A

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5382(05)80015

Acc

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5382(05)80015


Acc

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Acc

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d A

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

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e


Acc

epte

d A

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e



Acc

epte

d A

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e



Acc

epte

d A

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e



Acc

epte

d A

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e



Acc

epte

d A

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e



epte

d A

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epte

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epte

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e



httpsdoiorg101134S1063783416020244
















Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti



Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

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DG Malykhi

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

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DG Malykhin An X

Acc

epte

d A

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n An X

Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

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Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

d A

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microcracks appear




)111exp(Tp

(227)


varies


following equation

151ln)1(731 0 ffctgmT (228)





zone from 1510


1

01

ffctgmT at


drawing)



fdfd (229)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


microcracks appe

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

emicrocracks appear

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

ear

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Were ldquo

Acc

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Were ldquo-

Acc

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-111rdquo is

Acc

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e

111rdquo is

along the

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

deformation zone

following equation

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

following equation

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


before drawing and

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

before drawing and

Equation (

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Equation (22

Acc

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d A

rticl

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22

zone from

Acc

epte

d A

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zone from

Acc

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Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

d A

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1

Acc

epte

d A

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e

10

Acc

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d A

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e

00

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

0

Acc

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d A

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Acc

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d A

rticl

e

T

Acc

epte

d A

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e

T

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

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Acc

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d A

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Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

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drawing) Acc

epte

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drawing)





ctgm

ctgm

112520

)1(921

(2210)

where 1

0

ff

the draw ratio


1

1 the


ctgm

ctgm

1

11

1

2520

)1(921

(2211)










21 (2212)



1112

(2213)


Acc

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d A

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ted

Arti

clewhere

Acc

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d A

rticl

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ted

Arti

cle 10

Acc

epte

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e 0fA

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ted

Arti

cle f1f1

Acc

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fA

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ted

Arti

cle f0f0

Acc

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ted

Arti

cle

Acc

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e


Acc

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d A

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Acc

epte

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This equation

Acc

epte

d A

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e

This equation (

Acc

epte

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e

(

resource in multi

Acc

epte

d A

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e

resource in multi-

Acc

epte

d A

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e

-pass drawing

Acc

epte

d A

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e

pass drawing


Acc

epte

d A

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e


Acc

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d A

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e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

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e



Acc

epte

d A

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e



Acc

epte

d A

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e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


is

Acc

epte

d A

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e

is estimate

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

estimate

1

Acc

epte

d A

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e

1 and

Acc

epte

d A

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e

and 2

Acc

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d A

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2

Acc

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e

are

Acc

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d A

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e

are

transitions Acc

epte

d A

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e


epte

d A

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respectively




(2211)















Acc

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Fig

Acc

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Fig 2

Acc

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2 -

Acc

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d A

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Acc

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d A

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e



Acc

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d A

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Fig

Acc

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d A

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e

Figure

Acc

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ure 2

Acc

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d A

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e


Acc

epte

d A

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e



Acc

epte

d A

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e


and eq 2213 a

Acc

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e

and eq 2213 at

Acc

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d A

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e

t

Acc

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d A

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e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

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d A

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e


Acc

epte

d A

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e


Acc

epte

d A

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e



Acc

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d A

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e



Acc

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e



Acc

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d A

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e


Acc

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e


Acc

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d A

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e



epte

d A

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e


epte

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e


epte

d A

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degree




















Acc

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Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

d A

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Physical

Acc

epte

d A

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Physical


Acc

epte

d A

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e



Acc

epte

d A

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e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


the material densi

Acc

epte

d A

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e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

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e



Acc

epte

d A

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e


method is 0003gcm

Acc

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d A

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method is 0003gcm


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


(0007gcm

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

(0007gcm3

Acc

epte

d A

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e

3)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

)

Acc

epte

d A

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e

[13]

Acc

epte

d A

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e


Acc

epte

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e



Acc

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d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

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e



epte

d A

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e



epte

d A

rticl

e











120576 =

= ∆

= minus119888119900119905120579∆120579 (241)


2119889119904119894119899120579 = 120582 (242)


120590 = ()() [(1 minus 120584)119864 + 120584(119864 + 119864)] (243)




















Acc

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d A

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ccep

ted

Arti



Acc

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d A

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Acc

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d A

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Acc

epte

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120590

Acc

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120590

Acc

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120590120590

Acc

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120590120590


Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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d A

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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etched wi

Acc

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etched wi

Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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epte

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epte

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The important elect


epte

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boundaries (HABs)

















epte

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Acc

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of the

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technique

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Acc

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This

Acc

epte

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Acc

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Acc

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Results

Acc

epte

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Acc

epte

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Acc

epte

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e

31 Physical

Acc

epte

d A

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e

-

Acc

epte

d A

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-shear

Acc

epte

d A

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shear


Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

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Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

d A

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e



Acc

epte

d A

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e


1280 MPa (Fig

Acc

epte

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1280 MPa (Fig

Acc

epte

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e

ure

Acc

epte

d A

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e

ure 4

Acc

epte

d A

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4


Acc

epte

d A

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e



Acc

epte

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greater in Acc

epte

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epte

d A

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e

crease in strength





















1 2 1

2

Acc

epte

d A

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e

4

Acc

epte

d A

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e

4 ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

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e



Acc

epte

d A

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e


strength (UTS)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

right


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

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e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

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e



Acc

epte

d A

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e



Acc

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d A

rticl

e



Acc

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d A

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e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

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e



epte

d A

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e


epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

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e







a b

















Acc

epte

d A

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e

5

Acc

epte

d A

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e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


shear die 3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

shear die 3 ndash

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

DSh+93 reduction 4


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


reduction with

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

reduction with a

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e












metal















a) b) c)

Acc

epte

d A

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ccep

ted

Arti

cleFig

Acc

epte

d A

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eigureA

ccep

ted

Arti

cleure 6

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


of microhardness

Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eis


Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Fig

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

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Fig 6

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

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e


32

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

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e

a


Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

d A

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epte

d A

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epte

d A

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e


epte

d A

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eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

a)

Acc

epte

d A

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e

a)




evaluated




233 reduction

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

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ccep

ted

Arti

cle

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eA

ccep

ted

Arti

cle

































Acc

epte

d A

rticl

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ccep

ted

Arti

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Acc

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Arti

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Acc

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d A

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Acc

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Acc

epte

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rticl



Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

d A

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e


developing a low

Acc

epte

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developing a low-

Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


33

Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

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d A

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e



Acc

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d A

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Acc

epte

d A

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observed

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

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e

in the wire cross


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


as a

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


at

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

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at 23

Acc

epte

d A

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e


Acc

epte

d A

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e

area reduction (Fig

boundaries

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

are observed

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

rticl

e


subsequent drawing

Acc

epte

d A

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subsequent drawing



deformation scheme




a) b)

c) d)

e) f) j)

h) i) g)

F

P

93

Acc

epte

d A

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Arti

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Acc

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d A

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ted

Arti

cle

Acc

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d A

rticl

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Arti

cle

e)

Acc

epte

d A

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e

e)

Acc

epte

d A

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h)

Acc

epte

d A

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h)







a b c d

e f g h

i j k l

m n o p

93

Acc

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e

EBSD Acc

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d A

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e


epte

d A

rticl

e


epte

d A

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ccep

ted

Arti

cle































registered



Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti


wire

Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

d A

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graph (cross

Acc

epte

d A

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Acc

epte

d A

rticl


Acc

epte

d A

rticl


-

Acc

epte

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e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


phase Fe(Mn)

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

phase Fe(Mn)3

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

3C The resul

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

C The resul


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


having long

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

having long-

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e


Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e



epte

d A

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manuscript

Acknowledgements














References

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Res 107 (2016) 239Acc

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Res 107 (2016) 239





httpsdoiorg101007s40430-017-0812-y




Eng 2017 (2017) httpsdoiorg10115520177015282






5382(05)80015-7


















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httpsdoiorg101134S1063783416020244
















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(2211)















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Fig 2

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120576 =

= ∆

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120576 =

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1280 MPa (Fig

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1280 MPa (Fig

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ure

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ure 4

Acc

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4


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greater in Acc

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crease in strength





















1 2 1

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4 ndash

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strength (UTS)

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Acc

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right


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a b

















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Acc

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shear die 3

Acc

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shear die 3 ndash

Acc

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Acc

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DSh+93 reduction 4


Acc

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reduction with

Acc

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reduction with a

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epte

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metal















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Arti



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of microhardness

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Fig

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Fig 6

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Acc

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32

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a


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Acc

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a)




evaluated




233 reduction

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)

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Acc

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developing a low

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developing a low-

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Acc

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33

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observed

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Acc

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in the wire cross


Acc

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Acc

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as a

Acc

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Acc

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at

Acc

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at 23

Acc

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Acc

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area reduction (Fig

boundaries

Acc

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Acc

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are observed

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epte

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subsequent drawing

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subsequent drawing



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a) b)

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h)







a b c d

e f g h

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registered



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graph (cross

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Acc

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-

Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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phase Fe(Mn)

Acc

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phase Fe(Mn)3

Acc

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3C The resul

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C The resul


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having long

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having long-

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-


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the (211) and (200)

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the (211) and (200)


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It is revealed

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ndash

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ndash

Acc

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Acc

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epte

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epte

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4 Conclusion
















Highlights






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eonclusion


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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Highlights

Acc

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Highlights

Acc

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epte

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epte

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manuscript

Acknowledgements














References

Acc

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Acc

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manuscript

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manuscript

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manuscript

Acknowledgements

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Acknowledgements


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Acc

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Acc

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from EUs NMI3

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from EUs NMI3-

Acc

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Acc

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project 13

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project 13ndash

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Acc

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experiments

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epte

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6454(99)00353-5






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of the wire of low


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HS Kim Y Estrin MB

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HS Kim Y Estrin MB


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272 httpsdoiorg103103S0967091209030218



180



















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Acc

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272 httpsdoiorg103103S0967091209030218

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Acc

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180

Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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574 (2013) 68

Acc

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574 (2013) 68ndash

Acc

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SK Hwang HM Baek I

Acc

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SK Hwang HM Baek I


Acc

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Acc

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multi

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multi-

Acc

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pass non


Acc

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Acc

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epte

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drawing with shear

Res 107 (2016) 239Acc

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Res 107 (2016) 239





httpsdoiorg101007s40430-017-0812-y




Eng 2017 (2017) httpsdoiorg10115520177015282






5382(05)80015-7


















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5382(05)80015

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5382(05)80015


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httpsdoiorg101134S1063783416020244
















Acc

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DG Malykhi

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DG Malykhin An X

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120576 =

= ∆

= minus119888119900119905120579∆120579 (241)


2119889119904119894119899120579 = 120582 (242)


120590 = ()() [(1 minus 120584)119864 + 120584(119864 + 119864)] (243)




















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boundaries (HABs)

















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Results

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Acc

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shear


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manuscript

Acknowledgements














References

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manuscript

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httpsdoiorg101007s40430-017-0812-y




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manuscript

Acknowledgements














References

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272 httpsdoiorg103103S0967091209030218



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drawing with shear

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Res 107 (2016) 239





httpsdoiorg101007s40430-017-0812-y




Eng 2017 (2017) httpsdoiorg10115520177015282






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manuscript

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272 httpsdoiorg103103S0967091209030218



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272 httpsdoiorg103103S0967091209030218



180



















Acc

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272 httpsdoiorg103103S0967091209030218

Acc

epte

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e272 httpsdoiorg103103S0967091209030218


Acc

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structure in low

Acc

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180

Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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ndash

SK Hwang HM Baek I

Acc

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SK Hwang HM Baek I


Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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multi

Acc

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drawing with shear

Res 107 (2016) 239Acc

epte

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Res 107 (2016) 239





httpsdoiorg101007s40430-017-0812-y




Eng 2017 (2017) httpsdoiorg10115520177015282






5382(05)80015-7


















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Eng 2017 (2017) httpsdoiorg10115520177015282

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Acc

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Acc

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epte

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epte

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httpsdoiorg101134S1063783416020244
















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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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the (211) and (200)

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the (211) and (200)


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epte

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4 Conclusion
















Highlights






Acc

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ccep

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onclusion

Acc

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eonclusion


Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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e



Acc

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e



Acc

epte

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Acc

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Acc

epte

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Highlights

Acc

epte

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Highlights

Acc

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epte

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epte

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manuscript

Acknowledgements














References

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Acc

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Acc

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figures AZ

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manuscript

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manuscript AZ

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Acc

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manuscript

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manuscript

Acknowledgements

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Acknowledgements


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Acc

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from EUs NMI3

Acc

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from EUs NMI3-

Acc

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Acc

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project 13

Acc

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project 13ndash

Acc

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Acc

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e



Acc

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e



Acc

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e


Acc

epte

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e


Acc

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e



Acc

epte

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experiments

Acc

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Acc

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epte

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6454(99)00353-5






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of the wire of low

Acc

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of the wire of low


Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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6454(99)00353Acc

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6454(99)00353











272 httpsdoiorg103103S0967091209030218



180



















Acc

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ccep

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Arti



Acc

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Acc

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272 httpsdoiorg103103S0967091209030218

Acc

epte

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e272 httpsdoiorg103103S0967091209030218


Acc

epte

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structure in low

Acc

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structure in low

180

Acc

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180


Acc

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Acc

epte

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574 (2013) 68

Acc

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574 (2013) 68ndash

Acc

epte

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ndash

SK Hwang HM Baek I

Acc

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SK Hwang HM Baek I


Acc

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e



Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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multi

Acc

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multi-

Acc

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pass non


Acc

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Acc

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epte

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epte

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e


epte

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drawing with shear

Res 107 (2016) 239Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Res 107 (2016) 239





httpsdoiorg101007s40430-017-0812-y




Eng 2017 (2017) httpsdoiorg10115520177015282






5382(05)80015-7


















Acc

epte

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Arti


Eng 2017 (2017) httpsdoiorg10115520177015282

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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5382(05)80015

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5382(05)80015


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epte

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epte

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epte

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e



httpsdoiorg101134S1063783416020244
















Acc

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ccep

ted

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Acc

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rticl



Acc

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Acc

epte

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Acc

epte

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Acc

epte

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DG Malykhi

Acc

epte

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rticl

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DG Malykhin An X

Acc

epte

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n An X

Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

epte

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e













Acc

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ccep

ted

Arti

cle









4 Conclusion
















Highlights






Acc

epte

d A

rticl


ccep

ted

Arti


onclusion

Acc

epte

d A

rticl

eonclusion


Acc

epte

d A

rticl



Acc

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rticl



Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Highlights

Acc

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Highlights

Acc

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epte

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e



epte

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manuscript

Acknowledgements














References

Acc

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Acc

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manuscript

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manuscript AZ

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Acc

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manuscript

Acc

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manuscript

Acknowledgements

Acc

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Acknowledgements


Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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from EUs NMI3

Acc

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from EUs NMI3-

Acc

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Acc

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project 13

Acc

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project 13ndash

Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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e



Acc

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experiments

Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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epte

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6454(99)00353-5






Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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of the wire of low

Acc

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of the wire of low


Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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HS Kim Y Estrin MB


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6454(99)00353Acc

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6454(99)00353











272 httpsdoiorg103103S0967091209030218



180



















Acc

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Acc

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272 httpsdoiorg103103S0967091209030218

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Acc

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180


Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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574 (2013) 68ndash

Acc

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ndash

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Acc

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SK Hwang HM Baek I


Acc

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Acc

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Acc

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multi

Acc

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multi-

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epte

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drawing with shear

Res 107 (2016) 239Acc

epte

d A

rticl

e

Res 107 (2016) 239





httpsdoiorg101007s40430-017-0812-y




Eng 2017 (2017) httpsdoiorg10115520177015282






5382(05)80015-7


















Acc

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Eng 2017 (2017) httpsdoiorg10115520177015282

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Acc

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Continuous Severe Plastic Deformation of Low‐Carbon Steel ...

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Transcript of Continuous Severe Plastic Deformation of Low‐Carbon Steel ...