Continuous Forestry Inventory Report for Cannonsville Reservoir

7/16/2019 Continuous Forestry Inventory Report for Cannonsville Reservoir

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New York City Watershed

Continuous Forestry Inventory

Baseline Report for Cannonsville Reservoir

by

Ian B. Brent

Forest Science Intern

Under the Guidance ofDeborah LaytonForest Scientist

New York City Department of Environmental ProtectionWatershed Protection and Planning

Natural Resources ManagementEcological Research and Assessments

Forest Science Program465 Columbus Avenue, Suite 350

Valhalla, NY 10595


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Ian B. Brent 6/3/2013NYCDEP- WP & P Cannonsvil le CFI

Introduction

A healthy forest ecosystem has the ability to filter and maintain clean water by

natural processes. When these natural processes are lost or disturbed it cangreatly affect our water quality. A leading contributor to reduced water quality island cover change, induced by human activities, including development ofimpervious surfaces, carbon emissions, etc. By surveying established forestryinventory plots within the New York City Watershed on a continuing basis, theforest management plan currently under development will provide the necessarydirection to maintain a healthy forest ecosystem and provide quality drinkingwater without filtration over time.

Baseline continuous forest inventory has been implemented on five basins todate (Ashokan, Boyd Corners/West Branch, Rondout/Neversink, Schoharie, andPepacton). The Cannonsville watershed inventory began in the spring of 2009.Once inventory plots are established, each watershed will be inventoriedapproximately every ten years to eventually develop sound models of New YorkCity watershed forest dynamics which can predict forest growth, regenerationand mortality.

The data gathered from each watershed basin includes tree species, size class,

timber quality, DBH (diameter at breast height), and site index (a measure ofheight growth potential as a function of stand age). These overstory observationsalso include: product grade, sawtimber height, pulpwood height, size class, andpercent canopy closure. Comments are recorded on presence of riparian zones,wetlands and whether there are any interfering species (native species thatinhibit the regeneration of tree seedlings).

Understory data is also collected. These data include: a count of all saplingsover a height of four and one half feet but less than four inches in DBH, percent

groundcover, foliage, rock, and leaf depth. Comments are made on wildlife,invasive species, presence of insects and diseases, and percent slope andaspect are recorded.

Species richness is affected by the stress conditions to which trees are exposed.Physical features such as site conditions, extreme climate events, drought, andperiodic defoliation impact this important ecosystem. Competition, pathogens andover-grazing by white tail deer (Odocoileus virginianus) further stress the trees.Over-grazing of saplings for many years depletes the younger age classes; when

mature trees die, there is insufficient replacement, which leads to a populationcrash (Vatovec 2000).

Heavy surface runoff and soil compaction can change soil nutrients. Soilcompaction does not allow much air to circulate to the root zone and water tendsto run off. Compacted clay soils will not allow rapid infiltration. Runoff leads toerosion which changes soil quality, rooting depth, reduces slope stability and

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water retention. Surface runoff degrades water quality, causes stream bankerosion, and affects aquatic life resulting in habitat change. Healthy forestcanopies, leaf litter and multilayer forests prevent excessive runoff and erosion.

Growth and the development of forests could be affected by extreme weatherevents. The frequency of extreme weather events may not allow trees to recoverbefore the next one occurs. Hail, ice storms, droughts, flash floods, high windsand general weather conditions can have direct damage to trees. Atmosphericdeposition of nitrogen and sulfur acidify forest soil. Alteration in soil chemistry canaffect the forest ecosystem and possibly change species distribution.

The primary objective of the forest management program on the New York City

watershed is to promote a healthy forest ecosystem, which in return willcontribute to quality drinking water within our watershed. The goal of theContinuous Forest Inventory plot system is to develop, over time, models forpredicting forest growth, mortality, and recruitment. The data also enabledevelopment of DBH-height curves and other basic models that can streamlineother forest inventories.

Methods

Plot locations are specified by a grid system placed over a map of City-ownedforest lands. Plots are mile apart and each plot represents 160 acres. Stayingon the grid and not arbitrarily establishing plots on the edge of City property isimportant to eliminate bias and provide accuracy in describing site conditions.

Plot centers are located by Global Positioning System; the center stake ishammered into the ground with plot number recorded on the stake with apermanent marker. The plot size is 1/5 of an acre, with a radius of 52.7 feet. A

sonar-measuring device is positioned in the plot center; radii are measured out inall directions where pin flags are then positioned. At least seven pin flags arepositioned around the edge of the circular plot to facilitate determining whethertrees are located on or off the plot.

The tree closest due north and to the plot center would be tree number one.Trees are numbered out to the edge of the plot, and then back to plot center in aclockwise direction. Only live trees that are four inches or over in diameter atDBH (diameter at breast height) are tallied. These trees are measured to the

nearest 1/10 of an inch and are marked with a line at DBH using a paint markerand facing the plot center. The trees are numbered on the side facing the centerplot with a bright blue aluminum disk, which is nailed into the base of the tree.For trees on the plots edge, distance is measured by sonar to determine whetherindividual trees are inside or outside the 52.7 radius, as necessary.

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For each plot, measurements and observations are recorded in a hand heldcomputer. This field computer is equipped with a Windows operating system, andGPS. It is also loaded with NEDLite CE software to eliminate manual data entry

and reduce data entry errors.

Understory observations collected and recorded include saplings by species andsize class, including all trees and shrubs 4.5 feet or taller and with a diameterless than 4 inches. On denser and younger plots, the understory plot size isreduced in area to 1/10th of an acre (37.2 radius) to improve count accuracy. Allsaplings are tallied by one-inch diameter class.

Ground observations are also recorded. These include: percent ground

vegetation coverage, leaf depth, slope shape, percent coverage of rock, ferns,interfering or invasive species, and comments, if wildlife are present. Adjacencyto riparian or wetland zones, and accessibility to stand and haul distance is alsorecorded.

Baseline data was summarized and initial analysis performed using the U.S.Forest Service NED-2 software as well as Microsoft Excel for basic statistics andcreation of charts and graphics. MiniTab statistical software was used to performcomparisons between basins.

This baseline data for Cannonsville Reservoir is subject to change. Additionalinformation will be provided following any impacts, extreme climate conditions, orurgent concerns.

ResultsGeneral Data from the Cannonsville Basin

Cannonsvilles forests are on side slopes, ridge tops, and steep rocky outcropswith predominately clay soils.

Forest type for each plot was documented. These included Hemlock, Northern,Appalachian, Allegheny, Oak Northern, Bottomland and Spruce-NorthernHardwoods. Apart from this, Maple, Oak, Pine, Birch and Beech-Birch plots wereincluded as well.. Hemlock Hardwood along with Northern Hardwoods (generallya mix of Beech, Birch, and Maple) are two of the most frequent forest types.

Though Hemlock Hardwood plots are slightly more numerous than most (at atotal of thirteen plots, total, compared to nine Northern Hardwood plots) RedMaple (Acer rubrum)is the most dominant species in the water shed, with arelative dominance of 23.75%, and Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is,instead, right behind it with a relative dominance of 22.69%. This can beattributed to several factors: First, Red Maples shade and wet soils tolerance,fast growth rate (typically 2-5 ft/year) and overall resilience in reproduction,

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whereas Hemlock stands, while similarly shade tolerant, generally have muchless viable reproduction methods, and cannot tolerate wet or loamy soils.Second, the majority of plots featuring Hemlock, are Hemlock Hardwoods, not

just exclusively Hemlock stands. These plots feature other hardwood trees suchas Red and Sugar Maples with Hemlock intermixed. This, in turn, would accountfor a rise in observations of Red Maples. Only two pure Hemlock stands wereobserved.

Plots containing Red Maple have been found all over the Cannonsville Reservoirbasin and in all types of elevations, slopes and aspects. Plots containing mainlyEastern Hemlock have been found to average at 31% slope, and existpredominantly at lower slope positions on North-West facing aspects, with an

average elevation of 1390 ft above sea level.

A hilly and mountainous area, Percent slope in Cannonsville ranges from 0 to 65percent with the average percent slope being 28%. Percent litter ranged from 0to 100 percent coverage and averaged at 74%.

The average age for the Cannonsville watershed is 66 years, with a range of 6 to128 years of age. This watershed averaged at 329 overstory trees per acre, andranged between 10 and 1310 trees. An estimated 9% of the land cover is

forested wetlands, the range of which being 0 to 100 percent. These areasvaried in topography, but generally occurred at mid and lower slopes.

Average DBH and Basal Area for the various timber types in the Cannonsvillewatershed is shown in Tables and figures 1, 2 and 3 below:

Tables

Table 1: Average DBH and Basal Area by forest types at Cannonsville Reservoir

Stands Average DBH Basal Area

hemlock 11.66 226.7

oak 10.71 127.4

bottomland hardwoods 10.35 127.6

hemlock hardwoods 10 251.3

Appalachian hardwoods 9.94 107.5

Allegheny hardwoods 5.91 386.7

northern hardwoods 9.24 403.18

maple 8.85 172.8

pine hemlock 8.44 156.2oak northern hardwoods 8.1 151.2

spruce-northern hardwoods 7.33 123.6PIST 6.15 2.1beech-birch 4.76 98.3birch 3.41 20.9pine hardwoods 3.05 556.3

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Breaking this data down by species, the average DBH for each is shown in Table

2 below. Species selected were with the most data; those with only a fewobservations are not shown. This data is then further focused in table 3, whereinonly Overstory observations (DBH > 4 in.) were included.

Table 2: Average DBH by Species at Cannonsville Reservoir,and Table 3: Average Overstory DBH at the Cannonsville reservoir

Species Overstory DBHQUAL 19.8

QUPR2 16.2

QUPR 14

QURU 13.8

CAGL8 12.1

TSCA 11.1

POGR4 10.7

ACSA3 10.1

FRAM2 10.1

PRSE2 9.8

TIAM 9.76ACRU 9.7

BEAL2 9.2

BELE 9.1

BEPO 8.5

PIST 8.5

PRPE2 8.2

PIAB 7.9

FAGR 7.7

POTR5 6.8

BEPA 6.5OSVI 6.3

MALUS 6.2

ACPE 6.2

AMELA 6

CRATA 5.7

CACA18 5.3

QUMU 4.5

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Figures

Figure 1: Total Basal Area for the Cannonsville Reservoir.

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0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Basal Area (sq. ft.)

Total Basal Area in the Cannonsville Reservoir Basin

Pine HardwoodsNorthern Hardwoods

Allegheny HardwoodsHemlock HardwoodsHemlockMaplePine Hemlock

Oak Northern HardwoodsBottomland HardwoodsOakSpruce-Northern Hardwoods

Appalachian HardwoodsBeech-BirchBirchPIST

Figure 2: Average DBH by Forest type for the Cannonsville Reservoir

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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

DBH (in.)

Forest Type

Average DBH by Forest Type

pine hardwoods

birch

beech-birch

allegheny hardwoods

PIST

spruce-northern hardwoods

oak northern hardwoods

pine hemlock

maple

northern hardwoods

appalachian hardwoods

hemlock hardwoods

bottomland hardwoods

oak

hemlock

Figure 3: Average DBH by Overstory Trees

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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

AverageDBH(in)

QUAL

QUPR2

QUPR

QURU

CAGL8

TSCA

POGR4

ACSA3

FRAM2

PRSE2

TIAM

ACRU

BEAL2

BELE

BEPO

PIST

PRPE2

PIAB

FAGR

POTR5

BEPA

OSVI

MALUS

ACPE

AMELA

CRATA

CACA18

QUMU

Species

Average DBH for Overstory Trees in the Cannonsville Reservoir Basin

Average DBH

Figure 4: Cannonsville Reservoir Total Biomass

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

Tons

Saplings Small

Sawlogs

Large

Sawlogs

Speciesand SizeClass

Pepacton ReservoirTotalBiomass

RedOak

RedMaple

EasternHemlock

Sugar Maple

WhiteOak

BlackBirch

Beech

WhiteAsh

WhitePine

YellowBirch

1

3on

lin m ll

l

Lr

l

S p c i n d S i C l

P p c t o n R r v oi r o t l B i o

l

E t r nH m l c

u r l

hit

lc ir ch

ch

hit h

hit in

Y l l i rc h

1

3

on

lin ll

l

Lr

l

S p c i n d S i C l

P p c t on R r o i r o t l B io

l

E t r nH l c

u r l

hit

l c i r c h

ch

hit h

hit in

Y l l i rc h

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Total Biomass by Timber Type in the Cannonsville Reservoir

Basin

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

OSVI

BEAL2 BELE

PRSE2

FAGR

QURU

FRAM2

ACSA3

ACRU TSCA

Species

Mass(To

ns)

Large Saw

Small Saw

Pole

Figure 5: Percent Dominance by Species

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Relative Dominance of Species at Cannonsville

0

5

10

15

20

25

ACRU

TSCA

ACSA3

FRAM2

FAGR

PRSE2

QURU

BELE

OSVI

BEAL2

CRATA

PIST

CAGL8

ACPE

TIAM

QUAL

POTR5

AMELA

POGR4

QUPR2

BEPO

CACA18

BEPA

PIAB

MALUS

QUMU

JUCI

PRPE2

Species

%Dominanc

e

Relative Dominance (%)

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Figure 6: Cannonsville Average DBH of Hardwoods and Softwoods by Height Classes

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Avera

gedbh

(inches)

Merchantable Height (feet)

Cannonsville Hardwood and Softwood

Hardwoods 2.05 2.18 2.74 3.43 4.44 5.21 6.23 7.08 7.73 0

Softwoods 2.02 2.71 3.73 4.56 5.94 6.18 7.14 7.39 9.17 10.09

0-8' 8-16' 16-24' 24-32' 32-40' 40-48' 48-56' 56-64' 64-72' 72-80'

As can be seen in figures 1 and 2, Pine Hardwood and Northern Hardwood plotshad the highest average Basal Area per acre, but are not the largest in averagediameters. This is largely due to the fact that they are calculated differently- DBHby number of trees and average tree size, and Basal Area only by how large the

trees are.

Figure 4 shows that Eastern Hemlock is prevalent in all size classes, as well asred and sugar maple. If sawtimber is removed, other species, such as blackbirch, black cherry, beech, and white ash could become more common atCannonsville over time.

As hemlock and white pine are present on the Cannonsville watershed insignificant numbers, a comparison was performed to compare average diametersof hardwoods with softwoods of various height classes. (Figure 6) This chartshows that softwoods in the Cannonsville basin typically follow a similar growthpattern to hardwoods until they reach a height of about 65, when hardwoodscease to exist. This is most likely because of the hilly and mountainous terrain inthe Cannonsville region, which makes it difficult for deciduous trees to grow tosuch tall heights without breaking from wind damage frost damage, or from fallingover on the steep slopes. Thin soils overlying the noted rocky outcrops also limit

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hardwood tree height, though softwood conifers, on the other hand, thrive undersuch conditions, with their deep root depth and sprawling shallower roots.Conifers also tend to have more flexibility in the stems, allowing them to bend

easier in the wind. This reduces the amount of wind damage observed in ageneral pine stand.

Discussion

Site conditions at Cannonsville make forest management challenging. Difficultconditions include steep slopes and rocky outcrops that affect accessibility andtree growth. Most of the plots had no limitations to accessibility with a four-wheeldrive vehicle. Some of the plots, however, had limited accessibility where

rockiness and steep slopes made it very difficult to maneuver.

It should be considered, when studying the Cannonsville reservoir, that the NYCDEP did not acquire the lands surrounding it until 1955. Some of that land hasalso been leased for farming purposes until 10 to 15 years previous this report.Both of these facts should be contemplated when seeing the relatively young ageof the surrounding forests, and the old field appearance still worn by some of itsplots. Forests on this land are younger than at other reservoirs and havecharacteristics reflecting that- smaller average diameters and denser stocking.

The forests in the Cannonsville watershed are at risk from the advancement ofseveral regional insect infestations, including Emerald Ash Borer (EAB orAgrilus

planipennis), Asian Longhorn Beetle (ALB orAnoplophora glabripennis),Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae), Sirex Woodwasp (Sirex Noctilio)andGypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar). Out of these, however, only Gypsy Mothinfestations have as of yet been observed in this basin. The advancement ofthese insect infestations, including defoliation from Gypsy Moth, will weakenwatershed forests and will leave them vulnerable to other diseases.

The Emerald Ash Borer is notorious for its decimation of over 70 million Ashtrees in the United States alone (Wren 2009). Its recent detection in the Catskillmountain region should be of particular concern, as American Ash (Fraxinusamericana) is the fourth most populous tree in the Cannonsville basin, andconstitutes approximately 9.4% (Figure 5) of its forest.

Asian Long-horned Beetle has been estimated to have been in New York sincethe 1980s, and is considered an equally large threat to the Emerald Ash Borer

due to its wide variety of tree preferences. In the Cannonsville basin, the majortree types affected would include all types of Maple, Ash and Elm. Consideringthe wide prevalence of both Ash and Maple trees, the effects of this insectsarrival into the ecosystem would be no less than disastrous. A combined 49.65%of Cannonsvilles ecosystem (Figure 5) stands to be destroyed by such acreature, which would, in turn, have difficulty reinstating itself after the outbreakhad past. This would most likely be due to the conifers and limited remains of

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unaffected hardwoods establishing dominance in newly opened (andwidespread) canopy holes.

Gypsy moths attack trees in a different way than the previously mentioned boringinsects. Instead of boring, eating and living inside the trees themselves, gypsymoths eat the leaves of deciduous tree canopies. This results in tree duress anddeath through defoliation. These insects do not prefer conifers, either.

Should all three outbreak at the same time, the results would be drastic, andinstantly noticeable. The forest ecosystem would change dramatically to becomprised of mainly softwood stands, with very few pure hardwood standsintermixed. Not only would this increase the risk of forest fire and make forest

management more difficult, but it would devastate local wildlife populations suchas chipmunks and squirrels who rely on deciduous nuts to survive winter, andlocal insect populations, who would be easily outcompeted by the growingnumber of gypsy moths for deciduous leaves. Based on current models, onewould be able to predict that Hemlock would be the most dominant species, withother pine and spruce stands not far behind.

Keeping with this model, such a hemlock dominated stand would be threateneditself by Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae), an aphid-like creature that

feeds on and destroys hemlocks of all types found on the Eastern seaboard.However, even if Cannonsville werent to undergo such a radical change to aHemlock dominated stand, it would still stand to lose a significant portion to thisthreat. Currently, 22.63% of the Cannonsville basin (Figure 5) is Hemlock, whichwould drastically shift the species index of the reservoir basin further towardsHardwoods, with exception to the areas where Hardwoods have difficultygrowing, such as the many rocky outcrops in the basin, or particularly steepslopes, also noted along the reservoir.

It should also be noted that Sirex Woodwasp (Sirex noctilio) has been found incounties surrounding Delaware County. This includes Oswego County in 2004as the first noted arrival of this pest in the United States, and concurrentlyOnondaga, Cayuga, Wayne and Seneca afterwards. While Delaware Countyitself has not yet seen Sirex infestation, the movement of this pest should beconsidered on the same merits of the previously mentioned Hemlock Woolly

Adelgid, as this insect prefers Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), but will just asreadily attack any other confer in distress. Thus far, invasive Sirex populationshave successfully been managed in other parts of the world using parasitic

nematodes (Deladenus siricidicola)

and other hymenopteran parasitoids, most ofwhich are native to North America. (These species include Megarhyssa nortoni,Rhyssa persuasoria, Rhyssa hoferi, Schlettererius cinctipes, and Ibalialeucospoides.) No further movement has of this insect has been reported in NewYork State since 2005.

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Fungal disease and death is also a threat to the basin. Beech Bark Disease iscurrently the only affliction noted in the overstory that is not continuously insect-related (While starting as a scale insect infestation tree mortality is mainlyattributed to the resulting fungal infection of (Nectria coccinea) It has beenobserved on both saplings and overstory trees, and all three stages of declinewere noted. Apart from this, while it has not been noted in or near theCannonsville basin, Sudden Oak Death is also a standing threat to the alreadydwindling diversity in the region. It is caused by the fungus Phytophthoraramorum, and is currently ravaging the Oak stands in California and the

American Northwest. While only a few cases have been reported on the Eastcoast, they have been reported close enough to the NYC watershed (such ascases appearing in Pennsylvania) where it should cause enough alarm to be

vigilant.

Total biomass in tons (Figure 4) indicates the need to harvest the major treesspecies in the large sawlog class. Reduction of overstory density within theMaples and Hemlocks will aid in seed dispersal, and encourage growth for thelower size classes. This will, in turn, aid in diversity and the overall health of theCannonsville watershed forests. A healthy forest with marked and continuousgrowth will be able to more effectively combat inbound threats to the basin.

Apart from this, there stands to be less risk of total species decimation (as

predicted in the previous sections) if the relative dominance of species is spreadout among species, instead of having three or four main tree types, with othershaving >4% dominance. Prevailing forestry theory also holds that a healthy anddiverse ecosystem is superior in water quality control and filtration, to that of asimilarly dense but diversely destitute one.

If this management is not carried out within the next 10 years, decline of diversitywill continue, and an overall decrease in useable timber should be expected.Moreover, a cascading effect can be predicted in that disease and insect

infestations will rise steadily over the 10 year period as dead wood piles up andis not removed. Apart from this, denying this management could result in ahigher risk of forest fire in the event of a sustained drought period, as hemlocksand conifers specifically contain volatile, odiferous oils that are highlycombustible. An increase in dried pine needles (as the trees are expected toshed when under duress) as well as fallen and wind broken limbs and logs willalso lead to a notable fire hazard.

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References

Garbrecht, J.D., Steiner, J.L., Cox, C.A. (2007), Climate Change Impacts OnSoil and Water Conservation,Eos Trans.AGU,88(11),136.[ Full Article(pdf)].23/Sep/2010http://www.agu.org/eos_elec/2007311-136_climate.html

Griffin, Jacob M., Gary M. Lovett, Mary A. Arthur, and Kathleen C. Weathers."The distribution and severity of beech bark disease in the Catskill Mountains,N.Y" NRC Research Press Web. 18/08/2003. Institute of Ecosystem Studies,Web. 30/Sep/2010. .

Stuart, Gordon W., and Edwards, Pamela J. "Concepts about Forests andWater." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 23.1 (2006): USDA Forest Service,Web. 12/Sep/2010. .

Dickerson, John. USDA Plant Fact Sheet: Red Maple Edited: 31Jan2002.Web06/Oct/10

Haugen, Dennis A. and Hoebeke, Richard E. Pest Alert: Sirex Woodwasp.June, 2005. USDA, Northeastern Area, State and Private Forestry. Web.NA-PR-07-05. 12/Oct/2010

Wren, Maureen. Emerald Ash Borer Found in NY State Press Release.Wednesday, June 17, 2009 13/Oct/10

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http://www.agu.org/eos_elec/2007311-136_climate.htmlhttp://www.plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_acru.pdfhttp://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/pest_al/sirex_woodwasp/sirex_woodwasp.htmhttp://www.dec.ny.gov/press/55725.htmlhttp://www.agu.org/eos_elec/2007311-136_climate.htmlhttp://www.plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_acru.pdfhttp://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/pest_al/sirex_woodwasp/sirex_woodwasp.htmhttp://www.dec.ny.gov/press/55725.html


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Data Reason Measured Equipment

Age Site index based on current standage

Increment borer, rings countedto the pith. Use of a

microscope when necessary.Aspect Site-specific conditions. Indirect

measurement of climate.Hand Compass

Crown Class Crown density. Indicator for treeand understory health.

Observation

DBH Tree growth, volume and yield. Diameter tape to nearest 1/10th

of an inch.

Merchantable

Height

Stem length (w/o defects) adding

sawtimber and pulpwood heightstogether.

Clinometer or ocular estimate

to nearest 5 feet.

PulpwoodHeight

Stem length to 4 inch topdiameter measured from base orfrom top of sawtimber portion.

Clinometer or ocular estimateto nearest 5 feet.

Saw TimberHeight

Stem length from base to 10 inchtop diameter.

Clinometer or ocular estimateto nearest log (8 feet).

Slope % Site-specific conditions. Gradient,natural slope of existing terrain.

Clinometer

Total Height Stem length from base to top oftree.

Clinometer or ocular estimateto nearest foot.

Tree Condition Description of growing conditions.(acceptable, unacceptable, cull,dead, cavity)

Observation

Tree Number Unique number for each tree onplot.

Identification for specific treeon plot. Marked facing centerof plot.

Tree Species Type of trees in a stand Observation

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Continuous Forestry Inventory Report for Cannonsville Reservoir

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