CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day11

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEOVERVIEWSKILL:CONTEXTUALIZATION CONTENT:APWORLDC.F. KEYCONCEPT6.3 ThismodulefocusesoncontextualizationthroughanexaminationofSouthandNorthKorea.Thetwoactivitiesleadtowardadocument-basedquestion(DBQ)thathasstudentsevaluatetheextenttowhichtheColdWaraffectedeconomicandtechnologicaldevelopment.

AftertheKoreanWar(1950-1953),theroleofthestateinthedomesticeconomyvaried,andnewinstitutionsofglobalassociationsemergedandcontinuedtodevelopthroughoutthetwentiethcentury.

DAY1

CLASSACTIVITY:BoxProtocolMysterySourceAnalysisStudentsworkcollaborativelytobetterunderstandthecurrentcontextsurroundingSouthKoreaneconomicdevelopment.StudentswillexaminesecondarysourcestodevelopanunderstandingofSouthKorea’seconomicandtechnologicaldevelopmentsincomparisontootherstates.

AP-ALIGNEDASSESSMENT:LongEssayQuestionLong Essay Question—Thesis and Contextualization: Students will evaluate the extent towhichtheAPCourseFramework,specificallyKeyConcept6.3IE,accuratelyexplainsKoreanhistoricaldevelopmentsinthetwentiethandtwenty-firstcenturies.

DAY2

HowareNorthandSouthKoreaimpactedbytheColdWar,economicliberalization,andInformationAgetechnologicaldevelopments?

CLASSACTIVITY:PairedSourcesaboutNorthandSouthKoreaStudents work collaboratively to investigate the impact of the Cold War, economicliberalization,andtheInformationAgeonNorthandSouthKorea.Studentswillreadpairedsources,oneonNorthKoreaandoneonSouthKorea,tocomparetheresponsesofeachtothethreetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments.

AP-ALIGNEDASSESSMENT:ShortAnswerQuestionsShort Answer Question(s): Students will answer questions about how the Cold War,economicliberalization,andtheInformationAgeaffectedNorthandSouthKorea,andhowthecountriesrespondedtoeachhistoricaldevelopment.

DAY3

CLASSACTIVITY:TeachingtheDocument-BasedQuestionStudents can write (and/or peer grade) an AP-aligned DBQ. A set of annotated ScoringGuidelinesareprovidedfortheteacherand/orstudenttouseinassessingstudentworkandofferingfeedback.

AP-ALIGNEDASSESSMENT:Document-BasedQuestionDocument-BasedQuestion:Evaluatetheextent towhichtheColdWaraffectedeconomicandtechnologicaldevelopment.

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day12

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULESOURCES

DAY1

AUTHOR SOURCE DATE

1. KWLFChaebols20172. AhnChoong-yongExcerptfromKorea:RagstoRiches20123. KWLFArticleonSouthKoreanindustry20184. KWLFArticleonSouthKoreantechnologicalinnovations20185. KWLFArticleonSouthKoreantechnologyandculture20186. KWLFArticleonSouthKoreannationalimageindex2018

DAY2

AUTHOR SOURCE DATE1. KimIl-sungSpeechonNorthKoreaneconomicdevelopment19552. SyngmanRheeLettertoPresidentEisenhower19533. KimIl-sungSpeechtotheCommunistParty19564. EdwardGrahamExcerptfromReformingKorea’sIndustrialConglomerates20035. KWLFArticleonNorthKoreannuclearprogram20176. KimDae-jungSpeech:PresidentialInauguralAddress19987. Gov’t.ofNorthKoreaOfficialstatementongovernmentwebsite20188. T.Karako&W.RumbaughGraph:NorthKoreanNuclearMissiles20179. Gov’tofSouthKoreaChart:SouthKoreanInternetUsage2004

DAY3

AUTHOR SOURCE DATE1. WangLiuyingetal.Propagandaposteroneconomicadvances19582. DwightEisenhowerSpeechonthemilitary-industrialcomplex19613. WilliamFulbrightSpeechonUSforeignpolicy19654. CIAIntelligenceReportonGhana19715. CIAIntelligenceReportonNorthandSouthKorea19726. MikhailGorbachevNotesfromaPolitburomeeting19887. USStateDepartmentCharts:NorthandSouthKoreaMilitarySpending2017

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day13

DAY 1 BASEDONA60-MINUTECLASS

LessonQuestion:TowhatextentisSouthKoreaamanufacturingorinformationeconomy?

APCURRICULUMFRAMEWORKREFERENCE KeyConcept6.3—Theroleofthestateinthedomesticeconomyvaried,andnewinstitutionsofglobalassociationemergedandcontinuedtodevelopthroughoutthetwentiethcentury.

E.Inthelatetwentiethcentury,revolutionsininformationandcommunicationstechnologyledtothegrowthofknowledgeeconomiesinsomeregions,whileindustrialproductionandmanufacturingwereincreasinglysituatedindevelopingeconomiesincludingthePacificRimandLatinAmerica.

HistoricalReasoningSkill:Contextualization

OVERVIEW

StudentswillexploreeconomicdevelopmentsinSouthKoreathroughastructuredsourceanalysisofcommonandpairedreadings,referredtoastheBoxProtocol.Thisactivityisdesignedtohelpstudentspracticetheirsource-analysisskillsanddeepentheirunderstandingofthecontextualizationbehindSouthKorea’seconomicdevelopmentaftertheKoreanWarandintothetwenty-firstcentury.ThistaskisdesignedforstudentswithlittletonounderstandingoftheInformationAgeandeconomicliberalizationtrendsinthepost-WorldWarIIera.Studentswillneedpriorknowledgeofbasiceconomicconceptslikegrossdomesticproduct(GDP)andconglomeratestoaccessthehomeworkandopeningstagesoftheactivity.StudentsshouldfinishtheactivitywithagreaterunderstandingoftheroletechnologyplayedinSouthKorea’seconomicdevelopmentandgreaterinsightintouniqueeconomicstrategiesusedbySouthKoreatoimproveitseconomicstandinginthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury.

MATERIALSNEEDED:

● Butcherpaperoritsequivalent(chartpaper,extra-largestickynotes)● Markersorcoloredpencils

MATERIALSNEEDEDFOR:

Homework• ChaebolChart(p.15)

In-ClassActivity

• BoxProtocolforSourcesAnalysisPresentation(p.16)o GeneralInstructionsonBoxProtocolTechnique(pp.5-12)

• CommonReading:ChaebolTransformedIndustry(pp.17-18)• JigsawReadings(pp.19-27)

o #1-SouthKoreaSeekstoReinventItselfYetAgain(pp.19-20)o #2-AdvicefromBloombergandtheSouthKoreanExample(pp.21-22)o #3-SouthKorea:TheNationThatMightSurpriseYou(pp.23-24)o #4-KoreaSeenasTechnologyWinner(p.25-27)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day14

SEQUENCEOFINSTRUCTION

HOMEWORKOVERVIEW

HOMEWORK—CLASSPREPARATION—CHAEBOLCHART(10MINUTES):StudentswillexaminetheChaebolChart(p.15)athomebeforeclass.

Thepurposeofthehomeworkisto

a. familiarizestudentswiththeconceptofthechaebol.

b. preparestudentstoidentifyfeaturesofadvancedeconomiesofthetwentiethandtwenty-firstcenturies.

Teacher Notes

StudentswillneedtoknowthemeaningofthetermsGDPandconglomerate.Theteachermayneedtodefineeach.

GrossDomesticProduct(GDP)isthetotalvalueofgoodsproducedandservicesprovidedinacountryduringoneyear.Itisoneofthebesttoolsforanalyzingacountry’seconomyasincreasesyeartoyearshowgrowthwhiledecreasesshoweconomicdecline.

Aconglomerateisalargecorporationinvolvedinmultipleindustriesthatareoftenseeminglyunrelated,suchasautomobilemanufacturingandfoodprocessing.

CLASSACTIVITY1OF6:WARMUP/INTRODUCTION

WARMUP/INTRODUCTION(5MINUTES):Studentswillanalyzethepre-assignedchartforevidencetoanswerthefollowingquestion:

TowhatextentistheeconomyinSouthKoreaamanufacturingorinformationeconomy?

Teacher Notes

BeforediscussingtheChaebolChart,writethequestion(above)ontheboardorprojectforstudentstodiscuss.

Teaching Tip

Ifstudentsarenotfamiliarwiththedifferencebetweenamanufacturingandaninformationeconomy,askthemtocomparetheeconomiesoftheearlyIndustrialRevolutiontotheeconomiesofpresent-daySiliconValley.

Teaching Tip

TheintentofthisquickanalysisistofamiliarizestudentswithauniqueKoreaneconomicinnovation,thechaebol,byhavingthemnotethatthechaebolsengageinvariouseconomicactivities,relatedtobothmanufacturingandinformation

technology.

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day15

CLASSACTIVITY2OF6:BOXPROTOCOL

SETUPANDMYSTERYSOURCE(10MINUTES):

1.SETUP

TheBoxProtocolactivitystructuresstudentinvestigationofsources.Eachinvestigationisdividedintoroundsbasedonspecificsources.Therearefourroundstotheactivity.TheBoxProtocolforSourcesAnalysisPresentationbeginswithavisualofthefourroundsorboxes.

Teacherswilldividestudentsintogroupsoffourstudentsandgiveeachgroupmarkersandalargepieceofbutcherpaper,chartpaper,orthelike.Studentswillcompletefourroundsbyfillinginfourconcentricboxesonthelargedisplaypaperastheymovethroughthelesson.Thespacesaroundeachboxserveasgroupnote-takingspaceforthesourceanalysisineachround.

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day16

2. MYSTERYSOURCE

Afterstudentshavetheprotocolsetup,askeachgrouptolookattheMysterySource.HaveeachgroupanswerthetwoprobingquestionsontheRound1MysterySourceslideofthepresentation.Studentswillwritetheiranswersintheoutermost(Round1)boxspaceonthebutcherpaper.

Asthedirectionsontheslidestate,studentsshouldrecordtheirobservationsintheoutermostsquare.

Teacher Notes

Thereisnorightanswerinthisstage.StudentswillnaturallyseektoputSouthKoreasomewhereonthegraph.Theothertwocountriesarenotconsequentialatthispoint.

Teaching Tip

Ifstudentshavetroubleatthisstage,pointthemtowardobservinggeneraltrendsshownonthegraphandhavethemspeculateaboutthedifferentglobaldevelopmentsineachdecadethatmightinfluencethetrendstheysee.

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day17

CLASSACTIVITYPART3OF6:BOXPROTOCOL

COMMONREADING"CHAEBOLTRANSFORMEDINDUSTRY"(20MINUTES):

COMMONREADING

Workingindividually,studentswillreadthecommonreading“ChaebolTransformedIndustry”(pp.17-18).Whenallstudentshavecompletedthereading,havethemrecordinformationintheRound2areaoftheBoxProtocol(instructionspicturedonslidebelow).Astheinstructionsnote,studentscanrecordinformationthathelpstoclarifythefirstdocument(theRound1MysterySource[GDPchart]),orinformationrelatedtothelessonquestionfortheday(“TowhatextentistheeconomyinSouthKoreaamanufacturingorinformationeconomy?”),ortheycanrecordnewinformationtheyfindinterestingorpossiblyrelevanttothegeneraltopicoftheday.

Whenstudentgroupshavefinishedrecordingtheirobservations,projecttheMysterySourceagain(showninnextslide)andhavestudentsdiscussthetwofocusquestions.

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day18

Teacher Notes

StudentswilllikelyneedguidanceregardingwhattypeofinformationisappropriatetorecordontheBoxProtocol.Guidethemtowardinformationthat(a)clarifiesthemysterydocument,(b)relatestothelessonquestion,or(c)comesfromcontextclues,andseemstoberelevanttothegeneraldiscussionofthetopicsofthedaysofar:thechaebol,manufacturingeconomies,InformationAgeeconomies,conglomerates,GDP,etc.

Teaching Tip

Thisisthelongestsinglereadingoftheactivity,soitmaytakestudentssometime.Thoughstudentsneedsufficienttimetofinishthereading,keepthemfocusedonfinishingandrecordinginformation.Ifthistakeslongerthantheprojected20

minutes,thefinalstageandimportantlearningwillbemissed.

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day19

CLASSACTIVITYPART4OF6:BOXPROTOCOL

JIGSAWREADING(15MINUTES):

1.JIGSAWREADINGS

Studentswillcompleteoneoffourdifferentreadingsintheirsmallgroups.EachreadingprovidesnewinformationaboutthetechnologicalandeconomicdevelopmentofSouthKoreainthecontextoftheglobaleconomicdevelopmentsinthelatetwentiethandearlytwenty-firstcenturies.Becauseeachstudentwillbetheonlymemberinhisorhergrouptoreadthearticle,helpstudentsfocusbystressingthateachstudentwillbeanexpertononearticle.Asstudentsfinishtheirindividualreadings,theyneedtorecordobservationsontheBoxProtocolforRound3.Aftercapturingtheirthoughtsonthedisplaypaper,studentswilldiscusswhattheydiscovered,aswell.

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day110

2. MYSTERYSOURCE

Onceallgroupmembershaverecordedandsharedtheirobservations,havestudentsreconsiderthemysterydocumentanddiscussthelessonquestionsontheslide(picturedbelow).

Teacher Notes

AsinRound2,studentswillneedsomeguidanceonthetypeofinformationtorecord.Teacherscanguidestudentstowardeconomicandtechnologicalinformationthatisrelevanttothediscussionofeconomicdevelopment.

Teaching Tip

Asthisroundinvolvesstudentssharinginformationaboutdocumentsthatonlyindividualstudentshaveread,thediscussionofsourcesisimportant.Teachers(andstudents)willneedtomonitorthetimeallowedforsuchdiscussiontoensureit

doesn’tinterferewithmovingforwardintotheconcludingactivities.

Teaching Tip

Teachersshouldconsiderimplementingaclassprotocolorsystemsothateachgroupmemberhasequaltimetoshareabouteacharticle.Leavingtimeforgroupreactionandconnectionsbetweenthearticlesishelpful.Encouragegroupsthat

finishearlytomakealistofsimilaritiesandpointsofconnectionbetweenthearticles.

Teaching Tip

Thefourthreadingissubstantiallyshorterthantheotherthree;considerassigningthisreadingtostudentswhoneedextratimetocompletereadingandanalysis.Thefourthreadingalsoincludessomeextensionquestionsforstudentstoconsider,

whichhelpsmakeupforitsshorterlength.

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day111

CLASSACTIVITYPART5OF6:FINALANALYSIS&MYSTERYSOURCEREVEALED

FINALANALYSIS&MYSTERYSOURCEREVEALED(10MINUTES):

1.MYSTERYSOURCEREVEAL

AfterRound3isconcluded,revealthemysterysourcewitheachlineofthegraphlabeled.Teacherswillaskstudentsthefollowingquestions,whichmayalsobepostedforstudentstoview.

● Wasyourpredictionaccurate?

● Whichobservationsorpiecesofevidencefromthesourcesweremostcriticalinguidingyoutowardtheappropriatelabels?

● Whatinformationorevidenceisstillmissingthatwouldhavehelpedclarifythemysterysource?

Teaching Tip

Teacherscanusetheirdiscretionastowhentorevealthemysterysource.Thisisalogicalandthoughtfultimeinthelesson,butteachersmaywishtorevealthemysterysourceearlier,dependingontheconversationanddevelopmentofthe

class.Teachersshouldusetheirinsightsanduniqueknowledgeoftheclass,especiallyinalessonsuchasthis.

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day112

2. CENTERSQUARE

Lastly,havestudentscompleteRoundFourinthecentersquareastheslideaboveshows.Thenhaveallgroupssharetheircentersquares(finalanalyses)withtheclass.

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day113

3. WIDERCONTEXT(OPTIONAL)

TohelpstudentscontextualizethemagnitudeofchangesSouthKorea’seconomyhasundergoneinbecomingamanufacturingand/orinformationeconomy,havestudentsexaminephotographsfrompreindustrialKorea.Imagescanbeaccessedasaslidepresentationhereorfromthewebsite20colorphotosfromtheearly20thcentury(https://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/20-colorized-photos-early-20th-century-korea).Elevensuchimagesarepicturedinthecollagebelow.

Teacher Notes

Teachersshouldhavestudentscompletethisstepusingcompletesentences,asiftheywererespondingtoanAP-styleShortAnswerQuestion(SAQ).ChallengestudentstothinkmorebroadlyabouttheKoreancontextandmotivation(s)forchangebeforetheadvancesthey’vereadaboutinthisunit.Emphasizetheagriculturalandpre-industrialcharacterofthecountrybefore1950(or,arguably,before1970)byencouragingbriefdiscussionsofthecolorphotos.

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day114

CLASSACTIVITY6OF6:ASSESSMENT/CHECKFORUNDERSTANDING

TYPEOFASSESSMENT–EXITTICKET

Studentswillwriteabriefresponsetothefollowingprompt,eitherbeforetheyleaveorforhomework:

Basedonyournewlearning,towhatextentdoesthefollowingstatementaccuratelyexplainKoreanhistoricaldevelopmentsinthetwentiethandtwenty-firstcentury?

Inthelatetwentiethcentury,revolutionsininformationandcommunicationstechnologyledtothegrowthofknowledgeeconomiesinsomeregions,whileindustrialproductionandmanufacturingwereincreasinglysituatedindevelopingeconomiesincludingthePacificRimandLatinAmerica.

Teacher Notes

ThegoalistohavestudentsapplywhattheylearnedtodaytothelargerAPKeyConcept6.3.ThiskeyconceptiscomplexandwillrequiresomediscussiontoensurestudentsunderstandtheinherentdifferencesimpliedbytheCollegeBoard’sdivisionbetweenknowledgeeconomiesandmanufacturingeconomies.AskstudentstoconsideriftheCollegeBoardinsertionof“thePacificRim”impliesthatKoreashouldbeconsideredamanufacturingandnotaknowledgeeconomy.ThisexercisedoesnothavetobeaformalanswerlikeanSAQ,although—iftimeallows—teachersmaychoosetohavestudentsrespondinoneoftheformatsthatrequiresanassertionorclaimsubstantiatedwithevidenceandexplanationandcommentary.StudentsmayalsoneedclarificationofthePacificRimasageographicregion.

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day115

HOMEWORKMATERIALS

CHAEBOLCHART

ChaebolsChaebol(pluralchaebols)comesfromthecombinationoftheKoreanwordsforwealthandclan.Achaebolisa

largegroupofinterconnectedcompaniestypicallydominatedbyawealthyfamily.Theseconglomeratessimultaneouslymanagemultiple,diverseproductlinesandservices,suchasautomobileproduction,hotel

management,andretailchains,withleadershippositionsgenerallyheldbyrelativesofthechairman.HistoryBusinessesrunbyfamiliesgoasfarbackastheJoseonDynasty.SamsungandLGwerealsoestablishedover100yearsago.ChaebolsbecamepopularaftertheKoreanWarwiththeriseofGeneralParkChung-hee(1963).Governmentofficialsfunneledreliefmoneyintheformofcheaploanstobusinessesthatagreedtohelprebuildtheeconomy.

Example:HyundaibuilttheGyeonbhuExpresswayinjust2.5years,andbuiltashipyardbeforebuildingships.

Products/ServicesElectronicsAppliancesEngineeringConstructionShipbuildingInsuranceCreditCards

Positives

Chaebolsallowedforrapiddevelopment.

Conglomerateswereexpectedtomeetquotastomaintaintheirgovernmentconnections.

GDPpercapita,1953:$67

GDPpercapita,1996:$10,315

Negatives

Lackofcompetition.

Chaebolsheldnearlytwo-thirdsofmarketsharebythe1990s.

TopChaebolsSamsungLGHyundaiHanjinKumhoLotteSKGroup

N e w l y O p e n e d H i g h w a y i n S e o u l i n 1 9 7 0 P h o t o c r e d i t : P e t e r S o l s t a d a s p a r t o f t h e K o r e a n W a r V e t e r a n s D i g i t a l M e m o r i a l ( http://www.kwvdm.org)

B a s e d o n C a r l o s T e j a d a , “ M o n e y , P o w e r , a n d F a m i l y , ” T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s , F e b r u a r y 1 7 , 2 0 1 7 , h t t p s : / / w w w . n y t i m e s . c o m / 2 0 1 7 / 0 2 / 1 7 / b u s i n e s s / s o u t h - k o r e a - c h a e b o l -

s a m s u n g . h t m l .

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day116

IN-CLASSACTIVITYMATERIALS

BOXPROTOCOLFORSOURCEANALYSIS

BoxProtocolforSourceAnalysis(completepresentationwithslide-by-slideinstructionslinked)

MYSTERYSOURCE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day117

COMMONREADING

AhnChoong-yong.“ChaebolTransformedIndustry.”InKoreafromRagstoRiches1950-2010:60GreatStoriesofKoreanMiracles,editedbyParkEung-kyukandParkChang-seok,252-260.Seoul,Korea:TheKoreaInstituteofPublicAdministration,2012.

SouthKorea’sindustrialconglomerates,whichoperatemanybusinesslinessimultaneouslyandareoftencontrolledbyasingleownerorfamilyandcommonlyknownas“chaebol,”havebeenthemostimportantdrivingforcebehindKorea’smodern“compressed”growthandindustrialtransformation.ItiswidelyagreedthatKorea’smoderneconomicdevelopmenthasoccurredwithinauniqueparadigmofanexport-based,butgovernment-andchaebol-ledindustrializationstrategywithvaryingdegreesofgovernmentintervention.Overtime,therespectiveroleofchaebolandtheirrelationshipwiththegovernmenthaveconstantlyevolvedtoadjusttothechanginginternationalanddomesticenvironmenttowardperformance-basedcriteria.

Inthepasthalfcenturyorso,Koreahasemergedfrombeingoneofthepoorestagrarianeconomiesintheworldtobeinganear-developedcountry,joiningtheOECDin1996.Thankstograntsandforeignaidreceivedduringthepost-KoreanWarperiod,particularlyfromtheUnitedStates,Koreawasabletoescapefromthepovertytrap.In1965,thepercapitaincomesofNorthKoreaandthePhilippineswerethreetimesthatofKorea.Koreasufferedfromapaucityofmineralresources.Foranyattemptatindustrialization,Koreahadtoimportavarietyofmineralresourcessuchasoil,ironore,copper,goldandsilver.Atpresent,however,Koreaenjoysapercapitaincomeofaround$20,000,producesanumberofglobalchampionproducts,andrepresentsthefirstexampleofacountryevolvingfromanaidrecipienttoanaidprovider.

AttheoutsetofthebirthofKorea’smoderneconomyinitiatedinitsfirstfive-yeareconomicdevelopmentplan(1962-1967),Koreaadoptedanexport-orienteddevelopmentmodeltotakemaximumadvantageofalmost“unlimitedbuteducatedlaborforces”whileprovidingvarious“carrotsandsticks”intheformsofincentivesanddisincentivesbythegovernmentandrelyingonforeignborrowingtofinancemassivecapitalrequirements.

Inthe1960s,Korea’smajorexportswerelabor-intensiveproductssuchaswigs,plywood,footwearandlow-qualityclothingandapparel.Atpresent,however,Koreahasbecomeamajorexporterofsemiconductors,ironandsteel,ships,automobiles,electronicsandelectricalapplianceswithworld-renownedbrandnames.

T h e h e a d s o f K o r e a n c h a e b o l , o r f a m i l y o w n e d b u s i n e s s g r o u p s , s u c h

a s S a m s u n g , L G , H y u n d a i , S K , a n d H a n w h a , a t t e n d a m e e t i n g o f

F e d e r a t i o n o f K o r e a n I n d u s t r i e s i n 2 0 0 7 . C h a e b o l p l a y e d a c r u c i a l r o l e i n d e v e l o p i n g t h e K o r e a n e c o n o m y .

Korea’sleadingmultinationalslikeSamsung,Hyundai,LGandPOSCOcanbefoundnexttotheworld’smostfamouscorporationsontheFortuneGlobal500

list.ThesechaebolhaveplayedavitalroleinKoreaachievinga“miracleperformance,”asthecountry’sdevelopmenthasbeendescribedbytheWorldBank.

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day118

Thisbegsthequestions:Howwerethesechaebolformedfromscratch,whatrolehavetheyplayedduringKorea’srapideconomicdevelopmentprocessandwhatchallengesdotheyfaceintheyearstocome?

Insomerespects,thechaebolmodelwaspatternedaftertheJapanesepre-warzaibatsudesignedtohelpJapancatchupwiththeWestfollowingtheMeijiEra.Indeed,underasynergisticpartnershipbetweenthegovernmentandbigbusiness,Koreadramaticallyshortenedthetypicalphasesofindustrialtransformationthattookmostdevelopednationsmorethanacenturytoachieve.Korea'sgovernment-ledindustrialgrowthhasbeenacceleratedinconjunctionwithexportexpansionpolicies,whichaimedultimatelyatenhancingtheinternationalcompetitivenessofKoreanexports.

Bydepartingfromtheimportsubstitutionregimeadoptedbymostdevelopingcountriesinthe1960s,Korea’sexport-basedorientationhasresultedinaspiritof“competitionandlearning”inKoreanenterprises’managementpracticesatalllevels.WinninganexportorderitselfmeansthatKoreanexportcompanieshadpassedaninternationaltestintermsofpriceandnon-pricecompetitivenessinanoverseasmarket.Indueprocessintheglobalmarket,Koreanfirmshavebeenabletolearnatarms’lengthadvancedproductionmethodsandbusinesspractices.

Provisionofincentives,includingunrestrictedautomaticaccesstobankcredit,interestsubsidiesandtariffexemptionsonimportedintermediategoodsandfacilitiesforexportactivitiesacrosstheboard,hastriggeredstart-upsoflabor-intensivemanufacturingcompaniesofvaryingsize,smallandlargealike.

Theinitialsuccessoftheexportdriveinthe1960shasprovidedpolicymakersandbusinessesacrossthemanufacturingsectorwithagreatdealofconfidence,whichresultedinbothrapidgrowthaswellasasenseofsatisfaction,whichcamewithwinninganinternational“competition.”AsKoreaenteredthe1970s,theParkChung-heegovernmentsuddenlyshiftedthecountry'seconomicpolicyfocusfromlightmanufacturingtothe“heavyandchemicalindustries(HCI).”

CHAEBOL’SVALUE-ADDEDSHAREOFKOREA’SGDP(%)

Rank-ordered Groups 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989

Top 10 5.1 10.6 20.4 24.1 22.7

Top 20 7.1 13.3 26.3 29.5 26.7

Top 30 9.8 16.3 30.8 33.1 29.6

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day119

JIGSAWREADING#1 SOUTHKOREASEEKSTOREINVENTITSELFYETAGAIN:THEFOURTHINDUSTRIALREVOLUTION TheKoreanWarLegacyFoundation

SouthKoreahasseenremarkablechangessincetheendoftheKoreanWarin1953.Startingoutasamostlyagriculturalsociety,thenationforgedacontractbetweenstateandcitizentojumpstartindustrialization.Startingwithtextiles,SouthKoreanconglomerates(calledChaebols)usedforeignanddomesticinvestmentstomanufacturewhateverwasindemand.Becomingoneofthe“fourAsiantigers,"SouthKoreamadeitsmarkasaninnovativecountryinthenewglobaleconomy.

Astechnologyadvanced,sodidSouthKorea.Thegovernmentandcorporationstransitionedintoproductionofhigh-techequipmentandvehiclesthatwerehighqualityandlowcost.Whenfacedwiththeglobalrecessionof2008,theysoughtinnovationonceagain.CompanieslikeSamsungusedalargeportionoftheirfundingforresearchanddevelopmentsotheycoulddeterminethenexttrendsintechnology.ThiswasanimportantshiftforSouthKoreansastheymovedawayfromproducingwhateverwasdemandedandstartedsettingtheglobaltrendsthemselves.

NowSouthKoreafindsitselfratedasthemostinnovativecountryintheworld(accordingtotheBloombergIndex)andcontinuestobreakboundariesinartificialintelligenceandotherformsoftechnology.ThemostrecentWinterOlympicsgaveSouthKoreaaplatformtoshowcaseitssuccess.Arrivingattheairport,onemighthavefoundatalkingrobottohelpthemfindtheirwayinanylanguage.NotabletomakeittotheOlympics?Nottoworry,theeventswereshownallacrossSouthKoreainhighdefinitionandwerecompatiblewithvirtualreality.ThiswasallpossiblebecauseSouthKorearampedupitsinternetconnectiontobe1,000timesfasterthanthetypicalLTEconnection.(Coined“5G”,thishighspeedconnectionusedtheOlympicsasatestinggroundandwillbemassmarketedinafewyears.)Tomakemovementbetweeneventsseamless,SouthKoreancompaniesteameduptocreateafleetofself-drivingcarsandbuses.AlloftheseinnovationsshowcasedtheconnectionbetweentheSouthKoreangovernmentandvariousconglomerateslikeSamsung,LG,andHyundai.

SouthKoreafindsitselfmovingintoanewphaseofindustrialization.CurrentPresidentMoonJae-inannouncedtheFourthIndustrialRevolution,andstatedthatitwillbefocusedonthepublicwelfare.Thegovernmentislookingtocreatejobsandsupporttechnologythatservesthepublic.Thisfive-yearplanisoneofthemostambitiousintermsofjobcreation,withthemaingoalofclosingthewagegapwithintheeconomy.Onceagain,SouthKoreaappearstobeaheadofthecurve,makingchangestoitsbusinessplanbeforetheyarecriticallyneeded.WithrecentcriticismfallingoncompaniessuchasAmazonforworkingconditions,this“people-centeredeconomy”mightbethenextphaseinglobalbusiness.Consumersaretrendingtowardsproductsandservicesthatimprovethelivesofeveryone.PresidentMoon’splantoreducethemaximumworkinghoursis,therefore,rightinlinewiththismovement.

AnotherwaythatSouthKoreaissettingitselfupforfuturesuccessisbybranchingoutintothebiomedicalfield.Inthepast,scientistsinSouthKoreafounditdifficulttogetlong-termfundingforresearch,asthegovernmentsoughtinvestmentswithquickreturns.Thisledtoasortofbraindrain,whereSouthKoreanswhogottheirPhDsintheUnitedStatestendedtoremainthereforwork.Nowthegovernmentisseeingthatthecommunicationsmarketwilleventuallyhitapointofdiminishingreturnsandisrethinkingitsroleinscientificresearch.SouthKoreanscientistsareexperiencingincreasedsupportandlongercontracts.ThiswillnaturallyleadtoimportantstridesinthescientificcommunityandpotentiallyimprovethehealthandwelfareofSouthKoreancitizensinthefuture.Someworrythatthislevelofgovernmentinvestmentisnotsustainableoverlongerperiodsoftime,butothersareexcitedbythepotentialdiscoveries.

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day120

ThekeenabilityoftheSouthKoreangovernmenttoseefuturetrendsisheavilytiedtoitsinvestmentinresearchanddevelopment.Largeamountsofstatefundingareearmarkedfortheresearchanddevelopmentteamsateachmajorconglomerate.SouthKoreansarecertainlymakingittheirbusinesstopredictwhatpeoplewillwantinthenext10yearsandbeyond.

S o u r c e s :

J o S a n g - e u n , “ S o u t h K o r e a n G o v e r n m e n t U n v e i l s P e o p l e C e n t e r e d E c o n o m i c D i r e c t i v e s , ” A s i a T o d a y , D e c e m b e r 2 7 , 2 0 1 7 , h t t p s : / / w w w . h u f f i n g t o n p o s t . c o m / e n t r y / s - k o r e a n - g o v t - u n v e i l s -p e o p l e - c e n t e r e d - e c o n o m i c _ u s _ 5 a 4 3 5 b 8 a e 4 b 0 6 c d 2 b d 0 3 d d 4 1 .

N a t a s h a T u r a k , “ T h e C o o l e s t T e c h I n n o v a t i o n s Y o u ’ l l S e e a t S o u t h K o r e a ’ s 2 0 1 8 W i n t e r O l y m p i c s , " C N B C , F e b r u a r y 8 , 2 0 1 8 , h t t p s : / / w w w . c n b c . c o m / 2 0 1 8 / 0 2 / 0 8 / t h e - c o o l e s t - t e c h -i n n o v a t i o n s - y o u l l - s e e - a t - s o u t h - k o r e a s - 2 0 1 8 - w i n t e r - o l y m p i c s . h t m l .

M a r k Z a s t r o w , “ W h y S o u t h K o r e a I s t h e W o r l d ’ s B i g g e s t I n v e s t o r i n R e s e a r c h , ” N a t u r e , J u n e 1 , 2 0 1 6 , h t t p s : / / w w w . n a t u r e . c o m / n e w s / w h y - s o u t h - k o r e a - i s - t h e - w o r l d - s - b i g g e s t - i n v e s t o r - i n -r e s e a r c h - 1 . 1 9 9 9 7 .

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day121

JIGSAWREADING#2

ADVICEFROMBLOOMBERGANDTHESOUTHKOREANEXAMPLE

TheKoreanWarLegacyFoundation

TheventurecapitalistJimBreyerannouncedrecentlythatthisisa“magicaltime”forinternationalbusinesswherethemostinnovativenationswillthrive.ThisisanimportantlessonformanycountriesthatareexperiencingstagnationinEuropeandpartsofAsia.However,tolookatthestatisticsfoundinthe2015BloombergIndexonInnovativeCountries,SouthKoreaispoisedtotakeadvantageofthis“magicaltime.”Theindex,basedondatafromtheWorldBank,IMF,andOECDservesasanefficientpredictoroffuturesuccess.

ResearchandDevelopment

SouthKorearanksnumberoneforresearchanddevelopment,accordingtothemostrecentdata.Samsungservesasaposterchildforthisheavyemphasisoninnovativedesign,andisknownforthrivingevenduringthe2008recessionbecauseitusedsubstantialgovernmentfundingonresearchanddevelopment.Withover14billiondollarsspentbySamsungonresearchanddevelopmentin2014,SouthKoreacertainlyisn’twaitingforothernationstotellthemwhattobuild.

High-TechCompanies

Bloomberguseddatatodeterminethenationswiththemosttech-basedcompanies,andrankedSouthKoreaasnumberfour.Thisisevenmoreimpressiveconsideringthatthedatadoesnottakeintoaccountthesizeofnations.Therefore,SouthKoreaisrubbingshoulderswithdemographicgiantsliketheUnitedStatesandChina.

Post-SecondaryEducation

Oneofthemostimportantdatasetspertainstoattendanceinpost-secondaryeducation.SouthKorea’scompositescoremakesitnumberoneonBloomberg’smostrecentlist,andknockstheUnitedStatesoutofthetopten.Thescorelooksatseveralfactorsincludingthepercentageofcollege-agecitizensinpost-secondaryeducation,thepercentageofthelaborforcewithapost-secondarydegree,andspecificallyhowmanyofthosegraduatesareinthefieldsofscienceandengineering.

Patents

Anotherdatasetthatpointstoinnovationisthenumberofpatentsearnedwithinayear.SouthKorearanksnumberone,inlargeparttoSamsung.Whilepatentlawsuitstendtogohandinhandwithpatents,Bloombergstillseethisstatisticasagoodindicatorofnationsthatareonthecuttingedgeoftechnology.

OverallRanking

ItcomesasnosurprisethatSouthKoreaisrankednumberoneontheinnovativeindex.Afterconsideringsixcategoriesofdata,BloombergputSouthKoreaaheadoftechgiantssuchastheUnitedStatesandJapan.Nations

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day122

inaneconomicslumpcanusethisdatatoinspirechange.Renewedfocusoneducationandinnovativeresearchseemtobethekeytosuccessforanynationwhetherbigorsmall.

AnAlternativePerspective

Thedatasetsusedareanimportantfactorinrankings.Onemustalwaysbecarefultocheckmultiplesourcestogetthefullpicture.Forexample,theGlobalCompetitivenessReport,createdbytheWorldEconomicForum,doesnotrankSouthKoreaasnumberone.Theindicatorsfortheirrankingincludemoredataongovernmenttransparencyandtheamountoffavoritismfoundingovernmentalagencies.Thiscreatesaninterestingshift,becausemuchofSouthKorea’ssuccesseconomicallyisbasedonthedirectrelationshipbetweenthegovernmentandlargeconglomeratescalledchaebols.Whenoneincludesthisdataasameasureofsuccess,SouthKorealosesitstopspot.Thisshouldraisemanyquestionsforconsideration.Isastrongdemocracynecessaryforeconomicsuccess?Whatisthemostimportantindicatorofacompetitiveeconomy?Anyonewhocanworkthroughthesequestionsstandstosethimselforherselfupforsuccessinthisnewglobaleconomy.

S o u r c e s :

P e t e r C o y , “ T h e B l o o m b e r g I n n o v a t i v e I n d e x , " B l o o m b e r g t h e C o m p a n y , h t t p s : / / w w w . b l o o m b e r g . c o m / g r a p h i c s / 2 0 1 5 - i n n o v a t i v e - c o u n t r i e s / .

K l a u s S c h w a b , “ T h e G l o b a l C o m p e t i t i v e n e s s R e p o r t , 2 0 1 7 - 2 0 1 8 , " W o r l d E c o n o m i c F o r u m , h t t p : / / w w w 3 . w e f o r u m . o r g / d o c s / G C R 2 0 1 7 -2 0 1 8 / 0 5 F u l l R e p o r t / T h e G l o b a l C o m p e t i t i v e n e s s R e p o r t 2 0 1 7 – 2 0 1 8 . p d f .

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day123

JIGSAWREADING#3

SOUTHKOREA:THENATIONTHATMIGHTSURPRISEYOU

TheKoreanWarLegacyFoundation

P h o t o C r e d i t : M a r t i n R o t h e n b e r g , c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e K o r e a n W a r V e t e r a n s D i g i t a l

M e m o r i a l , h t t p : / / w w w . k w v d m . o r g / d e t a i l _ a r t i f a c t . p h p ? n o = 4 7 9

WhenaskedaboutSouthKorea,manyAmericanshavelittletosay.TheymightreferenceK-PoporthenuclearthreatcomingfromNorthKorea,buttheymaynotgrasptherapidcoursetowardsdevelopmentthatSouthKoreahastakenoverthepast50years.Forexample,SouthKoreaiscurrentlyranked18thontheUnitedNationsHumanDevelopmentIndex(aheadofFranceandBelgium).Herearesomeotherfactsthatmightsurpriseyou.

WiredforSpeed

InastudydonebyAkamaiin2015,SouthKoreawasfoundtobethenationwiththefastestinternetconnection.Andtheeffectsofthiseffortareevidentthroughoutthecountry.SouthKoreanstypicallyhaveatleastonesmartphone(ifnottwo).Asurveyin2012foundthatthecellphonepenetrationrategrewfromroughly38%toover78%injustafewyears.Whensurveyingjustcollege-ageSouthKoreans,theratewasastaggering97%.Perhapsthisiswhysomejokethateventheirpetsmusthavephones.Ifyouhaveeverfoundyourselfwithnopatienceforbuffering,thenmaybeSouthKoreashouldbeonyourtravellist.

ALandofLuxury

SouthKoreansweresomeofthefirsttoenjoyluxuryspendingafterthe2008recession,accordingtoindependentresearchdonebyMcKinseyandCompany.SouthKoreaweatheredthestormofglobalrecessionrelativelywell,andtheirretailsalesroseover16%justoneyearaftertherecession.Thisgaveitthesecondfastestrecoveryrateintheworld.Inarecentsurvey,veryfewSouthKoreanssaidtheyhadanyguiltaboutbuyingluxuryproducts.Thisconsumerattitudeandhealthyeconomymakeforagreatshoppingtripfortourists.

WorkingOvertime

SouthKoreansareknownforworkinglonghours.Knownas“warriorworkers”aftertheKoreanWar,thiszealforproductionhashelpedSouthKoreagrowtremendously.However,ithasalsoledtoadecliningbirthrate,ascitizenssaytheyarefartoobusytocareformorechildren.ArecentstudyfoundthatSouthKoreanswereworking400morehoursayearthanotherdevelopedcountriesliketheUnitedKingdom.Inanefforttoimprovequalityoflifeandbirthrates,thepresidenthasrecentlypassedabillthatwillreducethemaximumworkinghoursfrom68to52.

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day124

OntheCuttingEdgeofBeauty

Ifyouarelookingforthelatestcosmeticstrend,looknofurtherthanSouthKoreanmarkets.SouthKoreancultureputsaheavyemphasisonayouthful,glowingappearance,andconsumersarewillingtopayforproductsthatwork.Fromsnailcreamtomasksmadefromvolcanicash,youcanfinditallintheSeoulmarkets.Thetrendsarealsogoingglobal,withmanytutorialsonlineaboutthe“Korean”skincareregimen.Thisisnotforthosewithlittletime,however.Mosttutorialscallforbetween10and18steps,eachwithitsownproduct.Menandwomenareequallydedicatedtoyouthfulskin,anditisn’tsurprisingtoseeSouthKoreanssportinganumbrellaonasunnyday.Theylearnfromanearlyagethatnoskincreamcanreversesundamage.

TheBattleforOnlineGaming

TeensinSouthKoreahavecaughtontothegamingtrendlikeyoutharoundtheworld.This,combinedwiththehighinternetconnectivity,hasledtoahotdebateamongadults.In2010,theSouthKoreangovernmentenactedthe“Shutdown”or“Cinderella”lawthatrequiredminorstologoffofonlinegamesbeforemidnight.Thissparkedachallengefromgamersabouttheirfreedomtoplaywhenitsuitedthem.Manyarguedthatthislawwouldnotfixthegrowingissueof“internetaddiction,”andmanyteensfoundwaysaroundtheinternetroadblocksatnight.Morerecently,in2014,thelawhasbeenrevisedtoallowteenstogetparentalpermissionforgamingaftermidnight,butthisstillremainsapointofdebateinSouthKorea.

SouthKoreaSchoolsLeadtheWorld

SouthKorealeadstheworldinpubliceducation,andespeciallyinthefieldoftechnology.CodingandprogrammingcoursesaremandatoryinSouthKorea,andtherestoftheworldisstartingtotakenotice.Forexample,aprofessorinHawaiihascreatedanentireteacherandstudentcoursemodeledaftertheSouthKoreancurriculum.Studentscreateacompletelyautonomouscarfromscratch,forcingstudentsandteacherstothinkoutsidethebox.ThisfocusonSTEMeducationhasledtosignificantadvancementsinartificialintelligenceforSouthKorea,sokeepaneyeoutforwhattheymightcreatenext.

S o u r c e s :

A k a m a i , “ S t a t e o f t h e I n t e r n e t : Q 3 2 0 1 5 , ” E d . D a v i d B e l s a n , h t t p s : / / w w w . a k a m a i . c o m / u s / e n / m u l t i m e d i a / d o c u m e n t s / r e p o r t / q 3 - 2 0 1 5 - s o t i - c o n n e c t i v i t y -f i n a l . p d f .

B e n j a m i n H a a s , " S o u t h K o r e a C u t s ' I n h u m a n e l y L o n g ' 6 8 - H o u r W o r k i n g W e e k " T h e G u a r d i a n , F e b r u a r y 2 8 , 2 0 1 8 , h t t p s : / / w w w . t h e g u a r d i a n . c o m / w o r l d / 2 0 1 8 / m a r / 0 1 / s o u t h - k o r e a - c u t s -i n h u m a n e l y - l o n g - 6 8 - h o u r - w o r k i n g - w e e k .

B r i a n S a l s b e r g a n d M a r t i n e J a e - E u n S h i n , “ S o u t h K o r e a : L i v i n g I t U p i n L u x u r y ” M c K i n s e y a n d C o m p a n y , A u g u s t 2 0 1 0 , h t t p s : / / w w w . m c k i n s e y . c o m / b u s i n e s s - f u n c t i o n s / m a r k e t i n g - a n d - s a l e s / o u r -i n s i g h t s / s o u t h - k o r e a - l i v i n g - i t - u p - i n - l u x u r y .

J . S e x t o n , “ S o u t h K o r e a ’ s C i n d e r e l l a L a w F i n a l l y G r o w i n g U p , ” T e c h i n A s i a , S e p t e m b e r 3 , 2 0 1 4 , h t t p s : / / w w w . t e c h i n a s i a . c o m / s - k o r e a s - c i n d e r e l l a - l a w - f i n a l l y - g r o w i n g - u p - t e e n s - m a y - s o o n - b e -a b l e - t o - p l a y - o n l i n e - a f t e r - m i d n i g h t - a g a i n .

C h e m m i e S q u i e r , “ H o w S o u t h K o r e a B e c a m e t h e B e a u t y C a p i t a l o f t h e W o r l d , " G r a z i a , A p r i l 6 , 2 0 1 6 , h t t p s : / / g r a z i a d a i l y . c o . u k / b e a u t y - h a i r / h a i r / k o r e a n - b e a u t y - p r o d u c t s - g o o d / .

U n i t e d N a t i o n s D e v e l o p m e n t P r o g r a m , “ H u m a n D e v e l o p m e n t I n d e x D a t a , " h t t p : / / h d r . u n d p . o r g / e n / c o m p o s i t e / H D I .

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day125

JIGSAWREADING#4

G r a p h i c s o u r c e : “ K o r e a S e e n a s T e c h n o l o g y W i n n e r , ” T h e K o r e a H e r a l d , J u l y 2 7 , 2 0 1 4 .

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n o f T h e K o r e a H e r a l d .

KOREA’SNATIONALIMAGE–APPEARANCEANDREALITY

TheKoreanWarLegacyFoundation

WhatfirstcomestomindwhenpeoplearoundtheworldthinkaboutKorea?Commonanswersfrom17majorcountriesincluded“technologypioneer”and“Samsung,”accordingtoarecentsurveybyKorea’sMinistryofForeignAffairs.

RespondentsinIndia,VietnamandTurkeywerethemostfavorabletowardAsia’sfourth-largesteconomy,whilethoseinPoland,GermanyandEgypthadrelativelynegativeimpressions.

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day126

TheseresultswerepartofasurveyconductedinOctoberof2018designedtohelpwithcustomizedregionaldiplomaticstrategiesbytheSouthKoreangovernmentasitsprofileandeconomiccloutcontinuestogrow.Whenqueried,keywordssuchastechnologyandSamsung,aswellaswarandPsy(orhishitsong“GangnamStyle”),werecommon.Thesurveyresultswereusedtocreateanationalimageindex.

Theseperceptionsassociatedwithtechnologicalprowessarematchedbyreality,asrecentresearchbytheOrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentshows.SouthKoreaistenthinmobilebroadbandsubscriptionsper100inhabitants,provingthatitsimageasatechnological,connectednationismetbyreality.

OECDMobilebroadbandsubscriptionsper100inhabitants,bytechnology,December2017

S o u r c e : O E C D , B r o a d b a n d P o r t a l , h t t p : / / w w w . o e c d . o r g / s t i / b r o a d b a n d / o e c d b r o a d b a n d p o r t a l . h t m

Thishigh-techrealityisinpartduetothesubstantialresearchanddevelopmenteffortsofboththeSouthKoreangovernmentandleadingSouthKoreancompanieslikeSamsung,LG,andHyundai.Samsungleadsamongcorporationsinpatenting,accordingtoanOECDstudy.From2012-2014,Samsungwasnumberone,withLGatfifteenthandHyundaiatsixteenth.

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULE//Day127

Top50patentingcompanies,2012-14*IP5standsfortheforumofthefivelargestintellectualpropertyofficesintheworld

S o u r c e : J R C - O E C D , C O R & D I P © d a t a b a s e v . 1 , 2 0 1 7 . h t t p : / / w w w . o e c d . o r g / s t i / i n t e l l e c t u a l -

p r o p e r t y - s t a t i s t i c s - a n d - a n a l y s i s . h t m

Thegovernmenthassupportedtechnologysincethe1960s.In2008,itlaunchedthe“577”program.The“5”standsforthetargetof5%ofGDPspendingonresearchanddevelopment,withaquartersupportedbydirectgovernmentspendingandtheotherseventy-fivepercentfromprivatesourcessupportedbygovernmenttaxincentives.Thefirst“7”standsforthesevenareasofresearchfocus,numberonecontinuingtobeconsumerelectronicsandautomobilesfromwhichSouthKorea’sglobalreputationislargelydrawn.Thesecond“7”setatargetgoalofbeinginthetopsevenmajorscienceandtechnologynationsintheworld.

Basedonglobalimage,technologicalinfrastructure,anditsprivateandpubliccommitmenttotechnologicaldevelopment,SouthKoreaiswellonitswaytoitsgoal.

S o u r c e s :

“ K o r e a s e e n a s T e c h n o l o g y W i n n e r , ” T h e K o r e a H e r a l d , J u l y 2 7 , 2 0 1 4 .

J o e l R . C a m p b e l l , " B u i l d i n g a n I T E c o n o m y : S o u t h K o r e a n S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y P o l i c y , " I s s u e s i n T e c h n o l o g y I n n o v a t i o n N u m b e r 1 9 , S e p t e m b e r 2 0 1 2 , h t t p s : / / w w w . b r o o k i n g s . e d u / w p -c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s / 2 0 1 6 / 0 6 / C T I _ 1 9 - _ K o r e a _ T e c h _ P a p e r _ F o r m a t t e d . p d f .

R i c h a r d S t o n e , " S o u t h K o r e a A i m s t o B o o s t S t a t u s a s S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y P o w e r h o u s e , " S c i e n c e , D e c e m b e r 2 3 , 2 0 0 8 , h t t p : / / w w w . s c i e n c e m a g . o r g / n e w s / 2 0 0 8 / 1 2 / s o u t h - k o r e a - a i m s -b o o s t - s t a t u s - s c i e n c e - a n d - t e c h n o l o g y - p o w e r h o u s e .