Contents - odin.ces.edu.coodin.ces.edu.co/Contenidos_Web/42013686.pdf · 1 Developmental tasks 23...
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Contents
Preface to the second edition xiii Perspectives on psychological development 17
ContributorsA biopsychosocialapproach 17
xiv Aspects of psychological development 18
1 Pediatric oral health care:Cognitive development 18
the perspectivesEmotional development 21
1 Developmental tasks 23Sven Poulsen and G6ran Koch Man is a social animal 24
How it began: the historical perspective 1 Attachment theory 24
Community responsibility: the populationSocial ecology 25
perspective 1 A holisticdescription of children of
From birth to adolescence: the oral health different ages 25
perspective 1 The preschoolyears (3-5 years) 25
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: Theelementaryschoolyears(6-12 years) 26
the ethical perspective 2 Adolescence (13-18 years) 27
Pediatric dentistry: the clinical perspective 3 Developmental psychopathology 28
References 4 The biopsychosocialmodel 29
Resilienceand protective factors 29
2 Growth and pubertal development 5 Developmentallines 29
Anders Juul, Sven Kreiborg and Summary 30
Katharina M. Main References 30
Measurement of growth in different phases 4 Dental fear and behaviorof life 5 management problems
Prenatalgrowth32
5 Gunilla Klingberg, Magne Raadal andPostnatalgrowth 5 Kristina ArnrupInfancy 6Childhood 7 Definitions and prevalence of dental fear and
Puberty 7 anxiety 32
Growing pains 8 Etiology 33
Evaluation of growth charts 8 Personalfactors 34
Bone age determination 10 External factors 35
Final height prediction 10 Dental factors 36
Dental age determination 10 PrincipIes of management 37
Disorders of growth and puberty 11 Creatinga safeenvironmentfor the child 37
Intrauterine growth restriction 11 Behavior shaping 38
Postnatalgrowthfailure 11 Desensitization 39
Tall stature and growth acceleration 13 Behavioral techniques in combinationwith
Early puberty 15sedatives 41
Late puberty 15 Emergency situations 42
Disorderswith deviationsin dental maturity 15 Specialized pediatric dentists 42
Conclusion 15 References 43
References 165 Pain, pain control, and sedation 44
3 Child and adolescent psychological Magne Raadal, Stefan Lundeberg and
development 17Gro Haukali
Anders G. Broberg and Gunilla Klingberg Methods of pain control 46
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vi Contents
Local analgesia and pain control 47 8 Radiographic examination andIntraoral topical analgesics 47 diagnosis 79Local analgesicsolutions 47 Hanne Hintze and Ivar EspelidMethodsof administration 47
Indications for radiographs in children andContraindications SI
Complications SIadolescents 79
PrincipIes for interpretation of radiographs 79Toxicity SI
Radiographic anomalies and pathologies inPreparation of thepatient 52children and adolescents 80
General analgesia 53Caries and its sequela 80Conscious sedation 53
Indications and contraindications 54 Intervals between bitewing examinations 81
Oral and rectal administration of Trauma to teeth and supporting tissue 82
benzodiazepines 54 Developmental and acquired dental anomalies 82
Routes and doses SS Systemic diseases and syndromes 83
Clinical considerations 56 Treatment planning prior to orthodontics 83
General anesthesia 58 Treatment planning prior to surgery 83
References 59 Intraoral radiographic techniques 83Periapical radiographs 83
6 Dental caries in children and Bitewing radiographs 84
adolescents 61 Three-dimensional object localization
Marit Slattelid Skeie, Lill-Kari Wendt radiographs 85
and Sven Poulsen Extraoral radiographic techniques 86Panoramicexamination 86
Childhood dental caries as a health Scanography 87problem 61 Computed tomography 87Epidemiology of dental caries in children Radiation protection 89and adolescents 62 Patient protection in general 89
Epidemiological data on dental caries 63 Imagereceptorsensitivity 89Dental cariesin theprimary dentition of Beam collimation 89preschool children 64 Lead protection 89Cariesin thepermanentdentition 66 Patient cooperation 90
Caries in children and adolescents in a References 90changing society 67References 68 9 Caries prevention 91
Góran Koch, Sven Poulsen and7 Case history and clinical examination 71 Svante Twetman
Sven Poulsen and Lars MatssonThe importance and concepts of caries
Case history 71 prevention 91Thefamily history 72 How does caries develop? 92General medical history 72 Evidence-based prevention 94Dental history 73 The randomized controlled trial 94
Clinical examination 73 Where to find the evidence 95General appearance 73 Basics of caries prevention 96Examination of theheadand neck 73 Diet 96Intraoral examination 74 Plaque control 98Examination of theoral mucosa 74 Fluoride 99Examinationofperiodontal tissues 75 Fissure sealing 102Examination of teeth 75 Preventive strategies 103Examinationfor temporomandibularjoint High-riskand population strategies 103problems 77 Evaluation of caries risk in individuals 105Examination of occlusion 77 Background data and clinical evaluation
Records 77 of caries risk 105References 78 Riskages 107
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Contents vii
Preventive and operative care: a coordinated Indicesfor dental erosion 147approach 108 Follow-up of patients with erosions 147References 108 Preventive policies 148
General aspects 14810 Diagnosis and management of dental Elimination of etiologicalfactors 148
caries 110 Population-based prevention 149Ingegerd Mejare, Magne Raadal and Restorative treatment 150Ivar Espelid References 151
The concept of caries diagnosis 11012 Pedodontic endodontics 153
Detection and assessment of the caries lesionVI/a Schróder
(caries diagnosis) 110
Assessingandgrading lesionseverity 111 Diagnosis of pulp lesions in primary andAssessingand grading lesion activity 111 immature permanent teeth 153
Diagnostic tools 111 Should endodontic interventions be carriedVisual-tactileand radiographic out in the primary dentition? 154examination 111 Endodontictechniquesin primary teeth 154
Occlusalsurfaces (pit and fissures) 113 Stepwise excavation 155Free smooth surfaces 115 Direct pulp capping 156Approximal surfaces 115 Partial pulpotomy 156
Alternative/supplementary diagnostic tools 116 Pulpotomy 157The concept of caries treatment 116 Pulpectomyand root canal therapy 157
Nonoperativetreatment 116 Wound dressingsand tissue reactions 157Operative(restorative)treatment 117 Calciumhydroxideand MTA 157Indicationsfor operative(restorative) Formocresol 158treatmentofprimary teeth 118 Ferricsulfate 158Treatmentplanning 118 Complications (primary teeth) 159
Restorative procedures 120 Follow-up and long-term prognosisRestorative materials: basicprincipIes and (primary dentition) 159handling 120 Pulp therapy in immature permanent
Specific conditions for different age groups 121 teeth 159
0-3 years 121 Stepwise excavation 159
3-6 years(primary teeth) 124 Partial pulpotomy 1596-12 years 128 Pulpotomy 160
12-19 years 131 Pulpectomy 160References 137 Root canal treatment 160
Bleaching of nonvital discolored permanent11 Dental erosion 141 teeth 161
Ann-Katrin Johansson, Góran Koch and Handling the emergency child patient 163Sven Poulsen Pain at food intake 163
Epidemiology 141 Toothache at night 163
Etiology 142 Useof antibiotics 164
Gastroesophagealreflux (disease) 143References 165
Asthma 14313 Periodontal conditions 166
Eating disorders 143Bengt Sjódin and Lars MatssonOther factors associated with dental erosion 144
Drinking habits 144 Normal periodontal conditions 166Salivary factors 144 Primary dentition 166Oral hygienepractices 144 Permanentdentition 166
Lifestyle 144 Bacteria-induced inflammatory periodontalCase history and clinical examination 145 diseases 167
Case history 145 Gingivitis 167Clinical examination 146 Clinical picture 167
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viii Contents
. Age-related differences 167 15 Eruption and shedding of teeth 197
Etiology 168 Goran Koch, Sven Kreiborg andTreatment 170 Jens O. Andreasen
Periodontitis 170Chronology of normal tooth eruption 197
Clinical picture 170Primary dentition 197
Classification and epidemiology 171Permanentdentition 197
Chronic periodontitis 172Mechanism and theories of tooth eruption 197
Aggressiveperiodontitis 172Mechanism of shedding of primary teeth 200
Etiology and risk factors 173Systemic disturbances affecting tooth
Screeningand treatment 177eruption and shedding 200
Prevention of bacteria-induced inflammatoryPremature tooth eruption 201
periodontal diseases 178Delayed tooth eruption 201
Mechanical plaque control 178Premature shedding ofprimary teeth 202
Chemical plaque control 179Local disturbances affecting tooth eruption
Gingival recession 179and shedding 203
Gingival enlargements 179Local aberrations in primary dentition 203
Drug-induced gingival overgrowth 179Natal and neo natal tooth eruption 203
Gingival fibromatosis 180Symptoms associated with "teething" 203
Necrotizing periodontal diseases 180Fibrotic mucosa and eruption cysts 204
Traumatic ulcerative gingivallesions 180Infraocclusion ofprimary molars 204
Streptococcal gingivitis 181Retention ofprimary teeth 206
References 181Local aberrations in permanent dentition 206
Ectopic eruption 20614 Tooth development and disturbances Ectopic malpositions 207
in number and shape of teeth 183Sequelae to trauma 208
Goran Koch,Irma Thesleffand Supernumerary teeth, mesiodentes, andSven Kreiborg odontomas 208
Mechanisms of normal and abnormal tooth Ankylosis 208
development 183 Developmental disturbances 210
PrincipIesof tooth development 183 Background literature 211
Molecules regulating tooth development 183 References 211
Disturbancesin toothdevelopment 186Occlusal development, preventive,Genetic causesofdisturbed tooth
16
development 186 and interceptive orthodontics 212
Hypodontia and abnormal tooth shape 187 Jüri Kurol and Bengt Mohlin
Hyperdontia 187 Occlusaldevelopmentof the primaryClinical aspects 187 dentition 213
Chronologyof dental development 187 Malocclusions in the primary dentition 214Dental age estimation 188 Etiology of malocclusionin theprimaryTerminologyand definitions 188 dentition 214Numerical variations in the primary Prevalence of malocclusions in the primarydentition 188 dentition 214Numerical variations in the permanent Space conditions 215dentition 189 Malocclusion in the verticalplane 215Syndromes involving congenitally missing Malocclusions in the sagittalplane 215teeth 189 Malocclusions in the transversalplane 217Treatment of childrenwith missing teeth Treatment need and cost-benefitforor hyperdontia 189 treatment ofposteriorcrossbites 218Morphologic abnormalities 190 Treatment ofposteriorcrossbites 218Odontomas 195 Occlusal development through the mixed to
Background literature 196 permanent dentition 219References 196 Front teeth 220
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Contents ix
Lateral segment 220 Vitamin D-resistant rickets (familialMalocclusions in the rnixed (and perrnanent) hypophatasia) 252dentition 221 Celiacdisease 253
Etiology of malocclusions 221 Treatrnent 253The pediatric dentist's approach to Pluorosis 253orthodontic problerns 223 Tetracyclinedefects 254
Prevention of malocclusions 223 Molar-incisor hypomineralization 254
Interceptive orthodontics 226 Amelogenesisperfecta 256
Supervising occlusal developrnent in the Dentinogenesis imperfecta 258
prirnary and rnixed dentition 227 References 262
The primary dentition 227
Early mixed dentition (6-9 years) 227 18 Traumatic injuries: examination,Late mixed dentition (9-12 years) 229 diagnosis, and immediate care 264Young permanent dentition (12-15 years) 230 Ingeborg Jacobsen and Jens O. Andreasen
General decisions for orthodontic treatrnent 230Epiderniology 264
Dissatisfaction with appearance 230Etiology 264
Caries and periodontitis 2310Exarnination 264
Speech 231History 264
Chewing function 231Medical history 266
Temporomandibular disorders 231Extraoral examination 266
The selection of orthodontic patients 231Intraoral examination 266
References 231Radiographic examination 267
17 Developmental defects of the dentalDiagnosis 267
hard tissues and their treatment 233 Injuries to the hard dental tissuesand
Ivar Espelid, Dorte Haubek andthe pulp 267
Birgitta JijlevikInjuries to the hard dental tissues, the pulpand the alveolarprocess 267
Aspects related to tooth developrnent 233 Injuries to the periodontal tissues 268
Etiology of developmental dental defects 234 Injuries to gingiva or oral mucosa 268Collection of inforrnation and treatrnent Irnrnediate care: prirnary teeth 269
planning 235 Enamel and enamel-dentin fracture 269
Anamnestic information 235 Complicated crownfracture 269Extraoral examination 235 Crown-root fracture 269Clinical characteristicsof developmental Root fracture 269dental defects 235 Concussion, subluxation, and luxation
Diagnosis 236 InJunes 269
Classification 236 Irnrnediate care: perrnanent teeth 273General treatment principIes 237 Crown fractures 273
Treatment planning 237 Crown-root fracture 275
Environrnentally deterrnined dental defects 239 Root fracture 276
Localized defects of the dental hard Concussion 277tissues 239 Subluxation 278
Generalized defects of the dental hard Extrusive luxation 278tissues 240 Lateralluxation 278
Inherited defects of the enarnel 244 Intrusive luxation 278
Amelogenesis imperfecta 244 Avulsion 279Inherited defects of the dentin 246 Injuries to the alveolarprocess 281
Dentinogenesis imperfecta 246 Injuries to the gingiva and the oral mucosa 282
Disturbances in calciurn/phosphate Prevention of traurnatic injuries 282rnetabolisrn with relevance to rnineralization Useof mouth guards 282of teeth 251 Pace masks 283
Rickets 251 References 283
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x Contents
19 Traumatic injuries: follow-up and Taking the history in children andlong-term prognosis 284 adolescents with suspected TMD 309
Jens O. Andreasen and Ingeborg Jacobsen Clinical functional examination of the
W ound healing events 284 masticatory system 310
Radiographic imaging of the TMJs 311Primary teeth: follow-up and prognosis 286
Treatment of TMD in children andPulpal and periodontal complications adolescents 311following trauma to primary teeth 286
Summary 314Injuries to developing permanent teeth 287
References 314Permanent teeth: follow-up and prognosis 287
Prognosisfollowing infraction and 22 Children with chronic health conditions:uncomplicated crown fracture 288
implications for oral health 315Prognosisfollowing a complicated fracture 289
G6ran Dahl/Of and Luc MartensPrognosisfollowing crown-root fracture 289
Prognosisfollowing root fracture 289 Definition of CHCs 315
Prognosisfollowing luxation injuries 290 Prevalence 315
Prognosisfollowing replantation 295 Increased risk for oral diseases in children
Treatment methods following loss of with CH Cs 316
permanent incisors 295 CHCs 316
Predictors for healing complications 296 Asthma 316
Development of an interactive Cardiovascular disorders 319
Internet-based dental trauma guide 296 Chronic renal failure 320
References 296 Renal transplant 320Diabetes mellitus 321
20 Oral mucous lesions and minor oral Gastroesophagealreflux 321
surgery 298 Eating disorders 321
G6ran Koch Malabsorption 322Celiac disease 323
Oral mucous lesions 298Cystic fibrosis 323
Herpetic gingivostomatitis 298Primar y and secondary immunodeficiency
Impetigo contagiosa 299 states 323Aphthous ulcers 299 ]uvenile chronic arthritis 325Oral candidiasis 300
Epidermolysis bullosa 325Traumatic lesions 300 Bleeding disorders 326Bohn's nodules 300 Malignant diseasein children 327Mucous retention cysts(mucocele) 300 Epilepsy 328Epulides 301 Preventive strategies in children with CHCs 329Hemangioma 301 References 329Lesions connected with common infectiousdiseasesin children 302 23 Dental care for the child and adolescent
Surgical procedures 303 with disabilities 331Extraction of teeth 303 June Nunn and Gunilla KlingbergTreatment of impacted teeth 303
ContextCysts 306 331
Frenuloplasty 306Prevalence 332
Background literature 307 Oral health and disability 333Consent 334
21 Temporomandibular disorders 308 N europsychiatric disorders 334
Tomas Magnusson and Martti Helkimo Autism spectrum disorders: autism,
Asperger syndrome 334Definitions 308 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 336
Epidemiology 308 Tourette syndrome 336Bruxism 309 Other disorders 337TMD and orthodontics 309 Learning disability/mental retardation 337
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Contents xi
22qll deletion syndromeFragileX syndromeDown syndromeCerebralpalsySpina bifidaMuscular dystrophyCleft lip and palate
Preventive dental careDietFluorides
337338338339340342342343343343
Pit and fissure sealants
Oral hygiene aidsChlorhexidineDental visits
Behavior managementBody postureOral motor functionReferences
344344344345345346346347
Index 349