Contents Library/TOCS/Law School... · A.4. Compiling the O Nonimmigrant Petition 148 A.5. Changes...

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Figures xxxiii ■ Tables xxxv ■ Preface xxxvii

1 Historical Background and Introduction to the U.S. Immigration System 1

A. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF IMMIGRATION LAW 2 A.1. Key Definitions 3

B. A BRIEF HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION LAW AND POLICY 4 B.1. 1776 to 1875: Migration from a Policy of Open Borders 5 B.2. 1875 to 1902: Restrictions Begin Through Federal Control of

Immigration 6 B.3. 1903 to 1952: Quotas and Restrictionism 7 B.4. 1952 to 1986: The Cold War and Elimination of Quotas 8 B.5. 1986 to 1996: Enforcement and Legalization 9 B.6. 1996 to 2001: Increased Enforcement and Economic Limitations 11 B.7. 2001 to Present: September 11, 2001, and Its Aftermath 12

C. THE IMMIGRATION SYSTEM TODAY 14

D. SOURCES OF IMMIGRATION LAW 17 D.1. Immigration and the U.S. Constitution 17

Case for Discussion 1.1 18 D.2. Primary Sources 18

D.2.a. Statutes 18 D.2.b. Regulations 19 D.2.c. Case Law 19

D.3. Secondary Sources 19 D.3.a. Websites 20

Case for Discussion 1.2 20 D.3.b. Other Agency Guidance 20

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D.3.c. International Law 21 D.3.d. Treatises and Casebooks 21

E. UNDERSTANDING BASIC IMMIGRATION DOCUMENTS AND FORMS 21 E.1. A Nonimmigrant Visa 21 E.2. I- 94 Arrival/ Departure Record Card 21 E.3. An Immigrant Visa 25 E.4. A Resident Alien Card 28 E.5. Employment Authorization Card 29 E.6. Other Immigration Forms and Correspondence 29 E.7. Representation Forms: G- 28 31 E.8. Receipts 31 E.9. Request for Evidence 33 E.10. Notice of Action 33

F. DETERMINING IMMIGRATION STATUS 33Case for Discussion 1.3 38

G. CONCLUSION 38

2 Nonimmigrant Visas for Brief Stays, Studies, and Cultural Exchange 39

A. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NONIMMIGRANT AND IMMIGRANT VISAS 41

B. THE VISA APPLICATION PROCESS 44Case for Discussion 2.1 45 B.1. Nonimmigrant Waivers 46

C. OBTAINING A NONIMMIGRANT VISA STAMP 47

D. CHANGING OR EXTENDING NONIMMIGRANT STATUS 51Case for Discussion 2.2 52Case for Discussion 2.3 54 D.1. The Application Process 54

E. NONIMMIGRANT VISAS THAT DO NOT AUTOMATICALLY GRANT EMPLOYMENT AUTHORIZATION 56 E.1. Sources of Law 57

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E.2. Temporary Visitors to The United States for Business (B- 1) and Pleasure (B- 2): INA §101(a)(15)(B); 8 C.F.R. §214.2(b); 9 FAM 402.2 58Cases for Discussion 2.4 60 E.2.a. Requirements for Entry 61 E.2.b. Reasons for Seeking B- 1 Classification 62

Case for Discussion 2.5 65 E.2.c. Compiling the B1/ B2 Nonimmigrant Visa Application 66 E.2.d. Related Visa Classification, Transit (C- 1) and Crew

(D) Visas: INA §101(a)(15)(C); 8 C.F.R. §214.2(c); 9 FAM 402.4- 6; INA §101(a)(15)(D); 8 C.F.R. §214.2(d); FAM 402.8- 3 67

E.3. Visas for Study (F- 1 and M- 1): INA §101(a)(15)(F); 8 C.F.R. §214.2(f ); INA §101(a)(15)(M); 8 C.F.R. §214.2(m); 9 FAM 402.5 67 E.3.a. Application Procedure and Requirements 69 E.3.b. Compiling the F- 1 or M- 1 Nonimmigrant Visa

Application 70 E.3.c. Duration 71 E.3.d. Employment Eligibility 72

Case for Discussion 2.6 74 E.3.e. Spouses and Dependent Children 75 E.3.f. Travel Considerations for Those in F- 1 Status 75 E.3.g. Reinstatement of Status 75

E.4. Visas for Exchange Visitors (J- 1): INA §101(a)(15)(J); INA §212(e); 8 C.F.R. §214.2(j); 22 C.F.R. §62; 9 FAM 402.5 76 E.4.a. Cultural Exchange Visitor Requirements for Specific J- 1

Programs 79Case for Discussion 2.7 80

E.4.b. Two- Year Residence Requirement 81Case for Discussion 2.8 84

E.4.c. Spouses and Minor Children 84 E.5. Visas for Related Cultural Exchange Visa (Q): INA

§101(a)(15)(Q); 8 C.F.R. §214.2(q); 9 FAM 402.15 85 E.6. Visas for Special Education Exchange Visitors and Trainees

(H- 3): INA §101(a)(15)(H); 8 C.F.R. §214.2(h)(7); 9 FAM 402.10- 4(F) 85

F. VISA SUMMARY CHART 86

G. CONCLUSION 87

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3 Nonimmigrant Visas for Intracompany Transferees, Trade and Investment, and Professional Employment 89

A. VISAS BASED ON QUALIFYING TREATIES OF COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION FOR TREATY TRADERS (E- 1) AND TREATY INVESTORS (E- 2): 8 INA §101(a)(15)(E); 8 C.F.R. §214.2(e); 9 FAM 402.9 92 A.1. Sources of Law 92 A.2. Specific E Visa Requirements 93

A.2.a. Shared Requirements for Both E- 1 and E- 2 Visa Classification 94

A.2.b. Requirements for E- 1 Treaty Trader 95Case for Discussion 3.1 97

A.2.c. Requirements for E- 2 Treaty Investor 97 A.3. Using the E Visa for Principal Investors, Executive Employees,

Supervisory Employees, and Essential Skills Employees 99Case for Discussion 3.2 101

A.4. Compiling the E Nonimmigrant Visa Application 101 A.5. Duration of Stay 102 A.6. Spouses and Children 103

B. VISAS FOR INTRACOMPANY TRANSFEREES OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS, MANAGERS AND EXECUTIVES (L- 1A) AND SPECIALIZED KNOWLEDGE (L- 1B): INA §101(a)(15)(L); 8 C.F.R. §214.2(l); 9 FAM 402.12 103 B.1. Sources of Law 103 B.2. Specific Requirements 104

B.2.a. Qualifying Organization 104 B.2.b. Qualifying Employment 107

Case for Discussion 3.3 110Case for Discussion 3.4 111

B.3. Duration of Stay for L Visa Holders 112 B.4. New Office L Classification 113 B.5. Blanket L Status 113 B.6. Compiling the L Nonimmigrant Visa Application 114 B.7. Spouses and Children 116

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C. PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTY OCCUPATIONS (H- 1B) AND SPECIALTY WORKERS FROM SINGAPORE AND CHILE (H- 1B1): INA §101(a)(15)(H); 8 C.F.R. §214.2(h); 20 C.F.R. §655; 9 FAM 402.10- 4; INA §101(a)(15)(H)(I)(B1); 9 FAM 402.10- 5 116 C.1. H- 1B: Introduction and Sources of Law 116 C.2. H- 1B Requirements 118

C.2.a. Qualifying Employer for H- 1B Classification Purposes 118 C.2.b. Qualifying Position 119 C.2.c. Beneficiary’s Qualifications for H- 1B Classification 119

Case for Discussion 3.5 121 C.2.d. The Department of Labor’s Labor Condition Application

Requirement 121Case for Discussion 3.6 122

C.2.e. Actual and Prevailing Wage Rate 122Case for Discussion 3.7 124

C.2.f. Similar Working Conditions 124 C.3. Numerical Limitation: The H- 1B Cap 124 C.4. Duration of Stay 126 C.5. Changes in Employment, Job Flexibility, and Transition from

Student to Professional Worker 126 C.6. Compiling the H- 1B Nonimmigrant Visa Application 127 C.7. Termination of Status 128 C.8. Spouses and Children 128

Case for Discussion 3.8 129 C.9. Specialty Workers from Singapore and Chile (H- 1B1) 129

D. CERTAIN SPECIALTY OCCUPATION PROFESSIONALS FROM AUSTRALIA (E- 3): INA §101(a)(15)(E)(III); 9 FAM 402.9- 8 130

E. TN NAFTA PROFESSIONALS (TN): INA §214(e); 8 C.F.R. §214.6; 9 FAM 402.17 130 E.1. Requirements for TN Classification 131 E.2. Application Procedure and Duration 132

Case for Discussion 3.9 132


G. CONCLUSION 134

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4 Nonimmigrant Visas for Extraordinary Ability, Religious Workers, and Ancillary Activities 135

A. VISAS FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH EXTRAORDINARY ABILITY IN THE SCIENCES, EDUCATION, BUSINESS, OR ATHLETICS (O- 1A) AND ARTS, MOTION PICTURE, OR TELEVISION INDUSTRY (O- 1B): INA §101(a)(15)(O); 8 C.F.R. §214.2(o) 136 A.1. Specific O Nonimmigrant Visa Requirements 137

A.1.a. Shared Requirements for Both O- 1A and O- 1B Nonimmigrant Visa Classifications 137

A.1.b. Evidentiary Criteria 138Case for Discussion 4.1 139

A.1.c. Consultation or Peer Advisory Opinion 139 A.1.d. Itineraries 141 A.1.e. Contract Between Petitioner and Beneficiary 142 A.1.f. Duration 143

A.2. Proving the Merits for O- 1A Nonimmigrant Classification: Demonstrating Extraordinary Ability in the Field of Sciences, Education, Business, or Athletics 143Case for Discussion 4.2 145

A.3. Proving the Merits for O- 1B Nonimmigrant Classification: Demonstrating Extraordinary Ability in the Arts, and Extraordinary Achievement in the Motion Picture or Television Industry 145Case for Discussion 4.3 147

A.4. Compiling the O Nonimmigrant Petition 148 A.5. Changes in Employment and Permanent Residency 149 A.6. Visas for Derivatives of the Principal O- 1 Foreign National 150

A.6.a. O- 2 Visa Holders: Essential Support of O- 1 Foreign Nationals 150Case for Discussion 4.4 151

A.6.b. O- 3 Nonimmigrant Visa Holders: Spouse and Children of O- 1 Beneficiary 151

B. VISAS FOR ATHLETES (P- 1) AND ARTISTS AND ENTERTAINERS (P- 2 AND P- 3): INA §101(a)(15)(P); 8 C.F.R. §214.2(p) 152 B.1. Shared Requirements for All P Classifications and Similarities to

the O- 1 Classification 153

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B.2. Evidentiary Criteria for P- 1 Athlete Classification 155Case for Discussion 4.5 156

B.3. Evidentiary Criteria for P- 1B Nonimmigrant Classification: Members of an Internationally Recognized Entertainment Group 156Case for Discussion 4.6 158

B.4. Evidentiary Criteria for P- 2 Nonimmigrant Artists or Entertainers Under a Reciprocal Exchange Program 158

B.5. Evidentiary Criteria for P- 3 Nonimmigrant Artists or Entertainers Under a Culturally Unique Program 159Case for Discussion 4.7 160

B.6. Compiling the P Nonimmigrant Visa Petition 161 B.7. P- 4 Nonimmigrant Visa Holders: Spouse and Children of P

Beneficiary 161

C. VISAS FOR RELIGIOUS WORKERS (R- 1): INA §101(a)(15)(R); 8 C.F.R. §214.2(r) 162 C.1. Types of Religious Workers Eligible for R- 1 Nonimmigrant

Classification 162 C.2. Compensation for R- 1 Nonimmigrant Workers 163 C.3. Site Inspections 163 C.4. Duration of Stay and Derivatives 164 C.5. Compiling the R Nonimmigrant Visa Petition 164


D. VISAS FOR INFORMATION MEDIA REPRESENTATIVES (I): INA §101(a)(15)(I); 8 C.F.R. §214.2(i); 9 FAM 402.11 165Case for Discussion 4.9 167

E. VISAS FOR TEMPORARY NONIMMIGRANT WORKERS (H- 2): INA §101(a)(15)(H); 8 C.F.R. §214.2(h) 167 E.1. Visas for Agricultural Work of a Temporary or Seasonal Nature

(H- 2A): INA §101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a); 8 C.F.R. §214.2(h)(5) 168Case for Discussion 4.10 169

E.2. Visas for Non- Agricultural Work of a Temporary or Seasonal Nature (H- 2B): INA §101(a)(15)(H); 8 C.F.R. §214.2(h)(6) 170

E.3. Compiling the Petitions for H- 2A and H- 2B Nonimmigrant Classifications 171


G. VISAS FOR FOREIGN GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS (A): INA §101(a)(15)(A); 8 C.F.R. §214.2(a) 173

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H. VISA FOR EMPLOYEES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND NATO (G): INA §101(a)(15)(G); 8 C.F.R. §214.2(g) 174

I. CONCLUSION 175

5 Asylum and Other Related Humanitarian Relief 177

A. OVERVIEW AND SOURCES OF LAW FOR ASYLUM 178 A.1. Sources of Law: INA §101(a)(42); INA §208; INA §209;

8 C.F.R. §208; 8 C.F.R. §1208; 8 C.F.R. §1209 178 A.2. Definitions 179

A.2.a. Persecution 180Case for Discussion 5.1 182

A.2.b. Agents of Persecution 183 A.2.c. Past Persecution 184

Case for Discussion 5.2 184 A.2.d. Well- Founded Fear of Future Persecution 186

Case for Discussion 5.3 186 A.3. The Enumerated Grounds 187

A.3.a. Race 187 A.3.b. Religion 188 A.3.c. Nationality 188 A.3.d. Membership in a Particular Social Group 189

Case for Discussion 5.4 190 A.3.e. Political Opinion 194


A.4. Standard of Proof and Credibility 196 A.5. Bars to Asylum Eligibility 197

A.5.a. One- Year Deadline 197 A.5.b. Persecutors 199

Case for Discussion 5.7 200 A.5.c. Convicted of an Aggravated Felony or Particularly

Serious Crime 200

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A.5.d. Firm Resettlement 201Case for Discussion 5.8 201

A.5.e. Safe Third Country 201 A.5.f. Terrorism and Danger to U.S. Security 203 A.5.g. Multiple Asylum Applications 203

A.6. Denial, Revocation, or Termination of Asylum 203

B. ASYLUM PROCEDURE 204 B.1. Building the Asylum Case 204 B.2. Compiling the Affirmative Asylum Request 217 B.3. Defensive Asylum Claims 222 B.4. Frivolous Asylum Applications 225 B.5. Asylum Applicants and Employment Authorization 229

C. CREDIBLE AND REASONABLE FEAR INTERVIEWS: INA §235(b); 8 C.F.R. §§208.30- 31; 8 C.F.R. §§1208.30- 31 231

D. MIGRANT PROTECTION PROTOCOLS 234

E. BENEFITS OF ASYLUM GRANT 234Case for Discussion 5.9 235

F. WITHHOLDING OF REMOVAL: INA §241(B)(3); 8 C.F.R. §208.16, 8 C.F.R. §1208.16 235

G. CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE: 8 C.F.R. §§208.16- 18, 8 C.F.R. §§1208.16- 18 237

H. TEMPORARY PROTECTED STATUS AND DEFERRED ENFORCED DEPARTURE: INA §244; 8 C.F.R. §244; 8 C.F.R. §1244 239

I. REFUGEES: INA §101(A)(42); INA §207; INA §209; 8 C.F.R. §201; 8 C.F.R. §1207; 8 C.F.R. §209; 8 C.F.R. §1209 242 I.1. Determination of Refugees to the United States 242 I.2. Family Reunification 245 I.3. Adjustment of Status 246 I.4. Refugee Resettlement Program 246

J. COMPARISON OF REFUGEE AND ASYLUM STATUS 247

K. HUMANITARIAN PAROLE: INA §212(D)(5)(A) 248

L. CONCLUSION 249

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6 Family Sponsored Immigration and Permanent Resident Status 251

Part I: A. FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS AND THE PETITIONING PROCESS 252

A.1. Sources of Law and Quotas: INA §§201- 4; 8 C.F.R. §204 252 A.2. Family Preference Categories 253 A.3. Chargeability Issues 256

B. FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS UNDER IMMIGRATION LAW 257 B.1. Preferential Treatment of Immediate Relatives 257

C. THE RELATIVE PETITION 258 C.1. Petitions for Spouses 258

Case for Discussion 6.2 259 C.2. Petitions for Children and Siblings 262

Case for Discussion 6.3 263 C.3. Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act 264 C.4. Documenting the Relationship 265

Case for Discussion 6.4 268 C.5. Benefits of the Child Status Protection Act 268

C.5.a. CSPA Benefits for Children of U.S. Citizens 268Case for Discussion 6.5 269

C.5.b. CSPA Benefits for Children of Lawful Permanent Residents, Derivatives of Family and Employment- based Preference Categories, and Diversity Lottery Applicants 269Case for Discussion 6.6 272

D. TERMINATION AND REVOCATION OF IMMIGRANT VISAS: INA §203; INA §205; 22 C.F.R. §8 C.F.R 205; 9 FAM 504.3 272 D.1. Termination of Immigrant Visa 272 D.2. Revocation of Immigrant Visa 273


E. IMMIGRATION BENEFITS AVAILABLE WHEN A PETITIONER DIES: 8 C.F.R. §204.2 275 E.1. Immigration Benefits Available to Widow(er)s When Spouse

Dies Before Petition Filed 275Case for Discussion 6.8 276

E.2. Immigration Benefits Available When Petitioner Dies After Petition Filed 276

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F. COMPILING THE APPLICATION PACKAGE FOR A RELATIVE PETITION 278

Part II: G. BECOMING A LAWFUL PERMANENT RESIDENT THROUGH ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS IN THE UNITED STATES OR CONSULAR PROCESSING ABROAD: INA §245; 8 C.F.R. §245 279

G.1. Adjustment of Status in the United States 280 G.2. Compiling the Adjustment Application 281

G.2.a. Form I- 485, Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status 282

G.2.b. Form G- 28, Notice of Entry of Appearance as Attorney or Accredited Representative 283Case for Discussion 6.9 284

G.2.c. Form I- 94 Arrival/ Departure Record 284 G.2.d. Birth Certificates and Immigration Medical Examination 284 G.2.e. Form I- 864, Affidavit of Support Under Section 213A of

the INA 286Case for Discussion 6.10 289Case for Discussion 6.11 290

G.2.f. Certified Dispositions 291 G.2.g. Form I- 765, Application for Employment Authorization 291 G.2.h. Form I- 131, Application for a Travel Document 292 G.2.i. Photographs and Fees 292

G.3. Inadmissibility Issues and Waivers 293 G.3.a. Unlawful Presence and Provisional Waiver 293 G.3.b. Section 245(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act 296

G.4. Submitting the Application 299

PART III H. CONSULAR PROCESSING 299H.1. National Visa Center or NVC 300H.2. Required Documents to Support Immigrant Visa Application

and Interview Preparation 301H.3. Public Charge and Health Insurance Requirements 302

I. POST INTERVIEW 304 I.1. Conditional Residency: INA §216; 8 C.F.R. §216 304


J. FIANCÉ(E)S: INA §101(A)(15)(K) 308Case for Discussion 6.13 310

K. CONCLUSION 313

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7 Employment- Based and Self- Sponsored Immigration 315

A. OVERVIEW AND SOURCES OF LAW 316

B. SHARED REQUIREMENTS FOR PERMANENT RESIDENCY CATEGORIES 321

C. PRIORITY WORKERS, ALIENS WITH EXTRAORDINARY ABILITY, OUTSTANDING PROFESSORS AND RESEARCHERS, AND CERTAIN MULTINATIONAL EXECUTIVES AND MANAGERS (EB- 1): INA §203(b)(1)(A), 8 C.F.R. §204.5(h); 8 C.F.R. §204.5(i); 8 C.F.R. §204.5(j) 324 C.1. EB- 1A Aliens with Extraordinary Ability in the Sciences, Arts,

Education, Business, or Athletics 324Case for Discussion 7.1 326Case for Discussion 7.2 327

C.2. EB- 1B for Outstanding Researchers and Professors 327Case for Discussion 7.3 330Case for Discussion 7.4 331

C.3. EB- 1C for Certain Multinational Executives and Managers 332Case for Discussion 7.5 334

C.4. Compiling the EB- 1 Priority Worker Petition 334

D. ADVANCED DEGREE PROFESSIONALS (EB- 2) AND SKILLED WORKERS, PROFESSIONALS, AND OTHER WORKERS (EB- 3), AND THE PERM LABOR CERTIFICATION APPLICATION PROCESS: INA §203(b)(2); INA §203(b)(3); 8 C.F.R. §204.5(k); 8 C.F.R. §204.5(l); 20 C.F.R. §656 336 D.1. EB- 2 for Advanced Degree Professionals 336 D.2. EB- 3 for Skilled Workers, Professionals, and Other Workers 338

Case for Discussion 7.6 339 D.3. Labor Certification Application: The PERM process 339

D.3.a. Step 1: Identify Minimum Requirements and Draft the Job Description 340

D.3.b. Step 2: Confirm that the Foreign National Satisfies the Employer’s Minimum Requirements 345

D.3.c. Step 3: Prevailing Wage Determination 347 D.3.d. Step 4: Recruitment 354

Case for Discussion 7.7 358 D.3.e. Step 5: PERM Filing Procedure and Document Retention

Requirements 361

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D.4. Determinations 372

E. PROCEDURE FOR EB- 2 AND EB- 3 LABOR CERTIFICATION CASES 372 E.1. Compiling an EB- 2 and EB- 3 Petition Based on Labor

Certification 373

F. EXCEPTIONS TO THE PERM LABOR CERTIFICATION APPLICATION PROCESS, NATIONAL INTEREST WAIVERS (EB- 2), AND EB- 2 OR EB- 3 SCHEDULE A LABOR CERTIFICATION: INA §203(b)(2)(A); 8 C.F.R. §204.5(k); 8 C.F.R. §204.12 374 F.1. EB- 2 National Interest Waiver for Advanced Degree

Professionals, Those with Exceptional Abilities, and for Physicians Working in Shortage Areas or Veterans Facilities 374Case for Discussion 7.8 375

F.2. Schedule A Occupations 376

G. CERTAIN SPECIAL IMMIGRANTS, INCLUDING RELIGIOUS WORKERS (EB- 4): INA §101(a)(27)(C); 8 C.F.R. §204.5(m) 378Case for Discussion 7.9 379 G.1. Compiling the EB- 4 Religious Worker Petition 382


H. INVESTOR VISA (EB- 5): INA §203(b)(5); 8 C.F.R. §204.6 384 H.1. Compiling the EB- 5 Petition 389H.2. Removing Conditions on Lawful Permanent Resident Status 390

I. OTHER CATEGORIES: INA §203(c); 22 C.F.R. §42.33 391 I.1. Diversity Visa Lottery 391

I.1.a. Procedure for DV Immigrants 391

J. CONCLUSION 392

8 Immigration Relief for Vulnerable Populations 393

A. OVERVIEW AND SOURCES OF LAW PROTECTING IMMIGRANT SURVIVORS OF DOMESTIC ABUSE AND CRIMES: INA §204; 8 C.F.R. §204.2 395 A.1. Petitions Based on Marriage 396

A.1.a. Validity of the Marriage and Residency Requirements 396Case for Discussion 8.1 397

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A.1.b. Proof of Immigration Status of the Abuser 398 A.2. Petitions by Children 399Case for Discussion 8.2 401 A.3. Parents 401

B. QUALIFYING CRITERIA FOR RELIEF 401 B.1. Battery or Extreme Cruelty 401 B.2. Good Moral Character 402


C. COMPILING THE VAWA PETITION 407

D. PROCESSING THE VAWA SELF- PETITION 410 D.1. Prima Facie Finding 410 D.2. Deferred Action Status 411 D.3. Inadmissibility Issues 413 D.4. Affirmative Petitions vs. Defensive Applications 413 D.5. Confidentiality 413

E. REMOVAL OF CONDITIONS FOR ABUSED CONDITIONAL LAWFUL PERMANENT RESIDENTS: INA §216; 8 C.F.R. §216 415 E.1. Compiling the Removal of Conditions Petition 416

F. U NONIMMIGRANT STATUS, VICTIMS OF ENUMERATED CRIMES: INA §101(a)(15)(U); 8 C.F.R. §214.14 416 F.1. Eligibility for the U Nonimmigrant Status 417 F.2. Certification for Qualifying or Enumerated Crimes 417

Case for Discussion 8.4 419 F.3. Substantial Physical or Emotional Abuse 420 F.4. Identifying the Victim 420


G. COMPILING THE U NONIMMIGRANT STATUS PETITION 422 G.1. Petitions for Qualifying Derivative Family Members 429

H. U NONIMMIGRANT STATUS BENEFITS 429

I. CONFIDENTIALITY AND U NONIMMIGRANT PETITIONERS IN REMOVAL PROCEEDINGS 433 I.1. Confidentiality 433 I.2. U Nonimmigrant Petitioners in Removal Proceedings 433

J. ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS FOR U NONIMMIGRANT STATUS RECIPIENTS: INA §245(m); 8 C.F.R. §245.24 434 J.1. Compiling the Application for U Nonimmigrant

Adjustment of Status 435

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K. T NONIMMIGRANT STATUS, SEVERE FORMS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING: INA §101(a)(15)(T); 8 C.F.R. §214.11 436 K.1. Eligibility for T Nonimmigrant Status 438

Case for Discussion 8.6 439 K.2. Protection for Victims in the United States 440

K.2.a. Continued Presence and Eligibility for Public Benefits 440

L. APPLYING FOR T NONIMMIGRANT STATUS 441 L.1. Compiling the T Nonimmigrant Status Application Package 443 L.2. Applications for Qualifying Derivative Family Members 449

M. T NONIMMIGRANT STATUS BENEFITS 449

N. T NONIMMIGRANT APPLICANTS IN REMOVAL PROCEEDINGS 450

O. ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS FOR T NONIMMIGRANT STATUS RECIPIENTS: INA §245(l); 8 C.F.R. §245.23 451 O.1. Compiling the Application for T Nonimmigrant Adjustment of

Status 453

P. DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN U AND T NONIMMIGRANT ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS APPLICATIONS 453

Q. SPECIAL IMMIGRANT JUVENILE STATUS: INA §101(a)(27)(J); 8 C.F.R. §204.11 455 Q.1. Obtaining a Dependency Order 455

R. FILING THE SIJ APPLICATION AFTER THE STATE COURT ORDER IS ISSUED 457 R.1. Affirmative Applications 457

Case for Discussion 8.7 460 R.2. Defensive Applications 460

S. CHILDREN IN THE CUSTODY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, OFFICE OF REFUGEE RESETTLEMENT 461

T. DEFERRED ACTION FOR CHILDHOOD ARRIVALS, OR DACA 462


U. CENTRAL AMERICAN MINORS REFUGEE/ PAROLE PROGRAM, OR CAM 464

V. CONCLUSION 464

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9 Grounds of Inadmissibility and Deportation 465

A. THE CONCEPTS OF ADMISSION AND DEPORTATION 466 A.1. Admission and Admitted 467

Case for Discussion 9.1 469 A.2. Deportation 470


B. GROUNDS OF INADMISSIBILITY 471 B.1. Health- Related Grounds: INA §212(a)(1) 471

Case for Discussion 9.3 472 B.2. Criminal Grounds: INA §212(a)(2) 473

B.2.a. Definition of Conviction 474Case for Discussion 9.4 476 B.2.b. Inadmissibility Based on Specific Criminal Offenses 476Case for Discussion 9.5 479

B.3. Security and Related Grounds: INA §212(a)(3) 482Case for Discussion 9.6 484

B.4. Public Charge: INA §212(a)(4) 484Case for Discussion 9.7 485

B.5. Labor Certification and Qualifications for Certain Immigrants: INA §212(a)(5) 486

B.6. Illegal Entrants and Other Immigration Violators: INA §212(a)(6) 487 B.6.a. Aliens Present Without Permission or Parole:

INA §212(a)(6)(A) 487 B.6.b. Failure to Attend a Removal Proceeding:

INA §212(a)(6)(B) 488 B.6.c. Misrepresentation: INA §212(a)(6)(C) 488

Case for Discussion 9.8 490 B.7. Documentation Requirements: INA §212(a)(7) 491 B.8. Ineligible for Citizenship: INA §212(a)(8) 492 B.9. Aliens Previously Removed: INA §212(a)(9) 492

B.9.a. Departing the United States After Being Unlawfully Present: INA §212(a)(9)(B) 493Case for Discussion 9.9 497

B.10. Miscellaneous Grounds: INA §212(a)(10) 500

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B.11. Waiver to Facilitate Temporary Admission of Nonimmigrants: INA §212(d)(3) 500

C. GROUNDS OF DEPORTATION: INA §237 501 C.1. Inadmissible at Time of Entry or Adjustment of Status or

Violates Status: INA §237(a)(1) 501 C.2. Criminal Offenses: INA §237(a)(2)(A) 502

C.2.a. General Crimes: INA §237(a)(2)(A) 503 C.2.b. Controlled Substances: INA §237(a)(2)(B) 506 C.2.c. Firearms Offenses: INA §237(a)(2)(C) 506 C.2.d. Miscellaneous Crimes: INA §237(a)(2)(D) 506 C.2.e. Domestic Violence Crimes: INA §237(a)(2)(E) 507

Case for Discussion 9.10 507 C.3. Failure to Register and Falsification of Documents:

INA §237(a)(3) 507 C.3.a. Change of Address: INA §237(a)(3)(A) 508 C.3.b. False Documents: INA §237(a)(3)(B) 508

C.4. Security Related Grounds: INA §237(a)(4) 508 C.5. Public Charge: INA §237(a)(5) 508 C.6. Unlawful Voters: INA §237(a)(6) 509

D. INADMISSIBILITY VS. DEPORTATION 509

E. AGENCIES INVOLVED IN INADMISSIBILITY AND DEPORTATION DECISION MAKING 516 E.1. The Decision Makers 517

E.1.a. U.S. Consulates 517 E.1.b. Enforcement Agencies 517 E.1.c. Executive Office for Immigration Review 518

E.2. Comparison of the Grounds 518

F. CONCLUSION 518

10 Immigration Court Practice and Relief from Removal 519

A. OVERVIEW OF THE REMOVAL PROCESS 521 A.1. Notice to Appear 522


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A.2. Notice of Hearing 530 A.3. Authorized Legal Representatives 533

B. IMMIGRATION COURT HEARINGS 533 B.1. The Master Calendar Hearing 534

B.1.a. Obtaining a Copy of the Immigration File 535 B.1.b. Pleadings 536 B.1.c. Pre- Hearing Voluntary Departure 537

Case for Discussion 10.3 537 B.2. The Individual Hearing 538

B.2.a. Case Preparation 539 B.2.b. Case Proceedings 540

B.3. Evidence Rules in Immigration Court 541 B.4. Decision of the Immigration Judge 542 B.5. Post- Hearing Voluntary Departure 545

C. EXPEDITED REMOVAL PROCEEDINGS 546Case for Discussion 10.4 547

D. DETENTION 549 D.1. Mandatory Detention 551

E. MOTIONS PRACTICE IN IMMIGRATION COURT 553 E.1. Motion to Reopen 553

Case for Discussion 10.5 553 E.2. Motion to Reconsider 554 E.3. Motion to Change Venue 555 E.4. Motion to Terminate 556 E.5. Motion to Continue 558

F. ADMINISTRATIVE CLOSURE 559

G. APPEALS PRACTICE 563

H. FEDERAL COURT PRACTICE 565

I. RELIEF AVAILABLE IN REMOVAL PROCEEDINGS 566 I.1. Adjustment of Status 566 I.2. Cancellation of Removal 567

I.2.a. Continuous Residence and Continuous Presence 568Case for Discussion 10.6 569

I.2.b. Crimes Barring Eligibility for Cancellation of Removal 570 I.3. Cancellation of Removal for LPRs 570

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I.3.a. Relief Under INA §212(c) 571 I.4. Non- LPR Cancellation of Removal 572 I.5. Cancellation of Removal Under the Violence Against

Women Act, or VAWA 575Case for Discussion 10.7 579

J. The Pereira Decision and Immigration Court Practice 581

K. NACARA AND OTHER FORMS OF CANCELLATION OF REMOVAL 585

L. CONCLUSION 586

11 Citizenship and Naturalization 587

A. OVERVIEW OF CITIZENSHIP 588 A.1. Sources of law 588 A.2. Advantages of Citizenship 589

B. CITIZENSHIP BASED ON BIRTH IN THE UNITED STATES 590Case for Discussion 11.1 591

C. CITIZENSHIP THROUGH NATURALIZATION 591 C.1. The Applicant Must Be at Least 18- Years Old 591 C.2. The Applicant Must Be a Lawful Permanent Resident for a

Continuous Period 592Case for Discussion 11.2 592Case for Discussion 11.3 593

C.3. Absences from the United States: Continuous Residence and Physical Presence Requirements 595 C.3.a. Continuous Residence 595Case for Discussion 11.4 596 C.3.b. Physical Presence 597

Case for Discussion 11.5 598 C.4. Good Moral Character 598

C.4.a. Individuals on Probation or Parole 601Case for Discussion 11.6 602

C.4.b. Selective Service 602 C.4.c. Payment of Taxes 602 C.4.d. Dependent Support 602


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C.4.e. Voting 603 C.4.f. Marriage Fraud 604 C.4.g. Evidence to Demonstrate Good Moral Character 604 C.4.h. Literacy and Civics 605

C.5. Exemptions, Waivers, and Reasonable Accommodation 605Case for Discussion 11.8 606

C.6. Bars to Naturalization and the Oath of Allegiance 613

D. THE NATURALIZATION APPLICATION PROCESS 614 D.1. Compiling the Application for Naturalization 614 D.2. The Final Steps of the Naturalization Application 616


E. DERIVATIVE CITIZENSHIP: INA §320 618Case for Discussion 11.10 618 E.1. Compiling the Application for Proof of Derivation 620

F. CITIZENSHIP BY ACQUISITION: INA §301 622Case for Discussion 11.11 628

G. ACQUISITION OF CITIZENSHIP FOR CHILDREN WHOSE PARENTS REGULARLY LIVE ABROAD: INA §322 628Case for Discussion 11.12 630

H. LOSS OF CITIZENSHIP 630 H.1. Expatriation 631Case for Discussion 11.13 632 H.2. Denaturalization 632Case for Discussion 11.14 633

I. CONCLUSION 634

12 Immigration Practice and Professionalism 635

A. TYPES OF IMMIGRATION PRACTICES 636 A.1. The Private Immigration Law Firm and Corporate Offices 636 A.2. Nonprofit Organizations Recognized by the Board of

Immigration Appeals and Accredited Representatives 636

B. CASE ASSESSMENT 638Case for Discussion 12.1 639

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B.1. Filing a FOIA 641 B.2. Obtaining Criminal Records 641


C. CONDUCTING THE INTAKE OR INITIAL CONSULTATION 642

D. RETAINER OR REPRESENTATION AGREEMENTS 644 D.1. Payment of Fees 649

E. GATHERING EVIDENCE FOR SUBMISSION 649Case for Discussion 12.3 652

F. EXAMINING IMMIGRATION OPTIONS 652Case for Discussion 12.4 653Case for Discussion 12.5 654

G. MANAGING AN IMMIGRATION CASE AND RESPONDING TO REQUESTS FROM THE USCIS 654 G.1. Responding to USCIS Requests for Evidence or Notices of Intent

to Deny 655Case for Discussion 12.6 656

H. FILING SYSTEMS 656

I. ETHICAL ISSUES ARISING DURING THE COURSE OF REPRESENTATION 657

J. CONFLICT OF INTEREST 661

K. SPECIAL PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT RULES FOR PRACTITIONERS OF IMMIGRATION LAW 663Case for Discussion 12.7 664Case for Discussion 12.8 665Case for Discussion 12.9 665

L. ASSISTING PRO SE CLIENTS 665

M. CONCLUSION 667

13 Immigration Enforcement 671

A. Enforcement Action and Consular Processing 673 A.1. The Public Charge Inadmissibility Ground 673

Case for Discussion 13.1 674 A.2. Extreme Vetting Measures 675

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B. Enforcement Within the United States 677 B.1. Enforcement at the U.S. Southern Border 677

B.1.a. Prosecution of Foreign Nationals for Illegal Entry 678 B.1.b. The Zero- Tolerance Policy 679 B.1.c. Family Separation and the Aftermath of Criminal

Prosecutions 680Case for Discussion 13.2 681

B.1.d. The Migrant Protection Protocols and Safe Third Country Agreements 682Case for Discussion 13.3 683

B.2. Enforcement Action in the Interior 683 B.2.a. Secure Communities or 287(g) Programs 684 B.2.b. Sanctuary Cities 685 B.2.c. The Changing Functions of USCIS 686 B.2.d. Sensitive Locations 688

C. ENFORCEMENT IN THE WORKPLACE 689 C.1. The Primary Investigative Agencies 690

C.1.a. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, or ICE 691 C.1.b. Wage and Hour Division 691

Case for Discussion 13.4 692 C.1.c. Fraud Detection and National Security Directorate 693

C.2. Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986; 8 CFR §274a.12 and Form I- 9, Employment Eligibility Verification 694

Case for Discussion 13.5 696 C.2.a. Government Audits of Forms I- 9, Employment Eligibility

Verification 696C.2.b. Options to Avoid Non-Compliance 698

C.3. Social Security “No Match” Letters 699 C.3.1. Social Security Number Verification Service (SSNVS) 700

D. CONCLUSION 700

Glossary 701

Table of Cases 719

Index 723

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