Contents...Contents Foreword Introduction 1 Policy Approach 3 National Environmental Policy Vision &...
Transcript of Contents...Contents Foreword Introduction 1 Policy Approach 3 National Environmental Policy Vision &...
Contents
Foreword
Introduction 1
Policy Approach 3
National Environmental Policy Vision
& Mission
5
National Environmental Policy Principles 6
(a) Clean environment and healthy,
functioning ecosystems
6
(b) Sustainable economic and social
development
8
(c) Mainstreaming environmental protection
and management
10
Implementing the National Environmental Policy 13
αα¬ααα¬
α₯α±αα»α±α¬αα
ααα«α α
ααα«ααα»α±αααααααα α
α‘αα»α± αα¬αααααα»α±αα±ααα¬ααα«α α±αααα±αα»α±α¬αααα»α±α
αααααααα»α±α α
α‘αα»α± αα¬αααααα»α±αα±ααα¬ααα«α α‘α±αααααα»α±α¬ α
(α)ααααα±αα¬ αααααα»ααα α±αα¬αααα±αα¬
α±ααα αα αα»α¬ α
(α) α αα¬α±ααα ααα±αα αααααΌααααααααα α
(α) αααααα»αααααα±ααα αααααα»α
α ααααα±αα ααααα±αα«αα ααΌαα αα
α‘αα»α± αα¬αααααα»α±αα±ααα¬ααα«αα α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα
α±αα¬α±αα¬αααα αα
Foreword
Our country is going through an historic transformation process, comprising national
reconciliation, democratization and Federal Union Building. Critical to the success of this process is the
protection of the unique environment and valuable resources that underpin the sustainable development of
Myanmar.
The rich biodiversity of our nation, stretching
from the mountains to the plains, and to the coasts, must be protected and husbanded, not merely in the
interests of present economic and political challenges but also with a view to those that will have to be faced by future generations.
αΌααα±αα¬αα αααα αΌαααα¬ααααα α‘αα» αα¬ αΌαααα αααΌααα±αα αααα±αα α±αα¬α±αα¬αα±ααα ααααααΌααα±αα¬αα αα±αα¬αα±α α‘αα«α‘αα αααααα±α αα αΌααΌααα±αΌαα¬ααα ααααα ααα»α¬α α±αα¬α±αα¬ααα»αααα«ααα ααααααα ααα»α¬ α±α‘α¬ααΌαααααα αΌαααα¬ααααα αααααΌαα αααααααα α‘α±αα¬αα‘α αΌαα α±α αα α±αα¬αααααααα±αα¬ αααααα»α αα α‘ααααααα¬αα‘ααα‘αΌαα αα»α¬α αααααα¬ααα±α αα ααα α¬ α‘α±ααα αα«ααα
αα±α ααααα±αααααα α αα¬α±αα αααα±αα αα±αα«α
αα»α¬α α±α‘α¬ααΌααα±αα»α¬αα¬ααα±αα‘αΌαα α‘αα¬αα αα» αααα»α¬ ααα±αααα α αα±αα«ααα»α¬ααα« ααααα αα α¬αα¬ α±αα¬ααα αα»α¬α α±αΌααΌαααα ααααααα»α¬α‘α αα»ααααααα αααα αα±αα¬ αααα» α αα» ααα»α¬α ααααα±α α¬αα±αα¬αααααα«ααα
α₯α±αα»α±α¬αα
Global climate change, growing international
trade, industrialization and urbanisation all present risks to our environment and natural resources. It is therefore essential that these be managed with care and foresight
to ensure complementarity between our commitment to the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and the need
to protect our environmental assets.
This new National Environmental Policy provides
long-term, strategic guidance for achieving the sustainable future we want. It requires the
mainstreaming of environmental protection into planning and decision-making at all levels of
government and in all sectors. Its detailed principles respect livelihood needs and development objectives while at the same time recognizing the full value of our
ecosystems and the implications of our changing climate. This Policy ensures that environmental
protection continues to be a central objective in Myanmarβs sustainable development without losing sight
of the importance of a pragmatic approach based on an awareness of the constantly evolving world around us.
The successful implementation of our National Environmental Policy calls for the Government, the
αααα¬αα¬αα₯αα±αΌαα¬αααα αααααα¬ααααα±αα α αααα
αααΌα ααααΌαα αααα¬ααα»α¬α αα»αααα αααααα»ααα
ααα¬ααααα¬ααα»α¬α αααααα»α¬ αΌαα αα¬α±α αααα«ααα αααα
α αααααΌαα ααααααα±α αααααα»α αααααα»α¬αααα¬
ααααααα»α¬αα αα»αααα αααααα»ααααα¬ α‘ααα‘ααα»α¬α
αααααα¬αααα αα‘αααα»α¬α‘ααα¬αα α‘α±αΌαα¬α‘αΌαααα α¬
αααΌαα αααααα ααΌαα αα±α αα‘ααα«ααα
α€α‘αα» αα¬αααααα»αα±ααα¬ααα«ααα αα»ααα ααα¬
α±αα¬ααα±αα¬ α±αααα αααααΌαααααααααα α‘αα¬ααα
αααααα α±ααα ααα¬αα»αα¬α±αΌαα¬ααααααα»ααα»α¬α ααα±ααα
αΌαα αα«ααα α‘α αα‘αα‘αααααα αααα‘ααα α ααααα»α¬
α±αααΌαααα ααΌαααα»ααα»α¬ αα»αααΌααααα αααααα»ααααα
αα¬ααα±αα α‘ααααααα ααα α α‘α±ααΌαα ααααα±αα«αα α
α±αα¬ααααα αα‘ααα«ααα α€ααα«αα α‘α±αΌααααα»α¬αα αααα
αα‘ααα»ααα»α¬αα ααααααα±α αααααα»ααα»α¬α α‘α±ααα¬
ααα αα»αααα α±ααα αα ααααα»α¬αα αα¬αα₯αα±αΌαα¬ααααα»α¬
ααα ααααα αα α¬αα¬αα«ααα α€ααα«ααα αΌαααα¬αααα
α±αααα αααααΌαα α αααααα±αααααα αα α±αα¬α±αα¬ααα¬αα
αα»αααααααααα»αα α‘α ααΌαα αα»αα±αΌαα¬ααα±αααα»α¬α ααααα¬
ααα±ααα»αααααααα»α¬α αα»ααΌααααΌααα±α α αααααα»α
αααααα¬ααα±αα α‘αααααααα»αα‘αΌαα αααααα¬α
αααΌαα αα«ααα
α€α‘αα»αα¬ αααααα»αα±ααα¬ααα«αα α±α‘α¬ααΌααα α¬
α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬ααα±αα‘αα α‘α αα‘αα‘α ααα»α¬α ααααα
private sector and the public to engage in a collective
effort to marshal and nurture our human and physical resources. I am confident that the cooperation and
dedication of all who love and value Myanmar will enable us to attain our goal of a peaceful, prosperous and
beautiful country.
Aung San Suu Kyi
State Counsellor
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar
ααααα αΌααααα»α¬α‘α¬α αα»αααααα αα‘α¬αα αααα¬α
α‘ααα‘αΌαα αα»α¬ ααααα±α α¬αα±αα¬αα±αα αααααα αα
α‘α¬αααααα ααααα‘ααα«ααα αΌαααα¬αααα αα»α ααααα
αα¬αα‘α¬αα αα±αα«αααααα‘α¬ααααα»α¬αα ααααα»αα±αα¬α
αα¬αα¬αα±αΌαα¬α±αα¬α ααα±αα¬ αΌαααα¬αααα±αα¬αα αΌαα αααα¬α±α α±α
αααααα»α(αααα)α ααα±α ααααα αααααα«ααα
α±α‘α¬αααα ααα
αααα±αα¬αα‘ααααααααα
αΌααα±αα¬αα αααααΌαααα¬αααα±αα¬
National Environmental Policy of Myanmar
1. Myanmar is blessed with diverse ecosystems,
rich biodiversity and bountiful natural resources. The
health of these ecosystems is essential for the countryβs
development and the peopleβs wellbeing, given that all
economic and social sectors depend on its natural
capital. Yet many of our countryβs natural resources and
environmental assets are under pressure due to a
number of different causes. Deforestation, mangrove
loss, illegal wildlife trade, unregulated mineral
extraction and environmental quality deterioration are
just some of the ongoing threats to Myanmarβs natural
capital. Without sound environmental governance, rapid
economic development could further exacerbate these
existing environmental problems. As a result of the
opening of the countryβs economy, increasing foreign
and domestic investment is contributing to an
intensification of industrial activity and rapid urban
expansion. This brings additional environmental
challenges such as air and water pollution, land
contamination and hazardous waste. Furthermore,
Myanmar is one of the countries most vulnerable to
climate change. Widespread natural disasters caused by
Introduction
ααα«α
ααααα¬ααα α‘αα»α± αα¬αααααα»α±αα±ααα¬ααα«α
αα αΌαααα¬ααααα ααααΌαα¬α±αα¬ α±ααα αα αα»α¬α αααα» α αα» ααα»α¬αα ααα¬ααααα¬ααα»α¬α±αα«αααααα ααααα ααα αΌαα αα α‘α¬α±αα»α¬α α¬ ααααα αα¬αααα±ααα αΌααααα»α¬α ααααααααααα±αα‘αα α αα¬α±ααα ααα±ααααα¬ αααα‘αααα ααα¬ααααα¬αα‘ααα‘ααα»α¬α‘α±αα«αα»α¬α α¬
ααα±ααααΌαα α±αα¬αααα±αα¬ α±ααα αα αα»α¬αα ααα¬α αααα¬ααα»α¬ α±ααααααααα±ααα ααα α¬α‘α±ααα α αα«ααα ααα¬αα αΌαααα¬αααα ααα¬ααααα¬ααα»α¬αα αααααα»αα α‘α±αα«αα‘α¬ααα±αα¬ααα»ααα±αα¬ α‘α±ααα¬ααα αα»α¬α α¬ααα¬ αα α±αα¬αΌααααΌααα αα±αα±αα¬αα»α¬αα»αα αααΌααα α±αα¬ααααα αα¬ααα α‘αααα»α¬ ααα¬ααα α±αα¬αααα±αα¬ααα¬ αΌααα α‘ααα‘ααα αααααααα¬α αα±αα¬αΌαααα α±ααα α±ααα α±αΌαα α αα αααααα»αα‘ααα‘α±ααα»α¬ α±αα»α¬αα» αα¬αΌααααα¬ αΌαααα¬ααααααα¬αα‘ααα‘ααα»α¬α αααα±αΌαα¬α α±αα±αα¬ αααααα±αα±αααα αΌααΏαα¬αα»α¬αΌαα αα«ααα αααα¬
α‘α¬α±αα¬ααα αααααα»ααααα¬ α αα‘ααα»ααα αα ααα α αα¬α±ααααα α‘αα»αα‘αΌαααααα α±αα¬ααααΌαααα ααα αααααα»ααααα¬ αΌααΏαα¬αα»α¬α αααααα¬αα¬α±α αααα«ααα αααα±αα¬α α αα¬α±α αααααα¬ααααα‘αα» αΌααααα αΌααα ααααΌαααααα»α¬ ααααα»α¬αΌαα¬αα¬αΌααα±ααα¬α α αααααα αα»α¬αα αααΌαααα» α α αα¬ αα»ααΌααα α¬ αΌαααααα»αααα¬ α‘αα» αα α‘α±ααΌαα α±ααα α±αααα α±αΌαααα ααααα»α¬α α±αα‘αααα¬ααα±αα¬ α ααα αα α ααα»α¬ α ααα αΌααα αα αααααα»ααααα¬α αα±αα«ααα»α¬ ααα¬αα»αααα«ααα αα‘αΌαα
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extreme weather events and predicted future dramatic
climate change are major challenges for the countryβs
economic and social development.
2. The Government of the Republic of the Union of
Myanmar has responded to these challenges by
adopting this new National Environmental Policy with
the aim of mainstreaming environmental considerations
into economic and social development. The Policy will
provide long-term guidance for government
organizations, civil society, the private sector and
development partners on the achievement of
environmental protection and sustainable development
objectives in Myanmar. Along with this Policy, the
Government emphasises the importance of placing
environmental considerations at the centre of efforts to
promote economic and social development, reduce
poverty, mitigate and adapt to climate change, and
minimize natural disaster risks.
α
αΌαααα¬ααααα αααα¬αα αα¬αα₯αα±αΌαα¬αααα±ααα¬α α‘ααα
ααα ααα αα ααα αΌαα αα αΌαααααααα±αα¬ αα±ααα
α‘α±αΌαα‘α±ααα»α¬α±ααα¬α ααα¬αα±αα‘αααα¬ααα»α¬ α±ααα¬α‘α
ααα±αααααα α‘αα¬αααα ααα αΌαα αα¬αααα αα±ααα¬α
αααααα¬αα αα¬αα₯αα±αΌαα¬ααα αΌαα α ααα»α¬αα α αα¬
αααααα ααααααααα‘α±αα« α‘ααα αα±αα«ααα»α¬ αΌαα αα«ααα
αα α‘ααα« αααααα»ααααα¬ α αα±αα«ααα»α¬α α±αΌααααααα
αΌααα±αα¬αα αααα αΌαααα¬αααα±αα¬α‘α ααα α αα¬α±ααα
ααα±αααααααααααααα»α¬ α±αα¬α±αα¬ααα¬αα αααααα»α
αααα¬αα α αααα»α¬α αααα»ααα α±αα«αα αα±αααα±αα‘αα
αααα¬αα α€α‘αα» αα¬αααααα»αα±ααα¬ ααα«αα αα»ααααα
α‘αα» αα¬αααααα»αα±ααα¬ααα«ααα α‘α ααα¬αα‘αα‘α ααα»α¬α
α‘ααααααα‘αα‘α ααα»α¬α αααααα‘αα‘α ααα»α¬αα αααα±α
αααααα»α¬α‘α¬ αΌαααα¬αααααααααα»α αααααα¬ααα±α
αα α αααααΌαα ααααααα±α αααααα»ααα»α¬α
α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬ α±αα¬ααααα¬αα α±ααα α‘ααΌααααα
αααααα»ααα»α¬ αα»ααα±ααααΌαα ααα αααα±αα¬α‘α ααα
α αα¬α±ααα ααα±α ααααααα±αα ααααααα«αα±αα»α¬αα»α±αα
αα¬αα₯αα±αΌαα¬ααα α±αα»α¬αα»α±ααα ααα±αα»α¬αα±ααα±α α±αα
ααα¬αα±αα‘αααα¬ααα»α¬ α±αα»α¬αα«α±αα‘αα α‘α¬αααααα
α±αα¬ααααα¬αα α€ααα«αααα‘α αααααα»ααααα¬αα α αααα»α¬α
ααααα±αα«αα ααΌαααα ααα¬ααα»α±ααα¬α α‘α±αα‘αααα¬
αα«ααα
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3. This Policy builds on Myanmarβs 1994
National Environment Policy and reaffirms its core values:
(a) The wealth of the nation is its people, its cultural heritage, its environment and its
natural resources. (b) It is the responsibility of the State and every
citizen to preserve our natural resources in the interests of present and future
generations. (c) Environmental protection should always be
the primary objective in seeking
development. 4. It also builds on the 1997 Myanmar Agenda 21,
the 2009 National Sustainable Development Strategy. It is grounded in the environmental responsibilities in the
2008 Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, and the obligations contained in the 2012
Environmental Conservation Law. It also aligns with, and expands upon, the environmental considerations in the
2015 National Comprehensive Development Plan and the 2018 Myanmar Sustainable Development Plan. The Policy recognises and integrates Myanmarβs
commitments to Multilateral Environmental Agreements, including the 2015 Paris Agreement.
Policy Approach
α
ααα«ααα»α±αααααααα
αα α€α‘αα» αα¬αααααα»αα±ααα¬ααα«ααα αααα ααα αΌαααα¬ααα α‘αα» αα¬αααααα»αα±ααα¬ααα«ααα αα«αα±αα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα« αααααααα»α¬α α‘α±αΌααΌα α±αααα¬αα«αα-
(α) ααααα αααααα»ααα¬ααααααα αααααα αΌααααα»α¬α ααα±αα»αα‘α±αα‘αα αα»α¬α αααααα»α αα ααα¬ααααα¬ααα α ααα»α¬αα αΌαα ααα
(α) αα α ααααα α‘αα¬αα αα» αααααα»α¬αα‘αα» αα¬ ααα¬ααααα¬α αα α ααα»α¬α αα¬αα ααααα±ααα αααα±αα¬αα ααααα¬ααα αα¬αααΌαα ααα
(α) αααα±ααααααα»α¬α±αα¬ααααα¬αα αααααα»α α±ααα¬ αα¬ααα±α α¬αα±αα¬ααα ααα¬ααα»α±αα¬ αααααα»αα‘αΌαα αα¬αα α αα¬αααααΌαα ααα
αα α€ααα«ααα αααα ααα αΌαααα¬ αα αα¬α α‘α α‘α αα αααα
ααα α‘αα» αα¬α αααααΌααααααααα ααα¬αα»αα¬ αα ααα α‘αααΌααα»α αααα ααα αΌααα±αα¬αα αααααΌαααα¬ αααα±αα¬ αα ααα‘α±αΌααα₯αα±ααα αααα ααα αααααα»α ααααα±αα₯αα±ααα αα«αααα αααααα»ααααα¬ αΌααα¬ααα»α αα»α¬α‘α±αα«αα α‘α±αΌαααα¬αα«ααα αα‘αΌαα αααα ααα α‘αα»αα¬ααα αααααααα ααααα αααα ααα αΌαααα¬αααα α±αααααααα αααα»ααα±αα¬ ααααααα α αααααα αα«ααα±αα¬ αααααα»ααααα¬ αα α αααα»α¬α ααααΌααα α αα¬ααα αααα ααα αα«ααα±αα¬αααα»α α‘αα«α‘αα
α‘αΌαααΌαααααα¬ αααααα»αα±ααα¬ αα±αα¬αααα»ααα»α¬αα αα«ααα±αα¬ αΌαααα¬αααα ααααααα»α¬ααα α‘αα‘αααΌα αααααα¬αα«ααα
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5. The Government of the Republic of the Union of
Myanmar recognises the fundamental links between
environmental protection, economic and social
development, and poverty alleviation. The principles
outlined in this National Environmental Policy reflect
these linkages. This approach is consistent with the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development which includes 17
SDGs to end poverty, fight inequality and injustice, and
tackle climate change by 2030. Putting this Policy into
action will also ensure that Myanmar makes significant
progress in meeting the SDGs.
6. This National Environmental Policy will serve as a
guide in mapping out detailed action plans for
environmental protection and sustainable development,
and set the direction for the on-going implementation
and enhancement of relevant laws and policies. Further
it will establish a foundation for mainstreaming
environmental considerations into decision-making on
economic and social development and activities by:
(a) conceiving a long-term vision for
environmental protection and sustainable
development, supported by key national
environmental policy principles;
α
α α αΌααα±αα¬αα αααα αΌαααα¬αααα±αα¬α‘α ααα αααααα»α αααααα¬ααα±αα α αα¬α±ααα ααα±αααααααα±ααα ααααααα«αα±αα»α¬αα»α±ααα‘ααα¬ α‘α±αΌαααα»ααααα αααα»α¬
α α‘αα‘αααΌααα α‘α¬α±αα»α¬α α¬ α€α‘αα» αα¬αααααα»α α±ααα¬ααα«ααα« α‘α±αΌααααα»α¬αα α‘ααα« ααα αααα»α¬α αααα α±α αα«ααα α€ααα«ααα αααα ααααααααααα«ααα±αα»α¬αα±αα αα¬αααα»α±ααα ααα¬αα»αααα±α α±αα αα¬αα₯αα±αΌαα¬αααα α±αΌαααα±αα αα α αααααΌααααααααα±α αααααα»α
(αα)αα αα«αααα αααα αΌαααα α α αααααΌαα ααα αααα±α α‘α α‘α ααααα α±αα»α¬ααα«ααα α€α‘αα» αα¬ αααααα»αα±ααα¬ααα«αα ααα±αα‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬α±αα¬ααα αΌααα‘α¬αΌαα αΌαααα¬αααα α αααααΌαα ααααααα±α αααααα»ααα»α¬α αΌαααααα¬ααα ααα¬αααα¬α±αα¬ αααααα»α¬ αααααααΌαα ααα
αα α€α‘αα» αα¬αααααα»αα±ααα¬ααα«ααα αααααα»α αααα αα¬ααα±ααα α αααααΌααααααααα±α αααα α±αα¬ααααααα‘α±αα αααααα ααα»α¬α‘αα αααααΌαα αα
αααααα»ααα αααααα ααα±αα¬αααα±αα¬ ααα«ααα»α¬α α₯αα±ααα»α¬α ααΌαα α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬α±αα¬ααα¬αααα αααααα»ααα»α¬ αα»ααα±ααα¬αααΌαα ααα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αα»α αα»α¬α α±αα¬ααααΌαααΌαα α αα¬α±ααα ααα±αααααααα αααααα»α¬αα ααΌαααα»ααα»α¬αα»αααα¬ααα αααααα»α αααα¬αα α αααα»α¬α ααααα αα α¬αααα α‘α±αΌααα‘ααΌαα α‘αΌαα αααααα¬ααα«αα-
(α) αααααα»ααααα αα¬ααα±ααα α αααααΌαα ααααααα±αα‘αα αααααα»αα±ααα¬ααα«α
α±αααα±αα»α¬αααα»ααα α‘α±αΌααααα»α¬αα»ααα±ααΌααα
5
(b) providing a framework for incorporating
environmental protection and sustainable
development into all relevant sectoral
policies; and
(c) setting a basis for enhancing environmental
governance in Myanmar.
National Environmental Policy Vision & Mission
Vision A clean environment, with healthy and functioning
ecosystems, that ensures inclusive development and wellbeing for all people in Myanmar
Mission
To establish national environmental policy principles
for guiding environmental protection and sustainable
development and for mainstreaming environmental
considerations into all policies, laws, regulations,
plans, strategies, programmes and projects
in Myanmar
α±αααα±αα»α±α¬αααα»α±α
ααααα¬ααααα αααα±αααα±ααααα‘α¬αα αα±αααα ααααααα±ααα αα»α±ααα¬α± α»α±α¬ααα±αα‘αα ααααα±αα¬ ααααα»α±ααα α±αα¬αααα±αα¬ α±ααα αα α αααααααα
α‘αα»α± αα¬ ααααα»α±αα±ααα¬ααα«α α±αααα±αα»α±α¬αααα»α±ααααααααα»α±α
α
(α) αααααα»ααααααα¬ααα±ααα α αααααΌαα ααααααα±ααααα¬ ααα±αα¬ααα»ααα»α¬α‘α¬ ααα αααααα»α¬α ααα«ααα»α¬αα αααα ααα±αα‘αα αα±αα¬ααα ααααααα±ααΌααα
(α) αΌαααα¬ααααα αααααα»ααααα¬ α αα‘ααα»αα α αα αααα±αα¬ααα αα¬α±α α±αα‘αα α‘α±αΌααα‘ααΌαα ααα±αα¬αα±ααΌααα
αααααα»α±α
ααααα»α±αααααα±ααα α ααααα ααααα±ααα‘α¬ αααααα αααα
ααααα¬αααα ααα«ααα»α±α¬ α α₯ α±ααα»α±α¬ α α ααα»α±αα ααααα»α±α¬ α α ααα»α±ααα»α±α¬α ααα¬αα»α±αα¬αα»α±α¬α α‘α α‘α ααα»α±α¬αα α ααααα»α±α¬αα
ααααα»α±ααααα¬ αα α α αα»α±α¬α α± α«αα αααααααα α‘αα α‘αα»α± αα¬ ααααα»α±αα±ααα¬ α‘α±αααααα»α±α¬αα»α±αααα
National Environmental Policy Principles
6
7. To pursue this vision, the Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar adopts the following
23 National Environmental Policy principles as the guiding framework for achieving: a clean environment
and healthy, functioning ecosystems; sustainable economic and social development; and the
mainstreaming of environmental protection and management:
(a) Clean environment and healthy, functioning
ecosystems
(1) Every person and citizen living in
Myanmar has the right to access a clean and healthy environment, and the duty
to protect the environment.
(2) The complete value of Myanmarβs
environment is recognised and considered β both tangible and intangible values,
including its significant spiritual values, ecological assets and cultural heritage, in addition to its direct benefits for
humanity.
α‘αα»α± αα¬ ααααα»α±αα±ααα¬ααα«α α‘α±αααααα»α±α¬
α
αα αΌααα±αα¬αα αααα αΌαααα¬αααα±αα¬ α‘α ααα
αααααα»αα±ααα¬ ααα«αα±αααα±αα»α¬αααα»αα α±αα¬α±αα¬ααααα
ααααα±αα¬αααααα»ααα α±αα¬αααα±αα¬α±ααα αα αα»α¬ααα±α α
α αα¬α±ααα ααα±αα αααααΌαα αααααααααα±ααα
αααααα»αααααα±ααα αααααα»αα ααααα±αααααα
α±αα«αα αα±αα‘αα αααααα±αα¬ααα»α¬α‘αΌαα α±α‘α¬αα±αα¬αΌααα«
α‘αα» αα¬αααααα»αα±ααα¬ α‘α±αΌααα(αα)αα»αααα»αααα -
(α) ααααα±αα¬ αααααα»α±ααα α±αα¬αααα±αα¬
α±ααα αα αα»α±α¬
(α) αα»ααα¬ααααα±αα¬ αααααα»αα αα α¬
αααααα α‘ααα«αααααα»αα αααα
α±α α¬αα±αα¬αααααα ααααα¬αααα‘αα
αααα±αααααααααα ααααα ααααα¬
ααα α‘ααα‘α±ααΌαα ααα
(α) αααααα»ααα ααα¬αα»α¬αααα αα
ααααα¬αααα¬α α¬ α±αα¬αΌαααα±αα¬ α‘αα»
α±αα»ααα»α¬αα¬αα αααααααααα
α ααααααα¬α α±ααα αα αααα¬αααα
ααα±αα»ααααα¬ α‘α±αα‘αα αα»α¬ α αα
α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα α‘α±ααΌαα αα±αα¬αΌαααα±αα¬
α‘αα» α±αα»ααα»α¬ααα« αααααα»α±αα
αααααα α±αα¬ αααα‘ααα α‘αα‘αααα
ααααα αα α¬αααα
7
(3) Environment and natural resource management will recognise the critical
roles that Myanmarβs natural capital and ecosystem services play in the countryβs society and economy.
(4) Myanmarβs ecosystems are to be protected and managed in a sustainable
way in order to maintain their natural functions and resilience, and rich
biodiversity.
(5) Myanmarβs natural resources are to be
protected and managed in integrated and sustainable ways without
diminishing their availability and quality for future generations.
(6) The rights of indigenous people and
ethnic nationalities to their lands, territories, resources and cultural
heritage, and their roles in environmental conservation and natural
resources management, are recognised and protected.
α
(α) αΌαΌααΌα¬αααα ααα¬α α‘αααΈα‘ααΈαΌα»α¬αΈαα α±ααα αα ααα±αα¬αααα»α±α¬αα αααα ααα±ααα α αα¬α±αααα α‘α±ααα«αα
αααα αα«ααααα α‘αα‘αααΌαα αααααα»ααα ααα¬ααααα¬αα ααααα±α αααααα»α¬αααα±αα¬ααααα
(α) α±ααα αα αα»α¬α ααα¬αα‘αα α‘ααα±αα
α±αα»α±α¬α±αα α¬ ααααααααα αααα»α± α αα»α± α ααΌαααΌαΌα»α¬αΈαΌ αααΈααΌαΈαα¬αΈα α α α±αα α‘ααα¬ αΌαααα¬αααα α±ααα αα αα»α¬α αα¬ααα±α α¬αα±αα¬αα α±ααααααα±α α±αα¬ αααααα»α¬αΌαα α αααααααα
(α ) α‘αα¬αααα»α± αααα αα»α±α¬α‘αα α‘ααα‘α±α α αΌα¬ααΈαΌαα αα¬ ααα¬ααααα¬ααΌα»α¬αΈ αααααΌ α±αα»α±α¬αααα¬α±α ααα ααα±α αααΌαααα¬αααα ααα¬ααααα¬ααα»α¬α αα¬ααα±α α¬αα±αα¬α
αααα αα«αααα α±ααααααα±α α±αα¬ αααααα»α¬αΌαα α αααααααα
(α) αα¬α±ααααααα¬αα»α±α¬αα αααααα¬ααα»α± α αα»α±α¬α α±αΌααα¬αα»α¬α ααααααα±αΌααα»α¬α αααα¬ααα»α¬αα ααα±αα»α α‘α±αα‘αα αα»α¬ αααα¬ α‘ααα‘α±ααα»α±α¬α‘αΌαα αααααα»α ααααα±ααα ααα¬ααααα¬ααα»α¬ α α αααααα ααααα‘ααααααα»α¬ααα α‘αα‘αααΌα αα¬ααα±α α¬αα±αα¬ααααα
8
(7) Environmental service provisioning (including waste management, wastewater treatment, drinking water purification, ambient air and water quality monitoring and management) will be included as necessary parts of infrastructure planning and development for urban and human settlement areas, with resource efficient and zero waste approaches used.
(b) Sustainable economic and social development
(8) Environmental sustainability will always be a central objective in determining Myanmarβs economic and social development strategies, which will prioritise low-carbon and green economy pathways, through responsible investment and partnerships with the private sector and civil society.
(9) Recognising the inextricable link between environment and poverty, environmental considerations must be central to effective people-centred development and serve to guide development strategies so that sustainable and equitable approaches to improved prosperity and living standards are pursued.
α
(α) αααΌααα αα±αα§ααα¬αα»α¬α‘αα α‘α±αΌαα α‘α±αα¬αα‘α‘αααα¬ α ααααα»α¬ α±αα α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬αα¬αα α ααα αα α ααα»α¬ α αααααΌααα α±ααααα ααΌααα α±αα¬αα α±αααα ααΌααα αααα»αα±αααα α±αα α‘ααα‘α±α α±α α¬ααααα α α±ααΌαααα α α ααααΌααα‘α αα±αα¬ αααααα»α±ααααα¬ ααα±αα¬αααααααα»α±α¬ ααααΌαα αα«ααα±α αααα α‘ααα« α ααααα»α¬ α±αα¬ααααα¬αα αααα¬ααα»α±α¬α α‘αα»α± αααα±αα¬αα α¬ αα α α±αααα ααα±α α±αα¬ αααααα»α±α¬ααα α±αα¬ααααααα
(α) α αα¬α±αααααα±αα αααααααααααααα
(α) αΌαααα¬ααααα αα¬α±ααα ααα±ααααα±α ααα¬αα»αα¬αα»α¬ αα»αααα¬αα αααααα»α±α α±ααα αααα±α α±αα ααα¬ααα»α±α±αα¬ αααααα»α±αα‘ααα αα¬ααααααα αα αα¬αα ααααααααα« αα α‘α αα±αα¬αα αα¬α±α ααα±ααα¬ααα»α¬α α¦α α¬α±αα±ααα»α α±αα¬ααααααα
(α) αααααα»ααα ααααααα« αααα ααα ααααα α‘αΌααα‘ααααααααα±αα±ααα¬α α‘αα‘αααΌααα»α αααααα»α±ααααα¬ αα α αααα»α±α¬α αααα α αα α¬ααααα αααααααααααα αα±αα¬αα±α‘α¬ααααα±α α‘ααα‘αα»α±αα‘ααα¬αα»α±ααα¬αα αααΌααα αα α±αα¬ααααα αα±ααα‘ααα‘ααα αα α±α α±αα‘αα α±αααααααα αα¬αααα» αα±αα¬ αααα±α ααα¬αα»αα¬αα»α¬ α±αααα¬ αα αααααΌαα ααα
9
(10) Sustainable and renewable energy for the needs of people and for economic development in Myanmar will be secured, and utilized efficiently, through the use of existing technology and innovations in the generation, storage, supply and use of energy.
(11) Climate smart approaches to development, including resilience, climate change adaptation and mitigation, and disaster reduction strategies, will be aligned to environmental protection and good natural resource management approaches in the pursuit of low-carbon, sustainable development.
(12) Economic values of environmental services will be recognised and incorporated in development policies so that these values are optimised and maintained to the extent possible.
(13) Pollution and waste is to be avoided and minimised at the source as more cost effective than remediation, enterprises will be encouraged to adopt clean production principles and best practices.
α
(αα) ααααα¬α αα¬α±α αααααα αααααα»α±α¬α αα‘ααα»α±ααα»α±α¬ αααααα±αααααα‘αα α αα‘αααααα±αα αα±αα¬αα±αα αΌαααΌαα±α αααα α±αααα αααααααα¬αα ααα αααα ααα»α¬α α‘ααΌαα α±αααααααα ααααααααααα α±αα¬ α αα‘ααα»α±α¬α α‘αα»α± αα αα±αα¬αα α¬αα α‘ααα»α±αααα
(αα) αα¬αααααααα±αα»α¬αα αα α αααααΌαα ααα αααα±αα α±αα¬α±αα¬ααα¬αα αα¬αα₯α α±αΌαα¬αααααααααααααΌααα αα¬αα₯α α±αΌαα¬ααα α±αα»α¬αα»αΌαααα ααα±αα»α¬αα±α αα±α αΌααα ααα¬αα±αα‘αααα¬α α±αα»α¬αα»αΌαα α αα αα¬αα₯αα±ααα¬ααααα ααα±αα»α±α¬ αα±αααα αααα±α αααααα»α±α¬α αααααα»ααααααα¬ααα±ααα ααα¬α αααα¬α α ααααα±α ααααα±αα¬ααα»α¬ αααααα α¬α±αα¬ααααααα
(αα) αααααα»α ααα±αα¬αααα»α¬α α αα¬α±α αααα¬ααααα»α±α¬α‘αΌαα α‘αα‘αααΌαα α‘ααα«ααααα»α¬α α‘αααα‘α αααααα αααα±α ααα«ααα»α¬αα α±αα«αα ααααα α±ααααα
(αα) αα ααααα α ααα αα α ααα»α±α¬α α αα αααααα α±ααα¬ααα α±αα¬ααα¬ααααα α±αα»α¬αα»αΌαααα αΌαααα αα α¬αΌαααα αααα»α αα αααααα¬α±α αα α‘α¬α±αα»α¬α α¬ α αα¬α±ααααααα»α¬α αααααα ααααα ααα ααα»α¬(clean production principle)αα α‘α±αα‘αα»αα±αα¬ααα»α¬α‘α¬ ααα±ααα»αα αα¬α±α ααααααα‘α¬α±ααααα
10
(14) Remediation of past environmental
damage will be prioritised in
development planning and decision-
making to promote green outcomes
and give effect to the polluter pays
principle.
(c) Mainstreaming environmental protection and management
(15) Institutional and legal frameworks for implementing and enforcing
environmental laws and policies will be strengthened through clear definition
of rights and responsibilities, and greater collaboration among different
institutions within the government at all levels, as well as with non-
government stakeholders.
(16) All decisions on policies, plans, projects and activities that could have
environmental impacts will be subject to prior comprehensive assessment of
their potential impacts, applying the precautionary principle, systematic risk
assessment and the mitigation hierarchy.
αα
(αα) ααα¬ααααααα»ααα αααα¬ααΌαα α±α αα α‘α αα±αα¬αα‘αα»αααα±αα¬ααα»α¬ ααΌααα±α αα αα ααα±α α αα¬αααααα (polluter pays principle)α αα»ααα±αα‘αα α ααα±α αααα¬α ααααα»α¬αα ααΌαααα»ααα»α¬αα»αα αα¬αα ααααΌαα αα¬ααα αααααα»α±α αααααα»α±α¬α ααααααα α¬ααα±α α¦α α¬α±α α±αα¬ααααααα
(α) αααααα»α±αααααα±ααα αααααα»α±α α α αααα±αα ααααα±αα«αα αααα
(αα ) αααααα»α±αααααα±α α₯αα±ααα ααα α α₯αα±ααα ααα«ααα»α±α¬ α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬ ααααα α±αα¬αααααα±αα‘αα α‘α α α‘αα‘α αα‘ααααααα¬αααα¬αα α‘α α αααα±αα¬ ααα αααααααα»α¬αα αα αα±αα«αα±αα¬ααααΌααα αααααααα αα¬αα ααααα¬αα»α¬α ααα»αααα¬α α¬ αααα αα»αααΌααα‘α¬αΌαα α‘αα‘α ααα α₯αα±α α±ααα¬αα±αα¬ααα»α¬α αααααα¬α‘α¬α±αα¬α α±α αααα
(αα) αααααααα¬ α±αα¬ααααααα(precautionary principle)α α±αα‘αααα¬α αα»α±α±αα¬αααα α αα ααα»α±ααα α ααα (systematic risk assessment)αα ααααα±αα»α±α¬αα»α±ααα α‘αααα (mitigation hierarchy) αα α‘ααΌαα αααααα»ααααα ααααα ααα«ααα»α¬α α‘α α‘ααα»α¬α α ααααα»α¬αα ααααα ααα»α¬αα ααα αα¬αα¬ααα±αα¬ αααααα»α±α¬α αααα α α¬ αα αα ααα α αααααααα¬ ααΌαααα»α αα»αααα
11
(17) Environmental decision making at all levels will be inclusive, transparent and accountable to relevant stakeholders, with communities and citizens having the right to participate in decision making processes and access information that could affect their lives and property.
(18) Gender equa l i ty and the empowerment of women and girls will be integrated into all aspects of environmental protection and management.
(19) Environmental education, public awareness raising and quality research will be promoted to enhance respect for the countryβs environmental values, understanding of environmental challenges, and commitment to environmental conservation and sustainable development.
(20) Environmental governance arrangements will be responsive to peace processes, and arrangements in States and Regions including self-administered areas, recognising that peaceful and just societies, and environmental conservation and sustainable
αα
(αα) αααα¬ααα‘αα«α‘αα αααα ααααα¬αα»α¬αα α‘αα» ααα αααα»α¬α‘α¬ααα αααα αα±αααααα ααααααα»α¬α‘α±αα« α‘αα»αα α±αα¬αααα±αα¬ αααααα»ααααα¬ α αΌαααα»α αα»α¬αα»αααα‘αααααα αα±αα«ααα«αααααα αα αααααα¬ αααα‘αα»α±αα‘αααα»α±α¬ ααααααα α‘αααα‘ααα±α αα αααααα»α±α αααα¬αααααα»α±ααα»α±α¬αα ααααααααα¬α αα αα¬αααααα±α αααα
(αα) αααααα»α αααααα¬ααα±ααα α α αααα±ααα α α‘α¬ααα αα»α±α¬/αααα ααα»α±α±α ααα±αα¬ααα»ααα»α¬α α‘αα» αααα»α¬ αα αααα±ααααα»α¬α α‘αααααα αΌαααααα α±αα¬ααααα»ααα»α¬ α±αα«αα α αααααααα
(αα) αααα αααααα»ααααα¬ ααααα»α¬α α±αα α¬αα αααααα»ααααα¬ α αα±αα«ααα»α¬α αα±αα¬α±αα«ααα¬αααα αααααα»α αααα αα¬ααα±ααα α αααααΌαα αααααα α±αα α‘α ααα α ααα±αα¬ααα α ααα ααα αΌαααα¬αα¬α±α αα ααααα αααααα»α±ααααα¬ααα¬α±αα ααα‘αα‘ααα ααααα¬α±ααα α‘ααααααα±ααααααααα»α±α¬ α ααΌααα±αα¬ααααα¬ααα
(αα) ααααα»αα ααα¬αα»αααα±αα¬ αα‘αα‘α α αα αααααα»αααααα±αα α αααααΌαα ααααααα±α αααααααα α‘αα»ααα»α α‘ααααΌαα±αα±ααα¬α α‘αα‘αααΌααα α‘α¬α±αα»α¬α α¬ αααααα»ααααα¬ α αα‘ααα»αα α αα α‘α α‘α ααα»α¬αα ααααα»α±αα±α αααααΈα±ααΌα»α¬αΈα αΌαααα‘ααα»αααα α αα
12
development efforts are mutually beneficial.
(21) Financial sustainabi l i ty of environmental governance will be achieved through the application of the
polluter pays principle and the use of green financial instruments.
(22) International cooperation will be sought to strengthen environmental
conservation and sustainable development in Myanmar, and to
address regional and global challenges, through bilateral and multilateral
agreements, experience sharing and implementation arrangements.
(23) National environmental interests will
be given thorough consideration before signing international and regional
treaties, international investment treaties must recognise Myanmarβs
evolving environmental governance and honour previously ratified
agreements and utilize the most environmentally sustainable methods.
αα
α‘αα«α‘αα α±ααα‘ααα α‘ααα»α±αα α‘α α‘α αα»α±α¬αα αααα¬αααα α±α αααα
(αα) αα ααα±α ααα¬αααααα (polluter pays principle) α α‘α αα±αα¬ααααα¬α±α α‘α α‘α αα»α¬α‘α αα±αα¬ αααααα»α¬ αα»αααΌαααΌαα αααααα»ααααα¬ α αα‘ααα»ααα αα α‘αα αααα¬α±αα±ααααααα αα±α αααα
(αα) αα αααα¬αααα±αααααα α±αααα±ααα±αα¬ αααααα»ααααα¬ α αα±αα«ααα»α¬α αααα α±αΌααααα¬ααααα±αα¬αα αΌαααα¬αααα αααααα»α ααααα±ααα α αααααΌαα ααα αααα±αα α‘α¬α±αα¬αα±α αα ααα±αα¬α αα αΌααα±αα¬ααα αααααα¬ααα¬ αα±αα¬αα α¬αα»ααα»α¬ αα»αααΌαα α α‘α±αα‘αααα»α¬ ααααΌαααα αα±αα¬ααα¬α±αα¬ α‘α α‘α ααα»α¬ ααααα α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬αΌαααΌαα αααααα¬ αα±αα«αα±αα¬ααααα ααΌαα ααααα
(αα) α‘αααααααααα¬αα α±αααααα¬α α¬αα»α±ααα»α±α¬ ααααααα±αααααα αααα±αα¬α αααααα»ααααα¬ α‘αα» α αα¬αα»α¬α‘αα ααα ααααα αα α¬αααα α‘αΌαααΌαα αααα¬ ααα αΌααα α α α¬αα»ααα»α¬αα αΌαααα¬αααα α±αΌαα¬αααααα±αα±αα¬ αααααα»ααααα¬ α αα‘ααα»ααα αα αα αΌαααα¬αααα α‘αααΌα ααααα±αααα αΌαα α±αα¬ α‘αΌαααΌαααααα¬ αα±αα¬αααα»α αα»α¬α α‘αα‘αααΌααα¬ αααααα»α α‘αα α‘α±αα¬αα αΌαα α±α αα αααα αα»α¬α αα»αα α±αα¬ααααααα
13 8. The Government of the Republic of the Union of
Myanmar is committed to putting this National
Environmental Policy into action through a Strategic
Framework and a series of master plans. The Strategic
Framework applies the National Environmental Policy
principles to priority thematic areas and sectors. It also
provides environmental governance requirements for
effective implementation, including institutional
strengthening, monitoring and enforcement, public
participation, dispute resolution and financing. The
Strategic Framework provides guidance for preparing
master plans for States and Regions and for the priority
thematic areas and sectors. The master plans will
contain specific activities, timeframes, budgets and
performance targets for achieving the Strategic
Framework objectives and, ultimately, the National
Environmental Policy vision.
Implementing the National Environmental Policy
α‘αα»α± αα¬ ααααα»α±αα±ααα¬ααα«αα α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬α±αα¬αααα
αα
αα αΌααα±αα¬αα αααααΌαααα¬αααα±αα¬α‘α ααα α€α‘αα»αα¬
αααααα»αα±ααα¬ ααα«αα ααα¬αα»αα¬αα±αα¬ααα αααα ααααα»α¬
α±ααα α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬ α±αα¬ααααα¬αααΌαα ααα ααα¬αα» αα¬
αα±αα¬ααα αααααα¬αα αααααα»ααααα¬ α¦α α¬α±α
αααααα»α¬αα ααααα»α¬αα αααααα»αα±ααα¬ααα«ααα« α‘α±αΌααα
αα»α¬α‘α¬ αααα α‘ααα»αα¬αααΌαα ααα αααααα»ααααα¬
α αα‘ααα»ααα αα ααα α±αα¬ααααα¬α±α αααα αα±αα¬αα α¬
α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬ααααα‘αα α‘αα‘α ααααα¬α±α αΌααα α ααα»α
α ααααααα¬ α‘α α‘ααα»α¬αα»αααΌααα α±α α¬ααααα α α±ααΌααα
α₯αα±αααα‘α αααα¬α±αα¬αααα±α αΌααα α‘αα»α¬αΌααααα±αα«ααα«αααΌααα
α‘αΌαααα¬ααα»α¬ α±αΌααααΌαα α ααααα±αα¬ααα»ααα»α¬α‘αΌαα α‘ααα«
αα α αααα»α¬α α±αα¬ααααααα αααα¬α±αα αααααα αα αα»α¬ααα
ααα¬αα»αα¬αα±αα¬ααα αααα α±αααα¬αα αΌαα αα«ααα
αααααα»αα±ααα¬ ααα¬αα»αα¬αα±αα¬ααα ααα±αααα α αΌαααα
α‘αα αααα ααααα»α¬α αααααα»ααααα¬ α¦α α¬α±ααααααα»α¬αα
ααα ααααα‘αα αααα ααααα»α¬ α±ααααα‘αα αααα
αΌαα ααα αααααα ααααα»α¬αα ααα¬αα» αα¬α‘α α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬
α±αα¬ααααα αααααα»ααα»α¬α α‘αα» αα¬αααααα»αα±ααα¬ααα«α
α±αααα±αα»α¬αααα»ααα»α¬ ααα±α αα α‘ααα¬ α‘α±αα α αααααα»α¬α
α‘αα»ααα¬ααα»α¬ α αααα¬α±α(αααααα»α)αα»α¬αα α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬αα
αα»α¬αα¬αααααα»ααα»α¬ αα«αααααΌαα ααα
14
The linkages between the National Environmental Policy, Strategic Framework and Master Plans are depicted in
the following diagram:
αα
National Environmental Policy Principles
Sustainable Development Goals
Mission To establish national environment policy principles for guiding environmental protection and sustainable development and for
mainstreaming environmental considerations into all policies, laws, regulations, plans, strategies, programmes and projects in Myanmar
National Environmental Policy
Clean environment and healthy, functioning
ecosystems
Sustainable economic and social development
Mainstreaming environmental protection
and management
National Environmental Strategic Framework
Sector-based
Environmental Master Plan/s
Thematic Area Master Plan/s
National Environmental
Master Plan/s
States and
Regions Environmental Master Plans
Vision A clean environment, with healthy and functioning
ecosystems, that ensures inclusive development and wellbeing for all people in Myanmar
αα
α‘αα» αα¬αααααα»αα±ααα¬ααα«αα ααα¬αα»αα¬αα±αα¬ααα ααα
α ααααα»α¬α αααααα α±α‘α¬αα±αα¬αΌααα«ααα α±αα¬αΌααα¬αα«αα-
α‘αα»α± αα¬ ααααα»α±αα±ααα¬ααα¬αα»α±αα¬αα±αα¬α
α‘αα»α± αα¬α‘αα
ααααα»α±αα±ααα¬
ααα ααααα»α±α¬
αααα‘αα
ααα ααααα»α±α¬
αααααα¬ αα αα‘αα ααα ααααα»α±α¬
α±ααα‘αα ααααα»α±αα±ααα¬ ααα ααααα»α±α¬
αααααα»α±α
ααααα»α±αααααα±ααα α ααααα ααααα±ααα‘α¬ αααααα αααα
ααααα¬αααα ααα«ααα»α±α¬α α₯ α±ααα»α±α¬α α ααα»α±αα ααααα»α±α¬α α ααα»α±ααα»α±α¬α ααα¬αα»α±αα¬αα»α±α¬α α‘α α‘α ααα»α±α¬αα α ααααα»α±α¬αα ααααα»α±ααααα¬
αα α α αα»α±α¬α α± α«αα ααααααααα‘αα α‘αα»α± αα¬ ααααα»α±αα±ααα¬ α‘α±αααααα»α±α¬αα»α±αααα
α±αααα±αα»α±α¬αααα»α±α ααααα¬ααααα αααα±αααα±ααααα‘α¬αα αα±αααα
ααααααα±ααα αα»α±ααα¬α± α»α±α¬ααα±αα‘αα ααααα±αα¬ ααααα»α±ααα α±αα¬αααα±αα¬α±ααα αα α
αααααααα
α ααααα α αααα ααα±α αααααα»α±ααα»α±α¬
α‘αα» αΈαα¬αΈαααααΈαα»ααα±αΈα±α¬ααα«α
ααααα»α±αα±ααα¬ααα«α α‘α±αααααα»α±α¬
ααααα±αα¬ ααααα»α±α αα α±αα¬αααα±αα¬ α±ααα αα αα»α±α¬
α α¬α±αααααα±α α ααααα α ααααααα
ααααα»α±αααααα±ααα ααααα»α±αα ααααα±αα ααααα± α«αα ααα