i

CONTENT

CONTENT ........................................................................................................................................ i

Article 1: Govt Delays Horticulture Import Changes ...................................................................... 1

Article 2: The (Real) Green Revolution .......................................................................................... 3

Article 3: Cultivation of Pygmy Drosera ......................................................................................... 6

Article 4: What is Sustainable Farming? ....................................................................................... 11

Article 5: The ABC's of Rose Gardening ...................................................................................... 14

CHAPTER ONE AND TWO: Clause, Sentence and Phrase ........................................................ 15

CHAPTER THREE: Contextual reference .................................................................................... 17

CHAPTER FOUR: Parallelism ..................................................................................................... 18

CHAPTER FIVE: Temporal Relationship .................................................................................... 20

CHAPTER SIX: Causal Relationship ............................................................................................ 21

CHAPTER SEVEN: Contrastive Relationship .............................................................................. 22

CHAPTER EIGHT: Exemplification ............................................................................................ 23

CHAPTER NINE: Explanation ..................................................................................................... 24

CHAPTER TEN: Reinforcement and Similarity ........................................................................... 25

REFERENCE ................................................................................................................................. 26

1

Article 1:

Article Source: http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/03/07/govt-delays-horticulture-import-

changes.html

Govt Delays Horticulture Import Changes

Linda Yulisman, the Jakarta Post, Jakarta | Wed, 03/07/2012 10:01 AM The government says it will delay plans to restrict the authorized gateways for

horticulture imports to give local and overseas stakeholders a chance to comply with new rules.

Agriculture Minister Suswono said on Tuesday in Jakarta that the plan would be implemented beginning June 19 to allow relevant stakeholders to prepare necessary infrastructure, including warehouses, cold storage and transportation, and to avert potential disruptions in horticultural product distribution.

Suswono said that the government’s plan would also permit horticulture imports through seaports in Riau Islands’ free-trade zones of Batam, Bintan and Karimun in Riau Islands to meet local demand.

The move supplements four seaports and airports that have been slated to serve as the exclusive entry points for horticultural imports: Belawan seaport in Medan, North Sumatra; Soekarno-Hatta International Airport in Banten; Tanjung Perak seaport in Surabaya, East Java; and Soekarno-Hatta seaport in Makassar, South Sulawesi.

The country’s largest port by volume, Tanjung Priok in North Jakarta, was barred from horticulture imports by officials who said that the port was overloaded, resulting in poor supervision of imported goods.

Meanwhile, Deddy Saleh, the Trade Ministry’s foreign trade chief, said the ministry would issue regulations in the next several weeks to specify the volume and schedule for horticultural imports.

“Importation cannot be done alone, without monitoring. The trade minister’s pending regulations will help supervise horticultural imports,” Deddy said.

Under a set of regulations issued in December, the number of entry points for horticultural imports was to have been reduced from eight to four starting this month.

The regulations cover 47 kinds of fresh fruits and vegetables as well as fresh-layered tuber vegetables, such as avocados, grapes, apples, apricots, strawberries, mangoes, oranges, kiwi, onions and garlic.

The rules also stipulate that the government must expand its supervision of 39 to 100 types of imported plant-originated fresh food products, covering agricultural products and food and plantation crops due to possible contamination from deadly chemicals, heavy metals, mycotoxins and microorganisms, such as E. coli and salmonella.

The Trade Ministry’s food and plants quarantine agency previously said that 15 incidents were recorded at Tanjung Priok port over the past two years where imported products were found to have been infected by unique pathogens and pests that might be harmful to local crops.

The agency also said that over the past several years, officials found a series of incidents that might have led to whitefly pest (Bemisia tabaci-Genn) outbreaks in West Java, along with the rise in imports.

2

Outbreaks of golden eelworms (Globodera rostochiensis), which are indigenous to South America, were also found in Central Java and East Java within the period.

Indonesia’s imports of fruits jumped by 50 percent to 878,318 tons while imports of vegetables surged by 29 percent to 746,857 tons last year.

The impact of the regulations, which will require importers to re-route their goods to the four designated gateways, has been considered troublesome.

Direct access to Jakarta would be severely disrupted by the exclusion of the Tanjung Priok Port.

Indonesia’s trading partners have raised concerns over the issue with earlier requesting the government to delay or drop the plan.

Australia reportedly asked Indonesia to submit its regulations to the World Trade Organization to allow its trading partners to submit feedback through the procedures of the trade regulating body.

3

Article 2:

Article Source: http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/09/15/the-real-green-revolution.html-0

The (Real) Green Revolution

By Trisha Sertori, Contributor, Gianyar, Bali | Thu, 09/15/2011 10:59 AM

Hidden behind cement block walls, behind grid-locked roads of tourist buses, trucks and motor scooters, is another Bali.

Behind the acne of villas spotting the landscape like pimples on a pretty girl, behind the hotels that would turn Balinese into a society of servants in a constructed landscape of fountains, palms and swimming pools, there is a quiet revolution happening: Farmers are reclaiming Bali through the organic farming practices of their ancestors.

This is Bali’s Green Revolution, where farmers are returning to traditional farming practices that ensure healthy soils and healthy produce.

Just off the highway in Blahbatuh, Gianyar, is 137 hectares of farmlands owned by two villages that are growing organic rice, fruits and vegetables under the provincial Government’s SIMANTRI program.

SIMANTRI is an integrated, sustainable and organic farming system already being applied by 150 farming groups across Bali, according to Bali’s Agriculture Department officer, Wayan Segara, who visited the Blahbatuh farming cooperatives on Monday.

“The goal is to have all farming in Bali organic. We are doing this through the SIMANTRI program, which has farms producing fruit trees, vegetables, fish and shrimp ponds, rice fields and livestock in complete systems,” said Segara.

Under the system, livestock produce fertilizer and pesticides from manure and urine and farmers no longer need to invest in expensive chemical based products. Farms also grow a variety of produce, rather than depending on rice harvest only, effectively diversifying income streams.

Good source: Cattle are the lynchpin of Bali’s SIMANTRI integrated farming system in Blahbatu. So dedicated is Bali’s Government to integrated organic farming that from 2012 all organic farmers will receive subsidies to assist their shift from chemical-based farming to organic farming, said Segara as he plucked a tomato from the organic garden in the organic-farming village of Taruna in

4

Blahbatuh. “You can eat these foods straight from the bush and they are delicious.” Besides producing quality foods and protecting soils into the future, it is expected

that Bali’s shift to organic farming will also protect the island’s tourism, which has been built on the back of agriculture and Hindu traditions, according to media consultant and member of the Blahbatuh organic villages, I Nyoman Baskara of the Tamiang Bali Foundation. Baskara was a member of provincial Governor Made Pastika’s think tank on protecting Bali’s agricultural sector.

“The first step is to build perceptions of organic farming within Government departments, stakeholders and within the legislative assembly. We must have the same vision on this. Stakeholders include farmers, agribusiness and end users, such as hotels, supermarkets and restaurants. Once that vision is united, we can build a full agricultural policy with programs like SIMANTRI, but the key strategy is how to create a new paradigm on tourism,” said Baskara who was instrumental in developing the organic village in Blahbatuh.

In that new paradigm, the role agriculture has played in Bali’s tourism development would be recognized and supported into the future.

“Agriculture has given tourism resources such as rice field terraces and traditional culture, places of interest to tourists. Farmers make Bali look interesting. They have not asked for money, but the tourism industry must understand farmer needs and share the benefits of tourism,” said Baskara who is keen to develop a “Green Corporate Social Responsibility” concept to support Bali’s farming and traditional culture.

Bali’s fertile fields are giving way to villas and hotels, despite Government laws on the protection of productive lands, says Baskara, and the bottom line is farming incomes.

A shift to organic, integrated farming across the island with produce sold to hotels and restaurants, and the formation of farmer unions would allow farmers to set pricing at the farm gate, ensuring livable incomes and sustainable farming into the future, explained Baskara, who believes there can be a healthy synergy between agriculture and tourism.

United: Working together for a sustainable farming future based on organic planting. “We need to build synergy within farming communities then make agriculture corporate farming so we can improve farmers’ quality of life and incomes, so we must work as one,” said Baskara who began working with his Blahbatuh village on a return to organic farming in 2006. Farmers across the 137 hectares

of organic, integrated farming in Blahbatuh are not yet seeing huge increases in their income, but are seeing small successes.

“One litre of urine from cows is selling for Rp 2,000 (US$0.23) and replaces pesticide, so farmers have income from its sale and don’t have the costs of buying fertilizers and pesticides,” said Baskara who with farmers is now looking to “optimize” down time in farming.

5

“More than 60 percent of a farmer’s time is wasted during the growing season, so we are asking how to optimize that with value adding,” said Baskara of the opportunities for farmers to add to their primary incomes through the production and sale of organic foods, fertilizers and pesticides.

There is also an opportunity for the tourism industry to become part of Bali’s new green revolution by supporting these farmers whose terraced rice fields have made the island famous.

6

Article 3:

Article Source: http://www.bestcarnivorousplants.com/cultivation_pygmies.htm

Cultivation of Pygmy Drosera

Jan Flísek and Kamil Pásek

Pygmy Drosera comprise up a peculiar group that include the smallest sundews-small growth is a typical characteristic of this group. Most pygmy Drosera are found in southwestern areas of Western Australia. Only D. pygmaea is found in southeastern Australia and New Zealand too. In their natural habitat, plants grow during the moist winter season which has a lot of rainfalls. During the long, hot, dry summer the plants go dormant. These sundews prefer sandy soils mixed with loam and laterite gravel; they often grow in pure silica sand, around lakes, along the banks of seasonal creeks and channels, and often in open woodland and among low shrubs. More detailed information about the particular types of localities and life cycles were published by Allen Lowrie, a local expert in carnivorous plants, in his book ”Carnivorous Plants of Australia, Vol. 2".

We have been cultivating pygmy Drosera for several years. We will try to provide the most important cultivation tips along with how we have tested these with our own experience and growing conditions. Remember, not all approaches published here are necessarily suitable to your growing conditions. Most pygmy Drosera are easy to grow. If you have a feel for the plants and invest some time to a determine what your suitable conditions are, the plants reward you with marvelous growth.

A suitable planting medium for growing of pygmy Drosera is coarse-fibred peat moss mixed with silica sand (fine-grained grit), or perlite in a ratio of 1:1-3. More common species can be grown in pure peat, but results of this are poor as compared to the above. Sometime using perlite encourages growth of algae and moss on the surface of the pot. Moss and algae will compete with the small plants, freshly germinated from gemmae. The surface of the planting medium can be covered with a 1-3 cm thick layer of pure silica sand, gravel or perlite, into which the plants are placed. However, we have not yet fully determined the best top-layer for these plants. Experiment! One disadvantage with the use of a sandy layer is that watering the medium with hard water leads to fast mineral build-up in the soil. The adhesive calcareous concretions (white patches) are rather difficult to remove. Spraying with soft water or placing the plants in the environment with higher air humidity can sometimes help. If air humidity is kept high, we do not recommend allowing the plants to sit in trays of water permanently. A layer of perlite is grown over quickly with omnipresent algae and moss that outcompetes the sundews. Full-grown sundews of the larger species (D. dichrosepala,

D. enodes, D. scorpioides etc.) can survive, but moss will successfully outcompete small plants and minute species (D. occidentalis, D. microscapa etc.). It is beneficial to remove some of the moss and algae using small tweezers. While doing this, loosen the surface of the planting medium with the same tweezers.

Most pygmy Drosera are not particular about their relative air humidity. Air humidity of about 40-80% is sufficient. Such humidity is achieved by placing the plants in semi-closed glass-cases or aquaria with small air holes. However, plants can also be grown in trays of water on the windowsill. For watering, soft water is used (distilled or

7

mineral-free water). Spraying of sundews is not necessary. Even medium hard water does not damage grown-up plants. Using soft water prevents quick mineral build-up and formation of calcareous concretions on the soil surface, which is especially dangerous for freshly sown gemmae and small germinating plants, on which mineral deposits will also form. The level of air humidity also influences the rate of mineral build-up. With higher air humidity, e.g. in a semi-closed aquarium, water evaporates from the planting medium more slowly. In this case frequent watering is unneeded, as compared to open cultivation on the windowsill. Thus build-up of soluble minerals is decreased in the terrarium. Pygmy Drosera are not suitable for planting in closed glass-cases where the air humidity ranges from 80 - 100%. In this environment the plants waste away and die. At the other extreme, pymies will tolerate intermittent radical declines in air humidity during the nice sunny days. However, all the sundews are hygrophytic and will not survive constant desiccation. Short-term desiccation (a few days only) is tolerated by the plants without any problems.

Pygmy Drosera love and require maximum lighting during all year seasons. The plants do not require a shield against the sun during the hot summer days. We choose the sunniest place with maximum daily exposure to sunlight for their cultivation. During the winter and autumn or when sowing gemmae you should use artificial light (fluorescent tubes, preferably tubes whose spectral balance more closely approximates that of the sun, but common types with cool-white light are sufficient), to substitute for decreasing sunlight. You will find it difficult to keep rare and unusual species in good condition during the winter without artificial light.

Pygmy Drosera are generally repotted in an emergency only, the best time being at the end of dormancy after producing gemmae. In our conditions this occurs in early spring, when plants are starting to grow. Common species and hybrids (D. x Lake

Badgerup, D. x Carbarup, etc.) tolerate repotting very well except during their growing season. Rare species (D. dichrosepala, D. scorpioides, etc.) are very sensitive to repotting and we do not recommend trying it. If you decide to repot them, you must perform it very carefully, ensuring you include as much media as possible! A careful way of "rejuvenation and repotting" is to delve deep into the plants original media, using tweezers. During repotting we can also rejuvenate the plants by removing old leaves. Even though pygmy Drosera are annuals in the wild, they can grow in the same planting media for several years without any repotting. When the plants are fully-grown, they will generally tolerate opportunistic moss, which covers the surface of the pot.

Although several pygmy Drosera can been potted in a smaller pot (6x6 cm), the larger pots are better suited (e.g. 10x10 cm). Larger planting medium volume means that it will break down slowly and insures a more stable pH, so growing plants do not need to be repotted for some time. The root system of pygmy Drosera are threadlike and very long. Therefore, the plants prefer a deeper planting medium. As well, moist soil conditions are maintained more easily, necessary during summer dormancy especially, when the rare species require a slow desiccation of the soil followed by maintenance of lightly moist conditions. Pygmy Drosera are ideal plants-owing to their miniature "bonsai-like" - growth for "window" CP growers with minimal free space available for their hobby. With a bit of effort, you can grow a large collection on the windowsill that included many species!

Pygmy Drosera should be cultivated next to a window with southern or southeastern exposure, directly in trays, or in a ventilated glass-case or aquarium on the windowsill. These plants should be grown in outdoor growing areas (hotbed,

8

greenhouse) during summer. Common species can be cultivated outdoors in open gardens or on balconies, even allowing it to rain on them. Rarer species should be protected from the rain during the summer rest period. The sundews are moved to the outdoors during early spring. The sundews love this method of cultivation; after the first "shock" and subsequent formation of new leaves, the plants will get a beautiful coloration and will form robust rosettes of leaves resembling those found in their native habitat. The plants flower prolifically during the spring to summer, some producing large quantities of miniature seeds for their propagation. From our observations, this occurs when there is no rain or several days, prior to wet autumn weather. The plants tolerate high summer temperatures during the day. As autumn approaches, the sundews should be protected from foul weather and rainfalls with a glass covering or a transparent foil. We move them indoors or into a heated greenhouse with the onset of the first autumn freeze. Our experience from the 1992-1999 with these plants has shown that they will tolerate even the first light frosts (up to -5°C), but we do not recommend exposure of your plants to such stress if it is not necessary. We must emphasize that outdoor summer cultivation of pygmy Drosera is not necessary and the plants may be cultivated, for example, on the indoor windowsill year-round with no apparent problems.

During winter we move the plants indoors or into a greenhouse. The plants require maximum light, especially during the short, dark autumn and winter days. Rare species will not do well when provided with insufficient light! We keep the plants within a temperature range of 15-25°C in winter. By late autumn to early winter the plants start to form gemmae from the central bud. Gemmae are brood bodies for propagation of pygmy Drosera. Some species form gemmae in two (exceptionally three) waves (autumn and spring), often forming dozens of gemmae. Mature, already falling gemmae may be sown on the surface of suitable planting media or around the mother plants, where they will germinate within several days or weeks. After several next weeks they will be fully grown. It is not that rare to grow a plant from gemmae in autumn and have it forming gemmae in spring (D. roseana, D. pygmaea)!

We should pay pecial attention to the dormancy period of these plants. In their native habitat some species stop growing during the hot summer season, and new leaves are protected against killing droughts by forming a bud in the crown area composed of the leaf stipules. These stipules form a shiny white bundle of hairs or bristles at the center of the rosette. As soon as unfavorable conditions pass with the first autumn rains, the plants restore their full growth. In our conditions this rest period occurs in summer, usually during the hot, dry season in July and August. The plants then gradually start to produce gemmae with a lowering in temperatures during the autumn. The length and beginning of dormancy is very different for individual species and is often variable. Even the most experienced grower cannot avoid light" the occasional loss of "less brawling" plants during this period.

Some of the more common species stop growing for a few days or weeks only. Their rosette of leaves has only small signs of forming the central bud during dormancy. After temperatures decrease, plants usually continue production of new leaves. This group consists of: D. mannii, D. nitidula, D. paleacea, D. pygmaea, D. pulchella, all the hybrids, plus others. The growing containers can stay in water all year round with summer restriction of watering being unnecessary.

Many rare species more or less go into intensive dormancy during the summer. They form a tight polymerous bundle of hairs or bristles at the rosette center and stop

9

growing for a few weeks. These species require reduction of water during the rest period. Keep the planting medium barely moist! The plants tolerate high air humidity, but could die during long summer rains. With outdoor cultivation we must protect our plants from direct rain. The plants start growing again with a fall in temperature during autumn; at this time watering commences once again. Except for the dormancy period, these species can sit in water constantly. Examples from this group include D.

androsacea, D. helodes, D. echinoblastus, D. leioblastus, and others. Pygmy Drosera can be propagated via seed or brood bodies (gemmae).

Description of how to sow seed was published in K. Pásek's article: How to sow seeds of carnivorous plants. So let's pay attention to sowing gemmae. Gemmae are sown shortly after they "ripen" on the surface of the growing medium (described above), giving the germinating plants plenty of space to grow undisturbed. They can be gently pushed into the soil, but this is not necessary. Never cover them! Sown seed should be placed somewhere with good exposure to sunlight. The rare species should be grown using artificial light during the winter. Germinating gemmae require light; especially they are placed in warm conditions. Cultivation and substrate are the same as for adult plants. Pay attention to high air humidity! Gemmae start to germinate, in bulk, within several days or weeks. Germinating sundews have the same requirements as fully grown plants. If you cannot sow gemmae immediately, you can store them for a short time. Gemmae must be kept in moist conditions (do not allow them to dry), e.g. between the sheets of moist filter paper in the refrigerator (0-5°C). Gemmae can be stored by this way for several weeks, but every day of storage withers and impairs their viability. Under these circumstances fungi often attack the gemmae. Any storage must be restricted to as short a period as possible. Within several months after sowing, the plants will be fully grown and some of them may begin to produce their first portion of ”spring” gemmae. And so another amazing circle of nature continues.

Aphids love Pygmy Drosera. They usually pick the rarest and most precious species, while leaving the other common ones alone. If it becomes necessary to spray affected plants with a chemical spray, be very careful. We recommend trying it on some common species to determine any possible “undesirable” effects. This prevents the dissapointing loss of a rare plant. Pygmy Drosera dislike any “chemicals” in general, especially pesticides, and that is why we keep such interventions to a minimum. Pirimor was not effective at all, because aphids had survived. On the other, Karate was found to be effective and is safe for the plants (only tentacles will dry up for a time).

Fungus attack is another important factor that affects and, in many cases, can kill pygmy Drosera in cultivation. Fungi are often seen during autumn and winter weather, especially in areas with poor or no ventilation. Fungus often attacks freshly sown gemmae, but will also infest grown plants. It can appear on the surface of the planting medium (mostly due to using poor quality peat moss), and will later spread and start to damaging sown and weak gemmae or plants, especially when light levels are low and humidity high. If an infestation appears, spraying the affected plants immediately with a systemic fungicide is necessary (!!!). Alternatively, affected parts can be dusted with a fungicide. The spray can be used as a preventative measure when sowing gemmae or transplanting plants. Fungus often attacks pygmy Drosera if the plants are overcrowded, growing in mass clusters. In this case, simply remove and destroy the source of the infection, spraying the remainder of the affected plants with a systemic fungicide. Avoid sowing the plants too close together. We must remember that the little gemmae will quickly grow into plants a few centimeters in diameter and need plenty of space to

10

grow. If you have sown gemmae ”thickly", it is recommended that you report a part of the young plants either after germination or later - within a few months. Pygmy Drosera tolerate currently available fungicides (Topsin, Euparen, Fundazol) relatively well while other brands cannot be used for treating your plants. Pygmy sundews are like other sundews in that they do not require feeding.

Pygmy Drosera are offered by Allen Lowrie. A portion of gemmae (5-10 gemmae) is available for 10 AU$. He offers a wide range of pygmy Drosera species. Unfortunately few other foreign firms offer pygmy Drosera for sale, which is a shame considering the beauty of these plants.

While writing this article some interesting questions have arisen. These may serve to you as possible questions to contemplate and investigate, as we only have ambiguous responses for the present.

How would one grow pygmy Drosera in laterite and loamy substrates, frequently found in their native habitat? Can the plants propagate by leaf cuttings, as is common in other groups of Drosera? What is the best method for storing gemmae and what is their maximum viability? Can summer dormancy be broken artificially, eventually leading to no necessary summer dormancy? What is about autogamy and heterogamy of the individual species, and the ability to produce crossbreeds? When you know the answers to these questions, we would appreciate it if you notify us about them.

Pygmy Drosera are a strange mystery of nature. Looking at how harsh conditions are in their natural habitat, and nevertheless the plants survive and propagate, we realize what an amazing life strategy nature has created for this group of plants. We must admire her perfection at all points. We believe that the marvelous group of miniature Australian "dwarfs" will attract you not only with their beauty, but also with their life history as well. We wish you luck with their cultivation.

11

Article 4:

Article Source: http://www.agronomica.org/SF.htm

What is Sustainable Farming?

The concept of ‘sustainability’ in farming now encompasses a much wider range

of issues than its earlier, more limited and narrow technical definition. In brief, three basic elements can be seen as critical to the ‘sustainability ‘agenda’ in its current sense:

• Environment protection

• Social responsibility

• Economic viability Environment protection has come to embrace a rainbow of concerns. First and

most basic, obviously, is the need to protect the natural resource base on which agriculture depends: in other words sustainability in its most literal and narrow sense. While within the EU recent decades have seen a remarkable rise in per hectare productivity that in reality shows few indications of being unsustainable – there are serious concerns in some areas about soil erosion, falling soil organic matter levels, rising salinity and heavy metal contamination.

Second comes the need to reduce air, soil and, above all, water pollution from pesticide residues and from fertilizer and livestock effluent run-offs. Legislation to safeguard both ground and surface water is forcing major changes in farming practices across Europe, most dramatically in zones where fertilizer use and/or concentrations of livestock are heaviest.

Related to this in some regions, particularly in southern Europe, is the problem of water availability and the need for irrigation practices that minimize waste.

All EU member states have now put in place measures to strengthen biodiversity conservation and the effectiveness of different approaches in improving the overall sustainability of the farm environment will be closely monitored. It is increasingly being realized that there are two distinct dimensions here – the direct impact on the fauna and flora of the actual farmed area and also the extent to which the productivity of the farmed area allows land to be returned to the wild.

Possibly most controversial of all is the potential environmental impact of biotechnology - not only in breeding plants with genetic resistance to diseases, pests and broad-spectrum herbicides, but also in developing traits that deliver clear benefits for food/feed processing, consumer, industrial and pharmaceutical applications. These developments are likely to be seriously delayed by anti-GM campaigns but not blocked permanently (recent research shows declining public concern on GM foods, for example, in several EU countries).

Energy conservation and reduced emission of greenhouse gases is another environmental dimension of sustainable agriculture. Practices such as minimal tillage can play a part in this. Increased subsidies for energy crops for electricity generation and biofuels are also advocated on sustainability grounds.

Other environment protection demands are reflected in the legislation on waste management, in particular on packing both of inputs (fertilizers, pesticides) and of farm products.

12

Social responsibility issues impinge on sustainable agriculture more and more. Most basic is farm worker health and safety - especially ensuring the safe use of crop protection products.

With public health food safety comes first including pressure for minimal pesticide (and animal health product) residues, as well as freedom from salmonella and other microbial contamination. The question now is how far such consumer protection will and should go – exemplified by the arguments over GM ‘contamination’ where public perceptions are so out of line with the scientific evidence and expert opinion, creating difficult dilemmas both for governments and the food industry.

Other social responsibility issues that both policy makers and firms in the food chain are under pressure to take into account include employment conditions for the workers concerned and the impact of changes in farming practices and structure on rural society. Many food processors and retailers have begun to respond to the ideas behind mantras such as ‘local production for local needs’ and ‘fair trade’ even where their rationale does not always stand scrutiny. The farmers’ market movement – more important in some EU countries than others – is another aspect of this.

There is also the wider issue of the recreational use of the countryside. In many regions the revenues generated from rural tourism and associated activities now exceed those from food and farming. In consequence, countryside access and landscape conservation are now an important element in rural strategy in most EU countries. So, too, though outside the scope of this study, is the relationship between farming, forestry and other competing land uses.

Related to this is the widespread perception across Europe of a growing gap between farmers and the general public, and in particular the latter’s poor understanding of agriculture and food production.

Economic viability is the third key feature of the sustainability agenda. A central element in the reform of the CAP is the effort to ‘decouple’ commodity payments from farm income support. This is happening alongside extensive diversification, as a survival strategy exploiting both technical and market opportunities. One important example in this context is the development of rural (or agri) tourism. This and other measures will delay but not prevent extensive changes in the structure of farming across Europe as less viable farm enterprises go out of business. So the EC now treats rural development both on and off the farm as the ‘second leg’ of the CAP, with a steadily increasing budget.

It needs to be recognized more openly that many aspects of sustainability have added significant costs right down the food chain. Restrictions on crop production methods, traceability, inspection, certification and separate storage and distribution – these all cost money and there is an argument for realistic cost-benefit analysis as part of both commercial and official policy-making in deciding which measures deserve priority. Where these extra costs raise retail food prices the impact on poorer consumers is highly regressive and may reduce their purchases of ‘healthy’ foods such as fruit and vegetables.

The reality is that the sustainability agenda now has a strongly political as well as a technical dimension in all European countries. For policy makers the challenge is to reconcile the need for economic viability of farming and rural areas with the imperatives of environment protection and social responsibility.

This means attending to the demands and views of the various stakeholder groups – input suppliers, farmers, food processors and traders, and consumers in the food chain

13

as well as the consumer and environmental NGOs and other political interests. All these have their own complex and often conflicting agendas.

The ideas and practices of sustainable agriculture in its different guises are emerging as the key policy framework, allowing a consensus to evolve on the policies and instruments that offer the most effective means of achieving agreed objectives and targets.

14

Article 5:

Article Source: http://ezinearticles.com/?The-ABCs-Of-Rose-Gardening&id=5761234

The ABC's of Rose Gardening

By Greg Pierce

The beauty of roses is made more colorful and more extraordinary as it is part of boundless history being the national flower emblem of many states in America and ancient legends from Cleopatra to Venus' symbolic representation of love and beauty. Today, the flower has retained its throne and still reigns as the queen of all flowers.

Many believe that tending to roses and rose garden is a high maintenance responsibility. The truth is that, growing roses is essentially easy as it does not need extra care and meticulous attention but only a certain degree of caring just like ordinary flowers. However, just like any other individual that needs nurturing, roses too need a minimum requirement for basic necessities such as sunlight, water, pruning and trimming in order to grow healthily.

Many people today have come to realize the value and benefits of having a garden. A garden of flowers does not only provide one a therapeutic form of diversion as an avenue to relax and de-stress but also provide for a beautiful and colorful scenery and not to mention that flowers become handy when needed for special occasions. For such reasons many have decided to maintain rose beds and vines in their homes.

How does one start a rose garden? Starting a rose garden is quiet easy as ABC. However, for a long term success, there are basic considerations that must be observed and religiously followed. One of which is to determine the variety of the rose to be maintained in the garden. Each variety has its own strengths and weaknesses in characteristics. Some need minimal care while others need extra care and nurturing.

It is also important to determine which plant for which climate because certain rose varieties grow best under the full heat of the sun while others prefer a minimum sun exposure of about 4 to five hours only. Doing so will ensure the presence of blooms all year round, be it winter, spring, summer or fall.

Furthermore, there are types of roses that crawl on walls, trellis and posts while others grow as shrubs. Some roses grow as high as 20 feet despite constant pruning although pruning keeps the roses' height in check. Determining the type of rose definitely ensures the appropriateness as to the location that such flowers are to be planted and the distance from each other. In addition, roses are planted to where they best showcase their beauty for everyone to see.

Measuring the size of the garden is also basic when starting a garden. Moreover, comparing the size of the garden to the maximum size of the rose when it grows as some roses do not grow well when overcrowded ensures even distribution of nutrients and sunlight. It is also necessary to maintain an appropriate spacing in between flower beds so that they will reach their maximum growth potential and quality.

Growing your own roses in your own garden is such a marvelous experience but if time and space does not permit you to do so, then rose’s delivery will do the same thing for you right at your very home. If you are not sure what type of roses you want, check into some of the websites where you can buy roses online and be assured that you have made your educated choice.

15

CHAPTER ONE AND TWO

Clause, Sentence and Phrase

1) Clause

From Article 1

• Importation cannot be done alone, without monitoring. S V

• The trade minister’s pending regulations will help supervise horticultural imports.

S V

• Indonesia’s trading partners have raised concerns over the issue with earlier requesting the S V

government to delay or drop the plan.

2) A Sentence

From Article 1

• The government says it will delay plans to restrict the authorized gateways for horticulture

S1 V1 S2 V2

imports to give local and overseas stakeholders a chance to comply with new rules.

• Agriculture Minister Suswono said on Tuesday in Jakarta that the plan would be

S1 V1 S2 V2

implemented beginning June 19 to allow relevant stakeholders to prepare necessary

infrastructure.

From Article 2

• Cattle are the lynchpin of Bali’s SIMANTRI integrated farming system in Blahbatu. S V

3) A Phrase

From Article 1

• The government says it will delay plans to restrict the authorized gateways for horticulture

imports to give local and overseas stakeholders a chance to comply with new rules.

� authorized gateways → adjectival phrase

• The move supplements four seaports and airports that have been slated to serve as the

exclusive entry points for horticultural imports.

� have been slated → verbal phrase

• Under a set of regulations issued in December, the number of entry points for horticultural

imports was to have been reduced from eight to four starting this month.

� a set of regulations → nominal phrase

• Deddy Saleh, the Trade Ministry’s foreign trade chief, said the ministry would issue

regulations in the next several weeks to specify the volume and schedule for horticultural

imports.

16

� in the next several weeks → adverbial phrase

17

CHAPTER THREE

Contextual reference

In the text above the “contextual reference” is shown in blue.

For example:

From Article 1

• The country’s largest port by volume, Tanjung Priok in North Jakarta, was barred from

horticulture imports by officials who said that the port was overloaded, resulting in poor

supervision of imported goods.

� who → officials

• The impact of the regulations, which will require importers to re-route their goods to the four

designated gateways, has been considered troublesome.

� which → The impact of the regulations

From Article 2

• This is Bali’s Green Revolution, where farmers are returning to traditional farming practices

that ensure healthy soils and healthy produce.

� where → Bali’s Green Revolution

that → traditional farming practices

• SIMANTRI is an integrated, sustainable and organic farming system already being applied

by 150 farming groups across Bali, according to Bali’s Agriculture Department officer,

Wayan Segara, who visited the Blahbatuh farming cooperatives on Monday.

� who → Wayan Segara

• There is also an opportunity for the tourism industry to become part of Bali’s new green

revolution by supporting these farmers whose terraced rice fields have made the island

famous.

� whose → these farmers

18

CHAPTER FOUR

Parallelism

A. Parallel Structure

In the text above the “Paralel Structure” is shown in red, orange and dark orange.

For example:

From article 1

• Suswono said that the government’s plan would also permit horticulture imports

through seaports in Riau Islands’ free-trade zones of Batam, Bintan and Karimun in

Riau Islands to meet local demand.

• Outbreaks of golden eelworms (Globodera rostochiensis), which are indigenous to

South America, were also found in Central Java and East Java within the period.

• Indonesia’s trading partners have raised concerns over the issue with earlier requesting

the government to delay or drop the plan.

From article 2

• This is Bali’s Green Revolution, where farmers are returning to traditional farming

practices that ensure healthy soils and healthy produce.

• Once that vision is united, we can build a full agricultural policy with programs like

SIMANTRI, but the key strategy is how to create a new paradigm on tourism.

• They have not asked for money, but the tourism industry must understand farmer

needs and share the benefits of tourism.

From article 3

• The surface of the planting medium can be covered with a 1-3 cm thick layer of pure

silica sand, gravel or perlite, into which the plants are placed.

• Spraying with soft water or placing the plants in the environment with higher air

humidity can sometimes help.

• A layer of perlite is grown over quickly with omnipresent algae and moss that

outcompetes the sundews.

B. Paired Conjunction

In the text above the “Paired Conjunction” is shown in dark red.

From article 3

• We believe that the marvelous group of miniature Australian "dwarfs" will attract you

not only with their beauty, but also with their life history as well.

• If you have sown gemmae ”thickly", it is recommended that you report a part of the

young plants either after germination or later - within a few months.

From article 4

• Possibly most controversial of all is the potential environmental impact of

biotechnology - not only in breeding plants with genetic resistance to diseases, pests

and broad-spectrum herbicides, but also in developing traits that deliver clear benefits

for food/feed processing, consumer, industrial and pharmaceutical applications.

19

• Legislation to safeguard both ground and surface water is forcing major changes in

farming practices across Europe, most dramatically in zones where fertilizer use and/or

concentrations of livestock are heaviest.

• Other environment protection demands are reflected in the legislation on waste

management, in particular on packing both of inputs (fertilizers, pesticides) and of

farm products.

From article 5

• A garden of flowers does not only provide one a therapeutic form of diversion as an

avenue to relax and de-stress but also provide for a beautiful and colorful scenery and

not to mention that flowers become handy when needed for special occasions.

20

CHAPTER FIVE

Temporal Relationship

In the text above the “Temporal Relationship” is shown in green.

For example:

A. At sentence Level

From Article 1

• We need to build synergy within farming communities then make agriculture corporate

farming so we can improve farmers’ quality of life and incomes, so we must work as

one.

• More than 60 percent of a farmer’s time is wasted during the growing season, so we are

asking how to optimize that with value adding.

From article 3

• As soon as unfavorable conditions pass with the first autumn rains, the plants restore

their full growth.

From article 4

• The sundews love this method of cultivation; after the first "shock" and subsequent

formation of new leaves, the plants will get a beautiful coloration and will form robust

rosettes of leaves resembling those found in their native habitat.

B. At Paragraph Level

From Article 2

• The first step is to build perceptions of organic farming within Government

departments, stakeholders and within the legislative assembly. We must have the same

vision on this. Stakeholders include farmers, agribusiness and end users, such as hotels,

supermarkets and restaurants. Once that vision is united, we can build a full

agricultural policy with programs like SIMANTRI, but the key strategy is how to create

a new paradigm on tourism,” said Baskara who was instrumental in developing the

organic village in Blahbatuh.

From article 4

• First and most basic, obviously, is the need to protect the natural resource base on which

agriculture depends: in other words sustainability in its most literal and narrow

sense. While within the EU recent decades have seen a remarkable rise in

per hectare productivity that in reality shows few indications of being unsustainable –

there are serious concerns in some areas about soil erosion, falling soil organic matter

levels, rising salinity and heavy metal contamination. Second comes the need to reduce

air, soil and, above all, water pollution from pesticide residues and from fertilizer and

livestock effluent run-offs.

21

CHAPTER SIX

Causal Relationship

In the text above the “Causal Relationship” is shown in dark blue.

For example:

From article 3:

• The root system of pygmy Drosera are threadlike and very long. Therefore, the plants

prefer a deeper planting medium.

• In this case frequent watering is unneeded, as compared to open cultivation on the

windowsill. Thus build-up of soluble minerals is decreased in the terrarium.

Pygmy Drosera are not suitable for planting in closed glass-cases where the air humidity

ranges from 80 - 100%.

• Within several months after sowing, the plants will be fully grown and some of them may

begin to produce their first portion of ”spring” gemmae. And so another amazing circle of

nature continues.

• These may serve to you as possible questions to contemplate and investigate, as we only

have ambiguous responses for the present.

From article 4

• In many regions the revenues generated from rural tourism and associated activities now

exceed those from food and farming. In consequence, countryside access and landscape

conservation are now an important element in rural strategy in most EU countries.

From article 5

• The beauty of roses is made more colorful and more extraordinary as it is part of

boundless history being the national flower emblem of many states in America and

ancient legends from Cleopatra to Venus' symbolic representation of love and beauty.

22

CHAPTER SEVEN

Contrastive Relationship

In the text above the “Contrastive Relationship” is shown in yellow.

For example:

From article 1:

• Indonesia’s imports of fruits jumped by 50 percent to 878,318 tons while imports of

vegetables surged by 29 percent to 746,857 tons last year.

From article 3:

• Air humidity of about 40-80% is sufficient. Such humidity is achieved by placing the

plants in semi-closed glass-cases or aquaria with small air holes. However, plants can

also be grown in trays of water on the windowsill.

• Even though pygmy Drosera are annuals in the wild, they can grow in the same planting

media for several years without any repotting.

• Although several pygmy Drosera can been potted in a smaller pot (6x6 cm), the larger

pots are better suited (e.g. 10x10 cm).

• They usually pick the rarest and most precious species, while leaving the other common

ones alone.

• However, all the sundews are hygrophytic and will not survive constant desiccation.

• Pygmy Drosera tolerate currently available fungicides (Topsin, Euparen, Fundazol)

relatively well, while other brands cannot be used for treating your plants.

• Looking at how harsh conditions are in their natural habitat, and nevertheless the plants

survive and propagate, we realize what an amazing life strategy nature has created for this

group of plants.

From article 4

• In consequence, countryside access and landscape conservation are now an important

element in rural strategy in most EU countries. So, too, though outside the scope of this

study, is the relationship between farming, forestry and other competing land uses.

23

CHAPTER EIGHT

Exemplification

In the text above the “Exemplification” is shown in purple.

For example:

From article 1:

• The regulations cover 47 kinds of fresh fruits and vegetables as well as fresh-layered

tuber vegetables, such as avocados, grapes, apples, apricots, strawberries, mangoes,

oranges, kiwi, onions and garlic.

From article 2:

• Behind the acne of villas spotting the landscape like pimples on a pretty girl, behind the

hotels that would turn Balinese into a society of servants in a constructed landscape of

fountains, palms and swimming pools.

• Stakeholders include farmers, agribusiness and end users, such as hotels, supermarkets

and restaurants.

From article 3:

• We must emphasize that outdoor summer cultivation of pygmy Drosera is not necessary

and the plants may be cultivated, for example, on the indoor windowsill year-round with

no apparent problems.

• Examples from this group include D. androsacea, D. helodes, D. echinoblastus, D.

leioblastus, and others.

From article 4

• Many food processors and retailers have begun to respond to the ideas behind mantras

such as ‘local production for local needs’ and ‘fair trade’ even where their rationale does

not always stand scrutiny.

24

CHAPTER NINE

Explanation

In the text above the “Explanation” is shown in pink.

For example:

From article 4:

• Environment protection has come to embrace a rainbow of concerns. First and most

basic, obviously, is the need to protect the natural resource base on which agriculture

depends: in other words sustainability in its most literal and narrow sense.

• This means attending to the demands and views of the various stakeholder groups – input

suppliers, farmers, food processors and traders, and consumers in the food chain as well

as the consumer and environmental NGOs and other political interests.

• The ideas and practices of sustainable agriculture in its different guises are emerging as

the key policy framework, allowing a consensus to evolve on the policies and instruments

that offer the most effective means of achieving agreed objectives and targets.

25

CHAPTER TEN

Reinforcement and Similarity

A. Reinforcement

In the text above the “Reinforcement” is shown in brown.

For example:

From article 5

• Furthermore, there are types of roses that crawl on walls, trellis and posts while

others grow as shrubs.

• Determining the type of rose definitely ensures the appropriateness as to the location

that such flowers are to be planted and the distance from each other. In addition, roses

are planted to where they best showcase their beauty for everyone to see.

• Measuring the size of the garden is also basic when starting a garden. Moreover,

comparing the size of the garden to the maximum size of the rose when it grows as

some roses do not grow well when overcrowded ensures even distribution of nutrients

and sunlight.

B. Similarity

In the text above the “Similarity” is shown in dark brown.

For example:

From article 3

• Using soft water prevents quick mineral build-up and formation of calcareous

concretions on the soil surface, which is especially dangerous for freshly sown

gemmae and small germinating plants, on which mineral deposits will also form. The

level of air humidity also influences the rate of mineral build-up.

• Germinating gemmae require light; especially they are placed in warm conditions.

Cultivation and substrate are the same as for adult plants.

26

REFERENCE

Anonymous. 2012. What is Sustainable Farming? http://www.agronomica.org/SF.htm

Flísek, Jan; Pásek, Kamil. 2012. Cultivation of Pygmy Drosera. http://www.bestcarnivorousplants.com/cultivation_pygmies.htm

Pierce, Greg. 2012. The ABC's of Rose Gardening. http://ezinearticles.com/?The-ABCs-Of-Rose-Gardening&id=5761234

Sertori, Trisha. 2012. “The (Real) Green Revolution” from the Jakarta Post, Thu, 09/15/2011 10:59 AM. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/09/15/the-real-green-revolution .html-0

Yulisman, Linda. 2012. “Govt Delays Horticulture Import Changes” from The Jakarta Post, Wed, 03/07/2012 10:01 AM. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/03/07/govt-delays-horticulture-import-changes.html