CONTENT · 2019-11-18 · Then install the formwork in place and prepare your concrete mix. Pour in...

GSPublisherEngine 0.0.100.100

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CONTENT

My story Evolution of human dwellingsRegionalismGlobal materialsGloal architectComplexityAnthropomorphisation and vice versaSeven reasons to live in a small house

Purchasing timberToolsPreparing the timberPaintsWork safety

First stepsSurveying for foundationsThe factors determiningthe foundations typesTypes of foundations

BlockingBridgingHydroinsulationVentilation in the floor structureTypes of boardsFlooringFinishes

1416182022242628

545764

30 - 43

INTRODUCTION 12 - 29

TINY HOUSE TYPOLOGY

TypologyTiny housesCabins & ShedsPlayhouses

32343842

44 - 51BEFORE YOU BUILD

4648505051

52 - 67CONNECTIONS

Metal fastenersNailsCarpentry joints

68 - 97FOUNDATIONS

707077

82

106106107108109114121

WallsBracingThermal insulationTypes of wall structuresTypes of siding

WALLS 122 - 167

124130133136148

Roof structureTypes of shapesRoof coversTee-pee & YurtsDormers

ROOFS 168 - 203

WINDOWS & DOORS 204 - 221

WindowsDoors

170172180198202

206216

STAIRS 222 - 233

StaircasesStaircase designStructural system

224225227

SPACE-SAVING 234 - 247HEATING / SEWERAGE /WATER

248 - 271

HeatingChimneySewerageWater

250254256262

BUILDING DEFECTS 272 - 274

CONCLUSION 275

FloorSpanJoist / wood beam connectionsTypes of beams

FLOORS 98 - 121

100102104105


Openings204 - 221

Floors98 - 121

Content according to individual structural elements

Plumbing & heating248 - 271

Walls122 - 167

Storage spaces235 - 247

Stairs222 - 233

Foundations68 - 97

Roof168 - 203


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• Tiny A-frame houseThe so-called A-frame is an object defined by agable roof and floor. The “Alexis” design evenshows an equilateral triangle on a cross section.Logically, the interior space includes cornerswith less than walking height. However, a gooddesign using such places for storage orseating/bedding furniture can make full use of allspace and the basic concept of a house with nointerior walls is maintained.

• Gable roofA traditional mass design with two floorsand a covered deck can accommodate asmall group of people year-round. Thedesign emphasises primarily the function ofthe building and its load-bearing structurewhich must be easy to assemble. The attic isdesigned for stand-up height; however, itsclassic proportions have kept its cosinessand romantic nature of attic spaces.

Alexis

Ginger

• CottageThe slightly sloping gable roof creates animpression of a traditional, holiday campbuilding. The single-storey cabin with its typicalgenerous floor area also hides a mini-loft forsleeping. The face of the cottage opens out to thelandscape, providing an undisturbed panoramicview from almost all corners within. The backpart of the house offers a covered safe zone. Thecottage is intended for occasional holidays; theavailability of all amenities makes it suitable forliving year-round. The basic cottage shape stemsfrom traditional Czech holiday houses.

Christie

Typology


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How to build a tiny house

I recommend purchasing the best quality tools commonly available to non-professionalbuilders. Good quality tools usually save your time and your work proceeds faster. I havecompiled a list of tools which are commonly used in a tiny house construction process. Besides various tools, you will need a huge quantity of cabinet clamps. These perfecthelpers are practically irreplaceable in case of a “solo construction”. They are used in everyconstruction stage. I recommend preparing clamps from the smallest to the largestdimensions (with arms even longer than 1 m).

Tools

Drill

Linesman pliers Screwdriver

Drill bits

Adjustable burner

Solvent

Tongs

Shovel Adhesive Plane File

Hammer Utility knife Carpenter´s pencil Tape

Framing quare

Chisel

Hand saw

Tool pouch


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a

a

b

b

c

c

The next step is adding theremaining points. For anorthogonal rectangular shapewith side lengths (a) and (b), asin the figure, we can check usingthe diagonals and anyimperfections in the surveyingcan be rectified. The diagonallengths, (c), should be identical.In the case of a square shape, thediagonals should even beperpendicular to each other.

Another possible step isconstructing so-calledbenches. These are used tomark distances with a line.The stakes can then beremoved and we can startworking on the foundations.If necessary, ropes can betied to the nails in thebenches again to checkprecision of your constructionwork.

Before the concrete mix sets, thepositions of the metal anchors towhich the fundamental load-bearing flooring will be fastened,must be finalised. Again, theprecise locations according to theplans can be detected from thepositions already marked on theauxiliary structures - benches.The final surveying must bechecked properly as the benchpositions can sometimes bedisturbed during constructionwork.

Foundations


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Foundation slab - Ann; East Pennsylvania

Foundations


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• Concrete foundation blocks

Material:1.) Concrete (binder/sand/gravel/water) or complex dry concrete mix2.) Boards/planks3.) Anchor bolts4.) Metal fasteners - basic

Postup instalace:The dimensions of concrete foundation blocks for simple, single-storey wooden houses areusually about 14" x 14"/ 350 x 350mm with a depth of about 24"/ 600mm. After precisesurveying, dig a pit and make sure the size of the future foundations corresponds with theproject documents (fig. a). Prepare the formwork with inside dimensions according to thedimensions of the future foundation (fig. b). Then install the formwork in place and prepareyour concrete mix. Pour in the opening.Prior to pouring the concrete, make sure that the formwork is well fixed in its place. Installthe metal fasteners in the concrete while curing; adjust its height and position to prepare it forattaching the relevant floor joist (fig. c/d). Leave the concrete to cure properly. Remove theformwork and add gravel for aesthetic finish in the surroundings.

Christie


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a.) Dig a hole for the foundations. b.) Prepare the formwork for the block partabove the ground.

c.) Pour concrete in and install the anchor inthe fresh concrete.

d.) Once the concrete has cured, remove theformwork and install floor joists.

Foundations


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Vapour-permeable air barriermaterial - preventing exteriormoisture from entering the structurewhile letting moisture from thestructure out into the exterior

Wire lath - separating thermalinsulation from the exteriorenvironment, preventing rodents fromentering etc. Other materials cansubstitute for the lath - OSB/plywoodor other suitable material - however,they must be permeable to facilitatevapour elimination - this may beachieved e.g. by drilling holes in theboards

Wood floor joist -load-bearing function

Finish flooring - this floor layerhas primarily an aestheticfunction, improving the usercomfort in the environment

Base board - bracing the entirefloor structure, distributing theloads on the walls, acting asbase for the finish flooring layer

Asphalt sheet -insulating thejoists from risingmoisture from theground

Foundations

Multiple joist - this structuredistributes loads directly to thebuilding foundations

Vapour barrier - preventing interiormoisture from entering the thermalinsulation while letting undesiredmoisture through in the oppositedirection. Also prevents small parts ofthermal insulation from entering theinterior environment of the building

Blocking - used asbracing for individualfloor joists

• Individual components and functions thereof

Floors


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Floor framing - cabin Bettie; Texas

Floors


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WallsWalls define the interior space of the house and, together with the ceiling and floor,constitute our “third skin” next to our clothes. It is very important how we treat this layer,particularly if we live in a cooler part of the Earth where more than half of our life is spent inthe interior environment. There are many factors applicable to wall assessment. The most importantinformation on walls includes the height, load-bearing capacity, or the interior and exteriorfinish. Walls can be plain white, with rough wooden patterns, glossy, transparent, soft, orsliding. This complex topic has been narrowed down in this tiny house construction guide tocover primarily technical details one must know when intending to build a tiny house. If the foundations and the board that forms the first upper storey floor are ready, thetime has come to start on the load-bearing structure of the walls which will support the floorof the second storey or the roof structure. The load-bearing wall structure is accompanied byother components depicted in the picture on the next page. This chapter will summarise thebasic construction principles for various types of walls, with an emphasis on wooden houses.We will explore individual material and aesthetic solutions of the façade and interior. Thereare many types of walls so the most important types best suited for tiny house constructionhave been selected for this book.

Erecting the first two wall frames

Cheryl


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Walls

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Interior deck - aesthetic function; coversthe installations behind it.

Breathable membrane -prevents interior moisturefrom leaking into thethermal insulation. Moistureis transported in the otherdirection.

Battens - holding the vapour barrierand creating space for installations

Thermal insulation

Stud - part of the load-bearing frame

Plate - part of the load-bearing frame

Sheathing - acts as bracingfor the entire structure andprotects the interior layersof the wall at the same time.However, it is notmandatory.Battens - fixing the hydroinsulation to the supports, andcreating ventilation space.

Exterior cladding - protects thebuilding from exterior weatherinfluences and has an aestheticfunction.

Bracing - makes the structure morerigid and prevents undesiredmovements. The same function isserved by the sheathing.

Installations - this part of the structureaccommodates the power, water, sewerageand other mechanical installations.

Rainscreen - hydro insulation against exteriordampness; the layer should also be capable of lettingthrough any moisture from the inside of the walloutwards.



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Walls

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10"/

250

mm

vertical cladding

battens

insulation

plumbing installations

power installations

rainscreen(breathable membrane)house wrap

vapour check membrane

Rigid board (plywood, OSB) -acts as bracing. Identically to the

floor, ventilation should beensured to allow vapours to be

released - for example by drillingholes.

rigid board (plywood/OSB) - bracing

stud

upper plate

bottom plate

batten

insulation

• Wall with installations andvertical cladding

Material:Interior deck (osb/ plywood/ boards etc.)Vapour check membraneBattens 1"x2"/ 25x50mm + installations + insulationLumbers 2"x4"/ 50x100mm + insulationOSB 23/32"/ 18mmBattens 1"x2"/ 25x50mmRainscreenBattens 1"x2"/ 25x50mmCladding 3/4"x4 1/2"/ 20x115mm (boards) + finish battens 1"x2"/ 25x50mm

This type of walls offers space for installations. It is braced by osb boards, so no otherbracing is necessary.

Interior

Exterior


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hydro insulation

wall sheating

corner stud

exterior battens

cladding

exterior battens

exterior battenswall sheating

Examples of exteriorconnection of two walls

Corner "A"

Corner "B"

Corner "C"

Corner "D"

Corner "E"

Inside corner


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Walls

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Boards(bevelled)

Battens(bevelled)

Boards and battens(bevelled)

Battens can be screwed on to a steel strap, creating a panelwhich can be attached to vertical battens as a unit. Anothermethod is making a grid of vertical and horizontal auxiliarybattens and screwing, or nailing the individual exposed façadebattens on to that.

Façade panel assembly Sequential assembly of individual battens

When assembling a façadefrom horizontallypositioned wood profiles,they must always be slanted“along with the water”.That makes rainwater flowalong the outside of thefaçade components.

water

water


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Roof structure

Constructing the trusses, Cheryl, Czech Republic

The roof truss is defined as the load-bearing structure which mainly carries the roofing,including the batten systems, and any possible insulation-related structures. The mostimportant parts of the roof truss systems are the wall beams, purlins, beams, rafters, tiebeams, straps and various types of bracing. The roof truss must be stable in lengthwise aswell as crosswise - this is facilitated by the windbracing structures and gable walls.

The roof truss systems of light-weight wooden houses are slightly different from those inclassic European brick houses. They are characterised primarily by short axial distancesbetween individual rafters and profiles which are usually identical to those of perimeter wallstud dimensions, i.e. 4"x2"/ 100x50mm, or 6"x2"/ 150x50mm.

Most common roof types:

Gable roof Shed roof Hip roof Pyramid hip roof Gambrel roof


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Roofs

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Vapour-permeable air barriermaterial - prevents exterior moisturefrom entering the structure. Moistureis transmitted from the structureoutwards.

Vapour barrier - prevents interiormoisture from entering thermalinsulation. Moisture is transmitted inthe opposite direction.

Ridge tiles

Roof tiles

Counter battens - these battenscreate a ventilated gap between theroof battens and the vapour-permeable air barrier. They alsoattach the air barrier to the rafters.

Roof battens - attached to thecounter battens and are used tofasten the roof tiles

Roof battens - these fasten thevapour barrier to the inside ofthe rafters. Interior lining isfastened onto them.

Interior lining - lining boardsfastened to the battens

Ridge truss - staticconnection of the rafters

Collar tie - preventsrafters from moving

Rafter - the basic load-bearing component ofthe roof

Ridge boardto hold ridge tiles



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Roofs

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OSB

Dormer structure

Roof lining

Roofing

ridge

rafter

rafter

rafter

Barbara


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Roofs

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Shortening the edge toprevent water leadingunder the roofing by theedge

1/2" / 1 cm tall battens toeven out the base for theinitial row of half-sizedshingles

One of the ways of startingthe bottom edge ofcomposite shingle roofwithout sheet metal

overlap2 1/2" / 60mm

1

2

12

1

Christie

Fixing ridge battens to the roof truss Fixing the snow barrier


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Windows & doors

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Frame - load-bearing door structure

Load-bearing wall structure

Diagonal windbracing of theload-bearing wall structure

Exterior shell of the door, made ofplanks, boards, particle boards or otherboard materials. The shell may bedouble, with thermal insulation insertedbetween the boards in the load-bearingwall structure.

Door hinges

Lock mechanics

Lining - battens

View of the door wing from the interior


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Or, the stringer can be trimmed and the treads with risers can be installed thereon.

The last method is fitting the tread in a groove:

If you install your treads on battens or in the stringers, you have to decide whetherthe treads should be flush with the front or back edge of the stringer. Another option is usingthe mortise and tenon technique in the centre of treads - this is more demanding oncraftsmanship.

Height of riser

Width of tread without overlap

1/3 of the treadwidth 15 - 20 mm /0.59 - 0.8”

A free-standing staircase can be presented in various ways from the perspective of stringer position:


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The shelves are held by four pins; theirvertical position between the load-bearingstructure studs can be adjusted

The box can be topped with anupholstered lid, creating storagespace and a seat at the same time

The following box system was used in the Cheryl interior. The website (pinuphouses.com)offers videos and photos from a compact interior solution. The boxes have uniformdimensions and lend themselves to a bed, sofa seating, kitchenette or wall-hung shelving.

Space-saving


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Lighting-up door

Window for adding fuel andwatching the flames

Stove top for heating water

Chimney and regulation lever

Cover metal protecting thefloor from burning

ON

OFF

Burning regulation lever

Slide-out ash tray from thebottom of the wood burner.

Heating


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Bricks / rocks

50x100mm/ 2"x4"

Boards 20mm/ 1/4"

Boards 25mm/ 1"

Battens 40x60mm / 1 1/2" x 2 1/2"

Battens 40x60mm / 1 1/2" x 2 1/2" Door hinges

Interior catch

OSB/ boards

Bitumen sheet

Sewerage


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Landscaping hidingthe well mouth

Cover lid

Clay soil

Underground water level

Pump pipes

Concrete rings

Gravel

Sand and gravel

Pump

Power supply for pump

Expansion tank

Control unit

Well shaftFor locations with sufficient quantities of pure, shallow underground water, creating a wellby a mining technique is a good choice. The well manages huge irregular supply and is easyto clean. It is dug either manually while the concrete rings are put in place, or mechanicallyby drilling with an auger. The design depth is usually 3.5 to 4 m below the undergroundwater level. Classic wells are not really suited to weekend houses because water stagnatesthere most of the year if it is only used at weekends. To guarantee water supply even in hotsummers, the wells must be deep enough. Moreover, other wells in the neighbourhood candrain them of water.

Water


Absence of ventilated roof, incorrect ridgestructure- Risk of water condensation inside the structure- Fungi and mould proliferation

Blocked eaves, rusty and dysfunctionalgutters, holes or rust in the metalwork- Leaks in the interior structures- Dysfunctional rainwater management

Missing roofing, or holes in roofing- Risk of precipitation leaks- Fungi and mould proliferation- Degradation of internal structures

Blocked chimney vent- Smoke contaminates the interior- Risk of suffocation

Rotten or missing exterior paint- The wall structures are not protected- Degradation accelerates- Negative visual impression

Loose, rotten deck boards- Health hazard (injury)- Limited use

Rotting non-impregnated parts of floor, damaged bybiological pests - termites- Risk of serious static problems- Serious threat to the inhabitants- Increased interior humidity- Reduced thermal insulation properties of the building

Insufficient weather-stripping- Poor thermal insulation properties- Poor sound insulation properties

Warped door and window frames- Deteriorated or zero mobility- Poor thermal insulation properties

Insufficient wiring- Impossible to use electrical appliances- Electricity hazard in case of neglected electric wiring

Plumbing: pipe leakage, corrosion,clogged pipes, low water pressure- Interior structures become damp- Dysfunctional fixtures

Insufficient thermal insulation in walls,floors and ceilings- Huge thermal losses in the building- Uncomfortable user environment

Lack of vapour barriers- Interior structures become damp- Fungi and mould proliferation- Subsequent loss of thermally insulatingproperties of the building

Interior cracks- Poor aesthetic impression

Lack of kitchen and bathroom exhaust- Interior structures in the building become damp- Insufficient odour extraction

Warped floor tiles, floor boards- Poor aesthetic impression- Lower user comfort

Insufficient parameters of load-bearingstructure- Load-bearing elements deflect too much- Expansion cracks occur- Structures become misaligned

Insufficient hot water capacity- Lower user comfort

Waste pit / sump lacking maintenance

Most common defects

CONTENT · 2019-11-18 · Then install the formwork in place and prepare your concrete mix. Pour in...

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