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Transcript of Contemporary Management Chapter10
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Managing Organizational Structure and Culture
McGraw-Hill/IrwinContemporary Management, 5/e
Copyright © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
chapter ten
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10-2
Designing Organizational Structure
• Organizing– The process by which managers establish
working relationships among employees to achieve goals.
• Organizational Structure– Formal system of task and reporting
relationships showing how workers use resources.
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Designing Organizational Structure
• Organizational design– The process by which managers create a
specific type of organizational structure and culture so that a company can operate in the most efficient and effective way
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Factors Affecting Organizational Structure
Figure 10.1
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10-5
The Organizational Environment
The Organizational Environment– The quicker the environment changes, the
more problems face managers.– Structure must be more flexible (i.e.,
decentralized authority) when environmental change is rapid.
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The Organizational Environment
Strategy– Different strategies require the use of
different structures.• A differentiation strategy needs a flexible
structure, low cost may need a more formal structure.
• Increased vertical integration or diversification also requires a more flexible structure.
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The Organizational Environment
Technology– The combination of skills, knowledge, tools,
equipment, computers and machines used in the organization.
– More complex technology makes it harder for managers to regulate the organization.
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The Organizational Environment
Technology – Technology can be measured by:
• Task variety: the number of new problems a manager encounters.
• Task analyzability: the availability of programmed solutions to a manager to solve problems.
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The Organizational Environment
Human Resources– Highly skilled workers whose jobs require
working in teams usually need a more flexible structure.
– Higher skilled workers (e.g., CPA’s and doctors) often have internalized professional norms and values.
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10-10
The Organizational Environment
• Human Resources– Managers must take into account all four
factors (environment, strategy, technology and human resources) when designing the structure of the organization.
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10-11
The Organizational Environment
The way an organization’s structure works depends on the choices managers make about:
1. How to group tasks into individual jobs
2. How to group jobs into functions and divisions
3. How to allocate authority and coordinate functions and divisions
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Job Design
• Job Design– The process by which managers decide
how to divide tasks into specific jobs.– The appropriate division of labor results in
an effective and efficient workforce.
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Job Design
• Job Simplification– The process of reducing the tasks each
worker performs.• Too much simplification and boredom
results.
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Job Design
• Job Enlargement– Increasing the number of different tasks in a
given job by changing the division of labor
• Job Enrichment– Increasing the degree of responsibility a
worker has over a job
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Job Enrichment
1. Empowering workers to experiment to find new or better ways of doing the job
2. Encouraging workers to develop new skills
3. Allowing workers to decide how to do the work
4. Allowing workers to monitor and measure their own performance
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10-16
The Job Characteristics Model
Figure 10.2
Source: Adapted from J. R. Hackman and G. R. Oldham, Work Redesign (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1980).
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Job Characteristics Model
Job Characteristic
Skill variety Employee uses a wide range of skills.
Task identity Worker is involved in all tasks of the job from beginning to end of the production process
Task significance Worker feels the task is meaningful to organization.
Autonomy Employee has freedom to schedule tasks and carry them out.
Feedback Worker gets direct information about how well the job is done.
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Grouping Jobs into Functions
• Function– Group of people, working together, who
possess similar skills or use the same kind of knowledge, tools, or techniques to perform their jobs
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Grouping Jobs into Functions
• Functional Structure– An organizational structure composed of all
the departments that an organization requires to produce its goods or services.
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Functional Structure
• Advantages– Encourages learning from others doing
similar jobs.– Easy for managers to monitor and evaluate
workers.– Allows managers to create the set of
functions they need in order to scan and monitor the competitive environment
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Functional Structure
• Disadvantages– Difficult for departments to communicate
with others.– Preoccupation with own department and
losing sight of organizational goals.
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10-22Figure10.3
The Functional
Structure of Pier 1
Imports
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Divisional Structures
• Divisional Structure– Managers create a series of business units
to produce a specific kind of product for a specific kind of customer
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10-24Figure 10.4
Product, Market, and Geographic Structures
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Types of Divisional Structures
• Product Structure– Managers place each distinct product line or
business in its own self-contained division– Divisional managers have the responsibility
for devising an appropriate business-level strategy to allow the division to compete effectively in its industry
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Product Structure
• Allows functional managers to specialize in one product area
• Division managers become experts in their area
• Removes need for direct supervision of division by corporate managers
• Divisional management improves the use of resources
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Types of Divisional Structures
• Geographic Structure– Divisions are broken down by geographic
location
• Global geographic structure– Managers locate different divisions in each of
the world regions where the organization operates.
– Generally, occurs when managers are pursuing a multi-domestic strategy
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Types of Divisional Structures
• Global Product Structure– Each product division takes responsibility
for deciding where to manufacture its products and how to market them in foreign countries worldwide
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Global Geographic and Global Product Structures
Figure 10.5
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10-30
Types of Divisional Structures
• Market Structure– Groups divisions according to the particular
kinds of customers they serve– Allows managers to be responsive to the
needs of their customers and act flexibly in making decisions in response to customers’ changing needs
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Matrix Design Structure
• Matrix Structure– An organizational structure that
simultaneously groups people and resources by function and product.
• Results in a complex network of superior-subordinate reporting relationships.
• The structure is very flexible and can respond rapidly to the need for change.
• Each employee has two bosses (functional manager and product manager) and possibly cannot satisfy both.
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Matrix Structure
Figure 10.6
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10-33
Product Team Design Structure
• Product Team Structure– Does away with dual reporting relationships
and two-boss managers– Functional employees are permanently
assigned to a cross-functional team that is empowered to bring a new or redesigned product to work
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Product Team Design Structure
• Product Team Structure– Cross-functional team is composed of a
group of managers from different departments working together to perform organizational tasks.
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Product Team Structure
Figure 10.6
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Hybrid Structures
• Hybrid Structure– The structure of a large organization that
has many divisions and simultaneously uses many different organizational structures
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Federated’s Hybrid Structure
Figure 10.7
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Coordinating Functions:Allocating Authority
• Authority– The power vested in a manager to make
decisions and use resources to achieve organizational goals by virtue of his position in an organization
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Coordinating Functions:Allocating Authority
• Hierarchy of Authority– An organization’s chain of command,
specifying the relative authority of each manager.• Span of Control: the number of
subordinates who report directly to a manager
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Allocating Authority
• Line Manager– Someone in the direct line or chain of
command who has formal authority over people and resources
• Staff Manager– Managers who are functional-area
specialists that give advice to line managers.
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10-41Figure 10.8
The Hierarchy of Authority and Span of Control at McDonald’s Corporation
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Tall and Flat Organizations
• Tall structures have many levels of authority and narrow spans of control.– As hierarchy levels increase,
communication gets difficult creating delays in the time being taken to implement decisions.
– Communications can also become distorted as it is repeated through the firm.
– Can become expensive
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Tall Organizations
Figure 10.9
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10-44
Tall and Flat Organizations
• Flat structures have fewer levels and wide spans of control.– Structure results in quick communications
but can lead to overworked managers.
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Flat Organizations
Figure 10.9
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Minimum Chain of Command
• Minimum Chain of Command– Top managers should always construct a
hierarchy with the fewest levels of authority necessary to efficiently and effectively use organizational resources
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Centralization and Decentralization of Authority
• Decentralizing authority – giving lower-level managers and non-
managerial employees the right to make important decisions about how to use organizational resources
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Decentralizing Authority
• Disadvantages– Teams may begin to pursue their own goals
at the expense of organizational goals– Can result in a lack of communication
among divisions
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Integrating Mechanisms
Figure 10.10
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Organizational Culture
• Organizational culture – shared set of beliefs, expectations, values,
and norms that influence how members of an organization relate to one another and cooperate to achieve organizational goals
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Sources of an Organization’s Culture
Figure 10.11
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Characteristics of Organizational Members
• Ultimate source of organizational culture is the people that make up the organization
• Members become similar over time which may hinder their ability to adapt and respond to changes in the environment
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Organizational Ethics
• Organizational Ethics – moral values, beliefs, and rules that
establish the appropriate way for an organization and its members to deal with each other and people outside the organization
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Employment Relationship
• Human resource policies:– Can influence how hard employees will
work to achieve the organization’s goals, – How attached they will be to it – Whether or not they will buy into its values
and norms
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Organizational Structure
• In a centralized organization:– people have little autonomy – norms that focus on being cautious, obeying
authority, and respecting traditions emerge– predictability and stability are desired goals
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Organizational Structure
• In a flat, decentralized structure: – people have more freedom to choose and
control their own activities– norms that focus on being creative and
courageous and taking risks appear – gives rise to a culture in which innovation
and flexibility are desired goals.
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Strong, Adaptive Cultures Versus Weak, Inert Cultures
• Adaptive cultures – values and norms help an organization to build
momentum and to grow and change as needed to achieve its goals and be effective
• Inert cultures – Those that lead to values and norms that fail to
motivate or inspire employees– Lead to stagnation and often failure over time