Contemporary Japanese Culture and Societygill/pdf/01_Introduction_120928.pdf · 日本=SUN ORIGIN...
Transcript of Contemporary Japanese Culture and Societygill/pdf/01_Introduction_120928.pdf · 日本=SUN ORIGIN...
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Course No. 3507/3508
Contemporary
Japanese Culture
and Society
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JAPAN TODAY
Tom Gill
Meiji Gakuin University
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“A dragonfly on an elephant’s
bum” -- Kenzaburo Oe
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日本列島
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Naming issues Japan used to be known by its Chinese
name as “Wa” (倭) or “Wagoku” (倭国) in
Japanese or Woguo in Chinese…
meaning “[country of] dwarfs” in Chinese.
Japan adopted the name, but added “Great”
(大), so the country was called “Great
Dwarfs” for a while. Then they changed 倭
to 和 so the country was called “Great
Peace” and pronounced YAMATO.
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日本=SUN ORIGIN
• In the 7th century a top Japanese diplomat changed the country’s name to 日本 Nippon, which means Sun Origin, hence “Land of the Rising Sun”. (It is the direction of the rising sun when seen from the west, i.e. China)
• In the 13th century Marco Polo recorded the Cantonese name for Nippon, “Cipangu”, which then got mangled quite a lot more to become… JAPAN.
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… what a mess.
Then again, in Japanese there are 2
words for Britain/UK/England, イギリス
IGIRISU and 英国 EIKOKU. The first is
a failed attempt to pronounce
“England” and the second is “E” for
England with the character for
“country” stuck on the end. And both
words are totally ambiguous as to
whether they mean England or Britain.
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America, land of rice
America = アメリカ AMERIKA or 米国
BEIKOKU
米 RICE “ME” “MERIKA” “ME-KOKU”
BEI-KOKU
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It just goes to show…
… what a long way apart these
two countries are. Neither
Japan nor Britain has got
anywhere near pronouncing the
other country’s name right.
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By the way…
There are 2 different ways of
pronouncing 日本.
1. NIHON – informal, low-key, everyday
word.
2. NIPPON – plosive, used in official,
patriotic contexts.
(You can tell a lot about a Japanese
person’s politics from the way they
pronounce their country’s name… a
bit like people saying “England” or
“Britain” or “the UK”)
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United Kingdom of Japan?
• Honshu
• Kyushu
• Shikoku
• Hokkaido
(annexed 1869)
Ainu territory –
cf Scotland
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Okinawa… annexed 1879. Formerly the independent kingdom of the Ryukyus… own language, own culture.
Cf Cornwall???
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Colonial adventures
(Japan also annexed Taiwan in 1895,
Korea in 1910, Manchuria in 1931,
the Philippines and Singapore in
1942… etc. But these acquisitions
had to be handed back in 1945…
otherwise they might still be part of
Great Japan.)
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Population of Japan
127 million people World #10 [20 years ago: #7]
UK: 60 million US 300 million
China 1,300 million Russia 140 m
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A historic crossroads
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Aging well…
Life expectancy: 82
Women: 86
Men: 79
Japanese people live longer than almost anybody else in the world (only 4 tiny states -- Monaco, Macau, San Marino and Andorra -- are ahead)
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But not many kids around
The average Japanese woman gives birth to 1.20 children in her lifetime.
The lowest figure in the world (except Macau, Hong Kong, Singapore, Hong Kong) UK: 1.92 China: 1.54 Uganda: 6.73
Replacement rate: 2.06
Result: A slowly dwindling and rapidly aging population.
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Men on left,
women on
right
5-year intervals,
millions of
people
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(Projection)
Centenarians
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A study reported recently in the
U.S. magazine Science claims
the continuing increase in
Japanese female longevity
shows no signs of abating and
could reach 100 by 2060.
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Implications
1. National pension system at risk of
bankruptcy.
2. Higher taxes needed to pay for medical
and nursing care.
3. Dwindling workforce means lower GNP.
(Overtaken by China in 2010 to fall from
world’s 2nd biggest economy to 3rd…
bound to fall further)
4. Nasty tendency to blame old people for
economic troubles.
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But, I hear you say, isn’t Japan a very overcrowded country?
Yes and no.
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Shibuya Crossing,
Tokyo
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Abandoned villages… this
one 50 miles from Tokyo
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Map of
abandoned
villages around
Lake Biwa
(Shiga
prefecture, near
Kyoto)
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HASHIMA 端島 Abandoned island, Nagasaki
5,000 people used to live
here – coal miners and their
families
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Return of
wildlife… the
Asian black
bear (still on
WWF
critically
endangered
list)
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The Japanese boar
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Japanese monkey
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Deer
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5 foot Green General (Aodaisho)
crossing the road
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Overcrowded cities…
depopulated countryside.
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Solutions?
1. Make better use of “old people power” (老人力 rojin-ryoku)…
BUT most Japanese companies have a retirement age of 60. They do not want to keep older employees on longer because they have to pay them more than youngsters under the “seniority system” (年功序列 nenko joretsu)
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In fact many employees are re-hired
after retirement, on short-term,
insecure contracts and pay of
about half of what it was when they
were full-time, permanent
employees… and are supposed to
be grateful.
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2. Encourage bigger families?
The government has tried various campaigns.
2007: Child allowance raised from 5,000 yen (35 pounds) a month to 10,000 yen (70 pounds a month)
2010: Raised again to 26,000 yen (200 pounds a month) and extended from age 12 to 15
But tax breaks for children reduced and then abolished, clawing back about half of that…
chicken feed.
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Why so few children?
Old-fashioned, sexist society makes it very difficult for women to combine career with child-rearing. Typically they leave the labour force at marriage or childbirth, returning when kids complete education, at low wages and low-skilled jobs. Many women prefer to stay single, or married but childless.
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3. Immigration
A ban on unskilled migrant labour means that Japan cannot look to immigration as a quick way to restore balance to her population.
Japan still maintains a very conservative immigration policy. Foreign residents account for about 2% of the total population.
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Legal foreign residents
Year 1991 1995 1999 2003 2006 2008
Total
(million) 1.22 1.36 1.56 1.92 2.08 2.22
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Japan’s principle ethnic minority groups
MINORITY POPULATION % of POP
Ryukyuans c. 1 to 1.6 million c. 1%
Koreans c. 600,000 c. 0.5%
Chinese c. 560,000 c. 0.4%
Brazilian c. 310,000 c. 0.25%
Filipinos c. 190,000 c. 0.15%
Ainu c. 25,000 c. 0.02%
Other c. 310,000 c.0.25%
Total c. 3~3.5 million c.2.5~3%
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The Big 4 Year 1991 1999 2006 2008
S/N Korea 693,050 636,548 598,219 589,239
% 56.9% 40.9% 28.7% 26.6%
China 171,071 294,201 560,741 655,377
% 14.0% 18.9% 26.9% 29.6%
Brazil 119,333 224,299 312,979 312,582
% 9.8% 14.4% 15.0% 14.1%
Philippines 61,837 115,685 193,488 210,617
% 5.1% 7.4% 9.3% 9.5%
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This is the burning issue in
Japan today
How to reverse the declining
birth rate and stop the
demographic pyramid
inverting. Who is going to meet
that challenge?
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Politics
After half a century
of almost
unbroken rule by
the Liberal
Democratic Party
(actually deeply
conservative), the
Democratic Party
of Japan won a
landslide in 2009.
Naot
o
Kan
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SYLLABUS
(Subject to
modification)
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【第1回】Introduction: A guide to the
course and instructor
【第2回】Theories of Japaneseness:
attempts to explain ‘the Japanese mind’
【第3回】Questioning Nihonjinron. Is the
concept of ‘national character’ really
useful?
【第4回】Class and status: are
wealth/status fairly distributed in
Japan?
【第5回】The legacy of World War II
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【第6回】The Japanese workplace: a crucible for class and gender struggle 【第7回】Town and country; old and young 【第8回】The aging population and dwindling birthrate 【第9回】Social control hard and soft: police, social sanctions, indoctrination etc. 【第10回】Social freedom: the limits of control
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【第11回】Film: The Emperor's Naked Army Marches On 【第12回】Exchange morality: How transactions glue Japanese society together 【第13回】The ritual year: festivals and rites of passage 【第14回】Religion: The role of Buddhism and Shinto 【第15回】Religion: Some less well-known religious influences
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【第16回】The role of the media
【第17回】Egalitarianism and
hierarchy in the Japanese
education system
【第18回】Mid-term test
【第19回】The Japanese military
【第20回】Film: Tokyo Story
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【第21回】Gender relations at home, at school, in the workplace. 【第22回】Sexual morality, including prostitution, pornography etc. 【第23回】Guest lecture: Robert Yoda on alienated working-class youth 【第24回】Lessons from the disasters of March 11, 2011 【第25回】Lessons from the disasters of March 11, 2011 Part 2
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【第26回】Insights from
children's TV programs
【第27回】Sport and leisure
【第28回】Gambling in Japan
【第29回】Manga and anime
【第30回】Final class
discussion
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Evaluation
Attendance(出席): 30 points.
Mid-term test(中間テスト): 30 points.
Term paper(レポート): 40 points.
Max. 100 points.
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Japanese 日本語 I sometimes add a little Japanese
explanation to my slides… but
the exam and term paper must
be written in English.
たまにはほんの少し日本語の説明をスライドに加えますが、試験とレポートは英語ですよ!
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Something of myself
Tom Gill…
Born
Portsmouth,
U.K., 1960.
English.
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First encounter with Japan…
on kibbutz in Israel, 1980
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Picking fruit with a guy
called Kazu
This isn’t him!
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1983: Kofu, Yamanashi
山梨県
甲府市
Takeda Shingen
(1521-1573)
monument
武田信玄の銅像
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Why Kofu
should be
capital of
Japan…
according
to Kofu
folk.
Shingen Shingen
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武田信玄 … 無敵 Takeda Shingen was never defeated in
battle. His untimely death left his son Takeda Katsunori to fight Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu (the two most famous shoguns in Japanese history) at the Battle of Nagashino in 1575. Outnumbered 3 to 1, the Takeda army was crushed. If Shingen had still been alive, things could have been very different!
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Kofu could be the capital of
Japan… and Tokyo a little-
known provincial town.
信玄の早死にがなければ、武田氏は信濃戦闘で勝利し、徳川幕府ではなく武田幕府になり、現在甲府は日本の首都で東京は小さな田舎の町になった...かもしれない。
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Annual Shingen Festival (1st
weekend in April)
信玄公祭
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“Peace Street”
平和通り
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Takeda Shingen – ancient
violence.
Peace Street – modern
pacifism. “Very Japanese”??
信玄像 – 昔の暴力
平和通 – 現在の平和主義… とても「日本的」??
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Sundai Boys’ High School
(1983-5)
Motto: “Education through
love.” A surprisingly
progressive school. Private.
駿台甲府高等学校 「愛情教育」
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Next door:
Kofu Industrial High School
… a different planet.
甲府工業高校
まったく別な惑星
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Two planets Sundai Kofu: Tolerant, liberal, but
obsessed with getting kids into famous universities. Uniform rules not enforced. Terrible at sports except tennis (individualistic).
Kofu Industrial: Tough, almost fascistic. Grim black uniform worn on all occasions. Baseball powerhouse. Few graduates go on to university.
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Taught me 2 things:
1. The dangers of generalization.
2. Cultural systems not necessarily
the same as in the UK.
UK: Strict discipline Academic
elite
Japan: Strict discipline Future
factory workers …?
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Moving to journalism
Kyodo News: one of Japan’s two
major news agencies (1985-6)
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Tokyo stringer
for the Daily
Mail, 1986-90
イギリスの「デーリーメール」新聞の「東京臨時特
配員」
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My one achievement at the Mail
唯一な 貢献?
Changing the spelling of ‘Tokio’ to ‘Tokyo’.
TOKIO はTOKYOになりました。
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Kyodo/Mail assignments
• The Aquino Revolution in the
Philippines (Feb 1986)
• G7 Tokyo Summit (May 1986)
• The funeral of Emperor Hirohito
(Jan1989)
… told off by Prince Philip.
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山谷
1986: Visiting San’ya
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… it changed my life.
• I believed that Japan was peaceful, but San’ya was violent.
• I believed that Japanese people were mainly middle class, but there seemed to be class warfare on the streets of San’ya.
• I believed that police defended citizens from yakuza, but in San’ya, police defended yakuza from citizens.
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Riot police 機動隊
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1990-1996 • Masters → doctorate in social
anthropology at the London
School of Economics (LSE).
• Doctoral dissertation about “social
organization of day laborers in
contemporary Japan.”「現代日本における日雇い労働者の社会組織」
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Kotobuki, in Yokohama: my
main fieldsite, 1993-1995
横浜寿町
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Finally… a book.
Men of
Uncertainty
(State University
of New York
Press, 2001)
「未確定な男たち」 (NY州立大学出版会、2001年)
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Japanese academia
• Research fellow 助手, Kyoto Bunkyo University京都文教大学, 1997-1999
• Associate professor 期限付き助教授(3.5 year contract), University of Tokyo 東大, 1999-2003
• Associate professor (tenuredプロパー), Meiji Gakuin University, 2003-2006.
• Full professor 教授, Meiji Gakuin University, April 1, 2006.
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A ‘doya’
「どや」
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Shame culture?
恥じの文化?
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Pride in
adversity?
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Isolation?
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Community?
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Kamagasaki, Osaka in the 1920s
20年代の釜ヶ崎
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The same spot today
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The Labour-Welfare Centre, Kotobuki
労働福祉センター
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Homelessness
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… so there you have it.
まっ、そういうことか。
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Coming up
next time:
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Lecture #2
NIHONJIN-RON
Theories of Japanese
Uniqueness
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The End