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    PHN LOI CONTAINER

    I, CONTAINER NG BIN:

    1. Cn cvo trng ti:Loi container Trng ti Dung tchLoi nh 10 tn > 10 m

    2. Cn cvo vt liu lm container:+ Thp:Loi ny dung bkhung v cc tm pa-nen bng thp (thp thnghoc thp cao cp), ton bcu trc u c hn, cc tm pe-nen c unln song nn rn chc, c sc chu lc cao.

    Loi ny c u im:

    - Kn nc, t r rv t bin dng.

    - Bn chc, t h hng khi va p, cxt.

    - Ddng sa cha v thp l vt liu mua bn phthong trn thtrng.

    - Gi thnh chto tng i thp v gi thp rhn nhm hay nha FRP.

    Nhc im:

    - Tn nhiu cng sc bo dng v thp dbn mn.

    - Trng lng vContainer tng i nng hn vi nhm hay vt liu khc.+ Nhm:C 2 loi container nhm:

    - Loi c bkhung ton bbng thp v chc pa-nen bng nhm.

    - Loi c khung mt trc v khung mt sau bng thp. Cc cu kin cn liu bng nhm.

    Khung nhm c hn lin kt vi nhau, cn Pa-nen c tn ri-v (rivet) vgia cbi cc ct ng btr bn trong hoc bn ngoi.

    Loi ny c u im:

    - Trng lng vcontainer nh, thtch cha hng nhiu hn v pa-nen nhm

    nhv mng hn.

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    - Hp kim nhm c dng vbn ngoi p v t bn mn nhlp o-xt nhmthnh thnh v che phtrn mt.- Hp kim nhm tng i do, tuy dbin dng bi p lc nhng li dphchi dng c.

    Nhc im:

    - Dxc, rch khi vp.

    - Gi thnh chto cao v gi vt liu nhm t.+ Cht do:Cu trc ca container cht do gm c khung thp v pa-nen

    bng gdn, hai vch dc phcht do gia cbng si thy tinh. Khung thpc hn v pa-nen c gn cht vo khung bng ri-v hoc bu-lng (bolts).Si thy tinh c thc tt thnh dy, ct xn di thch hp v xp thnhlp hoc c dt thnh tm trn ln vo nha hng n dnh bt canha do, lm gim khnng chng thm ca kt cu. V l, si thy tinhthng c trn vi tl20-30%, va m bo kthut va c gi thnh

    phi chng.

    u im ca loi container cht do l:

    - Dung tch cha hng bn trong ln do pa-nen mng hn so vi sdng vtliu khc.

    - Hi nc t ng bn trong container nhli Pa-nen bng nha do c tnhcch nhit kh tt do hn chhin tng h hng hng do mhi.

    - Chng n mn tt hn vt liu khc.

    Nhc im:

    - Vcontainer tng i nng, gn bng vthp.

    - Gi thnh chto kh cao v vt liu v gia cng cao.+ Ngoi ra cn c nhiu loi container lm tnhiu loi vt liu khc: gdn, nha tng hp

    3. Cn cvo cu trc ca container :- Container kn(closed container): thng c 1 ca hoc 2 ca 2 u- Container thnh cao(high cube container) : c chiu cao hn containerthng thng- Container mnc(open top container) Thit kthun li cho vic nghng v rt hng qua mi Container. Khi ng hng vo trong, cc loi my

    mc thit bnng cn trnh ma nng.Container hmi c thit kthuntin cho vic ng hng vo v rt hng ra qua mi container. Sau khi ng

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    hng, mi sc phkn bng vi du. Loi container ny dng chuynchhng my mc thit bhoc gc thn di.- Container mcnh(open side container)- Container mnc, mcnh(open top, open side container)

    - Container khung(flat rack container): cu trc gm mt bkhung lin ktvi mt sn, khng cn vch vi mi che bc, chuyn ch t, v c thxp bn trong 1 hoc 2 tng ty theo chiu cao xe- Container mt phng(platform/ flatbed container): c thit k khngvch khng mi m chc mt bng vng chc, dng chuyn chhng nng,thit b, hng qu kh( c kch thc ln kch thc ca Container mc no ).- Container thp(half height container): c chiu cao bng mt na cacontainer thng thng- Container c lthng hi, hthng thng gi(vented/ ventilated container):

    ): c thit kc nhng lthng gi thnh vch dc hoc thnh vch trcmt Container gip cho hng ha cha bn trong trao i khng kh (ththcvt) c ddng v khng bthi ra trong thi gian chuyn chnht nh- Container cch nhit/ c hthng lm lnh/ c hthng lm nng(thermalinsulated/ refrigerated/ heated container);

    - Container lnh: (refrigerated or reefer Container): c thit kdnhchuyn chcc loi hng cn gilnh cao nh tht, c, tmC loi mylnh c t bn trong Container nhng cng c loi dung hic cug cpqua ng dn tmy lnh bn ngoi.

    - Container cch nhit: (Insulated Container): c thit kdnh chuyn chrau qu, dc phm c kt cu cch nhit gn ginhit nga gia tngv thng thng ly lm ngun gy mt.

    - Container dng bn(tank container); Container bn (Tank Container): cthit kgm mt khung v mt bn cha chuyn chcc loi cht lngthng thng. Hng c rt vo trong qua ming bn (manhole) btr trnmi Container v c thot ra tra van x(Outlet Vale) nhtc dng catrng lc hoc c thot ra tming bn btr trn mi nhsc ht camy bm. N c thc lp thm thit bthay i nhit bn trong phhp vi tng loi yu cu ca hng ha.

    4. Cn cco cng dng

    c chia lm 5 nhm phbin

    - Container bch hathng c sdng chhng kh ( l loi hng khng phikhng chnhit bn trong container mc nht nh), nn cn c gi l container kh

    (dry container, vit tt l 20DC hay 40DC). Loi container ny c sdng phbin nht

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    trong vn ti bin. Container loi ny bao gm container kn, container thnh cao, mnc,mcnh, mnc- mcnh, container c lthng hi..

    - Container hng ril loi container dng ch hng ri ( thc ht, x phng ri, cc loiht nh)L loi container cho php xp hng ri kh (xi mng, ng cc, qung) bng

    cch rt t trn xung qua ming xp hng (loading hatch), v d hng di y hoc bncnh (discharge hatch).

    Loi container hng ri bnh thng c hnh dng bn ngoi gn ging vi container bchha, tr ming xp hng v ca d hng.

    Hnh bn th hin container hng ri vi ming xp hng (pha trn) v ca d hng (bncnh) ang m.

    - Container chhng lng: dng chuyn chcc mt hng lng , ru, hacht,nc.dng container dng bn

    - Container chhng hng dhng c thit kdnh chuyn chcc loi hng c biti hi khng chnhit bn trong Container mc nht nh.Do mi v vch loithng bc phxp nhm ngn cch nhit bn trong Container tip xc v chu nhhng nhit bn ngoi.C 3 loi Container+ Container lnh+Container cch nhit

    +Container thng gi

    - Container chhng c bit+Container chsc vt: c thit kc bit chgia sc. Vch dc hoc vch mt trcc gn ca li nhthng hi. Phn di ca vch dc btr lthot bn khi dn vsinh+Container ch t: container khung

    5. Cn cvo kch thc

    Theo ISO 668:1995(E), cc container ISO u c chiu rng l 2,438m (8ft).

    V chiu di, container 40 c ly lm chun. Cc container ngn hn c chiu di tnhton sao cho c th xp kt t di container 40 v vn m bo c khe h 3 inch gia. Chng hn 2 container 20 s t kht di 1 container 40 vi khe h gia 2 container20 ny l 3 inch. V l do ny, container 20 ch c chiu di xp x 20 feet (chnh xc l cnthiu 1,5 inch).

    V chiu cao, hin ch yu dng 2 loi: thng v cao. Loi container thng cao 8 feet 6inch (86), loi cao c chiu cao 9 feet 6 inch (96). Cch gi container thng, containercao ch mang tnh tp qun. Trc y, ngi ta gi loi cao 8 feet l container thng,nhng hin nay loi ny khng cn c s dng nhiu na, thay vo , container thngc chiu cao 86.

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    Theo tiu chun ISO 668:1995(E), kch thc v trng lng container tiu chun 20 v 40nh bng di y.

    K m hiu container

    Nu , bn s thy trn v container c rt nhiu loi k, m hiu th hin nhng nghakhc nhau.

    Chng c ghi pha trc, pha sau, bn trong, bn ngoi, v c trn nc; c l ch tr digm l khng c k hiu no.

    Hin tiu chun hin hnh quy nh i vi cc k m hiu container l ISO 6346:1995. Theo, cc nhn hiu ny chia thnh nhng loi chnh sau:

    H thng nhn bit (identification system) M kch thc v m loi (size and type codes) Cc k hiu khai thc (operational markings)

    1. H thng nhn bit (identification system)

    H thng nhn bit ca container bao gm 4 thnh phn M ch s hu (owner code) K hiu loi thit b (equipment category identifier / product group code)

    S s-ri (serial number / registration number)Ch s kim tra (check digit)

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    -M ch s hu (owner code):M ch s hu (cn gi l tip u ng container) bao gm 3ch ci vit hoa c thng nht v ng k vi c quan ng kim quc t thng qua cquan ng kim quc gia hoc ng k trc tip vi Cc container quc t - BIC (BureauInternational des Containers et du Transport Intermodal).

    Sau khi ng k, vic s hu m ny mi c chnh thc cng nhn trn ton th gii. Mthng c th s hu mt hoc nhiu m khc nhau, mc d BIC hn ch iu ny, v a ranhng iu kin nht nh cho vic ng k nhiu m.

    Vit Nam, n u nm 2010, c 6 cng ty ng k m tip u ng vi BIC, chi tit nhdi y.

    TT M BIC Tn cng ty

    1 GMDU Gemadept

    2 GMTU Gematrans

    3 NSHU Nam Trieu shipping

    4 VCLU Vinashin-TGC

    5 VNLU Vinalines container

    6 VNTU Vinashin-TGC

    (Ghi ch: container u ng GMTU hin do Gemadept qun l; Vinashin-TGC ng k 2tip u ng VCLU v VNTU)

    Mt s cng ty khc ang s hu, khai thc container vi nhng u ng nht nh, nhngcha ng k vi BIC, chng hn nh Bin ng dng u ng BISU, Vinafco dng u ngVFCU...

    Vic s dng cc u ng khng ng k nh vy c mt s bt li. Th nht, iu ny trivi ni dung quy nh trong Ph lc G ca tiu chun ISO 6343, c iu khon quy nh vng k m xc nh ch s hu vi BIC c bo v quyn s hu i vi m ny trn

    phm vi quc t.

    Th hai, BIC khuyn co, container khng c ng k tip u ng, trong qu trnh luthng, c th b hi quan gi, kim tra, v c th khng c lu thng t do nh trong Cngc hi quan v container (Customs Convention on Containers) quy nh. iu ny s gy

    bt li hoc thm ch cn tr ton b qu trnh vn ti.

    Th ba, vic khng ng k v khng c thanhn v quyn s hu i vi tip u ngv ko theo l quyn s hu container d dn n nhm ln, khiu ni, v c th dn n mtcontainer.

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    -K hiu loi thit b: l mt trong ba ch ci di y vit hoa, tng ng vi mt loi thitb:

    U: container ch hng (freight container)J: thit b c th tho ri ca container ch hng (detachable freight container-related

    equipment)Z: u ko (trailer) hoc mooc (chassis)

    Vic s dng bt k ch ci no khng thuc ba ch ci trn (U; J; Z) lm k hiu loi thitb c coi l khng tun theo tiu chun ISO 6346.

    - S s-ri (serial number): y chnh l s container, gm 6 ch s. Nu s s-ri khng 6ch s, th cc ch s 0 s c thm vo pha trc thnh 6 ch s. Chng hn, nu ss-ri l 1234, th s thm 2 ch s 0, v s s-ri y s l 001234. S s-ri ny do ch shu container t t ra, nhng m bo nguyn tc mi s ch s dng duy nht cho mtcontainer.

    - Ch s kim tra (check digit): l mt ch s (ng sau s s-ri), dng kim tra tnh chnhxc ca chui k t ng trc , gm: tip u ng, s s-ri. Vi mi chui k t gm tipu ng v s s-ri, p dng cch tnh ch s kim tra container, s tnh c ch s kim tracn thit.

    Vic s dng s kim tra l gim thiu ri ro sai st trong qu trnh nhp s container.Thc t l s container c nhiu i tng s dng (ch hng, forwarder, hng tu, hiquan), nhiu ln, trn nhiu chng t (B/L, Manifest, D/O), do kh nng nhp sai sl rt ln. Mi scontainer (gm tip u ng v s s-ri) s tng ng vi mt ch s kimtra. Do , vic nhp sai s phn ln s b pht hin do ch s kim tra khc vi thc t. Tuyvy, cng cn lu iu ny khng phi tuyt i, bi nu sai 2 k t tr ln th c th skim tra vn ng, v sai st khng b pht hin ra.

    2. M kch thc v m kiu (size and type codes)

    - M kch thc: 2 k t (ch ci hoc ch s). K t th nht biu th chiu di container,ch s 4 trong v d trn th hin chiu di container ny l 40ft (12,192m). K t th hai

    biu th chiu rng v chiu cao container, ch s 2 biu th chiu cao 8ft 6in (2,591m).

    - M kiu: 2 k t. K t th nht cho bit kiu container, trong v d trn: G th hincontainer hng bch ha. K t th hai biu th c tnh chnh lin quan n container, s 1(sau ch G) ngha l container c ca thng gi pha trn.

    Tm li, 42G1 trong hnh trn th hin container bch ha di20ft 40ft, cao 8ft 6in, thng gipha trn.

    Tiu chun ISO 6346:1995 quy nhchi tit ngha cc m kch thc v m kiu.

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    3. Cc du hiu khai thc(operational markings)

    Cc du hiu trong khai thc gm hai loi: bt buc v khng bt buc

    - Du hiu bt buc: ti trng container, cnh bo nguy him in; container cao.

    Trng lng ti a (maximum gross mass) c ghi trn ca container, s liu tng t nhtrong Bin chng nhn an ton CSC. Mt s container cng th hin trng lng v (tareweight), trng ti hu ch (net weight) hay lng hng xp cho php (payload)

    Du hiu cnh bo nguy him in t ng dy in pha trn, dng cho tt c cccontainer c lp thang leo.

    Du hiu container cao trn 2,6 mt: bt buc i vi nhng container cao trn 8ft 6in(2,6m). Chng hn, hnh trn th hin container cao 9ft 6in (2,9m)

    - Du hiu khng bt buc: khi lng hu ch ln nht (max net mass), m quc gia(country code)

    Khi lng hu ch ln nht (max net mass) dn trn ca container, pha di du hiutrng lng container ti a.

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    M quc gia gm 2 ch ci vit tt th hin tn quc gia s hu container. Trong hnh diy, US vit tt ca United Stated Hoa K.

    Ngoi ba loi k m hiu chnh, trn v container cn cc du hiu m t cc thng tin cnthit khc.

    Bin chng nhn an ton CSC Bin Chp nhn ca hi quan K hiu ca t chc ng st quc t UIC Logo hng ng kim Test plate (ca ng kim), du hiu xp chng (stacking height) Tn hng (Maersk, MSC), logo, slogan (nu c) Mc hng ch to (CIMC, VTC) Ghi ch vt liu ch to vch container , hng dn sa cha (repaired only with corten

    steel)

    Bng vt liu ch to cc b phn container; cc lu Thng tin v x l g (vn sn

    C SVT CHT KTHUT CA HTHNG VN TIBNG CONTAINER

    1. Cng cvn chuyn container1.1 Cng ccn chuyn container bng ng bin

    Cng cvn chuyn container bng ng bin chyu l cc loi tucontainer. C cc loi tu container sau y:a, Tu bn container ( semi- container ship): Tu bn container l nhngtu c thit kva chContainer va chcc hng ha khc nh

    hng bch ha, tTu ny trng ti ln v thng c cn cu ring xp dcontainer

    b, Tu chuyn dng chContainer (full Container ship): l loi tu cthit kchchcontainer. Trong hm v trn bong tu ny c thitkc bit c thxp container chng ln nhau thnh nhiu hng vvn chuyn mt cch an ton. Tu ny thng c trng ti ln( t1000-5000 teu) v phi sdng cn cu bxp dContainer. Ty thuc vo

    phng php xp dln tu m c cc loi container khc nhau:- Tu LO-LO (Lift on- lift off): l loi tu m Container c xp theo

    phng thc thng ng, tc l nng ln t xung qua thnh tu bngcn cu.Tu ny chc 1 boong, tu ny khng c cn cu trn tu m

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    dng cu gin vn chuyn container ln tu v xung tu.Loi tu Lo-Lo hin i nht, c trng ti rt ln l tu Container kiu tong. Trn tuny c thxp 9-10 chng container, trng ti c thln n 5500 TEU

    - Tu RO-RO (Roll on Roll off): l mt loi tu h mm m Container c xp theophng thc nm ngang (c cu dn hai u hoc gia tu). L tu c nhiu tng boong,Cc tng boong u c ng dn nghing cho xe c th chy ln xung c hoc c ccthang my di chuyn xe hoc container xe. Bn mn hoc pha li c ca m v cu thangngang ni vi cu cng. Cc n nguyn hng ha, cc xe t cha trong container cxe chuyn dng a vo cc v tr xp hng thng qua cc thang ngang, thang my hoc cudn pha li.

    Tu container kiu ln RO/RO thch hp chuyn ch nhiu loi hng ha. Ngoi t,tu cn c th xp cc loi xe khc, hng siu trng v.v... Tu ch t cng l loi tu kiu

    RO/RO.

    Loi tu ny s dng cch xp hng theo chiu ngang nn cng mt lc c th xp cnhiu loi hng vi tc xp d hng kh nhanh.

    Khi tu cp bn, cu dn shxung v container c a ln, xungtu theo phng thc nm ngang bng tractor hay xe nng-Tu x lan LASH

    - Loi tu ny cng c coi l mt loi tu container, nhng l loi container ni trn mtnc. l cc s lan hp.

    Hnh dng ca s lan ph thuc vo phng thc xp hng trn tu m. Trng ti ca slan thng l t 140 - 1000 tn.

    2. Cng cxp dCc thit b xp d container trong cng c nhiu loi, mt s loi ph bin thnggp nh sau:

    1. Cu gin (Container gantry crane)

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    L loi cu ln t ti cu tu, thng c lp t ti cc cng containerchuyn dng xp d container ln xung tu theo phng thc nng qua lan can tu: Lift-on/Lift-off (Lo/Lo). Cu ny c kt cu khung chc chn, t vung gc vi cu tu,vn qua chiu ngang thntutrong qu trnh lm hng.

    Cu gin gn gi lm hng t ng gi l spreader, gi ny di chuyn ln xung vchp vo bn gc trn ca container qua mt c cu gi l twistlock.

    2. Cu chn (multi-function crane)

    L loi cu dng cu hng bch ha, v cth dng cu container khi cn thit.Li th ca loi cu ny l c th quay tr d dng, v linh hot trong vic chn v trnhc cng nh t container m khng cn di chuyn. Loi ny khng phi chuyndng v c nng sut km hn cu gin. Mt s cng nh L Thnh Tng, on X(Hi Phng), Tn Thun (Si Gn) hin vn dng loi cu ny.

    3. Cu sp xp container (Container stacking crane)

    L loi cu di ng s dng sp xp container trong bi container ca cng(Container Yard - CY). Loi cuny cu trc gm mt khung c chn gn vo

    bnh ln trn ray hoc bnh ln cao su v mt xe in con (trolley) di chuyn dckhung dm.

    http://www.container-transportation.com/cang-container.htmlhttp://www.container-transportation.com/cang-container.htmlhttp://www.container-transportation.com/cang-container.htmlhttp://www.container-transportation.com/tau-container.htmlhttp://www.container-transportation.com/tau-container.htmlhttp://www.container-transportation.com/tau-container.htmlhttp://www.container-transportation.com/tau-container.htmlhttp://www.container-transportation.com/cang-container.html
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    4. Xe nng (forklift)

    L loi thit b nng h c cu trc dng t bnh lp, c trang b ng c dieselv ng c thy lc, nng h container qua c cu cng (xe nng ph thng) hockhp gi (xe nng chp, nng cnh).

    Mt s loi xe nng: xe nng chp, xe nng cnh, xe nng ph thng, xe nng bntrong.

    Xe nng container hng

    (loi chp nc)

    Container Reach-stacker

    (with top-lift spreader)

    Xe nng container hng

    (loi chp nc)

    Loaded container handler

    (with top-lift spreader)

    Xe nng v container(loi chp nc)

    Empty container handler

    (with side-lift spreader)

    Xe nng v container (loi kp cnh)

    Empty container reach-stacker

    (with side-lift spreader)

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    Xe nng ph thng (nng y)

    Container forklift truck

    Xe nng container (bn trong)

    Container straddle carrier

    5. Gi cu (spreader)

    L thit b gn khp gi, lp t cho cc cu chp vo nc trn ca container. C hai loi gi cu. Loi gi cu th s ch gm mt khung thp ch nht kch thc

    c nh tng ng vi chiu di v chiu rng ca container 20' v 40'. Loi gi cu

    t ng cu trc phc tp hn, c chiu di thay i c ph hp vi chiu dica nhiuloi container.

    Gi nng container (th s)

    Container spreader

    Gi nng container (t ng)

    Telescopic container spreader

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    6. Xe container (container truck)

    Xe container

    Xe container (loi t ng nng h)3. Nh ga, bn , bi container- Cu tu, l ni tu container xp dcontainer. Cu tu containerthng c chiu di 250-350m, c mn nc t10-15m

    - Thm, bn tu (Apron) : l khu vc pha trn cu tu, nm gia cu tu vbi ch, ni lp t cn cu- Bi ch(Stacking back yard) : l ni container chun bxp hoc dttu xung- Bi container (Container Yard) : l ni cha, giao, nhn vn chuyncontainer, bao gm cthm, bn v bi ch

    - Trm gian nhn, ng gi hng l( Container freight station) : l ni xp d,giao nhn, ng gi hng lvn chuyn bng container. Thng thng yl mt kho c mi che trong khu vc cng. Ti y ngi chuyn chnhnhng ltchhng, ng gi vo container, nim phong kp ch v xp lntu vn chuyn. Ti CFS ca cng n, ngi chuyn chsdhng ra

    khi container v giao cho ngi nhn. CFS c ththuc cng hay hng tu.

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    -Trm giao nhn container rng (container deport) : l ni giao nhn cc container rng vsc-si( l mt bkhung c cu to c bit c thxp v vn chuyn an ton container

    bng t)

    - Cng thng quan ni a (Inland Clearance Depot) : l khu vc c thtrong ni a, c dng lm ni cha, xp, d, giao nhn hng ha,container, lm thtc hi quan, thtc xut nhp khu. ICD c c quan hiquan v hot ng nh mt cng nn ngi ta gi ICD l cng kh

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