CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT -...
Transcript of CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT -...
![Page 1: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CONSTRUCTION ROADS
AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT
Dr. C. T. Toh, Ir. Chee Sai Kim
DR. C.T. TOH CONSULTANT
![Page 2: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are indebted to the following for the opportunities to develop the methods of peat treatment over the last 18 years:
• Pakatan Runding Yusof (PRY)
• Jurutera MINSAR
• Konsultant SHC
• Konsortium Malaysia
• Jurutera Perunding WAHBA
• Ireka Engineering and Construction Sdn Bhd
• Perunding E C Sepakat
• Sibu Municipal Council
• PLB
• DIRD Pty Ltd (Dacca)
![Page 3: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
LECTURE TOPICS
• Occurrence and distribution
• Types and classifications
• Properties
• Soil Investigations
• Stability
• Settlement
• Methods of placing fills
• Case histories
• Decomposition’
• Role of peat swamps in Global warming
![Page 4: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
DISTRIBUTION OF PEAT and
PEATY ORGANIC SOILS
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
• Near KLIA airport – about 4 m deep peat.
• Air Itam – Kulai, Johore – 4 to 7 m deep peat
but can be as deep as 12 m in isolated areas
• Putra Jaya – organic soils can extend to 15 m
• Trengganu – as deep as 4 to 5 m with soft clay
beneath
• Batang Berjuntai
![Page 5: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
SOIL MAP JOHORE
![Page 6: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
SARAWAK
SIGNIFICANT EXTENT OF PEAT
Some Examples• SIBU TOWN – KNOWN TO BE AS DEEP AS 17 M
• BATU KAWA – 3 TO 6 M OVER SOFT CLAY OR LIMESTONE
• PETRA JAYA – UP TO 7 M WITH SOFT CLAY BENEATH
• BALINGIAN – UP TO ABOUT 6 M WITH SOFT CLAY BENEATH
• MATANG –UP TO ABOUT 5 M WITH SOFT CLAY BENEATH’
• LIMBANG AREA
• MIRI – BEHIND CANADA HILL
![Page 7: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
PEAT MAP OF SARAWAK
![Page 8: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
WORLD PEAT DISTRIBUTION
13,000 sq kmPoland
14,000 sq kmUganda
14,000 sq kmIreland
Brazil
Germany
Malaysia
Norway
China
Sweden
Finland
Indonesia
USA
USSR
Canada
15,000 sq km
16,000 sq km
25,000 sq km
30,000 sq km
42,000 sq km
70,000 sq km
100,000 sq km
170,000 sq km
600,000 sq km
1,500,000sq km
1,500,000sq km
10%
20%
34%
14%
10%
18%
![Page 9: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
World wide peat distribution
1 to 99%15 other
countries
10%Scotland
220 to 10,000
sq km
26 other
countries
11,000 sq kmZambia
11,000 sq kmChile
12,000 sq kmFalklands
![Page 10: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
PEAT . FORMS
Two forms that characterize the deposition of
peat:
• Valley peat which are flat and layered with river
deposits;
• Basin peat which forms domes that can be up to
15 m high –also reported in Ireland and UK
• In Peninsular Malaysia the peat appears to be
valley peat whereas both forms of peat are
found in Sarawak.
![Page 11: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Fig. 5. I a11ning lectTon micropJ1 t graph of l1orizontal ection ~of
Jan1 Ba peat h~owing fabric with v r ' larg m ~ cro~p r s
![Page 12: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
GEOLOGICAL FORMATION
MODEL
for
BATANG RAJANG PEAT
from Lam Sia Keng
![Page 13: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
(A) Ro1pid denudation ·Ond deep incis io~n of Tertiary country rocks during Late Pleistocene.
surface b-erore active denudation
-- - tidal floo"Cflevel
(B) Deposition of sediments by Satang Rajang forming de'ltcs and flo.odp~o ins during Hol,ocene.
LEGEND UiliiJJ Tertiary country rocks ~'! ... ~ ~~: Floodplain depoaita :-: ... :-: Organic and miMrcl {?:"' ·:j Orq~nk: depoa•ts - (sand, s~t. clay) 10-...;;;.~ deposita (ombrogenQuS pact)
(clayey peort /pecty cia~ or topogeneoua paat)
![Page 14: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
(C) Accumal·ation of organic ·end minera:l deposits (p·eaty clay / claye:y p·eat) in basins betweer
!levees end isoll ~ated hills.
(D) Accumulation of organic m,att.ers only (ombrogenous pect) in bas'ins above tidal floodlev~el· J p to prese~nt.
&fang Ra}Dng
l·evee
tidal floodl,eve I
fj::::::~Organic ~and mi·neral F:_ .. >I Organic depoaibs deposits ( ombrogenous pe (clayey peat/peaty clay or topogeneoua pe,at)
![Page 15: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
PEAT CLASSIFICATION
![Page 16: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
PEAT MAIN TYPES
Peat is derived from plants and can be very fibrous. As the degree of humification# increases, the peat becomes less and less fibrous until it is transformed into an amorphous* mass without any discernable structures.
# Convert plant remains to humus
* Without a clearly defined shape
![Page 17: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
IMPORTANT BASIC PROPERTIES FOR
PEAT CLASSIFICATION
• Natural moisture content (%)
• Ash content (%) = 100 – Organic content
• Ignition loss (%) close to the value of the
organic content.
When peat burnt organic content becomes
CO2, the ash left is reflective of soil
content.
![Page 18: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
w, kg/kg
'" -
13 12 II I
- I
10 ' 9 8' 7 ' 6
0
s~----~----~----~~--~~--.10 20 JO t,O SO Ddec 0/o
Fig. 2: Water content vs. degree of decomposition. ( 1) bog peat, (2) transition peat, (3) fen peat. From Amaryan (1993).
![Page 19: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
PEAT CLASSIFICATION
![Page 20: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Von Post System
(Best known –more for agricultural
purposes
Based on botanical components, degree
of humification, water content, fine and
coarse fibre content.
10 grades H1 to H10.
![Page 21: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Von Post System
Slightly decomposed peat which releases very muddy dark
water. No peat passes between fingers but the plant
remains are slightly pasty and have lost some of the
identifiable features.
H4
Very slightly decomposed peat which releases very muddy
brown water but for which no peat passed between fingers.
Plant remains still identifiable and no amorphous material
present.
H3
Almost completely un-decomposed peat which releases
clear or yellowish water. Plant remains easily identifiable.
No amorphous material present.
H2
Completely un-decomposed. Releases clear water. Plant
remains easily identifiable. No amorphous material present.H1
![Page 22: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Von Post System
Strongly decomposed peat. Contains a lot of amorphous
material with very faintly recognizable plant structure.
When squeezed about 1/2 of the peat escapes between
fingers. The water, if any released, is very dark and
almost pasty.
H7
Moderately strongly decomposed peat with a very
indistinct plant structure. When squeezed, about 1/3 of
the peat escapes between the fingers. The residue is
strongly pasty but shows the plant structure more
distinctly than before squeezing.
H6
Moderately decomposed peat which releases very
muddy water with also a very small amount of
amorphous granular peat escaping between fingers. The
structure of plant remains is quite indistinct, although it is
still possible to identify certain features. The residue is
strongly pasty.
H5
![Page 23: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Von Post System
Completely decomposed peat with no discernable
plant structure. When squeezed all the wet peat
escapes between the fingers.
H10
Practically fully decomposed peat in which there is
hardly any recognizable plant structure. When
squeezed almost all of the peat escapes between
fingers as a fairly uniform paste.
H9
Very strongly decomposed peat with a large quantity
of amorphous material and very dry indistinct plant
structure. When squeezed about 2/3 of the peat
escapes between the fingers. A small quantity of
pasty water may be released. The plant material
remaining in the hand consists of residues such as
roots and fibres that resist decomposition.
H8
![Page 24: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
French and North American based
on Mangan
OORGANIC
SOIL
aH7 – H10
hSapric or
Amorphous
H4 – H6
fHemic or
Moderately
decomposed (semi
fibrous)
H1 to H3
PtFibric or fibrousPEAT
SymbolQualifying termsVon Post
degree of
humification
Organic
components
![Page 25: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Landva (classification for engineering
purpose)
Soils with Organic content. CO, MO.
SG > 2.4. NMC< 100%. LL< 50 %
95 to 99 %
Organic soils. O. NMC = 100 to 500 %. Fibre
content insignificant .LL > 50 %
40 to 95 %
Peaty Organic Soil. PtO. SG = 1.7 to 3.0.
NMC = 150 – 800%. Fibre content < 50 %. H8
to H10
20 to 40 %
Peat. Pt. SG < 1.7. SG < 1.7. NMC > 500 %.
Fibre content > 50 %. H1 to H8
0 to 20 %
Description Ash content
(less ash
means higher
organic
content)
![Page 26: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Landva – Ash content versus
moisture content
![Page 27: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
LOCAL DESCRIPTION
(SARAWAK)
• Tai and Lee (Sibu Conference, 2002)
• Wong King Min (Sibu Conference, 2002)
![Page 28: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Tai and Lee (2002)Adopted the common terms Ombrogeneous or
Fibrous Peats as distinct from Topogeneous and Amorphous Peats (from Lam)
Ombrogeneous or fibrous peat (deposited above flood levels)
• Mc = 300 to 2000 %.
• Bulk density = 1.1 to 1.4 mg /m3.
• pH = 3 to 5
• Pile up of slightly to moderately decomposed, loose tree trunks, branches, leaves, roots, fruits and other vegetable remains.
• Overlay Topogeneous or Amorphous peat
![Page 29: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Tai and Lee (2002)
Topogeneous or amorphous peat.
• Mc = 100 to 300 %
• Bulk density = 1.3 to 1.6 mg /m3
• pH = 3 to 5
• Clayey peat. Slightly to moderately decomposed
leaves, reeds and wood with clastic sediments;
usually more compact with layered structure
• Deposited under flood conditions below the
fibrous peat zone
![Page 30: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Wong Kin Min (2002)
Un-decomposed to partially
decomposed peat. Acidic
> 1200
%
Partially to moderately decomposed
peat. Ash content 5 – 18 %. High fibre
content. pH = 3.5 to 5
600 to
1200%
Completely to moderately decomposed
peat. Ash content = 10 – 50 %. pH = 5
to 7.5
200 to
600 %
Organic clays with density greater than
10 kg /m3. pH = 5to 7.
NMC 70
to 200%
![Page 31: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
PEAT PROPERTIES
![Page 32: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Basic Peat Properties
• Ash content = 100 – Organic content
• Ignition loss close to the value of the organic content.
• There can be much confusion from the different classification schemes. It is better to just think in terms of the natural moisture content of peat since, in any case, the moisture content is correlated to a variety of properties.
![Page 33: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
BASIC PROPERTIES
GENERAL.
• Much published data internationally relating peat properties to natural moisture content, ash content (100-organic content),ignition loss (very close to organic content)
• Pity little such correlations from Malaysia. Some collection of Sarawak correlations by Wong Kin Min (2002)
![Page 34: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
ARE QUALITATIVE
DESCRIPTIONS NECESSARY IF
IT IS POSSIBLE TO RELATE
ESSENTIAL ENGINEERING
CHARACTERISTICS TO• Natural moisture content
• Organic content
• Ash content
?
![Page 35: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
SETTLEMENT
S∞ = primary consolidation + secondary
consolidation
S∞ = (Cc / ( 1 + e0)) H Log (1 + ∆p/p0’)
+ Cα H log (t / tp)
![Page 36: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
BASIC PROPERTIES FOR
SETTLEMENT ESTIMATES
Bulk density range from 1.0 to 1.9 tons / m3.
Bulk density + ground water >>>>> po’ – effective
overburden pressure
Lower bulk density related to higher organic
content (higher ignition loss)
Ignition loss >>>>> bulk density >>>>> po’
![Page 37: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
BULK DENSITY – IGNITION LOSS
![Page 38: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Specific gravity well related to ash content.
SG values range from 1.4 to 2.4.
Lower SG values are for higher organic
contents
Ash content >>>>>SG >>>>>> bulk density
>>>>> effective overburden pressure po’
![Page 39: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
S.G. – ASH CONTENT
![Page 40: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
S∞ = (Cc / ( 1 + e0)) H Log (1 + ∆p/p0’)
+ Cα H log (t / tp)
Know po’
![Page 41: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
VOID RATIO AND
COMPRESSIBILITY
Natural moisture content >>>>>>>initial void
ration e0 (Dutch correlations)
Natural moisture content >>>>>>
compressibility index Cc (Mesri)
![Page 42: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
PEAT. Initial void ratio - NMC
![Page 43: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
u u X Q)
"'C c:: c::: 0
10
C/) 1 t/)
~ c.. E 0 u
Peats o James Bay Peat o Middleton Peat
6. Data from Literature
• • •
Soft Clay & Silt Deposits • From Mesri et al. 1997
0.1 L---~--~~~~~--~--~~~~~--~ 10 100 1000
Natural Water Content, w0, 0/o
Fig. 10. Empirical correlation between compression index, Cc, and natural water content, w 0 , for peats as well as soft clay and silt deoosits
![Page 44: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
S∞ = (Cc / ( 1 + e0)) H Log (1 + ∆p/p0’)
+ Cα H log (t / tp)
Know p0’ from organic content and ignition loss
Know Cc/ (1+e0) from natural moisture content
H = peat thickness
∆p = applied pressure
Therefore can estimate primary consolidation
settlement
![Page 45: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
-X
~ 0.8 c: c 0 Cl) (/)
<l> .._ c_
E 0 ()
~ rn
"'0 c: 0 u Q)
0.6
0.4
0.2
o Middleton Peat
• James Bay peat
••• • •
0
.......____ C0 _1 Cc = 0.053
(J) 0. 0 ~L....Io...ll ................................................. ..&...looo. ................................................. ~~ ........................ ---. .......
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Compression Index, Cc
=ig. 12. Secondary compression index, Ca., versus compression ndex, Cc, for Middleton and James Bay peats
![Page 46: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Cα – coeeficient secondary
consolidation
Cc>>>>>>>>> Cα (from Mesri)
![Page 47: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
S∞ = (Cc / ( 1 + e0)) H Log (1 +
∆p/p0’)
+ Cα H log (t / tp)
H =peat thickness
tp = time for end of primary
consolidation
Therefore can estimate secondary
consolidation and total settlement
S∞
![Page 48: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
PEAT. Settlement parameters
PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION
• Bulk density related to Ignition Loss. Therefore po’ can be estimated.
• Initial void ratio (eo) related to Natural moisture content
• Cc (compressibility index) related to natural moisture content
• Therefore can obtain Cc / (1 + eo) from natural moisture content
![Page 49: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
PEAT. Settlement parameters
Coefficient of secondary consolidation Cα
related to Cc
Therefore from natural moisture content, organic
content or ignition loss, all the settlement
parameters can be obtained.
![Page 50: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
PEAT. Void ratio and permeability
Void ratio changes on application of load.
Void ratio related to coefficient of
permeability
K range from 10-6 to 10-11 m / sec. Peat is
not so permeable.
Therefore can estimate Cv from k at different
pressures
![Page 51: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
o James Bay Peat o Middleton Peat 28 11 Peats from literature
24
Q) 20 . 0 -~ 16 "0 ·-~ 12
8
4
0 L..J..jWJ.III-L.LWJ .....lL...LI.W -LLW
10-14 10-12. 10-10 10-8 1 o-6 10-4 10-2
Coefficient of Permeability, kv, m/s
Fig. 2. Data on coefficient of permeability, ku, of fibrous peats within frame of reference of permeability data for sodium clay minerals, soft clay deposits, including Mex..ico City clay, and clean sand
![Page 52: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
4
2
0 0
o James Bay Peat o Middleton Peat 6 P~eats fro,m literature • Clay and Silt Deposas
5 10 15
OAO 0 0 ;y
0 a
20
In situ Void Ratio, e0
25
F1ig. 3. Relation hip between Ck=Ae! a log ku a·n,d in ito void ratio, e0 • for tibr~ous peats compared to that of , oft clay and . ilt d:epo it
![Page 53: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
20
16
8
4
0 0
Kozeny-Carman Ck= 1.1 e
4 8 12
Montmorillonite ck= 0.7 e
Fibrous Peat ck= o.2s e0 r Fissured Shales
___ ck= o.os e0
16 20 24 28
In situ Void Ratio, e0
32
Fig. 4. Explanation of magnitude of Ck/ e or Ck/ e0 in terms of fiv, materials with different pore-size distribution
![Page 54: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
PEAT. BASIC STRENGTH
PROPERTIES
![Page 55: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
PEAT. Strength properties
Undrained shear strength:
• Cu very low < 10 kPa for fibrous peat.
• Not possible to use vane shear tests because of fibres
• Piezocones useful for profiling only. Cone resistance < 100 kPa
• Mckintosh useful for shallow peat. MP = 5 to 10 blows / 300 mm for peat less than 3 m thick. Wong Kin Ming (2002) show MP of about 40 for peat depth of 7.0 m – Careful when interpreting Mckintosh probes
![Page 56: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Peat . Undrained shear strength
• Difficult to measure
• Field vane shear tests not reliable
especially for high fibre content – can
result in abnormally high strength values
• Difficult to obtain undisturbed samples for
laboratory strength tests.
• Landva concluded that vanes and cone
penetrometers of little use.
![Page 57: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
100 70
50
30
ro 20 a.. ~
. - 10 G: - 7 0 :;)
C/l 5
3
2
1 6
I - s. (FV)"95 kPa
e =7.6 ~
0
8
~0
~
(40r sj FV) = e
Samson & La Rochelle (1972) Data
0 0 0 ~ slo() (f=V):::zao~
0~~ eo
1 .... 0 0 0 0 suO (FV) Jo ~10 (f=V):: 140te
00 0
<DO 0 0 0 0
0 S.O (I=V)::: "fO/e 0 0
0
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 Void Ratio
Fig. 20. Undrained shear strength of urfic ial fibrous peat depo it , from fie ld vane test, s11(FV), ummarized in terms of in situ void ratio , as well as S11(FV) versus e according to Eq. ( 13), together with preloading data of Samson and La Rochelle ( 1972)
![Page 58: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Peat Effective / drained strength
parameters
![Page 59: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
PEAT. Effective and drained
strength
Usually very high friction angles compared to
soft clay due to interlocking and stretching
of the fibres.
CIU triaxial tests give
• Batu Kawa Road – Phi’ = 40 to 42 degrees
• Dutch peat - Phi’ = 35 to 52 degrees
• Soft clay typically –Phi’ = 24 degrees
![Page 60: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
200
ro a.. 150 ::t::. .. N .........
:?> 100 0 .
"t'-" .. ~ 50
K0P= 0.35
• Yield Point • Direct Shear
o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
( cr'1 + cr'3 )/2, kPa
Fig. 17. Effective stress paths of Middleton peat specimens con soli· dated under equal all-around pressure or under laterally constrainec condition and then subjected to undrained axial compression, anc peak shear strength versus effective normal stress <J~ from thre<: drained direct shear tests
![Page 61: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Table 5., Friction Angle of Fibrous Peats from Triaxial Compression Tests on Vertical Specimens
~Vo <P' Source Peat (%) (degrees)
Adams ( 1961 ) Mu ,keg 375- 430 50- 60 A.dams ( 1965) Moo .e River 330-600 48
Ozden et al. (1970) Mu keg 800 46
Tsushima et al. ( 1977) Muck 52~60
Yasuhara and Tak:enaka (1977) ~Otnono 50- 60 Tsushima et at (1982) Muck 51
Edil and Dhowian (1981) Middleton 500-600 57 and Edil and Wang (2,000)
Portage 600 54
Landva and LaRochelle (1983) Escuminac 1 ,240=-1 ,380 40--50
Marachi et al .. (1983) San Joaquin 200-500 44 Yamaguchi et al. (1985a,c,d) Ohmiya 96(}--..l ' ] 90 51-55
Urawa 980-1,260 53
Ajlouni (2000) Middleton 510-850 60
![Page 62: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Friction angle – Irish peat
C’ = 5.5 to 6.1 kPa
Φ’ = 36.6 to 43.5 degrees
Hanrahan -
backcalculation
36 degrees for NMC of 710%
43 degrees for NMC of 575%
Sodha
55 degrees for NMC of 1200 to
1400%
Farrel and Hebib
Φ’ (degrees)Author
![Page 63: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
PEAT. Strength increase
The increase in strength with effective pressure is much higher for peat than soft clay
• Soft clay cu/po’ = 0.25 typically
• Peat cu/po’ = 0.54 to 0.72
The higher ratios are for the higher organic content. The interlocking of fibres give very high drained strength; same reason for the higher φ’
![Page 64: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Middleton Peat
rn 100 a.. su(TC)/cr'vc =0.53 ~ ... ..-..... u ~ ......_.....
:J 50 (/) 0 lTC
• K0TC
0 0 50 100 150 200
a'vc' kPa
Fig. 19. Relationship between undrained shear strength from compression mode of shear defined at phase transformation yield point, ~u(TC), and vertical consolidation pressure, cr~, for Middleton peat
![Page 65: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Table 6 . su(TC) I a~c of Fibrous Peats
Wo
Source Peat {%) s u(TC) I a ~c
Moran et al. (1958) Antioch, Algiers 230- 1,000 0.48- 0.60
Lea and Brawner (1959) Burnaby 400-1 ,200 0.47- 0.58
Adams (1965) Moose River 330-600 0.68
Forrest and MacFarlane Ottawa 900-1 ,200 0.50 (1969)
Yasuhara and Takenaka Omono 0.54 (1977)
Tsushima et al. (1977) 0.52- 0.54
Dhowian (1978) and Middleton 500- 600 0.55- 0.75 Edil and Wang (2000)
Portage 600 0.70
Yamaguchi et al. Ohmiya 960-1,190 0.55 ( 1985a,c,d
Urawa 980- 1,260 0.52
Den Haan (1997) 0.54-0.78
Aj louni (2000) Middleton 510-850 0.53a
aDefined at ·pha e transformation vield point.
![Page 66: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Cu/p0’
0.45Hazawa
1.23Landva and la
Rochelle
0.4 to 0.8 (from CIU triaxial)
0.3 to 1.5 (from vanes)
Edil (US)
0.4 to 0.55 (from CIU triaxial)Carlsten
(Ireland)
Cu / p0’Author
![Page 67: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
IMPLICATIONS OF HIGH φ’ ,
HIGH Cu/p’ and HIGH Cv
• Certainty of appreciable gain in strength
• Encourages stage construction for
construction of high embankments
![Page 68: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
OTHER PEAT PROPERTIES
![Page 69: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
OTHER PEAT PROPERTIES
• Cold
• Acidic
• Oxygen free environment
• Bacteria immobilized
• Mummifies / preserves dead bodies
• 2300 year old bodies have been recovered
form European peat during peat mining
![Page 70: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
ANCIENT HUMAN REMAINS (2300 YEARS OLD) UNEARTHED
FROM EUROPEAN PEAT SWAMPS (BBC)
![Page 71: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
SOIL INVESTIGATIONS
IN PEAT
![Page 72: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Soil Investigations
Landva : For fibrous peat, small scale tests
such as vanes and cone penetrometers of
little use.
Vane shear tests meaningless – fibres are
torn rather than sheared, Likely to
completely over-estimate the shear
strength.
![Page 73: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
PEAT. Soil Investigations
(i) Difficulty in obtaining undisturbed samples of peat especially for higher organic content
(ii) Strategy is to obtain disturbed samples (use peat augers) and carry out:
• Natural moisture content;
• Ignition loss;
• Organic content;
• Ash content
![Page 74: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
PEAT. Soil Investigation
With the basic properties use published correlations to :
• Obtain consolidation parameters for settlement estimates.
• Obtain strength parameters at different stages of embankment construction from consolidation up to that stage.
NECESSARY to obtain properties of soft clay beneath peat.
• Vane shear strength;
• Consolidation parameters;
![Page 75: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
PEAT. Soil Investigation
NOTES
• Careful about boreholes. Inexperienced
driller can record absence of peat
• Use peat augers on a grid pattern
• Use Mckintosh probes on a grid
pattern(shallow peat)
• Boreholes and piezocones for profiling
• Local knowledge
![Page 76: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
CONSTRUCTION ON PEAT
![Page 77: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
ANCIENT HISTORY
HOW ANCIENT MAN CROSSED PEAT
SWAMPS
FROM ARCHEOLOGICAL FINDINGS
AT SOMERSET, SOUTHERN ENGLAND
![Page 78: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
![Page 79: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
![Page 80: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
MEDIEVAL TIMES
Corduroy Roads
Discovery in UK of roads from Roman days.
Roads dated at between 900 to 1020AD
![Page 81: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
MEDIEVAL WOODEN TRACK,
WALES, 900 TO 1020 AD
![Page 82: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
CROSSING SWAMP ON
CORDUROY ROAD, UK 1815
![Page 83: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
CORDUROY ROAD
Earliest 4000BC (Glastonbury UK)
to 20th Century
![Page 84: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
CORDUROY ROAD.UNION
ARMY. AMERICAN CIVIL WAR
![Page 85: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
CORDUROY ROAD
WORLD WAR II
Extensively used by German Army during invasion of Russia
According to Antony Bevar author of “STALINGRAD”
“In some places, where no birch trunks came to hand to make corduroy roads, the corpses of Russian dead were used instead as planks.”
![Page 86: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
MALAYSIA 1970 TO 1980s
EARLY ROAD CONSTRUCTION ON PEAT
• Modern earthworks equipment
• End tip approach
• Brute force
• Not a lot of thinking
• No past history then
![Page 87: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
PEAT . Filling over Peat
PLACING FILL OVER PEAT
• Very , very important consideration
• Peat swampy and inaccessible except to light
equipment. Often soil inv equipment has to
access on timber planks
• End tipping will cause mud waves, severe
lateral movements, loss of fill as fill mixed with
peat. Volume of fill loss can be immense.
• Excavators known to have sunk into peat
![Page 88: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Planks for soil investigation,
Machap, Johore
![Page 89: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
PEAT. Uncontrolled filling
![Page 90: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
PEAT. Uncontrolled Filling
Air Baloi Road, Johore
![Page 91: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
PEAT. Uncontrolled filling
Air Baloi Road, Johore
![Page 92: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
CONTROLLED FILL PLACEMENT
ON PEAT
AN ABSOLUTE NECESSITY
![Page 93: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Methods to ensure stable fill
placement
Drain the peat to lower ground water table by
0.5m to 1.0m. Enable access by light
earthworks equipment and placement of fill in
dry conditions in thin layers.
Timber matting.
Geotextile bamboo fascine mattress.
![Page 94: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
PEAT. Filling in dry conditions
• Critical to start with site drainage and lower
ground water by about 1.0 m.
• Achieve drainage by a network of drains and
allow peat to drain for several weeks
• Drain construction slow. Progressive deepening.
Maybe ½ metre each increment then allow
drainage for few weeks then next increment.
• Peat fibres will then interlock and stretch under
load like a thick geotextile cushion (high φ)
![Page 95: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
PEAT. Filling in dry condition
• If gravity drainage not possible , will need
to pump.
• When peat surface is well drained, place
first layer of less than 0.5 m using light
track dozers.
• Tree trunks or timber waste from site
clearance will be useful to help form the
access.
![Page 96: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
PEAT . Drainage
![Page 97: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
PEAT. Large Areal Drainage by DID
(Johore)
![Page 98: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
PEAT. Large Area Drainage by DID
(Johore)
![Page 99: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
PEAT. Drainage due to dewatering
for peat excavation (Machap)
![Page 100: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
PEAT. Timber matting
![Page 101: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
PEAT. Geotextile bamboo Fascine
Local innovation originally developed for filling
over disused mining slime ponds (see Toh,
Chee, Lee, Wee)
First used in Sarawak for peat at Petra Jaya
Boulevard and Petra Jaya ring road
Bamboo frame tied by wire to provide stiffness
and access
Highly extensible geotextile to stretch without
tearing and contain mudwave ahead of the fill.
![Page 102: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
PEAT.Geotextile – bamboo fascine
Geotextile must have high permeability to
enable dissipation of pore pressures
First layer of fill about 500 mm must be sand
to enable pore pressures to be dissipated
Significant mud waves can form if low
permeability soil used as first layer fill
Use when not possible to drain low lying peat
areas
![Page 103: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
PEAT. Geotextile bamboo fascine
![Page 104: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
PEAT. Geotextile bamboo fascine
![Page 105: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Geotextile bamboo fascine
![Page 106: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Geotextile Bamboo Fascine
![Page 107: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Geotextile Bamboo fascine
![Page 108: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Geotextile Bamboo Fascine
![Page 109: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Geotextile bamboo fascine
![Page 110: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Geotextile bamboo fascine
![Page 111: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Geotextile Bamboo fascine
![Page 112: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
PEAT. Hydraulic sand filling
Good way of filling over peat because the
sand can be placed by pumping in thin lifts
and spread over a wide area.
No need to drain the peat and no need for
timber matting or geotextile bamboo
fascine.
Was used successfully for the Matang
Highway, Kuching
![Page 113: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Peat Swamp . Matang
![Page 114: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Peat Matang. Hydraulic sand fill
![Page 115: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Peat. Matang. Hydraulic sand fill
![Page 116: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Peat. Matang. Hydraulic sand fill
![Page 117: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Peat. Matang. Hydraulic sand fill
![Page 118: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Peat. Matang. Hydraulic sand fill
![Page 119: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Peat. Matang. Hydraulic sand fill
![Page 120: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Peat. Matang. Hydraulic sand fill
![Page 121: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Peat. Matang. Hydraulic sand fill
![Page 122: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
CASE HISTORIES
![Page 123: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
PEAT. CASE HISTORIES
• Miri Bypass road – Stage construction of road embankment
• MJ City. Batu Kawa (First phase) filling with surcharge
• Oya-Balingian Road
• Matang Highway (hydraulic sand fill + preload)
• Sylhet road (Bangladesh) – Stage construction with geotextile reinforcement
• Khoo and Yam. Pagoh
• Peat replacement (Air Itam to Johor Baru NORTH SOUTH Expressway)
• Sibu floating road
![Page 124: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Embankment stability
(repeat important points)Very low initial Cu < 10 kPa will give rise to filling and
stability problems if embankment built too rapidly
Punch type bearing capacity due to high ratio of embankment to foundation stiffness
High Cu/p’ of 0.5 to 0.8 and high friction angle favoursstage construction. Rest periods between lifts to enable gain in strength to take place. The gain in strength comes quickly from the more rapid pore pressure dissipation especially in the early stages.
![Page 125: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
PEAT. Embankment stability
(repeat important points)
CARE
Soft clay often found beneath peat. If peat is
relatively thin, slip circle extends into soft
clay, and stability not governed by peat but
by soft clay.
Examples of Stage construction in case
histories.
![Page 126: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
PEAT. Settlement
(repeat important points)
Estimates of peat settlement made in the same manner as for soft clay except that:
Cc/(1 + eo) = 0.4 to 0.5 (higher than clay)
Cα contributes to long term settlement.
Experience shows that from use of above parameters with cv = 5 sq m per year, fairly good estimate of settlement can be made.
![Page 127: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
PEAT. Settlement
(from measurements)Commonly significant settlement occur during the
building up of the embankment.
Settlement can be up to between 50 to 65 % of the peat thickness.
Longer term settlement influenced more by the consolidation of the underlying soft clay.
Extra earthworks must be envisaged and allowed for.
Settlement of peat addressed in case histories
![Page 128: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
PEAT CASE HISTORY.
MIRI BY PASS ROAD
![Page 129: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
MIRI BY PASS ROAD
S = 0.8 m1.2 m peat
1.2 – 8.5 m soft
clay
SP 6
S = 1.05 m1.5 m peat
1.5 – 19 m soft
clay
SP 4
S = 1.7 m3 m peat
3 – 18 m soft
clay
SP 2
![Page 130: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
SP2 @ CH2+700 Road 1
2
3
4
5
6
0 200 400 600 800 1000
T IM E (DAY S)
SP2 @ CH2+700 Road 1
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
TIME (DAYS)
SETTLEMENT (mm)
![Page 131: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
SP4 @ CH3+310 Road 1
2
3
4
5
6
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
T IM E ( DAY S)
SP4 @ CH3+310 Road 1
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
TIME (DAYS)
SETTLEMENT (mm)
![Page 132: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
SP6 @ CH4+265 Road 1
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 200 400 600 800 1000
T IM E (DAY S)
SP6 @ CH4+265 Road 1
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
TIME (DAYS)
SETTLEMENT (mm)
![Page 133: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
MJ CITY BATU KAWA
4 to 6 m peat over limestone
Surcharge over 200 days
Settlement up to 2 m
![Page 134: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
MJ CITY. BATU KAWA
BATU KAWA NEW TOWNSHIP
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
TIME (days)
SETTLEMENT (m)
4D 4G 5C 5G 6E 7B
![Page 135: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
OYA BALINGIAN ROAD
PEAT DEPTH UP TO ABOUT 5.5 M
SURCHARGE FOR ABOUT 9 MONTHS
MEASURED SETTLEMENT S UPTO 3.9 M
![Page 136: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.000
1.100
1.200
1.300
1.400
1.500
1.600
1.700
1.800
1.900
2.000
2.100
2.200
2.300
2.400
2.500
2.600
2.700
2.800
2.900
3.000
3.100
3.200
3.300
3.400
3.500
3.600
3.700
3.800
3.900
4.000
13-Apr-04
16-Apr-04
19-Apr-04
22-Apr-04
25-Apr-04
28-Apr-04
1-May-04
4-May-04
7-May-04
10-May-04
13-May-04
16-May-04
19-May-04
22-May-04
25-May-04
28-May-04
31-May-04
3-Jun-04
6-Jun-04
9-Jun-04
12-Jun-04
15-Jun-04
18-Jun-04
21-Jun-04
24-Jun-04
27-Jun-04
30-Jun-04
3-Jul-04
6-Jul-04
9-Jul-04
12-Jul-04
15-Jul-04
18-Jul-04
21-Jul-04
24-Jul-04
27-Jul-04
30-Jul-04
2-Aug-04
5-Aug-04
8-Aug-04
11-Aug-04
14-Aug-04
17-Aug-04
20-Aug-04
23-Aug-04
26-Aug-04
29-Aug-04
1-Sep-04
4-Sep-04
7-Sep-04
10-Sep-04
13-Sep-04
16-Sep-04
19-Sep-04
22-Sep-04
25-Sep-04
28-Sep-04
1-Oct-04
4-Oct-04
7-Oct-04
10-Oct-04
13-Oct-04
16-Oct-04
19-Oct-04
22-Oct-04
25-Oct-04
28-Oct-04
31-Oct-04
3-Nov-04
6-Nov-04
9-Nov-04
12-Nov-04
15-Nov-04
18-Nov-04
21-Nov-04
24-Nov-04
27-Nov-04
30-Nov-04
3-Dec-04
6-Dec-04
9-Dec-04
12-Dec-04
15-Dec-04
18-Dec-04
21-Dec-04
24-Dec-04
Time
Settlement(m)
CH28+350
CH28+600
CH29+100
CH28+850
CH24+600
![Page 137: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
0.0000.0500.1000.1500.2000.2500.3000.3500.4000.4500.5000.5500.6000.6500.7000.7500.8000.8500.9000.9501.0001.0501.1001.1501.2001.2501.3001.3501.4001.4501.5001.5501.6001.6501.7001.7501.8001.8501.9001.9502.0002.0502.1002.1502.2002.2502.3002.3502.4002.4502.5002.5502.6002.6502.7002.7502.800
2-Feb-04
5-Feb-04
8-Feb-04
11-Feb-04
14-Feb-04
17-Feb-04
20-Feb-04
23-Feb-04
26-Feb-04
29-Feb-04
3-Mar-04
6-Mar-04
9-Mar-04
12-Mar-04
15-Mar-04
18-Mar-04
21-Mar-04
24-Mar-04
27-Mar-04
30-Mar-04
2-Apr-04
5-Apr-04
8-Apr-04
11-Apr-04
14-Apr-04
17-Apr-04
20-Apr-04
23-Apr-04
26-Apr-04
29-Apr-04
2-May-04
5-May-04
8-May-04
11-May-04
14-May-04
17-May-04
20-May-04
23-May-04
26-May-04
29-May-04
1-Jun-04
4-Jun-04
7-Jun-04
10-Jun-04
13-Jun-04
16-Jun-04
19-Jun-04
22-Jun-04
25-Jun-04
28-Jun-04
1-Jul-04
4-Jul-04
7-Jul-04
10-Jul-04
13-Jul-04
16-Jul-04
19-Jul-04
22-Jul-04
25-Jul-04
28-Jul-04
31-Jul-04
3-Aug-04
6-Aug-04
9-Aug-04
12-Aug-04
15-Aug-04
18-Aug-04
21-Aug-04
24-Aug-04
27-Aug-04
30-Aug-04
2-Sep-04
5-Sep-04
8-Sep-04
11-Sep-04
14-Sep-04
17-Sep-04
20-Sep-04
23-Sep-04
26-Sep-04
29-Sep-04
2-Oct-04
5-Oct-04
8-Oct-04
11-Oct-04
14-Oct-04
17-Oct-04
20-Oct-04
23-Oct-04
26-Oct-04
29-Oct-04
1-Nov-04
4-Nov-04
7-Nov-04
10-Nov-04
13-Nov-04
16-Nov-04
19-Nov-04
22-Nov-04
25-Nov-04
28-Nov-04
1-Dec-04
4-Dec-04
7-Dec-04
10-Dec-04
13-Dec-04
16-Dec-04
19-Dec-04
22-Dec-04
Time
Settlement(m)
CH25+600
CH25+850
CH25+350
CH25+100
CH26+600
Damaged
![Page 138: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.000
1.100
1.200
1.300
1.400
1.500
1.600
1.700
1.800
1.900
2.000
2.100
2.200
2.300
2.400
2.500
2.600
2.700
2.800
2.900
3.000
3.100
3.200
3.300
3.400
3.500
3.600
3.700
3.800
3.900
4.000
27-Dec-03
30-Dec-03
2-Jan-04
5-Jan-04
8-Jan-04
11-Jan-04
14-Jan-04
17-Jan-04
20-Jan-04
23-Jan-04
26-Jan-04
29-Jan-04
1-Feb-04
4-Feb-04
7-Feb-04
10-Feb-04
13-Feb-04
16-Feb-04
19-Feb-04
22-Feb-04
25-Feb-04
28-Feb-04
2-Mar-04
5-Mar-04
8-Mar-04
11-Mar-04
14-Mar-04
17-Mar-04
20-Mar-04
23-Mar-04
26-Mar-04
29-Mar-04
1-Apr-04
4-Apr-04
7-Apr-04
10-Apr-04
13-Apr-04
16-Apr-04
19-Apr-04
22-Apr-04
25-Apr-04
28-Apr-04
1-May-04
4-May-04
7-May-04
10-May-04
13-May-04
16-May-04
19-May-04
22-May-04
25-May-04
28-May-04
31-May-04
3-Jun-04
6-Jun-04
9-Jun-04
12-Jun-04
15-Jun-04
18-Jun-04
21-Jun-04
24-Jun-04
27-Jun-04
30-Jun-04
3-Jul-04
6-Jul-04
9-Jul-04
12-Jul-04
15-Jul-04
18-Jul-04
21-Jul-04
24-Jul-04
27-Jul-04
30-Jul-04
2-Aug-04
5-Aug-04
8-Aug-04
11-Aug-04
14-Aug-04
17-Aug-04
20-Aug-04
23-Aug-04
26-Aug-04
29-Aug-04
1-Sep-04
4-Sep-04
7-Sep-04
10-Sep-04
13-Sep-04
16-Sep-04
19-Sep-04
22-Sep-04
25-Sep-04
28-Sep-04
1-Oct-04
4-Oct-04
7-Oct-04
10-Oct-04
13-Oct-04
16-Oct-04
19-Oct-04
22-Oct-04
25-Oct-04
28-Oct-04
31-Oct-04
3-Nov-04
6-Nov-04
9-Nov-04
12-Nov-04
15-Nov-04
18-Nov-04
21-Nov-04
24-Nov-04
27-Nov-04
30-Nov-04
3-Dec-04
6-Dec-04
9-Dec-04
12-Dec-04
15-Dec-04
18-Dec-04
Time
Settlement(m) CH27+100
CH27+350
CH26+850
CH26+100
CH26+350
Damag
ed
![Page 139: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
MATANG HIGHWAY KUCHING
• PEAT THICKNESS UP TO 6 M
• SOFT CLAY BENEATH
• MEASURED SETTLEMENT LOW SINCE
HYDRAULIC FILLING MEABS
SETTLEMENT GAUGE INSTALLED
ONLY AFTER AT LEAST 1.0 M FILL IN
PLACE
![Page 140: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
Matang Highway
Monitoring of Settlement Along Centreline of Road (at CH 16 + 000 to CH 16 + 475)
Since the inception of Embankment Formation
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Date
CH16+000
CH16+050
CH16+100
CH16+150
CH16+200
CH16+250
CH16+300
CH16+350
CH16+400
CH16+450
![Page 141: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
Number of Days
CH16+000
CH16+050
CH16+100
CH16+150
CH16+200
Ch16+250
CH16+300
CH16+350
CH16+400
CH16+450
MATANG HIGHWAY
![Page 142: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
PEAT CASE HISTORY. SYHLET
ROAD , BANGLADESH
• About 200 km North of Dhaka
• 0 to 4 m Peaty organic clay in places with
4m to 8 m soft clay beneath.
• Some places no peat only soft clay.
• Embankment up to 8 m high
• Stage construction to mitigate post construction settlement with gain in strength and geotextile reinforcements for stability
![Page 143: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
PEAT. SYLHET
• Fill placed over 1 year with rest periods.
• 1.0 to 1.8 m settlement in soft clay
• 2.4 m settlement in peat
• Roc PEC high tensile geotextile
reinforcement
• Geotextile bamboo for access.
![Page 144: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
SYLHET, BANGLADESH
![Page 145: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
SYLHET, BANGLADESH
![Page 146: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
SYLHET, BANGLADESH
![Page 147: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
SYLHET, BANGLADESH
![Page 148: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
SYLHET, BANGLADESH
![Page 149: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Geotextile reinforced embankment
![Page 150: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
Geotextile reinforced embankment
![Page 151: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
Geotextile reinforced embankment
![Page 152: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
SYLHET, BANGLADESH
![Page 153: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
SYLHET, BANGLADESH
![Page 154: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
SYLHET, BANGLADESH
![Page 155: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
SYLHET, BANGLADESH
![Page 156: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
Sylhet. Geotextile and bamboo
![Page 157: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
SYLHET, BANGLADESH
![Page 158: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
Sylhet. Rock PEC geotextile
reinforcement
![Page 159: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
SYLHET, BANGLADESH
![Page 160: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
SYLHET, BANGLADESH
![Page 161: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
SYLHET, BANGLADESH
![Page 162: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
Sylhet. Reinforced embankment
![Page 163: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
Syhlet. Reinforced embankment
![Page 164: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
Geotextile reinforced embankment
![Page 165: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
Geotextile reinforced embankment
Stage construction
![Page 166: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
Geotextile reinforced
embankment. Settlement
![Page 167: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
Geotextile reinforced
embankment. Piezometers
![Page 168: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
Gain in strength
![Page 169: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
Stability analysis. Reinforcement
and gain in strength
![Page 170: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
Embankment buildup
![Page 171: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
Long term settlement
![Page 172: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
Geotextile reinforced embankment
![Page 173: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
Stage construction
![Page 174: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
Settlement
![Page 175: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
Stability parameters
![Page 176: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
Stability analysis with
reinforcement
![Page 177: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
Embankment construction
![Page 178: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
EMBANKMENT ON PEAT
Khoo Kim Poh and Yam Seng Lam (PLB
Conference 1990).
• 5m high embankment on 2 m peat by
stage construction and surcharge
• Pagoh to Bukit Sulong Road diversion
![Page 179: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
Khoo and Yam
![Page 180: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
Khoo and Yam
• 1.4 to 1.7 m thick peat . NMC 300 to 600%.
• 0.4 to 1.6 m very soft organic clay with
pieces of decayed wood . NMC 150 to
200%
• 1.8 m soft to firm clay. NMC of 50%.
![Page 181: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
Khoo and Yam
![Page 182: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
Khoo and Yam
![Page 183: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
!1 ! ' }
:..
:1 I I I I I I I
I ~
I I I I I
"!' -
:
51
WAIER lEAD II I RH I riEZONElU I 11 REDUCEI LEVEll
~ ~ ~ ... ~ ~ ... .:.
··~ --.. -Ni
'" ~ . -:
\ -c
:1 I..)
il > ) ... 'l'
~
':' ... -WATER HEAD II YELUW PIEZINEIER
I ll RUICED LEVEl l
~ -- ':" --.:. ... !' ... -WAIU ME AD II RED fiEZOMETU
I • IEOmO LEVEll - .. .... - ':" -..... ...
_ , I I I I I l I I I I I I I I I
~·~ ;· ~
=~ .. ;: --.. i -~ .: ... - ... ,. ;
j -. . --:· ,.
I :i \ I l =~ \ '---? it:'
i~ . -. -~-~ . --!: ; ·-: .. • :. ~ -
I : ~ I I=; I ! i I )
I il ~ ~ I il ~ f
... :;: -' ' ,. ,. ' ' -.. =
-
I ---
I .. ::
I ... =
I i ... -' ,. ' . ...
U!Ul Of fiLL PL AtED 1•1
![Page 184: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
PEAT EXCAVATION CASE
HISTORY
MACHAP TO AIR HITAM – 30 km of peat
NORTH SOUTH EXPRESSWAY
PEAT GENERALLY ABOUT 6 M
LOCALIZED AREAS UP TO 12 M
DEWATERING, COMPLETE REMOVAL,
REPLACE WITH COMPACTED FILL
![Page 185: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
CONE RESISTANCE ( MPa1) WATER PRESSLI£ tkPa)
0 0.4 0 ·8 t· 2 'I, ·6 2-0 2-4 -oo 0 t 00 200 300 400 500
....... 6
E -:t: 8 ..... 0.. w
0
'f " · ~
\
\ PEAT I
\. \:; fL-\. ~ ~ I~
Clo~y ~ IPEAT
~ L. \ ~ 1~
~ ' . ~ Soft I
~ \ CLAY
2
4
0 10 i.ii£: ._. 1
<:;;:
t2 [\ FHy ~rosttm line
I \
\ I
t4
Figure 1 Typical piez~ocone profile,
![Page 186: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
Scheme I Scheme D
Top of errtxnunent level
RL• Sm '--__;_...:.:....__ ______ ---1;3----...__Bo~of-~xcav~~-L---- RL 4 · ,.,.-""
. ----- --~-m -- ------.:~ CH. tO 800
Figure 3 Originally intended extent of excavation and replacement
![Page 187: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/187.jpg)
0 0 to-+ 0 -
10
8
... 6 . • -, ' 4 I .. J 2 I
0
I ,-2 I . -4
igure 2
0 0 l() 0
"' (J)
+ + 0 Q -
O.G.L
CHAINAGE 0 10 G)
+ 0
Com pet en Residual Soil
Subsurface profile at the. trial site
0 0 0 &() m m + .... 0 0 - ....
![Page 188: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/188.jpg)
Water table l I. ORIGINAL W'ATER l ABLE. CONOJTJONS 1 INACCESSIBLE TO PLANT Aftl'J· EQUPt.£NT
P'ea1
lml)r()Yed zone dUe to tOWif'ilg of. wcner -fObll . The area now oceesttie to plant--!
CJ1d equJpmwd.
2. INlTtAL DEWATE~AtNG. OF UMIITEO AREA TO ENABLE ACCESS BY EXCAVATION PLANT FOR IMTIAL EXCAVATI~1 .
![Page 189: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
orectkln ttf eJrcovation
I -------. I
Water fable onead of 1 .,._..;.;ln.;.;;.i .;..;ti.:;.ol~e:.:.:x-=-e.:::..ov.=....:a::...:~ t..:....::ion:..:...~~ =--· .......,. ... excovotion lcw·ered fo imprOiie ---1
conditions and ooc·ess
3!, 1INITI.AL EXCAVATION. AND LOWERING OF" WATER TABl.E. AROUND EXCAVATED PIT.
Ad VOncinQ fi II
AdvCI'ICJ'IG1 irnptOYtd conditions from lowering of wat•r tabte· oheod of e.cavo.tlon.
4 ADVANCING EXCAVATION WITH ADVANCING IMPROVED CONDITtONS AHEAD OF EXCAVATION.
![Page 190: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
J-egend :
0 Left hand toe of excovotion
+ Centreline of exc·avat,on
A Right hand toe of excavation
-4+---------.---------~--------~--------~--------~--------~ 10+700 1'0-t-750 10..,800 10+850 10+900 10+-950 11 tOOO
CHAINAGE ( Km)
Figure 9 Final' exca.vation le·vers
![Page 191: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
Maximum daily volume = 5 Million gallons
= 19 million litres
![Page 192: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/192.jpg)
- 15 E -_J w > w _J
0
10-
IJJ 5 (.) :::)
0 w
Legend
-- Ground levels
--- Water level
@ Standpipe piezometer
Crest of § excavated slope
2115/90
21/6/90
Notes= I) Stondppes installed on 3015190 2) 2m deep droo at this chainage completed between
716190 to 916190. 3)Top ·4m excavated from 17 I 7190 to 21 I 7190 4)Remoinino peat excavated by 2617190
2m deep drain
------~--------------..:--------------r26/7/90
a:: 0~----------~----------~----------.-----------~----------~----------T ·30 40 50 60 70 80 90
DISTANCE FROM CENTRELINE OF EXCAVATION ( m )
Figure 6 Monitored phreatic surfaces at chainage 1 0 + 870
![Page 193: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/193.jpg)
'9
....... Ea .. _J, - . Q: ._,...
~7 IJJ J: ue !2 ..... UJ ~5 0 N UJ 0::4
Legend
c ST-'t + ST- 2 <> ST- 3 4. S~-4
x ST-5 v ST-6
0 20 ~ ~ t0/5/90 30/5/90 19/6/90 9/7/90
T~ME ( da1ys )~
eo too 120 140 29/7/90 18/8/90 7/9/90 27/9/90
igure 7 Standpipe piezometer records at chainage 1 o~ + B 70
![Page 194: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/194.jpg)
Machap. Peat excavation
![Page 195: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/195.jpg)
Machap. Peat excavation
![Page 196: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/196.jpg)
Machap. Peat excavation
![Page 197: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/197.jpg)
Machap. Peat excavation
![Page 198: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/198.jpg)
Machap. Peat excavation
![Page 199: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/199.jpg)
Machap. Peat excavation
![Page 200: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/200.jpg)
Machap. Peat excavation
![Page 201: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/201.jpg)
Machap. Peat excavation
![Page 202: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/202.jpg)
Machap. Peat excavation
![Page 203: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/203.jpg)
Machap. Peat replacement
![Page 204: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/204.jpg)
Machap. Peat Replacement
![Page 205: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/205.jpg)
Machap. Peat replacement
![Page 206: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/206.jpg)
PEAT CASE HISTORY
SIBU POLYSTYRENE ROAD
Joint full scale project between Dr C T Toh Consultant and Sibu Municipal Council
Located in the resettlement area of Sibuwhere the peat depth exceeds 20 m.
Flood prone area
Long term settlement of normal roads had resulted in high maintenance costs to councils
![Page 207: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/207.jpg)
Sibu Polystyrene Walkway
• Idea was to construct a floating road like floating jetty
• Use polystyrene blocks and confine movements due to flooding only in the vertical direction. This is by connecting the polystyrene blocks to cables to belian piles at regular intervals
• Polystyrene covered by 100 mm thick lean concrete with BRC
![Page 208: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/208.jpg)
CJ CJ
r----- 2 NO. BELIAN PILE ONE ON EACH SIDE ---~
(TOTAL 4 LENGTHS)
POLYSTYRENE (24 KG/CU . M.)
3m 3m 3m
---- 3 LENGTHS OF BELl AN PILES EMBEDDED IN PEAT-------
1 rFAT SIIRFAFF ANF WATER TABLE
PROPOSED POLYSTYRENE WALKWAY ON PEAT (LONG SECTION) (RESETTLEMENT AREA, SIBU) SCALE :- 1 : 75
![Page 209: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/209.jpg)
CJ CJ L()
GALVANIZED MULTI STRAND STEEL CABLE
-10mm DIAMETER GALVANIZED STEEL ROD
GALVANIZED STEEL RING WITH SIDE OPENING
1 OOmm THK CONCRETE § ~WITH 1 LAYER BRC A4
•.............................................. ~ .........................................• ;;..: 'IC ;;..: 'IC ;;..: '- ~ [ ~ '- '( ~ '- '( ~
' ' '
JPOL YSTYRENE BLOCKSl ~--~~--~~-'J
3m
SECTION A-A SCALE : - 1 25
-25mm THK PLASTER
1 nRY nFASOC PEAT SURFACE AND WATER TABLE
![Page 210: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/210.jpg)
0 0 LO
DRY DEASON PEAT SURFACE AND WATER TABLE
DRY SEASON LEVEL
L 1 OOmm THK CONCRETE
S rWITH 1 LAYER BRC A4
....... , .............. ···T·~~····••,••••••••••,••••••••••,•·········T··········T·················· -\ -\ r-' r-' }-
-------- }-
~LYSTYRENE BLOCKS] ,_ ~~~~~
r--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--t
3 LENGTHS BELIAN PILES BENEATH PEAT SURFACE
SECTION B-B SCALE : - 1 : 25
LOOSELY FITTING r SLIDING COLLAR I (GALVANIZED STEEL)
~EXTENDED COLLAR >++- ++<' (GALVANIZED STEEL)
~CIRCULAR STEEL COLLAR NAILED TO BELIAN PILE (GALVANIZED STEEL)
![Page 211: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/211.jpg)
Sibu Polystyrene walkway
![Page 212: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/212.jpg)
Sibu Polystyrene walkway
![Page 213: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/213.jpg)
SIBU POLYSTYRENE WALKWAY
![Page 214: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/214.jpg)
Sibu Polystyrene walkway
![Page 215: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/215.jpg)
Sibu Polystyrene Walkway
![Page 216: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/216.jpg)
Sibu Polystyrene walkway
![Page 217: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/217.jpg)
Sibu Polystyrene walkway
![Page 218: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/218.jpg)
Sibu Polystyrene walkway
![Page 219: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/219.jpg)
Sibu polystyrene walkway
![Page 220: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/220.jpg)
Sibu Polystyrene walkway
![Page 221: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/221.jpg)
SIBU POLYSTYRENE WALKWAY
![Page 222: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/222.jpg)
SIBU POLYSTYRENE WALKWAY
![Page 223: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/223.jpg)
SIBU POLYSTRYRENE
WALKWAY
![Page 224: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/224.jpg)
SIBU POLYSTYRENE WALKWAY
![Page 225: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/225.jpg)
Settlement of peat after
drainage due to
decomposition
![Page 226: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/226.jpg)
SETTLEMENT OF DRAINED
PEATLAND• Drainage of peat results in decomposition of the
peat above ground water.
>>>>>Lowering of the ground level and higher ground water relative to peat surface;
• Agriculture requires dry ground and therefore continuous deepening of surface drains and continuous lowering of ground water;
>>> Continuous decomposition of peat above ground water
>>> Continuous lowering (settlement) of peat surface due to decomposition
![Page 227: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/227.jpg)
SETTLEMENT OF DRAINED
PEAT GROUND
The average rate of lowering of the peat
surface in Sarawak is about:
• 100 mm per year for fibrous peat;
• 50 mm per year for amorphous peat.
Therefore a 3 m peat layer will disappear in
about 30 year unless surface drainage
becomes impossible.
![Page 228: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/228.jpg)
SETTLEMENT OF DRAINED
PEAT
New Zealand records of settlement of
reclaimed peat swamp for agricultural /
horticultural purposes since 1924 showed:
• Ground subsidence / peat thickness
reduction of up to 60 mm per year.
• Higher subsidence for deeper peat areas.
![Page 229: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/229.jpg)
8 ~------------------------------------------~~~~,
6
0
e Rukubia 0 Hauraki 9 Moanatuatua
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Original peat thickness (m)
Figure 3: Subsidence rate, of peat following1 conversio·n at Rukuhiat Hauraki (data from M~cLeod et al" 21003)~, and Moanatuatua (data from McKenzie and Mcleod,
.8 ~--------------------------------------------~~~
![Page 230: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/230.jpg)
SETTLEMENT OF DRAINED
PEAT GROUND
Implications on stabilized road.
• The surrounding peat level will be lowered at a rate higher than the post construction settlement if design criteria of post construction settlement of road too strict.
• Culverts will not function within a few years.
![Page 231: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/231.jpg)
SETTLEMENT OF DRAINED
PEAT GROUND
• There is therefore a need to re-look the design
criteria for settlement of roads in peat area if
there will be agriculture in surrounding areas.
• If the settlement criteria is too strict, the
surrounding ground will , in the long run, be
lower than the embankment toe level.
• Culverts will cease to function in a short while.
![Page 232: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/232.jpg)
PEAT AND THE
ENVIRONMENT,
CARBON STORAGE/RELEASE
AND
CLIMATE CHANGE
![Page 233: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/233.jpg)
CARBON STORAGE AND
CARBON RELEASE
WHEN PEAT IS SODDEN >>> CARBON
LOCKED INSIDE.
WHEN EXPOSED TO WIND AND SUN,
THE PEAT WILL DRY OUT >>>
TRANFORMATION FROM AN
ABSORBER OF CARBON TO A MASSIVE
SOURCE OF CARBON
![Page 234: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/234.jpg)
PEAT SWAMP CARBON
STORAGE
CLEARING PEAT SWAMP RESULTS IN
GREATER SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PEAT
FIRES.
HAZE IN S. E. ASIA DUE LARGELY TO
PEAT FIRES.
RESULTS IN RELEASE OF CARBON
DIOXIDE TO ATMOSPHERE
ADDS TO GLOBAL WARMING
![Page 235: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/235.jpg)
1007 FIRES IN SOUTH EAST
ASIA
• Estimated 2.67 billion tons of greenhouse
CO2 released through burning of peat in
SE Asia in 1997.
• This is about 40% of 1 year of global fossil
fuel combustion.
![Page 236: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/236.jpg)
RELEASE OF CO2 TO
ATMOSPHERE
• PEAT FIRES IN SOUTH EAST ASIA
ADDS SIGNIFICANTLY TO GLOBAL
WARMING
• BIG FEARS IS GLOBAL WARMING
THAWS FROZEN SIBERIAN PEAT>>>
GREAT RELEASE OF CO2 TO
ATMOSPHERE>>>>> ACCELERATES
GLOBAL WARMING
![Page 237: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/237.jpg)
ILLEGALLOGGING OF PEAT
SWAMP
• Satellite photo of illegal logging in peat
swamp of Tengganu from MalaysiaKini
![Page 238: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/238.jpg)
![Page 239: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/239.jpg)
INDONESIAN PEAT FOREST
FIRE(from BBC)
![Page 240: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/240.jpg)
PEAT FIRE (from BBC)
![Page 241: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/241.jpg)
NATURAL INHABITANTS
PROBOSCIS MONKEY
![Page 242: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/242.jpg)
Proboscis monkey
• Endemic in mangrove and peat swamps of
Borneo
• Climbs trees
• Web feet for swimming
• Voracious sexual appetite
DESTRUCTION PEAT SWAMPS WILL
DESTROY BIO - DIVERSITY
![Page 243: CONSTRUCTION ROADS AND HIGHWAYS ON PEAT - JKRepsmg.jkr.gov.my/images/d/da/Construction_of_Roads_on_Peat_Soil.pdf · construction roads and highways on peat dr. c. t. toh, ir. chee](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020109/5c76d83a09d3f29a548b7c40/html5/thumbnails/243.jpg)
END OF LECTURE
THANK YOU