Introduction to Building construction technology i

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT& FUNCTIONRAMAKRISHNA MISSION SHILPAMANDIRAGROUP-B

IntroductionIt is a common fact that we find a wide variety of construction machines on every construction sites, which make the construction jobs easy, safe and quicker.

Depending on the application, construction machines are classified Into various categories which we are discussing here.

Operations involved in construction of any projectExcavationDigging of large quantities of earthMoving them to distances which are sometimes fairly longPlacementCompactingLevelingDozingGradingHaulingconstruction equipment4

Group A : earthmoving equipments*Earthmoving equipment is used in the construction industry to :- shift large amounts of earth, - dig foundations and landscape areas.

*Types of earthmoving equipment include hydraulic excavators, bulldozers, compressors and loaders.

A1 : ExcavatorsExcavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and cab on a rotating platform (known as the "house").

The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels.

Excavators are also called diggers

Excavators are used in many ways:Digging of trenches, holes, foundationsMaterial handlingBrush cutting with hydraulic attachmentsForestry workDemolitionGeneral grading/landscapingHeavy lift, e.g. lifting and placing of pipesMining, especially, but not only open-pit miningRiver dredgingDriving piles, in conjunction with a pile driver

A1 : Excavators

A2 : loadersA loader is a heavy equipment machine often used in construction, primarily used to Load material (such as asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, snow, feed, gravel, logs, raw minerals, recycled material, rock, sand, and woodchips) into or onto another type of machinery (such as a dump truck, conveyor belt, feed-hopper, or railcar).

A3 : gradersA grader, also commonly referred to as a road grader, a blade, a maintainer, or a motor grader, is a construction machine with a long blade used to create a flat surface. Typical models have three axles, with the engine and cab situated above the rear axles at one end of the vehicle and a third axle at the front end of the vehicle, with the blade in between.

A4 : crawler loadersThe crawler loader combines the stability of the crawler tractor with the abilities of a wheel loader. However, to construct a reliable crawler loader it requires more than simply attaching a loader bucket onto a crawler tractor. It must be designed with its specific purpose in mind to ensure it has the strength to withstand heavy excavating.

A5 : backhoeA backhoe, also called a rear actor or back actor, is a piece of excavating equipment or digger consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two-part articulated arm. They are typically mounted on the back of a tractor or front loader.

A5 : backhoeThe section of the arm closest to the vehicle is known as the boom, and the section which carries the bucket is known as the dipper or dipper stick The boom is attached to the vehicle through a pivot known as the kingpost, which allows the arm to slew left and right, usually through a total of around 200 degrees. Modern backhoes are powered by hydraulics.

A6 : bulldozersA bulldozer is a crawler (continuous tracked tractor) equipped with a substantial metal plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such material during construction or conversion work and typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like device (known as a ripper) to loosen densely-compacted materials.

Bull Dozer

Application land excavation, road constructionTypeTrack type dozerWheel dozer

A7 : scrapersIn civil engineering, a wheel tractor-scraper is a piece of heavy equipment used for earthmoving.The rear part has a vertically moveable hopper (also known as the bowl) with a sharp horizontal front edge. The hopper can be hydraulically lowered and raised. When the hopper is lowered, the front edge cuts into the soil or clay like a plane and fills the hopper.

A8 : wheeled loading shovelsA shovel's work cycle, or digging cycle, consists of four phases:

diggingswingingdumpingreturning

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Group b : construction vehicles* Engineering or Construction vehicles are heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing construction (Civil engineering) tasks, most frequently, ones involving earth moving.

b1 : dumpersA dumper is a vehicle designed for carrying bulk material, often on building sites. Dumpers are distinguished from dump trucks by configuration: a dumper is usually an open 4-wheeled vehicle with the load skip in front of the driver, while a dump truck has its cab in front of the load.

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b2 : tippersA truck or lorry the rear platform of which can be raised at the front end to enable the load to be discharged by gravity also called tip truck.

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b2 : tippersTippers are suited for the rough and tumble of mining & quarrying operations, as well as for carrying bulk loads in construction and infrastructure industries. Complete maneuverability, high performance and long-term endurance are common to all trucks, resulting in lower operating costs.

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b3 : trailersA trailer is generally an unpowered vehicle pulled by a powered vehicle.

Commonly, the term trailer refers to such vehicles used for transport of goods and materials.

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b3 : trailers

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Group c : material handling equipments

c1 : cranesA crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist, wire ropes or chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to other places.

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Cranes are broadly classified as :

MOBILE CRANE25

Stationary or derrick cranesMobile cranesOverhead or gantry cranesTraveller cranesTower cranes

c2 : conveyorsA conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that moves materials from one location to another. Conveyors are especially useful in applications involving the transportation of heavy or bulky materials. Conveyor systems allow quick and efficient transportation for a wide variety of materials, which make them very popular in the material handling and packaging industries

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c2 : conveyors

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c3 : forkliftsA forklift truck (also called a lift truck, a fork truck, a forklift, or a tow-motor) is a powered industrial truck used to lift and transport materials.

Forklift trucks are available in many variations and load capacities. In a typical warehouse setting most forklifts used have load capacities between one to five tons. Larger machines, up to 50 tons lift capacity are used for lifting heavier loads,

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c3 : forklifts

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c4 : hoistsA hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift-wheel around which rope or chain wraps. It may be manually operated, electrically or pneumatically driven and may use chain, fiber or wire rope as its lifting medium. The load is attached to the hoist by means of a lifting hook

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Group d : construction equipments

Concrete pumps

They are used for horizontal and vertical transportation of large volumes of concrete in short duration.capacity:- 30cum/hr (ordinary construction)120cum/hr(specialized construction)

d2 : concrete mixersA concrete mixer (also commonly called a cement mixer) is a device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller volume works portable concrete mixers are often used so that the concrete can be made at the construction site, giving the workers ample time to use the concrete before it hardens.

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d2 : concrete mixersSpecial concrete transport trucks (intransit mixers) are made to transport and mix concrete up to the construction site. They can be charged with dry materials and water, with the mixing occurring during transport. With this process, the material has already been mixing. The concrete mixing transport truck maintains the material's liquid state through agitation, or turning of the drum, until delivery.

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d3 : compactorsA compactor is a machine or mechanism used to reduce the size of waste material or soil through compaction.

In construction, there are three main types of compactor: the plate compactor, the "Jumping Jack" and the road roller. The roller type compactors are used for compacting crushed rock as the base layer underneath concrete or stone foundations or slabs.

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d3 : compactorsThe plate compactor has a large vibrating base plate and is suited for creating a level grade, while the jumping jack compactor has a smaller foot. The jumping jack type is mainly used to compact the backfill in narrow trenches for water or gas supply pipes etc. Road rollers may also have vibrating rollers.

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d5 : spraying and plastering machinesPlaster spraying allows a plasterer to skim a drywall more than five times faster than using a hand float to apply it. Although classic gypsum-based plaster can be sprayed if it is "spray grade," most plaster sprayers prefer the organic-based pre-mixed plaster packaged in a plastic bag because the plaster spraying machine does not need to be cleaned out after the job is finished, providing that plaster is kept moist.

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d5 : spraying and plastering machinesWorm-drive pumpMost commonly, sprayers have a worm-drive pump that pumps the plaster up to a spray gun that has a large nozzle, usually 4 to 8mm, that extrudes the plaster into a chamber on the end of the gunPiston pumpNewer types of plaster sprayer have a piston pump, which has sufficient pressure to spray smooth (untextured) plaster without compressed air.

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d6 : road rollerA road roller (sometimes called a roller-compactor, or just roller) is a compactor type engineering vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the construction of roads and foundations, similar rollers are used also at landfills or in agriculture.

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d8 : slurry&heavy duty pumpsA Slurry pump is a type of centrifugal pump in physics principle that increases the pressure of liquid and solid particle mixture (aka slurry), through centrifugal force (a rotating impeller) and converts electrical energy into slurry potential and kinetic energy.A pump is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids, gases or slurries. A pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action.

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Earth compaction equipment

Smooth-wheel rollers.Sheep-foot rollersOrdinary sheep-foot rollerConvertible rollerTurn foot rollerPneumatic-tyred rollersconstruction equipment41

Smooth wheel roller

construction equipment42

Sheep foot roller

construction equipment43

Pneumatic tyred roller

construction equipment44

Vibrator

For compacting the concrete after its placement concrete vibrator is used. It help volume of concrete quickly placed, give high density , reduce air voids.Internal vibrators-Use on large work for flat slab.External or form vibrators-uses for thin section of walls.Surface vibrator-used to finish concrete surface such as bridge floor, road slab, section platform.Table Vibrator-used for consolidation of precast units.

Needle VibratorSurface VibratorTable Vibrator

Hauling equipment

The equipment used for transportation of material are known as hauling equipment or simply haulers.Haulers may operate on the roadways or railwaysIt involvetransportation of building materials,carriage and disposal of excavated earthhaulage of heavy construction equipment.construction equipment47

Side dump truck

construction equipment48

Rear dump truck

construction equipment49

Pile driving equipment

construction equipment50

construction equipment51